Index. (Figures are in italic, tables in bold)

Transcription

1 Index (Figures are in italic, tables in bold) Accion Popular (Belaunde's party) 39, 42, 55-6, and labour relations Acuerdo Nacional 231 administration, corrupt, Paraguay 69 AFL-CIO (US trade union body) 90, 217 financial aid to CTCH-Ibliiiez 215 influence in Paraguay 91-2 sees Chilean labour movement as communist-dominated 234 agrarian reform, Bolivia, restricting food supplies Chile 221 Ecuador 102-3; hostility towards 115; limited 120; Agrarian Reform law (1964) 111 Peru 48-9 agricultural population, Colombia 286 agricultural processing, Paraguay, decline in employment 88 agriculture, less important Bolivia 134; boom in exports 149 Chile: rationalisation of 188; boom in exports 188 Ecuador: agrarian economy 99; commercialisation of 112 Paraguay: low level of development 89; peasant producers 89; expansion in East 94 Peru: decline in employment in 37; enganche system agro-export sectors, Colombia 268 Peru: attacked Bustamente's centrism 36-7; dominant 32 agro-export trade, Ecuador 101 agro-extractive sector, continued dominance in Peru 33 AIFLD 107, 222 Alianza Nacional Popular, ANAPO 280 Alvaredo, General Juan Velasco, military coup (Peru) 43 military government, Peru: introduced new elements of labour law 45--6; strategy for autonomy 45 overthrow of 48 anarchism 7, 14-15, 27, 190 Chile Paraguay 68, 70, 73 anarcho-syndicalism 7, 14-15, 27, 61, 199, 200, 214, 266 Chile 190 from Chile and Argentina to Bolivia 130 major period of influence, Peru 27-9 Paraguay 72 Andean Pact 221 anti-communism, Paraguay 88 anti-imperialism 29 anti-industrialisation tradition, Peru 33 anti-inflation programme, Chile 216, 220 anti-protectionism, export-oriented 25 Antorcha libertaria 266 aperturistas, reform group, Paraguay 91, 93 APRA (Aiaianza Popular Revolucionara Americana), 29, 34, 35, 41-2, 55, 60 accommodation with party in power 39 allowed to become legal again 36 Catacombs period clashes with PCP in FENCAP 44 consequences of political and military defeat 31 dominating the CTP 35 reassertion of power 42 APRA-based unions, repression of 38 arbitration 213 compulsory 215 Argentina, state intervention in collective bargaining 11 artisan community, Bolivia artisan production 6 artisans guild, Ecuador

2 Index 305 Asamblea de Alimentaci6n Nacional, Chile 193, 196 Asamblea Popular, Bolivia 157 Asociaci6n Ferroviaria 72 assassinations 185, 274 austerity policies 52 authoritarianism, Bolivia balance of payments problems, Chile 204 Ecuador 102 Peru 33 bananas, Ecuador Banzerato, the 149, bargaining, fragmented political 297 politicised 35-6 sectoral, Chile see also collective bargaining Barrientos government, Bolivia Belaunde government, Peru Acci6n Popular and labour relations attempt to modernise Peru's economy and society 42-3 Benavides government, Peru, modernising policies 34 Bermudez government, Peru 53-6 birth rates, high, Ecuador 'black economy' 2 Bloque Reestructurador, Bolivia, Bloque Revolucionario, Bolivia 146 Bogota Riots 274 Bolivia,' failure of co-option and immediate consequences ( ) labour movement: introduction 128-9; emergence of and initial state reaction military labour policy and union resistance ( ) military rule ( ) plant unionism, emergence of, and domination of the mines ( ) shift of centres of prosperity 165 unions, politics and industrial relations beyond on verge of economic collapse 167 boom-slump pattern, Ecuadorian economy 'Bosses Strike', Chile 226 Brazil, abolition of right to strike 15 metalurgicos rallies 7 study of car workers Bustamente, rise and fall of (Peru) 36-7 Caja de Empleados Particulares 207-8, 216 capital accumulation 3 evolution of 12 Catholic Trade Union Movement, Paraguay 88-9 Catholic Young Worker's Organisation Juventud Obrera Catolica (JOC) 80, 88 CCP Confederaci6n Campesina del Peru, an alternative to FENCAP 44 CCT Central Cristiana de Trabajadores 88-9 and Federaci6n Cristiana Campesina (FCC) CEDOC Confederaci6n Ecuatoriana de Obreros Catolicos 106, 107, 112, 113, censorship, Chile 183 Central Democratica de Trabajadores 233 Christian Democratic support 231 formerly UDT (Union Democratica de Trabajadores) 186 centrales, Ecuadorean industry 113, centrals (Chile) , 231, 232 centrism, Peru 39 CEOSL Confederaci6n Ecuatoriana de Organizaciones Sindicales Libres 107, 112 CEPCH (white-collar federation, Chile) 185, 216, 217 Cerro de Pasco Corporation, Peru 25 Cerro, Sanchez, military coup, Peru 30-1 CGT 284, 290, 296, 297 CGTP Confederaci6n General de Trabajadores del Peru 30, 48, 54, 60 an organisational focus 49 banned 30-1 challenge from left consolidation of power of 57 general strike action 60 newly reconstructed 45

