Management of recreational waters in relationship with harmful microalgae blooms (HAB) in the Mediterranean Sea

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1 EVK WORKSHOP Management of recreational waters in relationship with harmful microalgae blooms (HAB) in the Mediterranean Sea 25 26th October 24 Hotel Don Antonio, Peguera- Calvià, Mallorca

2 Harmful dinoflagellates distribution in Mediterranean confined waters. Bloom features WP1. Monitoring Background and STRATEGY results: Spain and Italy Magda Vila and Antonella Lugliè October 24

3 This report aims to show the prominent aspects of A. minutum and A. catenella annual dynamics and blooms, comparing sites where those species recurrently bloom. to formulate principles that explain similarities between ecosystems and understand how these systems are unique respect to the types of blooms that occur, which is one of the main targets of the project provide further insights into the conditions that make a certain locality susceptible to blooms of those species to identify critical processes controlling HAB occurrence and develop consequently prediction capacities (GEOHAB science plan, Glibert and Pitcher, 21)

4 Chlorophyll in the Mediterranean Sea

5 STRATEGY regions

6 STRATEGY target species Alexandrium minutum Alexandrium catenella Harbours and bays Alexandrium taylori Pocket beaches

7 STRATEGY target species Alexandrium minutum is the toxic species most widespread in the Mediterranean and recurrent blooms have been described in various harbours and shellfish farms, causing substantial economic losses Alexandrium catenella exhibited in the past decade a phase of rapid geographical spread within the Mediterranean and an increase in cell density, becoming a new potential danger in the Mediterranean area.

8 Harmful dinoflagellates distribution in Mediterranean confined waters. Bloom features In particular, this report on the two species illustrates: history in the Mediterranean Sea: first detections, first PSP events spatial-temporal distribution in Spanish and Italian areas, considered in the Strategy Project study cases: a comparison on the blooms and ecological characteristics of sites with recurrent blooms

, 199) Some additional references (first detections): Northern Adriatic waters Honsell 1993 Sicily lagoon Giacobbe and

9 Alexandrium minutum Halim Alexandria harbour (196) In 1987, the first toxic event was detected in the Mediterranean (Delgado et al., 199) Some additional references (first detections): Northern Adriatic waters Honsell 1993 Sicily lagoon Giacobbe and Maimone 1994 Majorca Forteza et al Tunisie Daly Yahia-Kefi et al. 21 Confined waters Vila et al. 21 (NW Mediterranean) Eastern Mediterranean Gotsis-Skretas et al. 22 and the Black Sea Workshop Calvià October 24 24

10 Roses Empuriabrava Estartit A. minutum in the Mediterranean Spatio-temporal distribution Catalonia: low cell densities over all the year cycle Palamós Alexandrium minutum 22 Majorca: Blanesonly recorded since March to June Arenys Sardinia: more frequent in winter and spring Premià Olímpic Barcelona Sicily: seasonal trend characterized by spring peaks Vilanova Torredembarra A. minutum was identified in several harbours of Majorca, Tarragona 1 Cambrils Verde Pond (Marinello Lagoon) and Portorosa in Sicily and in Sardinia Ametlla for the first time in by Strategy Ampolla activities, with culture isolations from a number of the areas St.Carles J F M A M J J A S O N D 2

11 STRATEGY Sardinian station (before STRATEGY) Porto Torres Olbia Porto Torres PT SA1 harbor Oristano S. Giusta Olbia OL SA2-SA3 A. minutum??? harbor N Oristano OR SA4 harbor S. Giusta SGL SA5 A. minutum??? lagoon

12 A. minutum in the Mediterranean Spatio-temporal distribution: Sardinian data N cells/l SA1 PT SA2 OL SA3 OL SA OR SA5SGL 22 Max. pres. 23 Max. pres. 43 Apr-May 37 May+Jun Jan-Jun 613 May-Jun Aug+Oct 2196 Mar-Jun 9 Apr-Aug 21 Jul

