La biodiversidad de Ecuador. Dan Cogalniceanu

Transcription

1 La biodiversidad de Ecuador Dan Cogalniceanu

2 Contenido Ecuador como hotspot Caracteristicas biogeograficas Riqueza especifica de anfibios Investigacion en bosque nublado Comparacion Ecuador-Rumania

3 ECUADOR Total area Highest peak Coastline 283,561 km² 6268 m 2237 km

4 COSTA SIERRA ORIENTE Major geographic divisions of Ecuador

5 Defining Biodiversity Hotspots Myers Hotspots: Earth s Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions (1999) Defined as "a biogeographic region with a significant reservoir of biodiversity that is threatened with destruction. Twenty-four areas are identified that support nearly 60% of the world's plant, bird, mammal, reptile, and amphibian species. Half of the world s plant species and 42 percent of all terrestrial vertebrate species are endemic to hotspots. Cover only 2.3 percent of the Earth's land surface.

6 Myers et al Biodiversity Hotspots

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8 South America 1. Atlantic Forest 2. Cerrado 3. Chilean Winter Rainfall- Valdivian Forests 4. Tumbes-Chocó-Magdalena 5. Tropical Andes

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10 Tumbes-Chocó-Magdalena Bordered by Mesoamerica in the north, and to the east the Tropical Andes hotspots. Main threats include: urbanization, hunting (large birds and mammals), and deforestation, especially mangroves. Ecuador's coastal forests are only 2 percent of their original area consequently species presence continue to decline.

11 Tumbes-Chocó-Magdalena Hotspot Original Extent (km 2 ) 274,597 Hotspot Vegetation Remaining (km 2 ) 65,903 (24%) Endemic Plant Species 2,750 Endemic Threatened Birds 21 Endemic Threatened Mammals 7 Endemic Threatened Amphibians 8 Extinct Species 4 Human Population Density (people/km 2 ) 51 Area Protected (km 2 ) 34,338

12 Tropical Andes Greatest biodiversity on Earth Contain about 1/6 of all plant spp. in <1% of earth's surface Species with unusual life histories e.g. Andean bromeliad 100 yrs to mature. Highest amphibian diversity in the world, also highest proportion of endangered species. Threats include: mining, timber extraction, oil exploration, and narcotics plantations, hydroelectric dams, cattle ranching and invasive species.

13 Tropical Andes Hotspot Original Extent (km 2 ) 1,542,644 Hotspot Vegetation Remaining (km 2 ) 385,661 (25%) Endemic Plant Species 15,000 Endemic Threatened Birds 110 Endemic Threatened Mammals 14 Endemic Threatened Amphibians 363 Extinct Species 2 Human Population Density (people/km 2 ) 37 Area Protected (km 2 ) 246,871

14 Species richness patterns of northern South America Bass MS, Finer M, Jenkins CN, Kreft H, et al. (2010) Global Conservation Significance of Ecuador's Yasuní National Park. PLoS ONE 5(1): e8767.

15 Richness center overlap Bass MS, Finer M, Jenkins CN, Kreft H, et al. (2010) Global Conservation Significance of Ecuador's Yasuní National Park. PLoS ONE 5(1): e8767.

16 Profiles of western Ecuador Lynch and Duelmann, 1997

17 Ecosystem diversity in southern Ecuador

18 Mangrove forest, Island of Jambeli, El Oro Province

19 Average mean values Mean precipit. (mm) Average mean temp. ( C) Months Dry Forest, Reserva Arenillas, El Oro

20 Cloud Forest, Buenaventura, El Oro Province

21 Paramo, Loja Province

22 Habitat types with elevation along tropical altitudinal gradients in the Andes Navas, 2002

23 Classification of bioclimatic regimes (ecological zones) of Ecuador (Cañadas, 1983) Main ecosystem types Temperature ( 0 C) Páramo 0-6 Humid Very humid Subtemperate Rainfall (mm/year) < Rainy Very rainy 6-12 Subhumid Humid Very humid Rainy Very rainy >3000 Pluvial Temperate Dry Subhumid Humid Very humid Rainy Very rainy Subtropical Very dry Dry Subhumid Humid Very humid Rainy Tropical Desert Subdesert Very dry Dry Subhumid Humid Very humid

24 Major climate zones

25 91 ecosystem types Litoral: 24 Andes : 45 Amazonia: 22 Forested areas 42% of the area

26 Forest types

27 Network of national protected areas of Ecuador Does not include private protected areas. Covers 19%

28 Privately own reserves by Jocotoco and EcoMinga

29 Conflicts and overlapping área Areas Protegidas Yacimientos Petróleo Yacimientos Mineros Territorios Indígenas

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31 The countries with the highest amphibian species number worldwide

32 Country Amphibian species richness Area (km 2 ) Species density (number species/10,000 km 2 ) 1 Brasil ,514, Colombia 773 1,141, Peru 574 1,285, Ecuador , according to Amphibiaweb.org 576 according to AmphibiaWeb Ecuador Amphibian species described in the last six years in the four countries with the greatest richness of amphibians in the neotropics.