3 306 Index Chaco War 132 Che Guevara cheap labour 232 Chile 10, changing government policies towards labour (state control and laissez-faire) class in action: the protest movement decline of the proletariat 5 early anarchist, syndicalist and socialist traditions 24 formation of a movement Labour Code, an accommodation 31-2 small-scale industry 6 struggle for unity urban social movement 9 Chilean economy, movement away from protectionism 210 tertiarisation of 223 Christian Democracy, in Chile 221-3, 225; Reform Programme in Ecuador 116 Church and labour matters, Ecuador 100 Circulo Catolico de Obreros 105 civil war, Paraguay civilian democracy, restricted, Colombia 272, 274, class unionism, expansion stemmed in Colombia classes, formation of 14 closed shop 200 CNS Consejo Nacional Sindical (National Trade Union Council) 296, 298 CNT Comando Nacional de Trabajadores (Chile) 184-5, 213, 230, 233 CNT Confederaci6n Nacional de Trabajadores 60, 74-5, 75 co-operatives 45 Coalici6n Nacional 39 COB (Central Obrera Boliviana) 128, 135, 141 abolished 155 called protest strike 165, 166 collapse of urban workers/miners alliance Comando Politico 156 and Gueiler government 162 legalisation of 163 power on the wane refused government ministries 157 reorganisation of 158 suggestions to overcome economic crisis 165 torn between labour's two roles 161 unification of social forces around 161 cocaine, Bolivia, growing illegal trade in 149, 157, 165 kept USA involvement away 163 cocoa boom and collapse, Ecuador 101 coffee, Colombia 263 rising exports 274 collective agreements legally binding, Ecuador collective bargaining 15, 192, 284 Argentina 11 Chile ; and CUT 217, ; forbidden to state sector 233 Colombia 283 Paraguay, introduction of 92 Peru 21, 36, 38; and Acci6n Popular 57-8, 59; traditional approach abandoned 48 unpredictability of government intervention 12 collective production, models of, Peru 49 Colombia, decentralised bargaining restricted civilian democracy rise of the working-class small-scale industry 6 trade unionism during the liberal period trade unions in Colombian society the years of violence colonisation, Ecuador 111 colonisation programme, Paraguay 89 Colorado Party, Paraguay controlling trade union movement comandos especiales, MNR 141 COMIBOL (Bolivian state mining corporation) 137 co-management desired foreign aid offered for modernisation 147 Comite de Coordinaci6n Sindical Clasista (CCUSC), leftist

4 Index 307 organisation 51 Comite de Defensa Sindical (CDS) 77 Comite de Reforma y Unificacion Sindical (CRUS) 43 Comite Reorganisaci6n y Unificaci6n Sindical de Ia CTP 41, 42, 43 commodity prices, collapse of, Bolivia 160 communism 29, 199, 200, 266 Communist Party, Bolivia 141 Chile 178, 186, 198, 213, 222; drive to recover support 214 Colombia 269, 281; alliance with Liberal Party Ecuador 106 Paraguay 73, 75, 78 Communist Party, Peru 29, 30-1, 33--3, 35, 41-3, 45, Comunidad Laboral, Peru 46--7, CON Confederaci6n Obrera Nacional (National Workers' Confederation) 266 concentration camps 181, 215 concertacion (social peace) 10 conciliation committees, Chile 192 conciliation services, Chile 201 Confederaci6n de Empresas Privados de Bolivia 157 Confederaci6n de Trabajadores de Cobre 216 Confederaci6n General de Trabajo Confederaci6n Nacional de Comunidades Industriales (CONACI) 47-8 Confederaci6n Nacional de Servidores Publicos 111 Confederaci6n Republicana de Accion Civica 199 Confederaci6n Sindical de Bolivia (CSTB) 133 Conservative Party, Colombia , 274, 279 continuistas, in CPT control obrero, in COMIBOL, Bolivia 137, 145 defending workers' social conditions ended 147 new scheme 157 Convivencia Democratica 39 Coordinaci6n Nacional de Bases Campesinas Cristianas (KOGA) 90 Coordinadora Nacional Sindical, CNS Colombia, National Trade Union Co-ordinating Committee 296 Coordinadora Nacional Sindical, CNS, Chile , 185, 229 copper miners, Chile militancy subsided 185 slow move to left 232 strike copper mining, Chile 188 copper prices 204 'Cordobazo' (Argentina) 7, 11 cordones 226, 228 CORFO (Chilean State Investment Corporation) 213 CORP Centro Obrero Regional del Paraguay (formerly Federacion Obrera Paraguaya, FORP) 71, 72-3 corporatism 34 Chile: estanqueros attack on unions and living standards 219; Mussolini-style 199 and a decentralised bargaining system 11 corruption, in COMIBOL 137 in MNR's style of administration cost of living 35 Ecuador 110 Paraguay, rising cotton, Peru 23, 25 fluctuations in employment 33 CPT Confederaci6n Paraguaya de Trabajadores 79 conflict between reform and reaction 92-3 'Group of Nine' 92 internal power struggle 92 and minimum wage demand 81-2 poor international image of 84 criminals, use of 23 CSTC Confederaci6n Sindical de Trabajadores de CCC 282, 289, 296 CSTC Confederaci6n Sindical de Trabajadores de CCC, effective industrial federation, closely associated with the Communist Party CSTUB ( Confederaci6n Sindical Unica de Trabajadores Campesinos de Bolivia) CTC Confederaci6n de Trabajadores de

