AFRICA INFRASTRUCTURE COUNTRY DIAGNOSTIC

Transcription

1 BACKGROUND PAPER 16 AFRICA INFRASTRUCTURE COUNTRY DIAGNOSTIC Regional Annexes Heinrich C. Bofinger Revision B April 2010 This report was produced by the World Bank and the Sub-Saharan Africa Transport Policy Program (SSATP) with funding and other support from (in alphabetical order): the African Union, the Agence Française de Développement, the European Union (EU), the New Economic Partnership for Africa s Development, the Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF), and the U.K. Department for International Development. 1

2 A Note on the Data used in this Annex Traffic data used in this annex consists of aggregations and analysis on data provided by the Seabury ADG data system, which included airline-reported schedules. This implies that all data is consists of scheduled, advertised services, and omits airlines that are not found in regular scheduling services. For airport traffic data, both arriving and departing seats per airport are counted, i.e. a total of the estimated seats would be the double of the international regional traffic figures. Analysis on the level of implementation of the Yamoussoukro decision, as well as the overall safety evaluation for countries in each of the region, is from The Implementation of the Yamoussoukro Decision, Charles E. Schlumberger, McGill University, February 2009, with specific reference to pages for safety ratings, and p. 311 for the evaluation of liberalization for each region. Per capita aggregates are based on data from the 2009 World Development Indicators, published by the World Bank. Per capita GNI for each region were calculated by dividing the sum of the member country s GNIs by the sum of their population, using 2007 data. 2

3 The Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) The AMU countries generally comprise North Africa, and include Morocco, Algeria, Mauritania, Tunisia, and Libya. Egypt is not part of the union. Though there has been no liberalization within the AMU, the region has shown clear growth. The need for liberalization, however, has been officially acknowledged. As important as Morocco is as a hub for overall traffic within Africa especially looking further south, the more important center of connectivity for the AMU lies in Tunisia. The order of volume amongst the countries is Tunisia, Libya, and Morocco, while in terms of connectivity Morocco and Libya would switch places. Tunisia s importance is also reflected in its airline, which holds 32% of the traffic. The safety record of the region overall has been good. Overall, the fleet providing international service within the AMU countries has been renewing considerably, with over 20% of the estimated seats being offered having been replaced with either relatively recent or truly recent aircraft between 2001 and General Status of implementation of the Yamoussoukro Decision: No implementation. Status of Air Services Liberalization: No liberalization within AMU initiated, but need is recognized. Overall Implementation Score (from 1 to 5): 1 The air transport market for the AMU measured in estimated seats for 2007 is at roughly 5.2 million. 12,000,000 10,000,000 Est. Seats 8,000,000 6,000,000 4,000,000 2,000,

4 The AMU shows a very high number of estimated seats per capita for international travel within the region, second only to the EAC. This coincides with a relatively high GNI per capita compared to the rest of Africa. Est. Seats per Capita ,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, GNI per Capita Seats per Capita GNI per Capita 4

5 All known international routes within the AMU countries for

6 Estimated seats for international travel within the AMU. 3,000,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000, , AMU all flights for one week in November Destination AMU direct flights only for one week in November Destination Origin Algeria Libya Mauritania Morocco Tunisia Algeria Libya Mauritania Morocco Origin Algeria Libya Mauritania Morocco Tunisia Algeria Libya Mauritania Morocco Tunisia Tunisia

7 AMU average speeds in KM per hour between main origin and destination airports. Destination Origin Algeria Libya Mauritania Morocco Tunisia Algeria Libya Mauritania Morocco Tunisia Airlines with their market share serving international travel within the AMU. Airline Tunisair 30.3% 32.4% 32.7% Royal Air Maroc 20.3% 25.3% 29.2% Jamahirya Libyan Arab Airlines 20.5% 13.7% 17.0% Air Algerie 16.7% 17.8% 15.5% Aviation Enterprise TESIS Limited 3.0% Air Mauritanie 1.0% 2.5% 1.4% Syrian Arab Airlines 1.9% 3.9% 0.6% Qatar Airways (W.L.L.) 4.4% 0.5% Ecoair International 5.6% Royal Jordanian (Alia 2.0% Saudi Arabian Airlines 1.4% Balkan 0.3% 7

8 Airports with their relative market share for travel within the AMU in Country City Airport IATA ID Total Seats 2007 Traffic Tunisia Tunis TUN 823, % Morocco Casablanca, Mohamed V CMN 645, % Algeria Algiers ALG 376, % Libya Tripoli TIP 368, % Mauritania Nouakchott NKC 170, % Libya Benghazi BEN 68, % Algeria Oran ORN 50, % Morocco Rabat RBA 39, % Libya Mitiga MJI 30, % Morocco Casablanca, Anfa CAS 8, % Libya Sebha SEB 7, % Age composition of fleet measured in percentage of estimated seats serving international travel within the AMU in Age composition of fleet measured in percentage of estimated seats serving international travel within the AMU in somewhat recent 21.9 Eastern somewhat recent 0.2 age unkown 3.3 old 27.6 somewhat recent 30.9 age unkown 0.2 old 7.2 recent 47.1 recent

9 The Banjul Accord Group (BAG) The Banjul Accord countries are a subset ECOWAS and include Cape Verde, Chad, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone. As a group, they have very thin traffic per capita, though they have high population densities. The thin traffic could be attributed to several factors: The GNI per capita is low (some countries are post-conflict, such as Liberia and Sierra Leone), and the system has had a dramatic shock with the disappearance of Ghana Airways, which in 2004 provided over 40% of the region s capacity. Overall this region is one of the most liberalized in Africa, which is perhaps one of the factors helping make up for the loss of capacity between 2001 and The most important route in the region is between Ghana and Nigeria. Overall, aviation safety has been a concern Nigeria is now significantly revamping its oversight, after several highly visible fatal crashes. With concerted efforts Ghana, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone are getting closer to meeting international standards, while the remaining countries have strong developmental needs. The one exception is Cape Verde, which is the only country in Sub-Saharan Africa to meet the U.S. category 1 safety standards, allowing for direct flights from and into the U.S. Overall the fleet in the region, bucking the trend for the rest of Sub-Saharan Africa, has been getting older rather than renewing. The portion of seats offered in rather old aircraft has grown from 54.8% to 68.1%. General Status of implementation of the Yamoussoukro Decision: Principles of YD agreed upon in a multilateral air service agreement. Status of Air Services Liberalization: Up to fifth freedom granted, tariffs are free, and capacity/frequency is open. Overall Implementation Score (from 1 to 5): 4 The countries in the Banjul Accord Group are a subset of ECOWAS. The size of the international market within the group was at roughly 2.3 million estimated seats in ,000,000 10,000,000 Est. Seats 8,000,000 6,000,000 4,000,000 2,000,

10 The BAG countries have some of the lowest per capita income, outdone only by the EAC. The region also features the lowest per capita estimated seat capacity for international travel within the region. Est. Seats per Capita ,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, GNI per Capita Seats per Capita GNI per Capita All known international routes within the BAG countries for

11 Estimated seats for international travel within the BAG countries. 1,200,000 1,000, , , , , BAG all flights for one week in November Destination Origin Cape Verde Gambia Ghana Guinea Liberia Nigeria Sierra Leone Cape Verde 1 Gambia Ghana Guinea Liberia Nigeria Sierra Leone