13 A. minutum in the Mediterranean Spatio-temporal distribution: Olbia - Sardinia

14 A comparative study on recurrent blooms of Alexandrium minutum in two Mediterranean coastal areas. Magda Vila, Maria Grazia Giacobbe, Mercedes Masó, Ester Gangemi, Antonella Penna, Nagore Sampedro, Filippo Azzaro, Jordi Camp, Luca Galluzzi. HARMFUL ALGAE (in press) 3. Comparative study: Catalonia vs. Sicily Catalan Coast South Center North Catalano-balear Basin Mediterranean Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Sicilian Coast Ionian Sea Catalan Coast Sicilian Coast Salina Lipari 42 Empuriabrava Estartit Palamós Vulcano Milazzo Verde Pond Portorosa Taormina Cambrils Vilanova St. Carles de la Ràpita Premià Barcelona Arenys de Mar Catalano-balear Basin Augusta Noto Ionian Sea S. Panagia Syracuse (Vila et al., in press)

d c f m 5 4 1 Sp 2 SEM micrographs of Alexandrium

15 3. Comparative study: Catalonia vs. Sicily Morphology Genetics Siracuse Arenys template plasmid G. corsicum M Po d c f m Sp 2 SEM micrographs of Alexandrium minutum strain IEO- AL9C from Arenys de Mar (Spain). 311 bp 249 bp 2 bp A. minutum specific PCR assay using genomic DNA from six A. minutum isolates, a positive control and a dinoflagellate 212 bp

16 R T 3.1. A. minutum in Arenys de Mar harbour R T St. R St. T Arenys 22 Dec/5 Dec/21 Jan/6 Jan/22 Feb/7 Feb/23 Mar/11 Mar/27 Alexandrium minutum (cells l -1 )

17 3.1. A. minutum in Arenys de Mar harbour Surface Vertical profiles R Cruise 18/2/22 T Parameters: Temp, Sal Samples: Phytoplankton Micrograzers Chlorophyll Nutrients

18 3.1. A. minutum in Arenys de Mar harbour Salinity front 32.4 >5 Cruise 18/2/ Isotherms ºC Isohalines SiO4 Max. 5 µm -cruise Mean. 45 µm - temporal < 1 µm PO4 DIN <6 µm - cruise Mean: 136 µm - temporal Chl a chlorophyll < 8 µg l

19 3.1. A. minutum in Arenys de Mar harbour 1x1 6 cells L cells L Alexandrium minutum Log (cells/l) Prorocentrum micans (cells/l) Dinophysis sacculus Scrippsiella sp. 932 cells L -1 (cells/l) 568 cells L -1 (cells/l) 3 2 1

20 3.1. A. minutum in Arenys de Mar harbour Micrograzers 8 cells L -1 5 cells L cells L -1 1 cells L Polykrikos Tintinnida 2 1 Rotifera Gyrodinium sp. (cells/l)

21 3.1. A. minutum in Arenys de Mar harbour R T Nutrient concentration at different stations in Arenys during the bloom (Average ± SE) 7 2 Nutreien concentration (µm) Station R T NO3 SiO4 Nutrient concentration (µm) 1,5 1,5 Station R T NH4 PO4

22 3.2. A. minutum in Siracuse and

4.2. A. minutum in Siracuse Salinity front 37.

35 SiO4 5-1 (55) 37.3 15.27 15.275 15.28 15.285 15.29 15.295 15.

23 4.2. A. minutum in Siracuse Salinity front 37.7 Cruise, 11 May 22 River Fountain ºC / (16ºC) (cruise) Isotherms Isohalines SiO4 5-1 (55) DIN <21 µm PO4 -.5 (3) Chl a< 1 µg l -1

24 11 May A. minutum in Siracuse Max. 6x1 5 in April 22 Lingulodinium polyedrum Alexandrium minutum 2 April 23 Alexandrium minutum Max. 1.2x1 6 in April 23