5 308 Index Chile 206 CfC Confederaci6n de Trabajadores de Colombia 267, 289, 290, condemned gaitanists 276 formation of 271 preferred negotiation 295 showed signs of recovery, moderate unions retained dominant position CfCH ( Confederaci6n de Tabajadores de Chile) 213 split in CfCH-Araya , 216, 217 CfCH-Ibliiiez , 217 CfE Confederaci6n de Trabajadores del Ecuador 106-7, 115 domination declined 112 weakened CfP Confederaci6n de Trabajadores del Paraguay (formerly Confederaci6n Nacional de Trabajadores, CNT) 76 CTP Confederaci6n de Trabajadores del Peru 35, 60 banned 38 and Convivencia Democratica 39 decline of importance in labour movement 41 reasons for eclipse of 43 sole force in national union structure, Peru 40 CTRP 54,60 failure to incorporate labour movement 48 cultural activities, Paraguay 71-2 CUT (Central Unica de Trabajadores, ) 213 attempts to create sector-wide unions 225 creation of incorporation into National Development Agency resisted 225 legalisation of 225 de-industrialisation, Chile 182 debt crisis 12 Democratic Party, Chile Democratic Socialist Party, Colombia 273 democratisation, Paraguay 78 Peru 56-7; and disarticulation of union demands 57-8 demonstration 118 denationalisation, Chile 209 depression, Argentine, effect of in Paraguay 68 devaluation, Bolivia 158, 165, 166 Peru 53-4 development in Latin America, failure of 8-9 development strategies, shifting 12 dictatorships 13 Chile: ruthlessness of 182 military 10, 178 Paraguay: Morinigo dictatorship 76-9; Stroessner dictatorship, 80-1 dismissal, period of notice 105 distributive reforms, Chile 236 failure of diversification, Colombia 280 lacking in Ecuador 101 Peru 34-5 docks, Chile, general strike drivers' federation, Ecuador drought 164 dual economy 1, 21 exclusion of peasant agriculture from modern sector 22-3 rejection of 3 dual economy model, organised labour, limits of 6-7 ECLA industrialisation.model 8 economic boom, Paraguay 91 economic change, and worker organisation 26-7 economic crises, Bolivia 162, 163; IMF solution 165 Chile 189, 197, Colombia , 273 Ecuador 102, 105 Peru 41, 42, 43, 50 government intervention and organised labour reaction world 101 economic diversification, limited in Peru 33 economic factors, world, effects of 12 economic liberalism, Colombia 268-9, 274 economic stabilisation programme, Bolivia economic structure, Bolivia, changes in

6 Index 309 Ecuador, aftermath of independence contemporary labour movement industrialisation and labour moyement formation labour and the state under the colony Sierra vs. coast Ecuadorean Communist Party (PCE) 106 Ecuadorean Revolutionary Socialist Party 108 Ecuadorean Union of Workers 105 Eight-Hour Day struggle, Peru 28 eight-hour day, Ecuador 105 Paraguay 70, 73, 74, 75 electoral fraud, Chile 198 electoral manipulation, Colombia 'embourgeoisement', thesis of 9 discouraged by militant shop stewards 10 emigration, from Chile 188 emigre workers, Chilean 24 empleado bodies 53, 58 empleados, Chile, class significance of 255 mass demonstrations 216 employer paternalism employer-employee relationships 61 employers, Chile authority maintained 201 hostility of 191 employment, Bolivia, decline in 145 Chile 183 Colombia, industrial 287 Ecuador 109 Paraguay: decline in number of jobs 87-8 Peru 56; changes in employment profile 37; urban-based, rise in 37 security of 281 Employment Programme for Latin America and the Caribbean see PREALC encomienda system, Ecuador 99 enganche system 23-4, 25 weakness of 26 estabilidad [aboral 59 guaranteed 45-6 exchange controls, Paraguay, liberalised 80 export revenues, Bolivia, declining 164 export sector production 1-2 exports, Paraguayan, demand for 7(}..1 factory committees 112 family allowance 207 famine 161 fascism 34 Febrerista revolution, Paraguay 73-6 febreristas 77, 78, 84 Federaci6n de Obreros Panaderos Estrella del Peru 28 Federaci6n Nacional de Campesinos Peru (FENCAP) 44 Federaci6n Nacional de Ligas Agrarias Cristianas (FENELAC) 90 Federaci6n Nacional de Organizaciones Campasinas (FENOC) 112, 117 Federaci6n Naval 72 Federaci6n Obrera del Litoral Atlantica (Workers' Federation of the Atlantic Coast) 261 Federaci6n Obrera Paraguaya (FORP), anarchist controlled 70 Federaci6n Obrera Regional Peruana, anarchist workers 28 'First-Phase', Peru 47-8 repudiation of 49 FOCEP 54-5 FOCH Federaci6n Obrera de Chile 191, 193, 198, 199 forced labour 22, 23 Ecuador 99 foreign debt, Bolivia 160, 161 increased 158 foreign enclaves, Colombia 265 foreign investment, Colombia 280 Ecuador 108 Peru 25, 37 foreign investment boom, Paraguay 91 formation, importance of fre'e market policies/theories, Chile 182, 196, 209 free market strategy, Peru 56-7 Frente Democratico Nacional (Peru) 36-7 Frente Popular (Chile) 197, 214 and industrialisation (Chile) 213 Frente Sindical Democratico, FSD, Democratic Trade Union Front 298 Frente Unico de Trabajadores 115 Frente Unido para Ia Reforma