12 BAG direct flights only for one week in November Destination Origin Cape Verde Gambia Ghana Guinea Liberia Nigeria Sierra Leone Cape Verde 1 Gambia 2 4 Ghana Guinea 2 2 Liberia Nigeria 46 3 Sierra Leone BAG average speeds in KM per hour between main origin and destination airports. Destination Origin Cape Verde Gambia Ghana Guinea Liberia Nigeria Sierra Leone Cape Verde 724 Gambia Ghana Guinea Liberia Nigeria Sierra Leone Note: Any speed below 240 km per hour is italicized and bolded. 12

13 Airlines with their market share serving international travel within the BAG countries. Airline Virgin Nigeria (replaces Nigerian Airways) 27.7% Bellview Airlines Ltd. 6.1% 26.7% 24.2% Slok Air International 14.5% Euro-Asia International, JSC 8.3% Kenya Airways 6.7% Alitalia 3.8% 2.6% 6.0% Ethiopian Airlines Enterprise 7.4% 4.7% 5.2% Aero Contractors Company of Nigeria Ltd. 2.7% Antrak 2.0% Middle East Airlines 1.9% 0.5% 1.0% Gambia International Airlines Ltd. 7.1% 4.8% 0.9% TAAG Angola Airlines 0.7% Afriqiyah Airways 0.1% Ghana Airways Corp. 38.3% 43.0% Deutsche Lufthansa AG 4.1% 13.7% Emirates 2.9% Sierra National Airlines 6.1% 1.1% Swiss Air UA 10.1% SN Brussels Airlines 6.2% Air Arabia 2.5% Egyptair 2.1% Nigeria Airways Ltd. 2.0% Guinee Airlines, S.A. 1.4% Air Afrique 1.0% 13

14 Airports with their relative market share for travel within the BAG countries in Country City Airport IATA ID Total Seats 2007 Traffic Ghana Accra ACC 427, % Nigeria Lagos LOS 397, % Sierra Leone Freetown, Lungi Intl FNA 123, % Liberia Monrovia ROB 82, % Gambia Banjul BJL 61, % Guinea Conakry CKY 24, % Liberia Monrovia (Spriggs Payne) MLW 14, % Cape Verde Sal Island SID 4, % Nigeria Abuja ABV 1, % Age composition of fleet measured in percentage of estimated seats serving international travel within the BAG countries in Age composition of fleet measured in percentage of estimated seats serving international travel within the BAG countries in recent 13.8 somewhat recent 27.4 recent 17.7 somewhat recent 6.8 age unkown 7.4 old 54.8 age unkown 4.0 old

15 Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) The CEMAC regional community consists of Cameroon, Chad, the Central African Republic, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, and the Republic of Congo. This region has seen a steep decline in estimated capacity for international travel within, and is the only region to do so. CEMAC also has one of the lowest per capita seat availability on the continent. The strongest route is between Cameroun and Gabon. The dataset shows very little access to the Central African Republic, and no traffic figures are shown for Chad. The time-in-route matrix data found below suggest that there might be a connectivity issue between Gabon and Equatorial Guinea. The loss of Cameroun Airlines and Air Gabon seems to have been a major cause for the lack of capacity, however, since no load factor data is available it is unclear if the estimated seats for 2001 represented an overcapacity for the region. On a more positive note, the region has seen dramatic improvement with regard the age of aircraft providing capacity for travel. The amount of seats available in recent western aircraft has increased from 12 % in 2001 to nearly 50% of all seats in Much of the region s air traffic control is covered by ASCENA, the umbrella organization that in partnership with France provides air traffic control and airport management. Safety oversight, however, is considered in much need for development in the region. The region carries the highest score of implementation of the Yamoussoukro Decision in Africa. General Status of implementation of the Yamoussoukro Decision: Principles of YD agreed upon in an air transport program. Some minor restrictions remain. Status of Air Services Liberalization: Up to fifth freedom granted, tariffs are free, and capacity/frequency is open. Maximum two carriers per State may participate. Overall Implementation Score: 5 CEMAC, the smallest regional market in Africa, has had an estimated capacity of 612,000 seat for international travel within the region in ,000,000 10,000,000 Est. Seats 8,000,000 6,000,000 4,000,000 2,000,

16 The CEMAC countries represent one of the lowest capacity per capita in Africa. Though the BAG countries are lower, they are a subset of ECOWAS, making the ranking of CEMAC the lowest for a stand-alone regional community. Est. Seats per Capita ,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, GNI per Capita Seats per Capita GNI per Capita All known international routes within the CEMAC countries for

17 Estimated seats for international travel within the CEMAC countries. 1,200,000 1,000, , , , , CEMAC all flights for one week in November Destination Origin Cameroon Central African Republic Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon Cameroon Central African Republic 1 Congo 4 1 Equatorial Guinea 3 2 Gabon

18 CEMAC direct flights only for one week in November Destination Origin Cameroon Central African Republic Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon Cameroon Central African Republic 1 Congo 1 Equatorial Guinea 3 Gabon CEMAC average speeds in KM per hour between main origin and destination airports. Destination Origin Cameroon Central African Republic Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon Cameroon Central African Republic 559 Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon Note: Any speed below 240 km per hour is italicized and bolded. 18

19 Airlines with their market share serving international travel within CEMAC. Airline Air Service 46.0% Trans Air Congo (TAC) 2.2% 18.3% Ethiopian Airlines Enterprise 12.2% Star Equatorial Airlines 7.3% Bellview Airlines Ltd. 0.8% 6.2% Benin Golf Air SA 4.5% Afriqiyah Airways 3.4% Hewa Bora Airways 2.2% Cameroon Airlines 33.0% 49.6% Air Gabon 31.7% 39.5% Avirex 5.6% Aero-Service 0.8% 2.0% STA 0.4% Air Afrique 21.0% Swiss Air UA 6.8% Air France 3.4% Zircon Airways Benin, S.A. 2.7% Inter-Aviation Services (Interair South Africa) 0.5% Airports with their relative market share for travel within CEMAC in Country City Airport IATA ID Total Seats 2007 Traffic Cameroon Douala DLA 129, % Gabon Libreville LBV 109, % Congo Pointe Noire PNR 25, % Congo Brazzaville BZV 21, % Equatorial Guinea Malabo SSG 11, % Central African Republic Bangui BGF 5, % Equatorial Guinea Bata BSG 3, % 19

20 Age composition of fleet measured in percentage of estimated seats serving international travel within CEMAC in Age composition of fleet measured in percentage of estimated seats serving international travel within CEMAC in general aviation age unknown 0.2 age unkown 20.6 old 39.0 age unkown 11.7 old 26.7 recent 12.0 somewhat recent 28.2 recent 49.4 somewhat recent

