ANGELS, DEMONS AND THE NEW WORLD

Transcription

1 ANGELS, DEMONS AND THE NEW WORLD When European notions about angels and demons were exported to the New World, they underwent remarkable adaptations. Angels and demons came to form an integral part of the Spanish American cosmology, leading to the emergence of colonial urban and rural landscapes set within a strikingly theological framework. Belief in celestial and demonic spirits soon regulated and affected the daily lives of Spanish, Indigenous, and Mestizo peoples, while missionary networks circulated these practices to create a widespread and generally accepted system of belief that flourished in seventeenthcentury Baroque culture and spirituality. This study of angels and demons opens a particularly illuminating window onto intellectual and cultural developments in the centuries that followed the European encounter with America. The volume will be of interest to scholars and students of religious studies, anthropology of religion, history of ideas, Latin American colonial history and church history. fernando cervantes is Reader in History at the University of Bristol. He is the author of The Devil in the New World: The Impact of Diabolism in New Spain (1994). andrew redden is Lecturer in Latin American History at the University of Liverpool. He is author of Diabolism in Colonial Peru, (2008).

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3 ANGELS,DEMONSAND THE NEW WORLD edited by FERNANDO CERVANTES AND ANDREW REDDEN

4 cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Mexico City Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 8ru, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York Information on this title: / # Cambridge University Press 2013 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2013 Printed and bound in the United Kingdom by the MPG Books Group A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Angels, demons and the new world / edited by Fernando Cervantes and Andrew Redden. pages cm isbn (Hardback) 1. Angels. 2. Demonology. 3. Latin America Religion. I. Cervantes, Fernando, editor of compilation. II. Redden, Andrew, editor of compilation. bl477.a dc isbn Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

5 In memory of Michael P. Costeloe

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7 Contents List of illustrations Notes on contributors page ix xi Introduction 1 Fernando Cervantes and Andrew Redden PART I from the old world to the new 1 The devil in the Old World: anti-superstition literature, medical humanism and preternatural philosophy in early modern Spain 15 Andrew Keitt 2 Demonios within and without: Hieronymites and the devil in the early modern Hispanic world 40 Kenneth Mills 3 How to see angels: the legacy of early Mendicant spirituality 69 Fernando Cervantes PART II indigenous responses 4 Satan is my nickname: demonic and angelic interventions in colonial Nahuatl theatre 101 Louise M. Burkhart 5 Where did all the angels go? An interpretation of the Nahua supernatural world 126 Caterina Pizzigoni vii

8 viii Contents 6 Vipers under the altar cloths: satanic and angelic forms in seventeenth-century New Granada 146 Andrew Redden PART III the world of the baroque 7 Angels and demons in the conquest of Peru 171 Ramón Mujica Pinilla 8 Winged and imagined Indians 211 Jaime Cuadriello 9 Psychomachia Indiana : angels, devils and holy images in New Spain 249 David Brading List of works cited 274 Index 297

9 Illustrations Figure 5.1 Map: Valley of Toluca (Mexico). page 128 Figure 7.1 Angel of the Apocalypse (Arequipa, eighteenth century). Anonymous painting based on an engraving by Juan de Jáuregui ( ) which illustrates Luis de Alcázar s Commentary on the Apocalypse. Private collection, Lima, Peru. 184 Figure 7.2 Esriel Ausilium [Auxilium] Dei (Esriel, Help of God). Anonymous painting, typical of the Andean harquebus-bearing angels of the last third of the seventeenth century. Private collection, Lima, Peru. 186 Figure 7.3 St Bartholomew and beast with lion s claws. Anonymous, eighteenth century. Image reproduced courtesy of the Barbosa Stern Collection, Lima, Peru. 190 Figure 7.4 The Reign of the Antichrist. Anonymous, Iglesia de Caquiaviri, La Paz, Bolivia. 194 Figure 7.5 The Ship of Christ under assault from the hordes of Satan. Allegorical painting by Melchor Pérez de Holguín (Cochabamba, ), painted for the church of San Lorenzo de Potosí, Bolivia. 200 Figure 7.6 Line drawing by Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala, Corónica Nueva y Buen Gobierno, fol.694[708] depicting a poor Indian on his knees, pleading mercy in the face of six threatening animals which are about to devour him alive. 203 Figure 7.7 Line drawing by Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala, Corónica Nueva y Buen Gobierno, fol. 302[304] depicting a prisoner locked in a cave inhabited by dangerous animals. 204 Figure 7.8 The devil in the form of a mastiff attacking St Rose of Lima ( ). Anonymous, eighteenth century. Monasterio de Santa Rosa de Santa María, Lima, Peru. 205 ix