7 310 Index Agraria 115 FSTMB Congress 156 FSTMB Federaci6n Sindical de Trabajadores Mineros de Bolivia 130, 134-5, , 158, 164 ability to survive direct repression 154 became a scapegoat 145 and COMIBOL Congress 159 power base demolished 167 FUT Frente Unitario de Trabajadores 115, 185, 229 Gaitan, assassination of (Colombia) 277 gaitanismo 277 conflict with traditional liberalism 276 gaitanista movement, Colombia seen as fascist 276 GDP, Peru ( ) 56 general strikes 7 Bolivia 131, 133, 134, 155, 158, 165, 166 Chile 178, , 187, 189, 196, 199, 206, 214, 216, 218, 223, 232-3, 237; 1956 strike, failure of 220; protest days 184, 185; re-emergence of 230 Colombia 295, 296, 297 Ecuador 105, 115, Paraguay 77, 81-3 Peru 54; Lima 35 gold-panning 165 Great Depression 132, 197 gremiales, trade-based unions 270 gremios, Peru 26 growth, export-led (crecimiento hacia afuera), Paraguay 87-8 guano industry, Peru 21, 23-4 guerrilla activity, Colombia 285 rural 42 guerrillas 290 urban and rural 9 guilds, Chile, abolished 196 guionista faction, Colorado Party, Paraguay 78 haciendas, encroachment of 22 HEP, Paraguay export to Brazil 95 holiday (annual) paid, Paraguay 75 housing, improvement of, Bolivia 142 'Hunger Marches', Chile 193, 196 hyperinflation 12, 79, 205 immigrants, Paraguay 91 import boom, Peru 57 import substitution 33 Chile 209 rejected by Paraguay 95 imports, Ecuador, cheap 101 imprisonment without trial, Paraguay 87 income distribution, Chile 223 incomes, real, Ecuador: drop in 110 Paraguay 94; decline in 68 see also wages indentured labour 23 independence, Peru 23 individualism, Peru 59 industrial bourgeoisie, Colombia 268 industrial development, Paraguay, stagnant 87 industrial disputes, Peru 41 industrial policy ( ), Colombia industrial relations, Chile, attempts to institutionalise imported from USA 8 Peru 29, 30-2, 48 industrial relations (IR) system, Chile 194 Peru 21; irrevocably politicised 61 industriales, company-based unions 270 industrialisation, Colombia 280 Ecuador: and labour movement formation Paraguay, low level of 80-1 industry, Chile 204; developing 188-9; tertiary, growth of 223 Colombia 263, 264 Ecuador: food, drink and tobacco 104; food processing 108 modern, growth of in Ecuador 108 inflation 12 Bolivia 133, 164, 165 Chile 205, 219, 224 Ecuador 110 Paraguay 68, 91

8 Index 311 informal sector, coexistence of 6 Colombia 286 instability 16 predictability of Instituto de Education Sindicalista Ecutoriann 107 Instituto para el desarrollo del sindicalismo libre (IDSL) 91 International Monetary Fund (IMF), Bolivia: obstacles to adoption of programme of adjustment 164; conventional solution required 165; strikes against economic programme 161 Chile's dependence on 186 Ecuador 114 Paraguay: stabilisation plan 80; results of 81 Peru: constraints imposed 58; effects of restrictive policies 41; a second dose 57 International Petroleum Corporation 25 Internationale Syndicate Rouge 266 interventionism, Chile end of ltaipu HEP project, Paraguay 91, 94, 95 IWW 190, 191, 192, 198, 199 labour, Bolivia: acute divisions in ; preserved formal political independence 161 effect of struggle for better living standards 13 part-time and contract, Peru relationships with State 12 labour aristocracy thesis Chile , 238 detailed criticisms Labour Code, Bolivia 133 Chile (1931) 186, ; effect of ; replaced under Allende , 230, 232 Ecuador ; changes demanded 115; restrictive reforms Paraguay 75, 85 labour federations, Bolivia 133 labour force, Bolivia 150; structure by sector 129 Chile: distribution of by sector 252, 253, 254; politicisation of ineradicable ; and politics 256; and social structure 251; women in 189, 192, 255 highly-skilled in modern industry 108 marginal 3 outside agriculture 2, 4 Peru, sectoral composition 38 labour legislation, Bolivia 131-2, 133 Chile 197, 211, Colombia 273, 291; reduction in union rights 284; right to strike Ecuador, early Paraguay 71, 77 Peru 45-6; piecemeal 34; restructuring of 60 labour militancy, Paraguay 74, upsurge of 159 labour movement, Bolivia: power of 128 Chile: attracts half-truths 233-6; behaviour of 191-5; crucial years ( ) ; formation of ; fundamental character formed ; massacres 181; multi-sectoral, bargaining power of 238; political groupings 185; struggle for unity ; weak after coup 232; weaknesses and strengths revealed 185--{i Colombia: fragmented 264 Ecuador: beginnings 105; coalescence ; contemporary Paraguay 69; failure to promote progressive social change 95 Peru 26--9, ; growth and defeat of socialist and populist alternatives ; present day politics 41-3; repressed/restricted under Odria 38 see also trade unionism, unionisation, unions labour movements 8 decentralisation and State