21 Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) The largest of the regional organizations includes almost the entire corridor on the eastern side of the African continent. With the notable exception of South Africa, which is not a member of the community, this region boasts the highest amount of air traffic in Sub-Saharan Africa. Countries included in COMWSA are Libya, Egypt, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan, Kenya, Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda, Congo Brazzaville, Angola, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, the island nations of Mauritius, Madagascar, Seychelles, and Comoros. Tanzania is not part of the community. Three key airlines are part of this group Ethiopian Airlines, Kenya Airways, and Egypt Air. Together they hold over 56% of the total market share in estimated passenger seats, with all additional competitors serving much smaller markets. The overall capacity per capita is slightly higher than the WAEMU region. Overall connectivity relatively developed if traveling via Addis Ababa or Nairobi. High average en-route time can only really be found with Rwanda and Burundi due to a round-robin route of Nairobi Bujumbura Kigali, between Malawi and Zambia, and between Zambia and Zimbabwe. One striking route is between Uganda and Kenya. The significance of the route is even more apparent if the two North African members of COMESA, Libya and Egypt, are removed from the data set. Since Tanzania is not part of COMESA, the most heavily traveled route, by a wide margin, lies between Kenya and Uganda. Keeping in line with most of the African continent, overall there has been a sizable renewal of the fleet, with old aircraft having gone from nearly 40% of provided seats to roughly 21%, while recent western aircraft have risen by 31% in overall share, making almost 50% of the total. capacity. In terms of safety oversight, the region contains two countries (Egypt and Ethiopia) that are at par with international standards, five countries that are moving towards meeting those standards (Angola, Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, Madagascar, and Zimbabwe), with the remainder still needing much further development work. General Status of implementation of the Yamoussoukro Decision: Full liberalization decided ( legal Notice No. 2 ), but application and implementation remain pending until a Joint Competition Authority is established. Status of Air Services Liberalization: Pending. Once applied, operators may be able to serve any destination (all freedoms), tariffs and capacity /frequency will be free. Overall Implementation Score: 3 Since COMESA is a large umbrella community containing almost the entire eastern part of Africa from North to South, it presents the largest overall market, with an estimated 16.4 million seats for international travel within the region in Est. Seats per Capita ,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, GNI per Capita Seats per Capita GNI per Capita 21

22 Per capita seat capacity in the COMESA countries overall appear to be average when compared to the rest of the regions, which is consistent with the fact that COMESA consists of a large number of countries and of members of other regions, such as some members of SADC, the EAC, and the AMU. Est. Seats per Capita ,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, GNI per Capita Seats per Capita GNI per Capita 22

23 All known international routes within the COMESA countries for The traffic with Uganda in Sub-Saharan Africa is significant. 23

24 The international routes within COMESA, with Libya and Egypt removed. The most dominant route is Kenya Uganda. 24

25 Estimated seats for international travel within the COMESA countries. 10,000,000 9,000,000 8,000,000 7,000,000 6,000,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000, COMESA all flights for one week in November Destination Origin Angola Burundi Comoros Congo DRC Djibouti Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Libya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Rwanda Seychelles Sudan Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Angola Burundi Comoros 2 5 Congo DRC Djibouti Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Libya 21 3 Madagascar 1 8 Malawi Mauritius Rwanda Seychelles 2 3 Sudan Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe

26 COMESA direct flights only for one week in November Destination Origin Angola Burundi Comoros Congo DRC Djibouti Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Libya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Rwanda Seychelles Sudan Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Angola Burundi Comoros 2 5 Congo DRC Djibouti Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Libya 21 3 Madagascar 1 8 Malawi Mauritius Rwanda Seychelles 2 3 Sudan Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe

27 COMESA average speeds in KM per hour between main origin and destination airports. Destination Angola Burundi Comoros Congo DRC Djibouti Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Libya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Rwanda Origin Seychelles Sudan Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Angola Burundi Comoros Congo DRC Djibouti Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Libya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Rwanda Seychelles Sudan Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Note: Any speed below 240 km per hour is italicized and bolded. 27

28 Airlines with their market share serving international travel within COMESA. Airline Kenya Airways 24.2% 32.0% 25.4% Ethiopian Airlines Enterprise 11.9% 16.2% 18.9% Egyptair 7.0% 10.6% 14.5% Jamahirya Libyan Arab Airlines 5.7% 4.2% 5.0% Sudan Airways Co. Ltd. 4.4% 6.0% 4.9% Rwandair Express 4.2% 4.7% Air Zimbabwe (PVT) Ltd. 4.4% 1.9% 4.0% African Star Airways (PTY) Ltd. 3.3% Air Mauritius 2.5% 3.2% 2.3% Afriqiyah Airways 1.1% 2.2% Emirates 1.3% 0.8% 2.1% Air Madagascar 3.1% 3.1% 2.0% Air Seychelles Limited 1.4% 1.2% 1.4% Air Malawi Limited 1.8% 1.3% 1.4% Djibouti Airlines 1.0% 1.7% 1.3% Nas Air (Eritrea) 1.1% African Express Airways (K) Ltd. 0.9% JetLink Express 0.7% Turkish Airlines, Inc. 0.7% Air Austral 1.0% 0.9% 0.6% Eritrean Airlines 1.0% 0.5% Zambian Airways 0.6% 1.3% 0.5% Dutch Caribbean Airline N.V. 0.4% TAAG Angola Airlines 1.3% 1.4% 0.4% Air Burundi 0.5% 0.5% 0.3% Marsland Aviation 0.3% Yemenia 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% Daallo Airlines 0.1% 0.0% 0.1% Comores Aviation 0.1% Star Equatorial Airlines 0.0% Airkenya Aviation Ltd. d/b/a Regional Air 3.4% 3.5% East African Safari Air 2.0% Inter-Aviation Services (Interair South Africa) 0.2% 0.9% British Airways P.L.C. 8.5% 0.5% Comair Ltd. 0.1% Ocean Airlines 0.1% Condor Flugdienst GmbH 0.4% 0.1% East Afrian Airlines Limited 5.5% Deutsche Lufthansa AG 4.1% FlyGlobeSpan 2.4% SN Brussels Airlines 1.0% Air Tanzania Company Ltd. 0.6% Air Service 0.4% Axis Airways 0.4% Majestic Air P/L 0.3% Cameroon Airlines 0.2% Eagle Aviation Ltd. 0.2% Phuket Airlines Co. Ltd. 0.1% Aeroflot Russian Airlines 0.1% 28

29 Airports with their relative market share for travel within COMESA in Country City Airport IATA ID Total Seats 2007 Traffic Kenya Nairobi, Jomo Kenyatta Intl NBO 1,597, % Egypt Cairo CAI 1,186, % Ethiopia Addis Ababa ADD 1,007, % Uganda Entebbe EBB 799, % Sudan Khartoum KRT 769, % Libya Tripoli TIP 446, % Rwanda Kigali KGL 443, % Zambia Lusaka LUN 383, % Zimbabwe Harare HRE 287, % Burundi Bujumbura BJM 263, % Mauritius Mauritius MRU 222, % Malawi Lilongwe LLW 194, % Djibouti Djibouti JIB 173, % Congo DRC Kinshasa FIH 169, % Madagascar Antaninvarivo TNR 147, % Sudan Juba JUB 120, % Libya Benghazi BEN 111, % Angola Luanda LAD 101, % Seychelles Mahe Island SEZ 99, % Eritrea Asmara ASM 84, % Egypt Alexandria ALY 62, % Congo DRC Lubumbashi FBM 60, % Comoros Dzaoudzi DZA 59, % Malawi Blantyre BLZ 43, % Ethiopia Dire Dawa DIR 33, % Madagascar Majunga MJN 31, % Comoros Moroni HAH 25, % Madagascar Nossi-be NOS 13, % Congo DRC Goma GOM 7, % Libya Sebha SEB 7, % Madagascar Antsiranana DIE 5, % Eritrea Massawa MSW 2, % Comoros Anjouan AJN 2, % Comoros Moroni (Hahaya/Iconi) YVA 1, % Zambia Ndola NLA % Madagascar Manja MJA % 29

