Comparison of the acoustical behaviour of Colonial Churches of three Architectural Styles in Peru
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1 Toronto, Canada International Symposium on Room Acoustics 13 June 9-11 ISRA 13 Comparison of the acoustical behaviour of Colonial Churches of three Architectural Styles in Peru Carlos R. Jiménez Dianderas Departamento de Arquitectura Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú Av. Universitaria 181, Lima 3, Perú ABSTRACT The paper presents a comparison of the acoustic behavior of churches built under three architectural styles during the Spanish colonial domination in representative cities of Peru. European architectural styles of the Renaissance, Baroque and Neoclassical were adapted to the geography, geology and construction process of the current Peruvian territory. Through some acoustical parameters characterize the acoustic behavior of each church analyzed. Then, it is performed a comparative analysis of these acoustic conditions by grouping the architectural style churches. 1 INTRODUCTION The establishment of the Spanish dominions in the American territories (known as Colonial Period - Centuries XVI to XIX) had one of its most significant events in the founding of cities by the conquerors, and of course all transculturation, one of whose samples are buildings within the new colonies. This European architecture, more properly Spanish, experienced some changes for social, cultural and historical, geographical and climate reasons. The churches in various cities in Peru are a representative example of this importation of styles, treatises on architecture and construction processes of Europe and its forced merger with some elements of these urban centers and population. This paper presents take into account the acoustical characterization of 5 colonial churches in Southern Peru, which are a representative sample of the large historic and artistic legacy of the Colonial Period. Through a statistical analysis, it establishes the correlation between the acoustic quality of every church and the physical architecture of them. This analysis has been performed grouping the Colonial Churches by Architectural Style. THE SAMPLE.1 Description of the surveyed churches As mentioned, 5 colonial churches were selected through Peruvian territory due to its hierarchy and physical characteristics. The sample used in this paper is shown in Tables 1 and for architectural and acoustical characteristics respectively. Figures 1 and present drawing plans and pictures of some of the churches analyzed. 1
2 Table 1: Statistical Descriptors of Architectural Parameters of the 5 Colonial Churches. Architectural Parameter Maximum Mínimum Media Median Volumen (m 3 ) Total Floor Area (m ) Total Surfaces Área (m ) Maximum Length (m) Maximum Height (m) Maximum Width (m) Table : Statistical Descriptors of Acoustical Objective Parameters of the 5 Colonial Churches, considering all the receivers positions (16 values). Acoustical Parameter Maximum Mínimum Media Median Std. Dev. EDT (s) 1,4,8 3,3 3,1 1,6 RT (s) 13,8,7 3, 3, 1,5 Ts (ms) C 8 (db) 7,3-5,1-9,6-6,3 11, D 5,75,1,147,11,15 Table shows the average values of the five objective acoustic parameters measured in the 5 churches analyzed, it has been considered the two measurements taken for each of the six or more positions of sound receptors in each church for the six octave bands (15Hz to 4Hz). 3 RESULTS The six architectural parameters and five objective acoustical parameters previously mentioned were the basis for the statistical analysis. Eighteen churches were considered for the Renaissance style (XVI-XVII centuries), twenty seven churches for the Baroque style (XVII-XVIII centuries) and seven churches for the Neoclassical style (XVIII century). Tables 3 and 4 show the mean values for the architectural and acoustical parameters grouped by architectural style. Table 3: Statistical Descriptors of Architectural Parameters by Architectural Style. Architectural Parameter Renaissance Baroque Neoclassic Volumen (m 3 ) Total Floor Area (m ) Total Surfaces Área (m ) Maximum Length (m) 5,5 5, 57,8 Maximum Height (m) 14,8 17, 15,8 Maximum Width (m) 1,8 1, 1,5 Table 4: Mean Acoustical Objective Parameters by Architectural Style. Acoustical Parameter Renaissance Baroque Neoclassic EDT (s),7 3,3 3,8 RT (s),8 3, 3,8 Ts (ms) C 8 (db) -5,5-6, -9,8 D ,158
3 R8 5 1 S Renaissance Churches S La Merced - Ayacucho BASÍLICA CATEDRAL LIMA Baroque Churches Basilica Cathedral - Lima R8 S S Basilica San Francisco - Lima Basilica Cathedral - Cusco Neoclassic Churches BASÍLICA CATEDRAL CUSCO 5 1 S ATEDRAL Basilica Cathedral - Arequipa BASÍLICA MENOR CATEDRAL Minor Basilica Cathedral - Puno Figures 1: Plans of some churches in the sample used 1,,3 It can be seen that in the case of architectural parameters, mean values have no representative differences among the three architectural styles; however in the case of objective acoustic parameters it is observed that mean values for the Renaissance churches are lower than for Neoclassical and Baroque churches, especially for the EDT and RT. The mean values of C 8 and D 5 are decreasing for the three successive architectural styles, possibly because of the type of interior decoration. 3