9 312 Index interference existing, historic roots of 7 male domination of 7 labour organisation, Chile, need for political dimension labour reform, Paraguay, pressure for 76 labour relations 12 Chile , 204; institutionalisation of Peru: flexibility 60-1; piecemeal legislation 31 labour shortages, Paraguay 94 labour supply, flexible labour supply inelasticities, Peru 23, 25 labour supply and skill profiles, structure of 6-7 laissez-faire, Chile 196, , 220, 232, 250 abandoned 193, laissez-faire liberalism, Paraguay 69 land tenure, Paraguay 89 reform of, Colombia 267 traditional patterns Latin American working class 16 Law for the Defence of Democracy, Chile 206, 220 banning Communist Party 215 Law for the Internal Security of State, Chile 206, 220 leftist electoral fronts, Peru 54-5 legal assistance, to sindicatos industriales, Chile 205 Leguia coup, Peru 1919, response to crises Liberal Party, Bolivia 131 Liberal Party, Colombia, alliance with Communist Party alliance with popular sectors 267-8, 270; reasons for 269 Liberal Party, Paraguay liberalism, Colombia 267 liberation theology 5, 90 Liga Nacional Independiente (LNI) 73 Liga Obrera Maritima del Paraguay (LOMP) 72, 93 Ligas Agrarias Cristianas (LAC), peasant co-operative movement Lima-Callao region, growth of unions 28 primacy of 26 living standards, declining, Colombia 295 lockouts, Chile 190, 198 Los Artesanos del Paraguay 67 low wages policy, Argentina 11 Brazil manufacturing, Bolivia, fall in output 145 Chile 182; dominated by sindicatos industriales 203 Ecuador not providing future wage jobs Paraguay 95 Peru: development limited 33; employment fluctuating 37 'marginals' 1, 9 theory of 3 maritime workers, Paraguay 72 Marxism, Chile 178 Chile and Bolivia Marxist influence, Paraguay 78 mass assemblies, in mining camps mass demonstrations 7, 216, 219, 237 mass dismissals, state sector, Chile 199 mass mobilisation 196, 226 pressuring governments 192 mass protests, Bolivia 159 Chile 181, 193, 210, 232 mass repression 185 mass urban uprising 134 'Massacre of the Valley', Bolivia 158 massacres 163, 265 Bolivia 134 Chile ; nitrate miners 190, 196, 198, 199 'May system' of labour control, Bolivia meat-packing plants, Paraguay, strikes in 72 medical attention in factories 74 migration, rural, Paraguay to Argentina 89 within Ecuador 101, 103 military rule, stable system 157 militancy, upsurge in Ecuador 118 military, desire to control labour's ideology 15 military coups, Chile 198

10 Index 313 military nationalism 148 military rule, Bolivia ( ) military socialism, Bolivia 132-3, 134, 139 militias, non-union 142 mineral exports, Chile 188, 189 miners, Bolivia: able to influence the state 137-8; demanded food and equipment replacement 165; geographical isolation of 159 Peru, challenging PCP/CGTP 51 mines, Bolivia military occupation of 155 nationalisation of minimum wage legislation, Peru 45 mining, Bolivia, need for investment 164 Peru 25; employment in 33, 37; expanding 23 MIR (Chile) 186, 220, 222, 225, 226 MIR (Peru) 55 MNR (Movimiento Nacionalista Republicana) 132, 138 attempt to divide labour, cities vs. mines banned 135 in control parliamentary protests, over massacres 134 popularity with peasants 134 'modern' economy 1 mono-export booms, Ecuador monopolies, local 9 Morinigo dictatorship, Paraguay 76-9 Movimento do Cista da Vida 5 Movimiento de Solidaridad Sindical 94 Movimiento Revolucionario Liberal, MRL 285 Movimiento Sindical Cristiano del Peru (MOSCIP) 41 Movimiento Sindical Paraguayo (MSP) 84 training for Paraguayan Catholic trade unionists 88 Movimiento Sindical Unitaria 185 multinationals 9 mutual aid societies, Paraguay 67 mutual benefit societies, Bolivia 130 mutualism 189, 190 Peru: concern with welfare issues 26-7; eclipse of 27-9 mutualist societies, Chile 197 mutualista societies, preoccupation with legalism 7 roots of Latin America's labour organisations 14 mutualista tradition, and origin of Peruvian unions 24 national capital, in Peru 24 National Congress of Ecuadorean workers 105 National Federation of Coffee Growers (Colombia) 267, 268 National Front, Colombia trade union reconstruction under national union body, movement towards, Peru 30 National Wages Council, Ecuador 119 nationalisation 224 Bolivia 142, 156 nationalism 156 Bolivia 132 natural resources, foreign monopoly of 24-5 'New Left' 41-2 rural guerrilla warfare 42 'new social movements' school 5 Newly Industrialising Countries (NICs) 7, nitrate industry, Chile 189; employers 190; exports 195, 188; miners organised by POS 192 Peru 21; expansion of 23-4 nitrate territories, annexation of, Chile 189 nitrates, collapse of world market 197 Northern Peru Mining Company 25 Obrajae, Peru and Bolivia 6 obrero organisations 53 Ochenia (of Odrfa), Peru 38 Odria, coup in Peru 37, 39 oil, Bolivia, investment financed by inflation Ecuador: boom, effects of 108; resource potential 102; revenues 111, 120 oil prices 149 Organisacion Republicana Obrera (ORO) 78 organised labour, implications of permanent