30 Age composition of fleet measured in percentage of estimated seats serving international travel within COMESA in Age composition of fleet measured in percentage of estimated seats serving international travel within COMESA in Eastern age Eastern Old unknonw 0.6 somewhat recent Eastern somewhat recent 0.1 age unkown 18.7 Chinese recent 0.4 somewhat recent 26.0 Eastern Old 0.5 age unkown 3.0 old 21.0 recent 18.0 old 37.9 recent

31 East African Community (Limited to the Five Official Members Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda) The EAC presents the second largest overall market for stand-alone regional communities, only topped by SADC. In terms of per capita seat availability, it is by far the most served. This may be due to the extensive market between Kenya and Tanzania, with Nairobi being an intercontinental gateway for tourism into the regions famed gamed parks, and Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. The market has been growing, consistently dominated by Kenya Airways, which now has 60% of the market share of international travel within the community. Nairobi presents the hub for the region, providing connectivity to all other countries. Rwanda and post-conflict Burundi are being served by round-robin flights originating from Nairobi, making the en-route time longer due to intermediate stopovers. Following the overall trend for the rest of Africa, newer aircraft have been put into servicekenya has over 90% radar coverage for air traffic surveillance, making it an exception in the region. Ethiopia, though being an important hub, has no radar coverage as of Rwanda s radar is primarily for military use, and Uganda and Tanzania have systems covering the approaches to their main airports in Entebbe and Dar es Salaam. Kenya and Tanzania are in the process of improving their oversight agencies, and the EAC (as strictly defined including Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi) are in the process of pooling resources for bolstering their new regional safety oversight organization housed in Arusha. Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi are still facing hurdles in their oversight, Burundi being a post conflict country, and Rwanda having had difficulties in modernizing their standardization of awarding air carrier certificates. General Status of implementation of the Yamoussoukro Decision: EAC Council issued a directive to amend bilateral agreements among EAC States to conform with YD. Status of Air Services Liberalization: Air services are not liberalized, as the amendments of bilateral agreements remain pending. Overall Implementation Score: 3 The overall international market within the EAC proper amounted to nearly 9 million estimated seats in 2007, second only to SADC. 12,000,000 10,000,000 Est. Seats 8,000,000 6,000,000 4,000,000 2,000,

32 The EAC has the highest amount of seat capacity per capita in Africa, even though the per capita income is one of the lowest amongst the regions. Est. Seats per Capita ,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, GNI per Capita Seats per Capita GNI per Capita International routes within the EAC. 32

33 Estimated seats for international travel within the EAC. 4,000,000 3,500,000 3,000,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000, , EAC all flights for one week in November Destination EAC direct flights only for one week in November Destination Burundi Kenya Origin Rwanda Tanzania Uganda Burundi Kenya Rwanda Tanzania Uganda Burundi Burundi Kenya Kenya Rwanda Tanzania 48 6 Origin Rwanda Tanzania 26 3 Uganda Uganda EAC average speeds in KM per hour between main origin and destination airports. Destination Origin Burundi Kenya Rwanda Tanzania Uganda Burundi Kenya Rwanda Tanzania Uganda Note: Any speed below 240 km per hour is italicized and 33

34 bolded. Airlines with their market share serving international travel within the EAC. Airline Kenya Airways 42.5% 54.6% 61.4% Rwandair Express 8.0% 12.8% African Star Airways (PTY) Ltd. 7.6% Precision Air Services Ltd. 0.6% 5.0% 7.6% Ethiopian Airlines Enterprise 4.4% 4.6% 5.9% Air Tanzania Company Ltd. 8.6% 13.1% 1.5% Airkenya Aviation Ltd. d/b/a Regional Air 2.4% 0.9% 1.3% Air Burundi 1.0% 0.9% 0.8% Air India Limited 1.5% 2.1% 0.5% Nas Air (Eritrea) 0.2% Condor Flugdienst GmbH 0.2% Martinair Holland N.V. 0.1% Air Malawi Limited 1.1% 0.1% East African Safari Air 5.9% Emirates 6.6% 3.8% Gulf Air Company G.S.C. 0.5% Oman Aviation Services Co. (SAOG) 0.4% Ocean Airlines 0.1% East Afrian Airlines Limited 11.8% British Airways P.L.C. 6.3% FlyGlobeSpan 5.6% Swiss Air UA 4.1% SN Brussels Airlines 1.7% Egyptair 0.6% Eagle Aviation Ltd. 0.3% Yemenia 0.3% Phuket Airlines Co. Ltd. 0.3% Eagle Air Ltd. 0.2% Air Zimbabwe (PVT) Ltd. 0.0% 34

35 Airports with their relative market share for travel within COMESA in Country City Airport IATA ID Total Seats 2007 Traffic Kenya Nairobi, Jomo Kenyatta Intl NBO 1,341, % Uganda Entebbe EBB 631, % Rwanda Kigali KGL 391, % Tanzania Dar Es Salaam DAR 389, % Tanzania Kilimanjaro JRO 219, % Burundi Bujumbura BJM 212, % Tanzania Zanzibar, Kisauni ZNZ 170, % Kenya Mombasa MBA 99, % Tanzania Mwanza MWZ 28, % Kenya Nairobi, Wilson WIL 17, % Age composition of fleet measured in percentage of estimated seats serving international travel within the EAC in Age composition of fleet measured in percentage of estimated seats serving international travel within the EAC in recent 16.3 somewhat recent 16.8 Eastern age unknonw 1.6 recent % somewhat recent % Unkown - 0% old 43.8 general aviation age unknown 0.0 age unkown 21.5 old % 35

36 36

37 Expanded East African Community (EAC plus Sudan and Ethiopia) Countries included in this set are Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda. A larger chunk of traffic flows along the east African corridor, and the inter-regional traffic also reflects this. The region has a well developed system in Sub-Saharan Africa beyond Southern Africa (SADC), and carried the second-highest highest percapita estimated seat capacity in all of Africa for This is despite having one of the lowest per capita incomes in Africa. Two of the countries contain two of the three strongest carries in sub-saharan Africa: Kenya and Ethiopia, with Kenyan Airways having nearly 47% of the market share in seats, and Ethiopian a distant second at 19, with the two airlines holding nearly 66% of the market. The most important routes are between Kenya and Tanzania, reflecting also tourist travel for the game parks and Mount Kilimanjaro, and between Kenya and land-locked Uganda. Ethiopia is one of the few countries in Africa carrying the U.S. FAA category 1 rating for good safety oversight, and is allowed to fly directly into the United States. Kenya and Tanzania are in the process of improving their oversight agencies, and the EAC (as strictly defined including Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi) are in the process of pooling resources for bolstering their new regional safety oversight organization housed in Arusha. Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi are still facing hurdles in their oversight, Burundi being a post conflict country, and Rwanda having had difficulties in modernizing their standardization of awarding air carrier certificates. Kenya has over 90% radar coverage for air traffic surveillance, making it an exception in the region. Ethiopia, though being an important hub, has no radar coverage as of Rwanda s radar is primarily for military use, and Uganda and Tanzania have systems covering the approaches to their main airports in Entebbe and Dar es Salaam. Since the regional community is not officially declared, there is no regional evaluation of the Yamoussoukro decision. However, the EAC has been rated as having an overall implementation score of 3 out of 5. The EAC Council issued a directive to amend bilateral agreements among EAC States to conform with YD. Overall, air services are not liberalized, as the amendments of bilateral agreements remain pending. Ethiopia plays a unique role the airline is one of the key beneficiaries from the implementation of the agreements, and has seen its fifth freedom operations throughout Africa grow. The air transport market for the EAC, including additionally Sudan and Ethiopia., measured in estimated seats for 2007, is at roughly 12 million, ranking second behind the SADC states. 12,000,000 10,000,000 Est. Seats 8,000,000 6,000,000 4,000,000 2,000,

