Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina

Transcription

1 Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina Ulrich Schwarz FLUVIUS, Vienna

2 For further information please contact: Romy Durst Euronatur Konstanzerstrasse 22 D Radolfzell Dr. Ulrich Schwarz FLUVIUS Hetzgasse 22/7 A-1030 Vienna This document has been produced by: Ulrich Schwarz, FLUVIUS, Vienna Acknowledgements: Borut Stumberger Cover photo: Livanjsko Polje, Ulrich Schwarz 1

3 Table of Contents Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina 1. Introduction and aim of the study Methodology Background Geomorphological definition Hydrology Analysis of DEM Analysis of maps Analysis of event documentation and other sources Definition of flood outlines Results (factsheets for Poljes) Bjelajsko polje Borovo polje Carevo polje Cernica Crničko polje Dabarsko polje Dobranjsko polje (Livno) Donje Zijemlje Dugo polje Dugo polje (Dugorudo) Duvanjsko polje Fatničko polje Gatačko polje Glamočko polje Grab polje Gradac Grahovsko polje Hansko polje (Gornje Zijemlje) Hutovo blato (Deransko-Svitavsko polje) Imotsko polje (Bekijsko polje) Jasenpolje Kočerinsko polje Konjsko polje Kruško polje Kupreško polje

4 3.26 Livanjsko polje Ljubinsko polje Ljubomir polje Lukavačko polje Marinkovci Medeno polje Mokro polje (Široki Brijeg) Mokro polje (Trebinje) Mostarsko blato Nevesinjsko polje Orahovac polje Palanka (Lušci polje) Pašića polje Petrovačko polje Plana Podrašničko polje Popovo polje Posušje Rakitno Rašanjsko polje (Rasno) Rastoka i Ljubuško polje Ravanjsko polje Ravna Mliništa Roško polje Rudno polje Slato polje Studeničko polje Šuičko polje Trusinsko polje Viničko polje Vučipolje Vukovsko polje Conclusions References

5 1. Introduction and aim of the study Karst poljes in the Dinarides and in particular in Bosnia & Herzegovina can be characterised as one of the most fascinating landscapes in the Balkan region. Due to the geological and hydrological circumstances (huge carbonate and karst mountains mostly under Mediterranean climate combined with rather high precipitation and water supply from the mountain ridges) an extensive number and area of poljes mostly interconnected by groundwater systems on different altitude levels (from 2-1,200 m above sea level), hosting a wide range of habitats and species (Mediterranean to alpine biogeographical units) in close vicinity was built since last ice age (during last 20,000 years). Poljes are often very fertile and would have a great importance for human development and agricultural production in the mountainous area of Balkans. However many poljes are regularly flooded, even for several months and only the techniques available since a century make it possible to drain and meliorate poljes in a larger scale by controlling the water in and outflows, in particular during the flooding season (mostly in winter and spring time). Several larger poljes were significantly altered. Parts are lost by the enlargement of settlements and infrastructure or are used even for the exploitation of peat/lignite for heating power plants. Due to the regular flooding poljes were used intensively for pasturing and meadows over the past 3,000 years, leading to an extensive very rich habitat mosaic namely for plant and bird species, in particular where near-natural flood tolerant forests stands and natural streams and river banks and bars were preserved, like in Livanjsko polje, which was therefore declared as Ramsar site (wetland). The study try to summaries the potential flooding situation (only maximum water levels no duration) in the poljes to highlight the most sensible habitat areas, but to show also the potential flood risk for adjacent settlements and infrastructure even if flood dikes will be partially constructed preventing flooding from surface). All the analysis is based on the extensive preparation work (delineation and first flood classification of Karst Poljes) by Stumberger from