25 3. Comparative study: Catalonia vs. Sicily Biological factors A. minutum maximum density Arenys de Mar Over 1 6 cellsįl -1 Syracuse Over 1 5 cells l -1 Usually 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than in Arenys de Mar One week Bloom lifespan One month Presence of vegetative cells All year long Spring Recurrency Known since 1996 Known since 21 Cystbed Present and dense Not found Dominant phytoplankton group during the bloom Dominant species (life-form types) Bloom decay Dinoflagellates A. minutum, P. micans, D. sacculus, Scrippsiella spp. (Type I and II) Basically grazed by microzooplankton. Possible physical dispersion (after raining). Parasitic infection (?). Dinoflagellates L. polyedrum, P. triestinum, (A. minutum) (Type I ŠII and V) Unknown Physical factors Topography Shallow, semi-confined. Fishing and leisure harbour Shallow, semi-confined. Harbour inside a natural bay. Shellfish farming activities. Extension (surface area) 17 ha. 7 ha. Depth.5-6 m.,5-8 m. at the sampling area; 25-3 m. at the entrance Water temperature 12 Š14.5 (¼C) (¼C) Salinity Physical structures (fronts/ stratification) Inputs of freshwaters regulate the physical structure Inputs of freshwaters regulate the physical structure Chemical factors Freshwater influence Continental (nitrates and Urban (ammonium and phosphate) silicates) DIN/PO 4 relationship DIN and PO 4 limitations Around 3 Not limiting 16-4 Not limiting NO 3 /NH 4 ratio Nitrates as the prevalent inorganic nitrogen form. Nitrates as the prevalent inorganic nitrogen form. Occasional dominance of ammonium nitrogen near riverine inputs PO 4 Usually below 1. µm Higher values. Around 1. µm

first toxic was detected in the Mediterranean Fukuyo 1985; Fukuyo et al. 199; Hallegraeff 1991; Hallegraeff et al.

26 Alexandrium catenella (Whedon et Kofoid) Balech West coast of North America (from California to Alaska) South America: Chile, Argentina Western South Africa Japan China Australia and Tasmania Mediterraean In spring of 1998, the first toxic was detected in the Mediterranean Fukuyo 1985; Fukuyo et al. 199; Hallegraeff 1991; Hallegraeff et al. 1991; Taylor et al. 1995; Steidinger & Tangen 1996; Vila et al. 21; Lilly et al. 22 Workshop Calvià October 24 24

27 A. catenella in the Mediterranean STRATEGY network Strategy areas Other sources ? 1983 Open Waters. Balearic front (North-Western ) (Margalef and Estrada 1987) 1994 Confined waters. First bloom event in Valencia harbour (Gomis et al. 1996) 1995 Thau lagoon (Lilly et al. 22), identified as A. tamarense 1996 Confined waters. Barcelona Harbour (Vila et al. 21) Confined waters. Many harbours Southern Catalan coast (Vila et al. 21) Widespread blooms in open coastal waters (Catalonia, Spain) 1999 Gulf of Olbia (22 first PSP event) (Luglié et al. 23) Bay of Tunez (Asma Hansa)-Argel harbour (H.Illoul)-Alexandria harbour (Mikhail, 22)

28 A. catenella in the Mediterranean Spatio-temporal distribution There are not many ecological data concerning the population dynamics of A. catenella in the Mediterranean, on both regional and yearly and pluriennial scale, because of their recent detection. Data provided by the Strategy Project represent an essential reference ground to formulate hypotheses for the first time in Barcelona harbour 1998 in Tarragona harbour, only regular control since in Olbia harbour

29 A. catenella in the Mediterranean Spatio-temporal distribution Among STRATEGY target species, A. catenella was detected in the lowest number of sites along the Spanish and Italian coast During 22-23, A. catenella showed a rather exclusive preference for harbours (no detections in beaches)

30 SPAIN A. catenella in the Mediterranean Spatio-temporal distribution Catalonia Tarragona, Vilanova, Torredenbarra, Cambrils, Barcelona STRATEGY density mean 67 x 1 3 cells l -1 max 26 x 1 6 cells l -1 ITALY Sardinia Olbia STRATEGY density mean 243 cells l -1 max 12 x 1 3 cells l -1 SPRING SUMMER May September Autumn November