38 The countries comprising the east African corridor (the EAC with the addition of Sudan and Ethiopia) generate one of the highest amount of capacity per capita in Africa, topping even North Africa and the South African Development community. This is in spite of the overall low income per capita. Est. Seats per Capita ,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, GNI per Capita Seats per Capita GNI per Capita 38

39 All known international routes within the EAC and including Sudan and Ethiopia, for Both Kenya and Ethiopia play important roles as regional hubs. 39

40 Estimated seats for international travel within the EAC and including Sudan and Ethiopia. 6,000,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000, Expanded EAC all flights for one week in November Destination Burundi Origin Ethiopia Kenya Rwanda Sudan Tanzania Uganda Burundi Ethiopia Kenya Rwanda Sudan Tanzania Uganda

41 Expanded EAC direct flights only for one week in November Destination Origin Burundi Ethiopia Kenya Rwanda Sudan Tanzania Uganda Burundi Ethiopia Kenya Rwanda Sudan Tanzania Uganda Airlines with their market share serving international travel within the EAC, including Sudan and Ethiopia. Expanded EAC average speeds in KM per hour between main origin and destination airports. Destination Origin Burundi Ethiopia Kenya Rwanda Sudan Tanzania Uganda Burundi Ethiopia Kenya Rwanda Sudan Tanzania Uganda Note: Any speed below 240 km per hour is italicized and bolded. 41

42 Airlines with their market share serving international travel within the expanded EAC. Airline Kenya Airways 39.6% 46.3% 44.0% Ethiopian Airlines Enterprise 13.8% 20.5% 22.5% Rwandair Express 6.1% 8.5% African Star Airways (PTY) Ltd. 6.6% Precision Air Services Ltd. 0.5% 3.9% 5.0% Emirates 5.5% 2.9% 3.5% Sudan Airways Co. Ltd. 1.4% 0.7% 2.5% Turkish Airlines, Inc. 1.1% African Express Airways (K) Ltd. 1.0% Air Tanzania Company Ltd. 7.2% 10.1% 1.0% JetLink Express 0.9% Airkenya Aviation Ltd. d/b/a Regional Air 2.2% 1.3% 0.9% Nas Air (Eritrea) 0.8% Air Burundi 0.8% 0.7% 0.5% Marsland Aviation 0.5% Air India Limited 1.3% 1.6% 0.3% Condor Flugdienst GmbH 0.1% Martinair Holland N.V. 0.1% Air Malawi Limited 0.9% 0.1% East African Safari Air 4.5% Egyptair 0.5% 0.5% Gulf Air Company G.S.C. 0.4% Oman Aviation Services Co. (SAOG) 0.3% Ocean Airlines 0.1% East Afrian Airlines Limited 9.9% British Airways P.L.C. 5.8% FlyGlobeSpan 4.7% Swiss Air UA 3.4% SN Brussels Airlines 1.5% Eagle Aviation Ltd. 0.3% Yemenia 0.3% Phuket Airlines Co. Ltd. 0.2% Eagle Air Ltd. 0.1% Air Zimbabwe (PVT) Ltd. 0.0% 42

43 Airports with their relative market share for travel within the EAC expanded to include Ethiopia and Sudan in Country City Airport IATA ID Total Seats 2007 Traffic Kenya Nairobi, Jomo Kenyatta Intl NBO 1,619, % Uganda Entebbe EBB 852, % Ethiopia Addis Ababa ADD 672, % Rwanda Kigali KGL 451, % Tanzania Dar Es Salaam DAR 439, % Tanzania Kilimanjaro JRO 273, % Burundi Bujumbura BJM 263, % Sudan Khartoum KRT 251, % Tanzania Zanzibar, Kisauni ZNZ 183, % Sudan Juba JUB 119, % Kenya Mombasa MBA 99, % Tanzania Mwanza MWZ 28, % Kenya Nairobi, Wilson WIL 17, % Age composition of fleet measured in percentage of estimated seats serving international travel within the EAC, Sudan, and Ethiopia in Age composition of fleet measured in percentage of estimated seats serving international travel within the EAC, Sudan, and Ethiopia in Unkown - age unkown 27.2 Eastern age unknonw Eastern 1.3 old - somewha t recent 17.1 recent 13.7 general aviation age unknown - old 25.9 Eastern age unknonw 0.3 Eastern old Unkown 0 - somewhat recent 18.9 general aviation age unknown 0.0 old 40.6 recent

44 Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS) ECCAS consists of the COMESA countries, with the addition of Angola, Congo DRC, and Sao Tome & Principe. The air transport market for ECCAS, measured in estimated seats for 2007, is the smallest of the regions. Est. Seats per Capita ,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, GNI per Capita Seats per Capita GNI per Capita 44

45 Because of the inclusion of Equatorial Guinea, the GNI per capita is skewed for ECCAS, making the seats per capita seem particularly low in comparison. Est. Seats per Capita ,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, GNI per Capita Seats per Capita GNI per Capita 45

46 Estimated seats for international travel within ECCAS. 1,800,000 1,600,000 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000, , , , , ECCAS all flights for one week in November Destination Origin Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Congo DRC Equatorial Guinea Gabon Sao Tome and Principe Angola Cameroon Central African Republic 1 Congo DRC 1 3 Equatorial Guinea Gabon Sao Tome and Principe

47 ECCAS direct flights only for one week in November Destination Origin Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Congo DRC Equatorial Guinea Gabon Sao Tome and Principe Angola Cameroon Central African Republic 1 Congo DRC 1 2 Equatorial Guinea 3 1 Gabon Sao Tome and Principe 1 2 ECCAS average speeds in KM per hour between main origin and destination airports. Destination Origin Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Congo DRC Equatorial Guinea Gabon Angola Cameroon Sao Tome and Principe Central African Republic Congo DRC 559 Equatorial Guinea Gabon Sao Tome and Principe Note: Any speed below 240 km per hour is italicized and bolded. 47