6 2. Methodology Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina The main goal is the identification of flood areas for the more or less frequent and regular flooding and the potential flooding including all those areas protected by dikes from (surface) flooding. Due to the very scattered data situation (in particular hydrological data) the applied approach is basing on the elevation model, the flood documentation in the field and secondary information such as historical maps, case studies and of course the very first raw flood classification by Stumberger Background Geomorphological definition Following the EPA Glossary of Cave and Karst Terms (EPA, 2009) a karst polje, in geological terminology, is a large, flat-floored depression within karst limestone, whose long axis develops in parallel with major structural trends (mountain ridges) and can become several kilometers long. Superficial deposits tend to accumulate along the floor. Drainage may be either by surface watercourses (as an open polje) or by swallow holes (as a closed polje) or ponors (holes and clefts where parts or the entire surface discharge can be disappear). Usually, the ponors cannot transmit entire flood flows, so many poljes become flooded or even wetseason lakes. The structure of some poljes is related to the geological structure, but others are purely the result of lateral dissolution and planation. The development of poljes is fostered by any blockage in the karst drainage. The flat floor of a polje may consist of bare limestone, of a nonsolvable formation, or of soil. A polje typically shows complex hydrogeological characteristics such as exsurgences, estavelles, swallow holes, and lost rivers. The margin along the surrounding mountain foot is the most active hydrological exchange zone. Figure 1: Overview of the distribution of karst polje in the Dinaric region (from Lewine 2009) 5

7 Figure 2: Overview of the distribution of karst polje in Bosnia & Herzegovina used for the analysis (data from Stumberger) 6

8 2.1.2 Hydrology Karst hydrology is a very complex issue and the water balance of only one Polje can be very difficult to determine or even measure (e.g. by tracer experiments). Many gauges would be necessary to measure all in and outflows in particular for the underground water. Not only in smaller poljes the water levels can be rise extraordinarily high: Usually the water levels differ from 2-5 m over large areas but can reach m easily and for some polyes they can reach up to 80 m due to the narrow topography and valley form and possibilities for water to leave the polje. Figure 3: Basic karst features in polje landscapes (after Still 2007) 2.2 Analysis of DEM The first major analysis step is the evaluation of elevation data coming from ASTER 2 data (ASTER GDEM v2 data 2011). Aside of several limitations such as the resolution and the visualization of elevation artifacts the ASTER data is the best available free digital elevation model. Basically the elevation information for the rather plain less vegetated polje areas (mostly grassland) is good and can be estimated by an accuracy of 30x30 m² per pixel by a high accuracy between 2-5 m. Calculating the model for larger areas in poljes areas with differing altitude information such as Forests or infrastructure can be rather good recognized and excluded from the flood area calculation (if surrounding area is deeper and the proof by satellite images and maps is given, the area was assumed as flooded, e.g. flooded forests). Regarding the provided GIS polygons from earlier projects unfortunately the database has a limited resolution and the spatial fit (projection) of the data is in an former national Yugoslavian datum and must be transformed to UTM or decimal degrees in ETRS89 (this should be done in the future as well as amendments for the polje delineation, which was not subject of this elaboration). 7

9 2.3 Analysis of maps In a second analysis run the resulting elevation maps were directly overlaid with the landuse/habitat information available by free satellite images such as Google and Bing maps. The results changed and improved also the existing outline for many poljes. Areas on higher terrain hosting dry brush land can be excluded from the current but in most cases not from the potential flooding. 2.4 Analysis of event documentation and other sources Unfortunately the exiting documentation of polje flooding is rather poor, however the local people has good long-lasting experiences of average and catastrophic events, at least for some localities. The current Euronature photo documentation (Euronatur ) over the last 10 years which was provided for the project allow at least an initial analysis and where meaningful those photographs were added to the respective poljes in the result chapter. Detailed studies such as those from Schwarz (2010) for the Livanjsko polje directly provide flood outline information to the data. Regarding historical maps at least for larger poljes the Österreichische Generalkarte 1:200,000 ( ) was used to verify the basic extend of poljes and main river curses. Figure 4: Example for historical maps for the Buško Blato area (Österreichische Generalkarte 1:200,000 ( ). Additional available satellite quick-look information was screened and at least for the larger poljes some additional information was obtained, in particular only for a very few situationsregarding the flooding period (time steps, start and duration of flooding). 8