11 314 Index heterogenicity 5 limits of dual economy model 6--7 ORIT (regional trade organisation) 80, 107, 222 recognised CPT-in-exile 84 withdrawal of CPT 92 Ovando/Tones government, Bolivia over-exploitation 149 overtime payments 105 Paraguay, the bleak years 85-8 Catholic trade union movement 88-9 Febrerista revolution the general strike 81-3 liberal era Morinigo dictatorship movement for reform 91-4 the New Order 84-5 Peasant League movement rising labour militancy Stroessner dictatorship trade union movement, origins of 67-9 war with Bolivia 73 Partido Communista del Peru (PCP) 29, 41-3 able to grow again 35 central role in union politics decline of defeated and incoherent re-established 45 Partido Communista Paraguayo (PCP) 73 leaders imprisoned 75 legalised 78 Partido Democrato Crisiano 39 Partido Izquierdo Revolucionario (PIR) 133, 135, 138 Partido Nacionalista Libertador Peruano 29 Partido Obrero later Partido Socialista Revolucionario (PSR) 70 Partido Socialista del Peru, PSP 29 Partido Socialista Popular 215 Partido Socialista Revolucionario, PSR peasant agriculture, Bolivia, commoditisation of 150 Peasant League Movement, Paraguay peasant unrest, Bolivia 150 peasantry, Bolivian, a social force in its own right People's Supply Committees (Juntas de Abastecimiento Popular) 226 Peronism, Argentina Peru, conquest to stable independence 22-4 depression, defeat and resurgence ( ) 32-7 growth, unionisation and political action ( ) industrial relation, turning point in ( ) integration into world market 37 labour legislation in line with ILO recommendations 40 labour movement ( ) return to the wilderness ( ) revolution, resurgence and retreat ( ) 45-9 Peruvian economy, economic basis 22 growth and expansion (effect of World War II) 34 modernisation and industrialisation of 45 plant unions, Bolivia, independent 163 Chile, administering social benefits 207 plantations, Ecuador 101-2, 103 political crises, Colombia political parties, Bolivia, subordinate to unions Chile, basic labour movement continuity Popular Front, Chile 206, 207 Popular Unity, Chile 224-9, 236 overthrow of 222 resistance to 229 tension over management of nationalised sector population, Colombia, economically active populism 29 in Latin America 8 populist initiatives, Chile POR (Bolivia) 139, 141, 156 POS (Partido Obrero Socialista) 178, , 192 commitment to revolutionary ideals 192-3

12 Index 315 power struggle, Colorado Party 79 Prado government (Peru), openness to international investment 39 PREALC 3 PREALC studies, and the survival of an informal economy 6--7 prices, Chile, local, decontrolled 209 rising 204, 205, 216 PRIN (Partido Revolucionario de Ia Izquierda Nacional) printworkers, Paraguay 67 private enterprise, Bolivia 157 production relations, radical reconstruction of, Peru profit-sharing schemes, Peru 38-9 proletarianisation, Chile 188-9, 237 proletarianism, British 14 limits of 1-6 Propriedad Social- self-management sector 47 protection controls, inefficient 33 protectionism 197 protests, Chile 183-5, 186 longer-term impact public sector employees, Colombia 289 denied union representation in Paraguay 95 public sector employment, increased in Ecuador 111 public subsidies, Paraguay, reduction in 80 py nandi, peasant militia, Paraguay 78-9 Radical Liberal Party, Ecuador 101 Radical Presidencies, Chile 214 railway boom, Argentina 69 railway industry, Peru 21 railway workers, Chile, strikes 206 Colombia 265 rank-and-file attitudes, Ecuador 117 Recabarren (Chilean union leader) and the 'middle way' recession, Paraguay 94 Peru 56 redundancy 58 repression 162, 198, 209, 292 Bolivia 148 Chile 195; persistence of Paraguay 77, 84--5; of peasant movement 90 Republicans, Bolivia 131 'Revolution in Liberty', Chile 223 rice growing, fluctuations in employment 33 right to strike, legalised, Bolivia 131 riots 7, 118 rosca (mining super-state) 130 compensation for nationalisation of tin mines 142 ruling class fears, Chile 235 rural overcrowding, Ecuador rural proletariat, Paraguay, development of 89 rural sector, Peru 25, 44 rural workers, Chile 236 Colombia 264 rural-urban migration, Ecuador 109 safety at work 28 savings, forced, Chile 223 seccionales, Paraguayan trade unions 87 secret police, Bolivia 158 sectarianism, and Peruvian labour movement 55 sectional fragmentation, Peruvian unions 58-9 sectoral bargaining, prohibited, Chile 186 security of employment 202 legislation 46 self-management 45, 46 service sector, Chile 224, 237 large numbers employed 2, 3 sharecropping 264 abolished in Ecuador Peru 25 shipbuilding, Ecuador, decline in 100 shop stewards, militancy of 10 silver, decline in world market for from Bolivia to Spain 129 mining in Chile 188 Sindicato Unico de Trabajadores de Ia Educacion (SUTE) 225 direct elections 228 Sindicato Unico de Trabajadores de Ia Educaci6n (SUTEP) 51, 53, 60 sindicatos industriales, Chile 199, 200, 201, 203, 210, 214