48 Airlines with their market share serving international travel within ECCAS. Airline Air Service % Hewa Bora Airways % 22.94% TAAG Angola Airlines 10.23% 12.39% 16.87% Trans Air Congo (TAC) % 8.92% Ethiopian Airlines Enterprise 1.12% % Star Equatorial Airlines % Bellview Airlines Ltd % 3.05% Benin Golf Air SA % Air Namibia % Afriqiyah Airways % Air Zimbabwe (PVT) Ltd % Cameroon Airlines 32.70% 46.70% 0 Air Gabon 24.55% 32.38% 0 Avirex % 0 Aero-Service 1.53% 1.78% 0 STA % 0 Air Afrique 14.55% 0 0 SN Brussels Airlines 4.58% 0 0 Swiss Air UA 4.27% 0 0 Air France 2.15% 0 0 Zircon Airways Benin, S.A. 1.73% 0 0 Business Aviation 1.70% 0 0 Linhas Aereas de Air Sao Tome And Principe 0.37% 0 0 Inter-Aviation Services (Interair South Africa) 0.32% 0 0 Kenya Airways 0.20%

49 Airports with their relative market share for travel within ECCAS in Country City Airport IATA ID Total Seats 2007 Traffic Senegal Dakar DKR 384, % Cote D'Ivoire Abidjan ABJ 362, % Mali Bamako BKO 296, % Benin Cotonou COO 150, % Burkina Faso Ouagadougou OUA 140, % Togo Lome LFW 78, % Niger Niamey NIM 59, % Guinea-Bissau Bissau OXB 44, % Burkina Faso Bobo-Dioulasso BOY 8, % Age composition of fleet measured in percentage of estimated seats serving international travel within ECCAS in Age composition of fleet measured in percentage of estimated seats serving international travel within ECCAS in age unkown 19.6 general aviation age unknown 0.1 recent 14.2 age unkown 28.8 general aviation age unknown 0.0 recent 26.8 somewhat recent Eastern age unknonw 0.8 Eastern Old 0.0 old 36.9 somewha t recent Eastern 8.8 age unknonw 0.0 Eastern Old 0.0 old

50 Economic Community of the African States (ECOWAS) ECOWAS is the largest conglomeration of west African states and includes both French (Benin, Burkina Faso Cote d Ivoire, Guinea, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo), and English (Gambia, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria Sierra Leone) speaking countries, as well as the Portuguese-speaking countries of Cape Verde and Guinea Bissau. The market is in third place behind SADC and the Eastern countries. Though not as heavily traveled as, for example, the East African Community, the network is a complex set of destinations. Seat capacity per capita is relatively high low. Growth though has been negative, affected by the collapse of Ghana Airways and Air Afrique. Thought the proportion of seats being flown in recent aircraft has gained substantially, this came at the expense of somewhat recent aircraft, with the portion of seats comprising old aircraft also having increased, rather than decreased. This may well be related specifically to the changes in the fleet of the Banjul Accord Countries, a subset of ECOWAS. Air Senegal, Virgin Nigeria, and Bellview dominate with a total of 44% of the market share in seats. Senegal, Ghana, and Cote d Ivoire act as regional connecting points, though the strongest route lies between Ghana and Nigeria. ASECNA, with the support from France, provides air traffic services for about half of the countries in the community. In terms of safety oversight, Senegal, Ghana, Cote d Ivoire, and Nigeria are seen as moving towards international standards, with the remaining countries being in need of significant development. General Status of implementation of the Yamoussoukro Decision: ECOWAS is comprised of the states being members of WAEMU and the Banjul Accord Group, with the only country in addition to those two groups being Guinea. WAEMU and BAG are considered the most liberalized, with the Yamoussoukro decision being fully implemented within WAEMU. Status of Air Services Liberalization: WAEMU: All freedoms, including cabotage, granted. Tariffs are liberalized. BAG: Up to fifth freedom granted, tariffs are free, and capacity/frequency is open. Overall Implementation Score (from 1 to 5): 4.5 (comprised of BAG s score of 4 and WAEMU s score of 5) The air transport market for ECOWAS, measured in estimated seats for 2007, is at roughly 6 million, ranking third behind the South African states and the East African market. 12,000,000 10,000,000 Est. Seats 8,000,000 6,000,000 4,000,000 2,000,

51 ECOWAS has a relatively low per capita GNI when compared to other Sub-Saharan regions. Est. Seats per Capita ,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, GNI per Capita Seats per Capita GNI per Capita 51

52 All known international routes within ECOWAS for

53 Estimated seats for international travel within the ECOWAS countries. 6,000,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000, ECOWAS all flights for one week in November Destination Origin Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Cote D'Ivoire Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Liberia Mali Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde 1 1 Cote D'Ivoire Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau 1 9 Liberia Mali Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo

54 ECOWAS direct flights only for one week in November Destination Origin Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Cote D'Ivoire Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Liberia Mali Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde 1 1 Cote D'Ivoire Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau 9 Liberia Mali Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo

55 ECOWAS average speeds in KM per hour between main origin and destination airports. Destination Origin Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Cote D'Ivoire Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Liberia Mali Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Cote D'Ivoire Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Liberia Mali Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Note: Any speed below 240 km per hour is italicized and bolded. 55

56 Airlines with their market share serving international travel within ECOWAS. Airline Air Senegal International 5.8% 20.8% 22.1% Virgin Nigeria (replaces Nigerian Airways) 11.2% Bellview Airlines Ltd. 1.4% 10.2% 10.8% Société Nouvelle Air Ivoire 10.2% 8.2% Slok Air International 7.9% Ethiopian Airlines Enterprise 4.7% 4.7% 7.2% Air Burkina 2.3% 7.9% 6.4% Kenya Airways 0.1% 0.3% 4.4% Emirates 0.7% 3.7% Euro-Asia International, JSC 2.5% Air Mauritanie 0.7% 6.4% 2.4% Alitalia 0.8% 0.6% 1.8% Afriqiyah Airways 1.7% 1.6% Antrak 1.4% Air Algerie 0.6% 1.3% Transportes Aereos de Cabo Verde (TACV) 0.6% 1.1% Royal Air Maroc 0.5% 1.0% Middle East Airlines 1.4% 1.1% 0.9% Aero Contractors Company of Nigeria Ltd. 0.8% Benin Golf Air SA 0.7% Gambia International Airlines Ltd. 2.3% 2.6% 0.6% SN Brussels Airlines 7.5% 0.5% Tunisair 0.6% 0.4% Inter-Aviation Services (Interair South Africa) 0.2% TAAG Angola Airlines 0.2% Star Equatorial Airlines 0.2% Air France 5.8% 0.2% Corse Air International 0.1% Ghana Airways Corp. 15.1% 14.8% Cameroon Airlines 1.5% 5.9% STA 3.9% Deutsche Lufthansa AG 1.4% 3.2% Air Gabon 2.2% 2.8% Sudan Airways Co. Ltd. 0.4% 0.4% South African Airways 0.7% 0.4% Satgur Air Transport 0.3% Sierra National Airlines 1.6% 0.3% Air Togo S.A. 0.2% Panafrican Airways 0.1% Avirex 0.0% Air Afrique 29.3% Swiss Air UA 2.2% Zircon Airways Benin, S.A. 1.6% Teamline Air Luftfahrt GmbH 1.6% Guinee Airlines, S.A. 1.5% Air Arabia 1.4% Mahfooz Aviation (Gambia) Ltd. 1.0% Egyptair 0.9% Nigeria Airways Ltd. 0.9% Guine Bissau Airlines 0.5% Air Senegal 0.4% Jamahirya Libyan Arab Airlines 0.4% KLM Royal Dutch Airlines 0.3% British Airways P.L.C. 0.3% Aeroflot Russian Airlines 0.2% Inter Islands Airlines 0.1% TAP 0.1% 56