31 A. catenella in the Mediterranean Study cases Barcelona Tarragona did blooms does blooms Olbia low density

Averaged depth 1m (mouth 2m) Environmental restoration and building activities: 1) cut

32 6. Barcelona harbour Barcelona harbour Fisheries, recreational and industrial activities Surface about 114ha. Averaged depth 1m (mouth 2m) Environmental restoration and building activities: 1) cut off the sewage input (harbour activities) (2) 2) pluvial underground deposits - rain draining (Barcelona city) (23) 3) opening of a new mouth harbour (23)

33 5. Spatio-temporal distribution (Catalan Coast) T B (Vila et al., 21)

34 6. Barcelona harbour!!!

35 1,E+8 1,E+7 1,E+6 1,E+5 1,E+4 1,E+3 1,E+2 1,E ene 9-feb 16-mar 18-abr 26-may 3-jun 4-ago 8-sep 13-oct 17-nov 19-dic 6. Barcelona harbour A. catenella Year Cells L -1 5E+6 5E+5 5E+4 5E+3 5E+2 5E+1 Dinoflagellates concentration (cells/l) 5E+ A. catenella G. impudicum (Vila et al., in prep.)

36 6. Barcelona harbour Nutrient concentration (µm) Temporal evolution (anual mean±se) PO4 SiO4 DIN PO4 (µm) SiO4 (µm) 3, 2,8 2,6 2,4 2,2 2, 1,8 1,6 1,4 1,2 1,,8,6, PO4 SiO4 NO3 and NH4 (µm) NO3 NH

37 6. Barcelona harbour Cell concentration (cells/l) 5E+7 5E+6 5E+5 5E+4 5E+3 DIATOMS DINOFLAG cut off the sewage input pluvial underground deposits - rain draining (Barcelona city) opening of a new mouth harbour

38 F2,2,1, -,1 -,2 -,3 -,4 EZODON PLEU DFIB RIMB RSTO COSC CHG DROT CFUS NCL LAUD PALA COCO NAUP CHLO CFUR PMIN TINPSYRPCALY RFRA LDAN THAL SKCO CHP MESO PDIA AMIN PTRI GYRODSAC GSPL ROTI HETEPYRA SCRI PMIC PRTP CILP GIMP TING CRYP EUTR CHRY NANO CILG bloom-forming dinoflagellates din diat fl cil ot -,5 -,6 DBRI AGLA CHCP CPEL PSEU THNI CMEN diatoms bloom-forming nanoflagellates -,7 -,6 -,4 -,2,,2,4,6,8 1, F1 LARGE SMALL OPEN F ,5-1,5 -,5,5 1,5 2,5 3,5 F1 (Vila and Masó, in press)

39 4. Tarragona harbour Tarragona harbour Fisheries and industrial activities Long axis 4.2 Km Surface 5 km2 Maximum depth 21 m River discharge inside

40 5. Spatio-temporal distribution (Catalan Coast) Roses Empuriabrava Alexandrium catenella Estartit Palamós Blanes Arenys Premià Olímpic Barcelona Vilanova Torredembarra Tarragona Cambrils Ametlla Ampolla St.Carles J F M A M J J A S O N D (Sampedro et al., 23)

41 6. Tarragona harbour Sampling Temporal series (1 station) (7days May-Oct.; 14 days: the rest of the year) Cruise: during the maximum cell concentration (> 1 6 cells l -1 ) 1/oct/22 Repeated transect harbour axis (6 stations) ( 1 1 m) 11h 15:3h 18:25 (1.3 H) When A. catenella conc. around 1 4 cells l -1 the spatio-temporal sampling was increased (4 stations, every 3-4 days) Variables: phytoplankton, inorganic nutrient, temperature, salinity, chl-a A.catenella (cells and cells per chain)

42 6. Tarragona harbour October 22 Salinity Salinity front A. catenella Cells l -1 (Vila et al., in prep.) h :3 h 18:25 h

43 6. Tarragona harbour Single cells cells l h % cells in chain :3 h 18:3 h (Vila et al., in prep.)