13 316 ensured survival of political networks 205 unification in copper industry 216 sindicatos profesionales, Chile 201, 202, 210 Sistema Nacional de Apoyo a Ia Movilisacion Social (SINAMOS), support agency for government (Peru) 47 SITRAPAR problem, Paraguay 94 slavery 99 Peru smuggling, Paraguay 88 social conflict, Colombia Ecuador 103 Paraguay 73 'social contract', Peru 60 social insurance legislation, Paraguay 77 social legislation, Colombia 284 social revolution, early attempts 15 social security, Bolivia, loss of benefits 155 Chile 201 Peru 34, 38; elementary provisions 28; and welfare benefits 32 social structure, Chile, underlying continuity of socialism 266 from Chile and Argentina to Bolivia 130 nascent 27 socialist alternatives to libertarian-syndicalist tradition, growth of 28 socialist movements, Paraguay, emergence of 72 Socialist Party, Chile 194, 200, 213, 215, 222 split in 215 Socialist Republic, Chile (1932) 198 Socialist Workers' Party see POS Sociedad Artistica e Industrial de Pinchina, made up from guilds 105 Sociedad Cosmopolitana de Socorros Mutuos 'Verdaderos Artesanos' 67 Sociedad Obrera Cosmopolitata 68 Sociedad Santa Cruz 67 Sociedad Tipograjica del Paraguay 67-8 Index Sociedades Agrarias de Interes Social (SAIS) 49 Spanish colonial expansion, and Peru 22 stabilisation policies, fight against 12 stabilisation programme, Bolivia, collapse of Gueiler 162 stability, needed for Peru's modernisation/industrialisation programme 45 State, Ecuador, and unions not a large employer in Peru 23 relationship with labour ambiguous, Chile 235 state apparatus strengthened, Colombia, traditional parties losing hold on urban and rural masses state economic intervention increased, Peru 32-3 state employees, Chile, forbidden to join unions 201 forbidden to strike 215 no bargaining rights 204 state expenditure, Bolivia, cuts in 158, 163, 165 state intervention, Chile: in the economy 195, 197, 209; in labour disputes 193, Colombia 268 State Meat Corporation, Paraguay, winding up of 88 State Railway Company, Paraguay, decline of 88 state sector, importance growing in Chile 204 state sector workers, Peru 51 State of Siege, Chile 206, 219 state subsidies, proposal to eliminate, Bolivia 158 State/labour movement, violent confrontations, Peru 54 strikes 36, 162, 199 Bolivia 135, 145, 163, 165; mines 134; teachers, suppressed 134; urban workers 159 Chile 204, 224, 230; falling in number ; legal and illegal 201, 202, 208, ; political 208; solidarity 228 Colombia 265-6, 271-2, 280-1,

14 Index ; called by CTC 277; banned in public sector 291-2; low in public sector 294 Ecuador 105, 119 Paraguay 76, 85; declared illegal 78; railwaymen 71 Peru 54, 57, 59; national Stroessner dictatorship, Paraguay deterioration in relations with Catholic Church 90 stronismo, ideological constraints of, Paraguay 95-6 stronista faction, Colorado Party 84 take-over of CPT 85 structural changes, lacking in Paraguayan economy 81 structural heterogeneity 9 permanent 8 structuralism 237 subsistence agricultural units, Peru 22 sugar industry, Peru 23, 25; fluctuations in employment 33; production 49 sympathy strikes, Ecuador, legality of 119 syndicalism 139, 190 taxation 267 teachers, Colombia 291, 294 Ecuador 114; action against striking members 119 Peru 51, 53 tertiary sector 9 employment in, Ecuador 109 textile industry, Colombia 263 diversification, Peru 34-5 Ecuador 100, 104, 105, 108 textile workers, Chile 184 Thesis of Pulacayo, Bolivia 135, 138 tied labour 188 tin industry, Bolivia 128 changes in running of mines 167 exhaustion of deposits 167 nationalisation of mines 142 production falling 162 smelting controlled outside Bolivia 142 tin prices 142, collapse of 161, 167 depressed 164 torture, of trade unionists 87 trade union leaders, Paraguay, action against 83 list of demands 74 trade union reform 91 trade unionism 5, 9 Bolivian: military, final demolition of 163; survival of 154 Chile: driven underground 202; legal, pre- and post-coup 231 Colombia ; contained 277-9; old, destruction of 274 see also labour movement, unions, unionisation trade unionists, Bolivia, as government ministers 140 political awareness of 136, 137 'traditional' economy 1 transport industry, Colombia 264 transport system, expansion of, Peru 24 Triangular Plan, Bolivia 147 tribute labour 22, 23 UDP (Peru) 55 UDP Union Democratica y Popular (Bolivia) 161, 164 and IMF-style solution 165 UDT (Union Democratica de Trabajadores), AFL-CIO-financed 185 underdeveloped countries, to follow same stages as industrialised West 1 underemployment 56 Ecuador 109 underinvestment, Bolivia 149 unemployment, Chile 181, 182, 185-6, 209; kept militancy in check 233; rise in 224 Colombia, urban 286 Peru 56; increased 33 Union de Asalariados de Chile (USRACH) 198 union differentiation, Peru 58 union federations, Peru Union Gremial 70 union leaders, Peru, manipulation by 39 union militancy, Paraguay 80; lack of 85-6, 87 Peru union recognition policy, Peru 46 union rights, consolidation of, Bolivia 134