57 Airports with their relative market share for travel within ECOWAS in Country City Airport IATA ID Total Seats 2007 Traffic Senegal Dakar DKR 633, % Ghana Accra ACC 607, % Cote D'Ivoire Abidjan ABJ 562, % Nigeria Lagos LOS 495, % Mali Bamako BKO 300, % Benin Cotonou COO 167, % Burkina Faso Ouagadougou OUA 151, % Sierra Leone Freetown, Lungi Intl FNA 147, % Guinea Conakry CKY 133, % Togo Lome LFW 127, % Gambia Banjul BJL 126, % Liberia Monrovia ROB 92, % Niger Niamey NIM 59, % Guinea-Bissau Bissau OXB 46, % Cape Verde Praia RAI 41, % Liberia Monrovia (Spriggs Payne) MLW 14, % Burkina Faso Bobo-Dioulasso BOY 8, % Cape Verde Sal Island SID 6, % Nigeria Abuja ABV 1, % 57

58 Age composition of fleet measured in percentage of estimated seats serving international travel within ECOWAS in Age composition of fleet measured in percentage of estimated seats serving international travel within ECOWAS in somewhat recent 38.2 Eastern Old 0.2 age Unkown - unkown 2.7 old 35.1 Eastern Old - somewhat recent 8.5 Unkown - age unkown old 39.9 recent 23.8 recent

59 59

60 Southern African Development Community (SADC) SADC presents the most developed air transport market in Sub-Saharan Africa, since South Africa is considered the most important intercontinental gateway. South African Airlines is the only major Sub-Saharan airline, besides Ethiopian, to fly directly into the United States, and is seen overall as the strongest of the Sub-Saharan carriers. This makes South Africa, and Johannesburg specifically, the most important hub. Though the region overall is minimally equipped with air traffic surveillance technologies, South Africa itself is rather advanced, and is seen as the regional leader. Some proposals for developing the region have included creating a shared air traffic control center for all of SADC, with a unified upper airspace, with the nationalities of the controllers being the same as the airspace of the countries they are providing services for. As with the EAC, liberalization is not necessarily a priority for a well established carrier. South African has 22% of the overall market shares in seats in the region, with the next competitor, Air Zimbabwe, having less than 10%, and coming from an economically unstable country. This makes South African the strongest carrier in the region, with very little competition from the two other major African carriers from further north, Kenyan and Ethiopian. The most important route within SADC is between South Africa and Zambia, followed by the South African links to neighboring Namibia and Zimbabwe. The connectivity matrixes below show South Africa as the clear hub, with no competition except for some very thin routes from Zimbabwe. Overall traffic has been growing. Following the trends for most of Africa, the fleet has been renewing, with over 42% of the seats now being provided in recent aircraft of mostly western origin. Though safety oversight is considered at international standards in South Africa, most of the other countries are only close to meeting them, with some countries such as Malawi, Botswana, and Zambia being in need of urgent development. General Status of implementation of the Yamoussoukro Decision: No steps toward implementation done, despite the fact that Civil Aviation Policy includes gradual liberalization of air services within SADC. Status of Air Services Liberalization: No liberalization within SADC initiated. Overall Implementation Score (from 1 to 5): 2 The air transport market for SADC, measured in estimated seats for 2007, has been above 12 million, and is the largest and most important market in Africa, seconded only by the EAC and neighboring countries. 12,000,000 10,000,000 Est. Seats 8,000,000 6,000,000 4,000,000 2,000,

61 SADC has the second highest per seat capacity in amongst Sub-Saharan regional communities, and the highest per capita income. Est. Seats per Capita ,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, GNI per Capita Seats per Capita GNI per Capita 61

62 All known international routes within SADC for

63 Estimated seats for international travel within SADC. 12,000,000 10,000,000 8,000,000 6,000,000 4,000,000 2,000, SADC all flights for one week in November Destination Origin Angola Botswana Congo DRC Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Seychelles South Africa Swaziland Tanzania Zambia Zimbabwe Angola Botswana 57 3 Congo DRC 7 2 Lesotho 31 Madagascar 8 7 Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Seychelles 3 2 South Africa Swaziland 5 51 Tanzania Zambia Zimbabwe

64 SADC direct flights only for one week in November Destination Origin Angola Botswana Congo DRC Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Seychelles South Africa Swaziland Tanzania Zambia Zimbabwe Angola Botswana 57 3 Congo DRC 4 2 Lesotho 31 Madagascar 8 7 Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Seychelles 3 2 South Africa Swaziland 5 51 Tanzania Zambia Zimbabwe

65 SADC average speeds in KM per hour between main origin and destination airports. Destination Origin Angola Botswana Congo DRC Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Seychelles South Africa Swaziland Tanzania Zambia Zimbabwe Angola Botswana Congo DRC Lesotho 290 Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Seychelles South Africa Swaziland Tanzania Zambia Zimbabwe Note: Any speed below 240 km per hour is italicized and bolded. 65

66 Airlines with their market share serving international travel within SADC. Airline South African Airways 34.7% 28.6% 24.1% SA Airlink d/b/a South African Airlink 6.3% 8.0% Air Zimbabwe (PVT) Ltd. 7.5% 3.6% 7.9% Air Namibia 6.4% 9.6% 7.7% Zambian Airways 1.6% 0.8% 7.3% Comair Ltd. 6.5% 5.8% South African Express Airways (Pty) Ltd. 7.2% 5.3% Air Botswana Corporation 6.6% 5.8% 4.7% Air Mauritius 4.7% 4.1% 4.5% Nationwide Airlines (Pty) Ltd. 0.8% 2.7% 4.0% LAM 3.0% 3.5% 3.5% TAAG Angola Airlines 4.2% 3.6% 2.5% Air Malawi Limited 3.6% 3.1% 2.4% Eastair 1.8% Air Madagascar 1.3% 2.1% 1.6% Pelican Air Services CC (Pelican Air) 0.6% 1.6% Air Seychelles Limited 1.5% 1.9% 1.6% Kenya Airways 0.5% 0.7% 1.2% Air Tanzania Company Ltd. 1.9% 3.6% 1.0% Hewa Bora Airways 0.7% 0.6% 0.8% Inter-Aviation Services (Interair South Africa) 1.5% 2.1% 0.8% Steffen Air Charter Services (Swazi Express Airways) 0.1% 0.6% 0.7% Dutch Caribbean Airline N.V. 0.6% Ethiopian Airlines Enterprise 1.6% 0.1% 0.2% Interlink Airlines (Pty) Ltd. 0.2% Yemenia 0.2% 0.1% Star Equatorial Airlines 0.1% Precision Air Services Ltd. 1.1% 0.1% Nationwide Airlines (Zambia) Ltd. 0.7% TAP 0.8% 0.4% Airkenya Aviation Ltd. d/b/a Regional Air 0.1% 0.0% British Airways P.L.C. 10.9% Majestic Air P/L 2.1% Air Service 1.7% Axis Airways 0.5% Singapore Airlines Limited 0.4% Egyptair 0.3% Condor Flugdienst GmbH 0.3% Cameroon Airlines 0.2% Ghana Airways Corp. 0.2% Air Austral 0.1% SN Brussels Airlines 0.1% FlyGlobeSpan 0.1% LTU International Airways 0.1% 66