10 2.5 Definition of flood outlines In the last step the final result of flood outlines was carried out based on previous three steps by an assessment of each individual polje. Namely the flood outlines were prepared: 1. The current maximum flood outline proved by documentation. Unfortunately it is nearly impossible to define a kind of return interval, but in best case it should represent the maximum flood outline in the last century meaning a 100 years event as usual also for river gauges. 2. The maximum potential flood outline, not considering any flood protection dikes or structures/canals based only on the elevation model by using a certain buffer in high. As mentioned for the first outline it is impossible to define the return intervals, but it would be the multi century flood outline similar to those defined as morphological floodplains for rivers, meaning the maximum potential extend of flooding. 3. Results (factsheets for Poljes) This following chapter will give on each two pages the most important findings as short factsheets/maps for the analysed 57 karst poljes in alphabetical order. Explanation: The maps on left side include a Google earth snapshot and some basic information (Stumberger 2010) together with a photograph and a short text to the flood situation, the maps on right side show a meaningful colored elevation model (ASTER) in elevation classes (m; in best case one m steps for the bottom, for larger poljes however also classes of 2-5 or even 10 m; therefore the coloring is not uniform and the colors indicate only the differences in a good, visual way), the polygon for each polje and the flood outlines (one dark blue bold outline for the active maximum flooding considering field records and flood defenses and in grey the additional potential flooded area; in case of no evidence for active flooding only the potential grey outline is visualised). 9

11 3.1 Bjelajsko polje Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina Based on vegetation and landuse this polje is only potentially flooded. 10

12 11

13 3.2 Borovo polje Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina This polje over 1,000 m above sea level is mostly dry, surrounded in its southeastern part by Dolines and rock fields. The landscape of much deeper southeastern part (compare map on next page) is not connected to Borovo polje. 12

14 13

15 3.3 Carevo polje Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina This very small polje is totally dry. 14

16 15

17 3.4 Cernica The polje is regularly flooded (deepest pools are than up to 30 m). There are no significant structures inside therefore the active and potential flood extent is equal. Flood picture from east to west (Google Panoramio). 16

18 17

19 3.5 Crničko polje Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina Basically there is no reference for flooding of this polje. However the vegetation and remnants of fluvial activity indicate a potential for flooding. Regarding the raw elevation information the potential areas was delineated by some 10 m altitude difference) Some smaller water bodies in the central part (Jasminko Mulaomerovic). 18

20 19

21 3.6 Dabarsko polje Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina Still one of the best preserved poljes and regularly flooded. In its upper part two roads crossing the polje bottom and will prevent frequent flooding of same smaller areas. Flooded polje from southeast to northwest, January (Borut Stumberger). 20

22 21

23 3.7 Dobranjsko polje (Livno) No flood evidence is given for this polje, only several small karst springs and creeks on its eastern margin indicate potential flooding. 22

24 23

25 3.8 Donje Zijemlje Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina This polje is situated on a karst fan on its western part including fluvial land forms assuming a flood potential for the lower central part. Pattern of vegetation depending on soil wetness indicate the potential flooding (Google Panoramio). 24

26 25

27 3.9 Dugo polje Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina Only the low laying part used as agricultural fields could be potentially flooded. 26

28 27

29 3.10 Dugo polje (Dugorudo) This mountain polje with the Blidinje Lake (1,180 m above see level) host the largest mountain lake in Bosnia. Flooding occurs only in the southwestern lower part and potentially around the lake. 28

30 29

31 3.11 Duvanjsko polje Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina A large more or less entirely agricultural used polje which is regular flooded. Flooded polje during winter season, January (Borut Stumberger). 30

32 31

33 3.12 Fatničko polje Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina A beautiful large and extensively flooded polje with no settlement on the valley floor. From Northwest during flood season, January (Borut Stumberger). 32

34 33

35 3.13 Gatačko polje Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina Huge and heterogeneous polje, in its northwestern part lignite are exploited for energy production. The polje included near natural karst river courses. Phantastic meandering melting rivers and springs indicating the flood period in the northeastern corner, building meander and fans (Borut Stumberger). 34

36 35

37 3.14 Glamočko polje Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina This polje has a unique shape and is pristine in its southeastern part and scattered settled and invariant in its northwestern area. Flood lake in the southern pool in January (Borut Stumberger). 36