15 318 Index restored, Bolivia 156 union-party tradition, Peru 36 unionisation, Chile 190, 232; blocked in rural areas 214; encouraged by Popular Front 207; formal, spread of 238; increased rate of 221; reaching smaller firms 224 Colombia, rate of Ecuador: increase in ; of public sector workers 111; of campesinos 112; minimum wage system altered Peru 24-30, 36; increase in 35; rural, growth of 43-5 unionise, right to 75 unionism, Colombia, as an opposition political force 285 industrial, Colombia strengthened 284 liberal 279 unions, adept at managing political alliances 7 Bolivia: Banzer attempt to replace free unions 159; basis of political life 138; behind drive for democracy 162; clandestine 148, 155; increased militancy Chile, 196; competition 210; free and legal ; legal 194, 195, 218, 200; legal and illegal 214; plant-based, sindicales industriales 199, 200; post-coup ; post-coup losses 257; regained right to plant bargaining 210; rural 221, 222 Colombia ; in Colombian society ; co-ordination of action 295; fragmentation 294-5; need for new patterns of re-grouping ; and new industrial policy 283-5; reconstruction under the National Front ; rise of 275-6; unity discussions 296 Ecuador: problem of fragmentation Paraguay 67; controlled by Colorado Party 86--7; formation of 70--3; increase in 75; like mutual societies 68-9; moves for direct incorporation by the state 76, 80--1; new unions, creation of 92; required to register 75 Peru: expansion under Prado 39-40; not truly appropriate for peasant producers 44; plan-based 40; recognition of SO; women in 53; under Acci6n Popular unity campaigns, Chilean labour movement UNTRACH UOP Union Obrera del Paraguay 72-3 urban employment, Peru, anti-pcp/cgtp activity 51 urban informal sector 2 explanations for growth of 2-3 stability of 3 urban labour force, deproletarianisation of, Chile and Argentina 2 Peru, militant threat to stable government 42 urban labour market, growth of in Ecuador 109 urban migration, Ecuador 104 urban workers, Bolivia 134 urban-rural links patchy, Peru 44-5 urbanisation, Bolivia 131 Colombia 269 USA, and Bolivia 145, 148, 154; determined to curb FSTMB's militancy 147 capital investment in Colombia 263 and Chilean politics 231; funding for Christian Democratic Government 222; pressure 215 UTC Union de Trabajadores de Colombia 275, 278-9, 296, 297 the largest confederation preferred negotiation 295 rejection of strikes 278 unions moved into private industry 279 UTC-CTC, dominance of explained Via Libre (newspaper) 266 La Violencia, Colombia 274

16 Index 319 wage differentials reduction in, Colombia 284 wage labour, Colombia 286 Ecuador 112; higher percentage on coast 103 Peru: expansion of, Peru 21-2, 27; factory-based 33; formation 24, 25; female participation 51-3; substantial gains 58 wage-labour based production, slow to grow in Peru 23 wages 52 Bolivia, collapse of 155; decline in purchasing power of 158; miners 142, 144; real, dropped 164; vicious cuts 148 Chile: cuts in 181; controlled by government 205; falling 226, 227, 228; formal government control 220; guaranteed minimum 207; real gains 214; reduction in 182, 183 Colombia: real, dropping 284, , 272; rising 283 Ecuador: frequent increase in minimum 110; increase in minimum demanded 115; trends in Paraguay: frozen 80; increased 74; minimum wage 81-2, 85, 86, 77; real, decline in 79, 91 Peru: and conditions 28; declining value of 33, 54 War of the Pacific ( ) 24 War of the Triple Alliance ( ) 67 Western revolutionary era 14 white collar workers, Chile Peru: in CTP 35; increase in women's employment 52 women, Chile: in the labour force 189, 192, 255; and the vote 214 given the vote in Bolivia 134 in the Peruvian industrial workforce 51-3 worker control 225 workers, dismissed, compensation demanded, Paraguay 81-2 a major political force in Peru 35-6 relationships with the community 12 workers' control in state industries, a matter of principle in Bolivia 164 Workers' Council of Paraguay, Consejo Obrero del Paraguay (COP) 77-8 workforces, sectoral, analysis of, Peru 25-6 working class, rapid shift in loyalty, Bolivia 138 rise of in Colombia unity of, Chile 178, 181 working-class militias, armed 135, 140 World bank, deflationary policies and Peru 48