4 Renaissance Churches View toward the rear entrance View toward the Altar La Merced - Ayacucho Basilica Catedral - Lima Baroque Churches View toward the rear entrance View toward the Altar Basílica San Francisco - Lima Basilica Catedral - Cusco Neoclasic Churches View toward the Altar Basilica Catedral - Arequipa View toward the Altar Basílica Menor Catedral - Puno Figures Pictures of some churches in the sample used 3.1 Among Acoustical Objective Parameters An analysis between the acoustic parameters of the churches grouped by architectural style determines a better correlation between RT with C 8 and D 5, and C 8 with D 5. The greater homogeneity among all parameters in any style is D 5 due to poor conditions of intelligibility of the churches. The higher correlations between RT and C 8 are for Renaissance and Neoclassical styles (R =.5371 and R = 5 8 respectively) as shown in Figure 3. However when RT correlates with D 5 the best value is obtained for the Renaissance style with R =.695, as shown in Figure 5. However, the highest correlation for any of the three architectural styles is between C 8 and D 5, getting up to R =.989 for Neoclassical churches. 4
5 RT 5-1kHz (s) C 8 (db) C 8 (db) R² =.5371 R² =.58 R² = RT 5-1k Hz (s) Figure 3: Average RT and C 8 data for each church, controlling for Architectural Style (---- Renaissance, Baroque, Neoclassic) R² =.781 R² =.6699 R² = D5 Figure 4: Average D 5 and C 8 data for each church, controlling for Architectural Style (---- Renaissance, Baroque, Neoclassic) R² =.4438 R² =.4575 R² = Figure 5: Average D 5 and RT data for each church, controlling for Architectural Style (---- Renaissance, Baroque, Neoclassic). 5 D5
6 RT 5-1k Hz (s) RT 5-1k Hz (s) 3. Between Architectural Parameters and Acoustical Objective Parameters In conducting the analysis between architectural parameters and acoustic parameters, grouping the churches by architectural style, achieved low levels of correlation between many of them. Only significant relationships could be established between RT, EDT and C 8 with volume, maximum height and total surface area. No significant correlation values were determined for Ts and D5. The wide dispersion of the samples obtained to be grouped by architectural style may be due the churches belonging to different locations within the Peruvian territory and therefore built with different materials and construction methods as stone, adobe, sillar (volcanic rock) or brick. Figures 6 to 8 show the regression lines that can be obtained between RT and volume, maximum height and total surfaces area, with the highest values of R for the three architectural styles when related to the volume (from R =.758 Renaissance churches to R =.3844 for neoclassical churches) R² =.3844 R² =.864 R² = Volume (m 3 ) Figure 6: Average RT and Volume data for each church, controlling for Architectural Style (---- Renaissance, Baroque, Neoclassic) R² =.18 R² =.1649 R² = Height maximum (m) Figure 7: Average RT and Height maximum data for each church, controlling for Architectural Style (---- Renaissance, Baroque, Neoclassic). 6
7 C 8 (db) RT 5-1k Hz (s) R² =.1749 R² =.761 R² = Total Surfaces Area (m ) Figure 8: Average RT and Total Surface Area data for each church, controlling for Architectural Style (---- Renaissance, Baroque, Neoclassic). Similarly, the highest values of regression is obtained between C 8 and volume for Renaissance (R =.537) and Neoclassical (R =.43) styles, and between C 8 and the maximum height is only meaningful with neoclassical churches (R =.4394) R² = R² = R² = Volume (m 3 ) Figure 9: Average C 8 and Volume data for each church, controlling for Architectural Style (---- Renaissance, Baroque, Neoclassic). 7
8 C 8 (db) R² =.946 R² =.4394 R² = Height maximum (m) Figure 1: Average C 8 and Height Mximum data for each church, controlling for Architectural Style (---- Renaissance, Baroque, Neoclassic). 4 CONCLUSIONS Fifty two churches were analyzed; they belong to the same Peruvian territory as result of a process of acculturation from Europe to America, with the subsequent assimilation of the prevailing architectural styles throughout the process of colonial rule. Through six architectural parameters and five objectives acoustical parameters, a statistical analysis of dispersion and regression lines was performed, determining the respective R values It was found that the correlation levels are not significant even within churches belonging to the same architectural style which may be due to the diversity of the sample, its geographic location, its construction process and its building materials. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS To the Department of Architecture of the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú for the financial support. REFERENCES 1 Carlos Jiménez, Correlación entre parámetros acústicos objetivos y características físico arquitectónicas en templos católicos del período colonial en ciudades representativas del Perú, Ph.D. Dissertation, ETSII, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, (Madrid, Spain, 1). Antonio San Cristobal, La controversia de los aportes europeos en la Arquitectura Virreinal Peruana, Separata Anales Museo de América No.8, (Madrid, Spain, ). 3 Leonor Loyola, Arquitectura Religiosa Católica, Bachellor Thesis, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, (Lima, Perú, 1988). 8
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