38 37

39 3.15 Grab polje Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina Potential flooding occurs potentially only along the creek fan in the southern area. 38

40 39

41 3.16 Gradac No regular and significant flooding can be expected for this polje. 40

42 41

43 3.17 Grahovsko polje Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina This polje is basically dry over large areas, but the central southern part includes some area with karst streams and wet meadows indicating a temporary water cover. Central-south flood area from plane, January (Borut Stumberger). 42

44 43

45 3.18 Hansko polje (Gornje Zijemlje) Only potentially flooded in its southern part. 44

46 45

47 3.19 Hutovo blato (Deransko-Svitavsko polje) One of the most wet poljes (reed beds) and strongly protected the Hutovo blato is directly connected to the Neretva lowlands and the potentially flooded area can be estimated by the comparison with the elevation model on the next page. The artificial reservoir in the south is part of the hydropower system and was earlier a similar wetland. This view from southwest shows the entire flooded area and the submerged meadows in front of the flood dikes caused by groundwater (Borut Stumberger). 46

48 47

49 3.20 Imotsko polje (Bekijsko polje) This polje at the border to Croatia is flooded regularly in its central part. The Matica river is collected in its southeastern part for hydropower generation. Also in the far western corner river regulation and canalization to collect water changed the flooding situation in this part of the polje. Further significant typical forest stands can be find in the central part. Flood in the central part, March (Borut Stumberger). 48

50 49

51 3.21 Jasenpolje Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina This rather densely settled polje with agricultural landscape is associated with a terraced second polje (right middle part of the image). Flooding occurs only in the meadow valley bottoms. 50

52 51

53 3.22 Kočerinsko polje Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina This polje has a clearly defined flood bottom. Small flood in the main depression on March (Borut Stumberger). 52

54 53

55 3.23 Konjsko polje Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina No flooding at all can be presumed for this polje. Only the very most northwards part indicates more wetness. 54

56 55

57 3.24 Kruško polje Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina This high laying polje surrounded by doline fields is basically not flooded. 56

58 57

59 3.25 Kupreško polje Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina There is a wide range of fluvial forms in this polje reaching some reed beds and peat areas in the north to meandering rivers in the south. A road crossing the polje and drainage allow agricultural fields. One of the permanent water courses with dense sedge beds, (Borut Stumberger). 58

60 59

61 3.26 Livanjsko polje Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina The largest among all Bosnian karst fields still host typical huge areas of wetlands, meadows, forests, dry habitat components and is protected. In the south the Busko hydropower plant lake is regulating the water flow (exclusion of several areas from flooding). Left: Large regular and long-lasting flooding in the northern and middle part of the polje (Borut Stumberger). Rigth: Huge temporal karst spring and flood water marks (Dejan Kulier). 60

62 61

63 3.27 Ljubinsko polje Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina The flood is limited to the vicinity of the active river channel. 62

64 63

65 3.28 Ljubomir polje Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina Flooding occurs only in the central part along a meandering karst river. 64

66 65

67 3.29 Lukavačko polje Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina This bottom like polje is only partially flooded in its deepest areas. Some permanent water bodies in the deepest points of the polje (Dejan Kulier). 66

68 67

69 3.30 Marinkovci Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina This polje seems to be entirely dry. 68

70 69

71 3.31 Medeno polje Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina The relief of this polje is rather uneven and only a very small area along a central chute could be potentially flooded. 70

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73 3.32 Mokro polje (Široki Brijeg) Flooded in its western central part. View into the most frequently flooded part, January (Martin Schneider-Jacoby). 72

74 73

75 3.33 Mokro polje (Trebinje) Associated with the huge Popovo polje and Trebisnijca river the polje is separated in an upper and lower part by a road dam preventing the flooding of lower parts. January flooding from the cross dike showing the southeastern flooded part (Google Panoramio). 74