10 x Figure 7.9 Figure 8.1 Figure 8.2 Figure 8.3 Figure 8.4 Figure 8.5 Figure 8.6 Figure 8.7 Figure 8.8 Figure 8.9 Figure 8.10 Figure 8.11 Figure 8.12 Figure 8.13 List of illustrations Allegory of the Church. Anonymous, eighteenth century. Image reproduced courtesy of the Barbosa Stern Collection, Lima, Peru. 209 The fourth apparition of the Virgin of Guadalupe to Juan Diego. Anonymous seventeenth-century painting. Museo de la Basílica de Guadalupe, Mexico City. 214 Portrait of Fray Pedro de Gante as a catechist. Anonymous eighteenth-century painting. Museo Nacional de Historia, INAH, Mexico City. 218 The boy martyrs of Tlaxcala. Anonymous eighteenthcentury mural in the entrance to the convent of Ozumba, Estado de México. 220 A friar hears the confession of an indigenous cacique. Anonymous sixteenth-century mural in the convent of Tlaquiltenango, Morelos. 221 The Tree of Redemption in the Republic of the Indians. Engraving detail from the Rethorica Cristiana [1579] by Diego Valadés. 223 The apparition of the portrait of Saint Dominic to the Beatus of Soriano. Early seventeenth-century painting by Luis Juárez. Museo Casa de la Bola, Mexico City. 224 Anonymous seventeenth-century True portrait of the servant of God, Juan Diego. Museo de la Basílica de Guadalupe, Mexico City. 227 San Miguel del Milagro [Saint Michael of the Miracle]. Seventeenth-century painting by José de Nava. Colección Jaime Cuadriello. 230 The apparition of the image of the Virgin de los Remedios to Don Juan Tovar by Miguel Cabrera ( ). Templo de Belén delahuertas,mexico City. 233 Fray Pedro de Gante and Our Lady of Los Remedios. Anonymous eighteenth-century painting. Museo Nacional de Historia, INAH, Mexico City. 234 Our Lady of Tecaxic. Anonymous sixteenth-century painting. Museo de la Basílica de Guadalupe, Mexico City. 236 The miracle of the Virgin of Ocotlán by Manuel Caro (1781). Sacristy of the Basilica of Ocotlán, Tlaxcala. 237 Our Lady of San Juan de los Lagos and her four miracles. Anonymous eighteenth-century painting. Private collection, Guadalajara. 239

11 Contributors david brading is Professor Emeritus of Latin American History at the University of Cambridge. His many books include Miners and Merchants in Bourbon Mexico (1971), Haciendas and Ranchos in the Mexican Bajío (1979), Prophecy and Myth in Mexican History (1984), The Origins of Mexican Nationalism (1985), The First America (1991), Church and State in Bourbon Mexico (1995)andMexican Phoenix (2000). louise m. burkhart is Professor of Anthropology at the University at Albany, State University of New York. She is the author of The Slippery Earth: Nahua-Christian Moral Dialogue in Sixteenth-Century Mexico (1987), Holy Wednesday: A Nahua Drama from Early Colonial Mexico (1996) and Before Guadalupe: The Virgin Mary in Early Colonial Nahuatl Literature (2001). She is co-editor, with Barry D. Sell, of a four-volume set on Nahuatl theatre. fernando cervantes is Reader in History at the University of Bristol. His publications include The Devil in the New World: The Impact of Diabolism in New Spain (1994) and Spiritual Encounters: Interactions between Christianity and Native Religions in Colonial America (1999), co-edited with Nicholas Griffiths. jaime cuadriello is a member of the Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas and Professor of Art History at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Among his many books is The Glories of the Republic of Tlaxcala: Art and Life in Viceregal Mexico (2011). andrew keitt is Associate Professor of History at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. He is the author of Inventing the Sacred: Imposture, Inquisition, and the Boundaries of the Supernatural in Golden Age Spain (2005). xi

12 xii Notes on contributors kenneth mills is Professor of History and Director of Latin American Studies at the University of Toronto. He is the author of Idolatry and Its Enemies (1997). Colonial Spanish America (1998) and Colonial Latin America: A Documentary History (2002) were both co-edited with William B. Taylor and Sandra Lauderdale Graham. Conversion: Old Worlds and New (2003) and Conversion in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages (2003) were both co-edited with Anthony Grafton. ramón mujica pinilla is a Fellow of the Academia Nacional de Historia del Perú. His many publications include El collar de la paloma del alma: Amor sagrado y amor profano en la enseñanza de Ibn Hazm de Córdoba y de Ibn Arabi de Murcia (1990), Ángeles apócrifos en la América virreinal (1996), Rosa limensis: Mística, política e iconografía en torno a la patrona de América (2001) and, as editor, El Barroco Peruano, 2 vols. (2002 3). caterina pizzigoni is Assistant Professor of History at Columbia University, New York. Her recent publications include Testaments of Toluca (2007). andrew redden is Lecturer in Latin American History at the University of Liverpool. He is the author of Diabolism in Colonial Peru, (2008).