67 Airports with their relative market share for travel within SADC in Country City Airport IATA ID Total Seats 2007 Traffic South Africa Johannesburg JNB 4,488, % Zambia Lusaka LUN 809, % Namibia Windhoek WDH 791, % Zimbabwe Harare HRE 769, % Mauritius Mauritius MRU 518, % Mozambique Maputo MPM 362, % Botswana Gaborone GBE 337, % Angola Luanda LAD 331, % Zambia Livingstone LVI 312, % South Africa Cape Town CPT 306, % Tanzania Dar Es Salaam DAR 282, % Zimbabwe Victoria Falls VFA 214, % Madagascar Antaninvarivo TNR 205, % Malawi Lilongwe LLW 201, % Zambia Ndola NLA 187, % Swaziland Manzini MTS 141, % Malawi Blantyre BLZ 132, % Seychelles Mahe Island SEZ 105, % Botswana Maun MUB 95, % Congo DRC Lubumbashi FBM 91, % Lesotho Maseru MSU 85, % Congo DRC Kinshasa FIH 77, % Zimbabwe Bulawayo BUQ 67, % Namibia Walvis Bay WVB 63, % South Africa Durban DUR 60, % Mozambique Vilanculos VNX 54, % Mozambique Pemba POL 44, % Tanzania Zanzibar, Kisauni ZNZ 27, % South Africa Lanseria HLA 23, % Mozambique Beira BEW 19, % Mozambique Benguera Island BCW 19, % Mozambique Indigo Bay IBL 19, % Mozambique Bazaruto Island BZB 19, % Namibia Windhoek (Eros) ERS 16, % South Africa Nelspruit MQP 12, % Madagascar Fort Dauphin FTU 11, % Mozambique Inhambane INH 5, % Mozambique Nampula APL 4, % Namibia Oranjemund OMD 2, % Namibia Luderitz LUD 2, % Botswana Francistown FRW 2, % Mozambique Chimoio VPY 1, % 67

68 Age composition of fleet measured in percentage of estimated seats serving international travel within SADC in Age composition of fleet measured in percentage of estimated seats serving international travel within SADC in somewhat recent 16.4 Eastern age unknonw 0.4 age unkown 15.0 general aviation age unknown 0.1 somewhat recent 12.3 Chinese recent 1.0 Eastern age unknonw -age unkown 22.6 general aviation age unknown recent 29.2 old 38.8 recent 42.2 old

69 West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) A subset of ECOWAS, WAEMU includes Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal, and Togo. The region poses a contradiction: Though these countries are the most liberalized, they have been experiencing a steady decline in traffic, caused only in part by the collapse of air Afrique. Having one of the newest fleets in Africa, the market is declining. Air traffic control for all countries is provided by ASECNA, with the support of France. None of the countries enjoy meeting international standards in safety oversight, though Senegal, Cote d Ivoire, Ghana, and Nigeria are now closer to those standards than the remaining neighbors. Senegal dominates with its routes to Mali and Cote d Ivoire, with Cote d Ivoire being an additional center of activity, each with its own carrier. There may be some issues with travel time between Niger and Burkina Faso, and direct flights between the smaller nations of Togo and Guinea-Bissau are rare. General Status of implementation of the Yamoussoukro Decision: Within WAEMU the YD is fully implemented. Status of Air Services Liberalization: All freedoms, including cabotage, granted. Tariffs are liberalized. Overall Implementation Score: 5 The air transport market for WAEMU, measured in estimated seats for 2007, has been slightly above 3 million. 12,000,000 10,000,000 Est. Seats 8,000,000 6,000,000 4,000,000 2,000,

70 WAEMU s per capita GNI somewhat consistent with the larger ECOWAS region it finds itself within, however, the number of estimated seats per capita is much higher. Est. Seats per Capita ,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, GNI per Capita Seats per Capita GNI per Capita 70

71 All known international routes within WAEMU 71

72 Estimated seats for international travel within WAEMU. 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000, , WAEMU all flights for one week in November Destination Origin Benin Burkina Faso Cote D'Ivoire Guinea-Bissau Mali Niger Senegal Togo Benin Burkina Faso Cote D'Ivoire Guinea-Bissau 9 Mali Niger Senegal Togo

73 WAEMU direct flights only for one week in November Destination Origin Benin Burkina Faso Cote D'Ivoire Guinea-Bissau Mali Niger Senegal Togo Benin Burkina Faso Cote D'Ivoire Guinea-Bissau 9 Mali Niger Senegal Togo WAEMU average speeds in KM per hour between main origin and destination airports. Destination Origin Benin Burkina Faso Cote D'Ivoire Guinea-Bissau Mali Niger Senegal Togo Benin Burkina Faso Cote D'Ivoire Guinea-Bissau 360 Mali Niger Senegal Togo Note: Any speed below 240 km per hour is italicized and bolded. 73

74 Airlines with their market share serving international travel within WAEMU. Airline Air Senegal International 8.5% 31.5% 37.4% Société Nouvelle Air Ivoire 16.9% 16.6% Air Burkina 4.8% 17.3% 15.7% Ethiopian Airlines Enterprise 0.1% 7.8% Air Mauritanie 1.3% 12.8% 5.8% Kenya Airways 5.7% Air Algerie 1.6% 3.2% Afriqiyah Airways 3.8% 1.9% Benin Golf Air SA 1.6% Tunisair 1.2% 1.1% Bellview Airlines Ltd. 0.7% 0.8% Slok Air International 0.7% Inter-Aviation Services (Interair South Africa) 0.6% Star Equatorial Airlines 0.4% Air France 4.9% 0.4% Transportes Aereos de Cabo Verde (TACV) 0.2% Antrak 0.1% Cameroon Airlines 1.7% 7.0% STA 4.2% Air Gabon 2.3% 2.4% Ghana Airways Corp. 0.9% 1.4% Air Togo S.A. 0.5% Panafrican Airways 0.3% Avirex 0.1% Air Afrique 56.2% SN Brussels Airlines 7.6% Zircon Airways Benin, S.A. 4.1% Teamline Air Luftfahrt GmbH 4.0% Royal Air Maroc 0.7% Jamahirya Libyan Arab Airlines 0.5% Guine Bissau Airlines 0.5% Air Senegal 0.2% 74

75 Airports with their relative market share for travel within WAEMU in Country City Airport IATA ID Total Seats 2007 Traffic Senegal Dakar DKR 2,036, % Cote D'Ivoire Abidjan ABJ 1,848, % Mali Bamako BKO 1,194, % Benin Cotonou COO 636, % Burkina Faso Ouagadougou OUA 585, % Togo Lome LFW 411, % Niger Niamey NIM 236, % Guinea-Bissau Bissau OXB 182, % Burkina Faso Bobo-Dioulasso BOY 35, % Age composition of fleet measured in percentage of estimated seats serving international travel within WAEMU in Age composition of fleet measured in percentage of estimated seats serving international travel within WAEMU in recent 26.0 somewhat recent 40.7 somewhat recent 9.4 age unkown 2.6 old 22.5 old 29.1 age unkown 4.2 recent