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77 3.34 Mostarsko blato Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina The rather huge and frequently flooded polje is feed by river Lisitca and by underground filling up the bath tube before the water is running through underground to the Neretva Valley (Jasenica is the name of this new short river before entering Neretva) which is 200 m below. Frequent flooded polje bottom, with flood tolerant grass species and willow groups also indicating the high flood dynamic of this polje by the debris flood marks April (Borut Stumberger). 76

78 77

79 3.35 Nevesinjsko polje Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina Larger flooding occurs in particular in the southern part of the polje along the Zalomka river (flood amplitude is up to 15 meters referencing a road bridge, the riverbed dry out during summer). Picture from plane showing the partially flooded central part (Borut Stumberger). 78

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81 3.36 Orahovac polje Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina The polje terrain is rather variable including a lot of rocky islands, No flood evidence for this polje. 80

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83 3.37 Palanka (Lušci polje) Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina Flooding occurs primarily in three separated depressions. 82

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85 3.38 Pašića polje Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina This polje is very dry in the southeastern lower part, but wet and regularly flooded in its western and northeastern branches. Documentation photo from air plane showing the northeastern flood basin January (Borut Stumberger). 84

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87 3.39 Petrovačko polje Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina Karst river driven flooding in smaller areas. 86

88 87

89 3.40 Plana The polje seems to be mostly not flooded at all. 88

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91 3.41 Podrašničko polje Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina Meandering, in its upper parts incised karst rivers with woody galleries characterizing this polje. 90

92 91

93 3.42 Popovo polje Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina This long east-west shaped polje is flow trough by Trebisnjica river with is nearly entirely canalized or stored in reservoirs for irrigation and hydropower generation. Therefore the polje is strongly altered and large areas are completely cut from flooding at all. However the polje is still subject of extensive flooding and some areas of high protection value remain. Not a hydropower lake but the regular spring flooding: In its lower tubular stretch the flood water can accumulate up to 40 m (Borut Stumberger). 92

94 93

95 3.43 Posušje The eastern depression is frequently flooded even if the altitude is much above the western part of the polje (the water leave the area by underground joining neighboring river catchments in the west). Flooding in the eastern depression (Martin Schneider-Jacoby). 94

96 95

97 3.44 Rakitno The polje is regularly flooded by karst streams in its central part. The lower part is clearly separated by karst rock formations and most properly rather dry. View of the wet upper part of the polje, typical extensive grazing grounds (Google Panoramio). 96

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99 3.45 Rašanjsko polje (Rasno) Flooding occur in the western depression. Western part with partial flooding (Google Panoramio). 98

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101 3.46 Rastoka i Ljubuško polje This poly is flow trough by Trebizat river flooding significant areas in its central northern part. 100

102 101

103 3.47 Ravanjsko polje Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina Not regularly flooded polje (the lower areas in the southeastern part are entirely used for agriculture and include rocky karst elements, only the central part indicates a little more wetness. 102

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105 3.48 Ravna Mliništa Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina This high laying (1,150 m) polje surrounded by forests is flooded only in smaller parts in the center. View of the flood basin (the small road in the middle right has a concrete bridge) (Jasminko Mulaomerovic). 104

106 105

107 3.49 Roško polje Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina Flooding is evident only on smaller areas like in the northwestern part. 106

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109 3.50 Rudno polje Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina This is mostly a dry polje including in its central part also dry rocky karst elements. However it is covered mostly by grasslands. 108

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111 3.51 Slato polje Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina Beautiful small polje flooded in its deepest part. Flooded polje on January (Borut Stumberger). 110

112 111

113 3.52 Studeničko polje Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina Kravica river is feeding this polje, flood occurs along rivers, but the polje floor is used mainly for agriculture. 112

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115 3.53 Šuičko polje Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina This picturesque polje is a kind of floodplain. Beautiful river meander flooded by melting water, upstream, January (Dejan Kulijer) 114

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117 3.54 Trusinsko polje Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina Flooding occur only in the western part. 116

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119 3.55 Viničko polje Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina Flooding occurs in the lowest western part. 118

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121 3.56 Vučipolje Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina The polje is situated in a dry high plain surrounded by rocky formations and is not usually flooded. 120