44 A. catenella in the Mediterranean Study cases: Olbia harbour Olbia SA2 SA3 1 km Area 6.5 km 2 mean depth 5 m maximum depth 1 m mussel clam farming 4 t y -1

45 A. catenella in the Mediterranean Study cases: Olbia harbour cells 1 3 l -1 SA2 SA3 12 Density TOX TOX Jan Feb Feb Mar Mar Apr Apr May May Jun Jun Jul Jul Aug Aug Sep Sep Oct Oct Nov Nov Dec

46 A. catenella in the Mediterranean Study cases: Olbia harbour Sampling stations SA2 SA3 C S A. catenella distribution <1 Cells l >4 Olbia Cruise 3 May 22

47 A. catenella in the Mediterranean Study cases: Olbia harbour TOX April x 1 3 cells l April cells l -1 horizontal - vertical - intra/inter daily I AM IIAM IPM IIPM + other 12 inner stations 11 outer stations Olbia Cruise May 23

48 A. catenella in the Mediterranean Study cases: Olbia harbour C Temperature 21.5 AM mean 2.5 PM mean ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4 ST5 ST6 ST7 ST8 ST9 ST1 ST11 ST12 ä 38. Salinity ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4 ST5 ST6 ST7 ST8 ST9 ST1 ST11 ST12 Olbia Cruise May 23

49 A. catenella in the Mediterranean Study cases: Olbia harbour 16 µm N DIN 12 AM mean PM mean µm Ortophosphate ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4 ST5 ST6 ST7 ST8 ST9 ST1 ST11 ST12 ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4 ST5 ST6 ST7 ST8 ST9 ST1 ST11 ST12 Olbia Cruise May 23

50 A. catenella in the Mediterranean Study cases: Olbia harbour µg l -1 Chlorophyll a AM mean PM mean cells l -1 Dinophyceae ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4 ST5 ST6 ST7 ST8 ST9 ST1 ST11 ST12 ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4 ST5 ST6 ST7 ST8 ST9 ST1 ST11 ST12 Olbia Cruise May 23

51 A. catenella in the Mediterranean Study cases: Olbia harbour April 11 April I AM mean I PM mean II AM mean II PM mean meters st st6 Alexandrium species density cells l st11 Olbia Cruise May st1

52 Mediterranean CONFINED WATER AREAS are adequate environments for HAB blooms high nutrient concentrations low turbulence low circulation high water residence times cystbed nearby

53 5.conclusions Frontal structures (salinity fronts) prevent cell losses and enhance bloom maintenance inside the harbour. When high cell concentrations are reached (as high as >1 6 ), it can not be rejected cell exportation A. catenella blooms in protected places (restricted exchange) but not only! Widespread blooms can occur (unpredictable). Is important of establish monitoring in beaches in addition to the routine controls (in harbours) A. catenella was first detected in summer, and now is detected since spring to autumn, indicating a time invasion Reducing the nutrient input significantly in the Barcelona harbour, water quality was restored

54 Acknowledgements: STRATEGY group, Roser Ventosa, José Manuel Fortuño, Agència Catalana de l Aigua, Port d Arenys (Club Nàutic), Port de Barcelona (Servei de Medi Ambient), Port de Tarragona, Institut Cartogràfic de Catalunya, ARPA (Sicily), Gabriele, Augusto e tutti i colleghi e gli studenti del DBEV

January 2018 Air Traffic Activity Summary

January 2018 Air Traffic Activity Summary Jan-2018 Jan-2017 CY-2018 CY-2017 Passengers 528,947 505,421 4.7% 528,947 505,421 4.7% Passengers 537,332 515,787 4.2% 537,332 515,787 4.2% Passengers 1,066,279