122 121

123 3.57 Vukovsko polje Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina This polje is only scattered flooded in its western part along several small karst creeks. After summer grazing period, October (Borut Stumberger) 122

124 123

125 4. Conclusions Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina The quick analysis prepared for the karst poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina indicate for a large area first time a commonly used methodology to approximate potential flooding in polje landscape mainly by analyzing the elevation model in combination with field indication of flood events within the last 10 years and various other sources. The results clearly indicate the importance of flooding for many poljes and the need of sustainable usage and only absolutely necessary flood protection for infrastructure and settlements. Out of the 57 poljes with a total area size of 152,574 ha in 37 poljes (67,507 ha) regular flooding can presumed and additionally in 9 at least potential flooding can be expected. Only 10 poljes are mostly dry. All together the maximum potential for flooding is 80,261 ha. Further analysis must use hydrological data to be able to evaluate flood events, returning intervals and flood duration, which is important for the habitats in the poljes. The poljes are integral part of the Blue heart of Europe for the Balkan rivers, closely linked to floodplains and river flooding (Schwarz 2012). KarstField Total Size ha Max Flood Record ha Potential Max Flood ha Borovo polje Carevo polje Konjsko polje KruÜko polje Marinkovci Orahovac polje Plana Ravanjsko polje Rudno polje VuÞipolje Hansko polje (Gornje Zijemlje) Gradac RoÜko polje Medeno polje Ravna MliniÜta RaÜanjsko polje (Rasno) Dobranjsko polje (Livno) Trusinsko polje StudeniÞko polje Donje Zijemlje Dugo polje Grab polje Vukovsko polje Jasenpolje LukavaÞko polje Mokro polje (èiroki Brijeg)

126 KarstField Total Size ha Max Flood Record ha Potential Max Flood ha Slato polje ViniÞko polje Ljubinjsko polje CrniÞko polje Ljubomir polje èuiþko polje Cernica KoÞerinsko polje PetrovaÞko polje Bjelajsko polje Grahovsko polje Mokro polje (Trebinje) Rakitno PosuÜje Dugo polje (Dugorudo) PaÜiµa polje FatniÞko polje Palanka (LuÜci polje) PodraÜniÞko polje Rastoka i LjubuÜko polje Nevesinjsko polje Dabarsko polje Mostarsko blato Hutovo blato (Deransko-Svitavsko polje) GataÞko polje KupreÜko polje GlamoÞko polje Popovo polje Duvanjsko polje Livanjsko polje

127 Figure 5: Overview of karst polje flooding in Bosnia & Herzegovina 126

128 5. References ASTER GDEM v2 data (2011): Euronatur ( ): Karst Polje Photo Documentation, prepared by Martin Schneider-Jacoby and Borut Stumberger. Lewin, J. & Woodward, J. C. (2009): Geomorphology and Environmental Change. In: Woodward, J.C, editor(s). The Physical Geography of the Mediterranean. 1st ed. Oxford University Press; p Österreichische Generalkarte 1:200,000 ( ): 13 map sheets for Bosnia Schwarz, U. (2012): Outstanding Balkan River landscapes a basis for wise development decisions. For ECA Watch Austria/Euronature Germany/MAVA Switzerland, 150 pp and 101 pp. Separate Annex ( River Catalogue ). Vienna Schwarz, U. (2010): Habitat mapping of the Livanjsko Polje (BA), the Neretva Delta (HR, BA) and Lake Skadar-Shkoder (ME, AL). In: Adriatic Flyway, closing the gap in bird conservation. EURONATUR, edited by Damijan Denac, Martin Schneider-Jacoby and Borut Stumberger, pp Radolfzell. Still, U. (2007): Polje-Model. In Wikimedia Commons: Stumberger (2010): A classification of karst poljes in the Dinarides and their significance for waterbird conservation. In: Adriatic Flyway, closing the gap in bird conservation. EURONATUR, edited by Damijan Denac, Martin Schneider-Jacoby and Borut Stumberger, pp Radolfzell. EPA (US Environmental Agency) (2009): Glossary of Cave and Karst Terms. United States Office of Research and EPA/600/R-02/003 Environmental Protection Development 127