33 The countries with the highest density of amphibian species worldwide

34 New species of amphibians described during (AmphibiaWeb.org) 2000 World, n=1924 Cummulative number of species Year Ecuador, n=97

35 576 amphibians in Ecuador 545 species of Anura 22 species of Caecilia 9 species of Urodela

36 Number of species Endemics Amphibian species richness Ecuador Anura Caudata Gymnophiona Endemics Nonendemics Total Anura Caudata Gymnophiona Total 239 (41.5%)

37 Typhlonectidae Siphonopidae Rhinatrematidae Endemic Non-endemic Caeciliidae Plethodontidae Telmatobiidae Ranidae Pipidae Microhylidae Leptodactylidae Hylidae Hemiphractidae Eleutherodactylidae Dendrobatidae Craugastoridae Ceratophryidae Centrolenidae Bufonidae Aromobatidae Number of species

38 The genus Pristimantis has the highest number of species among terrestrial vertebrates Ecuador has 194 species of Pristimantis out of the 576 known species (>30%).

39 140 Cummulative number of new species New species of Pristimantis New species of Pristimantis in Ecuador N=121 N= Year

40 Numbers of species of the family Craugastoridae (former Eleutherodactylus) at 100m increments on the Pacific lowlands and western slopes of the Andes in Ecuador.

41 Main biogeographic regions

42 Number of amphibian species Annual rainfall (mm)

43 Number of amphibian species Average annual temperature ( 0 C)

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46 Reserva Buenaventura Fundación Jocotoco

47 Family Species list Present study Bufonidae Rhinella marina x x x Centrolenidae Espadarana prosoblepon x x Centrolenidae Nymphargus orense sp. nov. x Centrolenidae Nymphargus buenaventura x x Dendrobatidae Epipedobates anthonyi x x x Dendrobatidae Hyloxalus infraguttatus x x x Hylidae Agalychnis spurrelli x Hylidae Hyloscirtus alytolylax x x x Hylidae Hypsiboas boans x x x Hylidae Hypsiboas pelluscens x x x Hylidae Scinax cf. elaeochrous x Hylidae Smilisca phaeota x x x Leptodactylidae Leptodactylus labrosus x x x Leptodactylidae Leptodactylus ventrimaculatus x Ranidae Lithobates bwana x x x Rhinathrematidae Epicrionops bicolor x x Strabomantidae Barycholos pulcher x x x Strabomantidae Pristimantis achatinus x x x Strabomantidae Pristimantis cf. ceuthospilus x Strabomantidae Pristimantis prometeii sp. nov. x Strabomantidae Pristimantis subsigillatus x x x Strabomantidae Pristimantis aff. walkeri x x 19 out of 22 species

48 Detectability and abundance Pristimantis achatinus Epipedobates anthonyi Hyloxalus infraguttatus Espadarana prosoblepon Hypsiboas pelluscens Hyloscirtus alytolylax Smilisca phaeota Pristimantis subsigillatus Rhinella marina Pristimantis prometeii Nymphargus orense Pristimantis ceuthospilus Scinax cf. elaeochrous Hypsiboas boans Leptodactylus labrosus Barycholos pulcher Agalychnis spurrelli Lithobates bwana Leptodactylus ventrimaculatus 0,0 10,0 20,0 30,0 40,0 50,0 60,0 70,0 80,0 90,0 Percentage of days sighted Total number of days of inventory n=54

49 Altitudinal range of amphibians in Buenaventura

50 Species accumulation curve of amphibians in Buenaventura

51 ICE Mean Chao 1 Mean Chao 2 Mean Jack 1 Mean Jack 2 Mean Bootstrap Mean MMRuns Mean

52 Herpetology in tropical vs. temperate countries ROMANIA ECUADOR

53 Population density (hab./km²) Ecuador Romania Parameter Area (km²) 283, ,391 Altitudinal range (m) Coastline (km) Population 16,298,217 19,942,642

54 Mammals (12 endemics) 111 Ratio Species richness Ecuador Romania % Ratio corrected for area Area (km²) 283, , Amphibia 576 (242 endemics) 19 (1 endemic ssp) Reptilia Birds (Aves) (44 endemics)

55 High-richness plant community types (a) Semi-dry basiphilous grassland near Cluj-Napoca, Romania, the site that holds the global richness record at the 0.1- and 10-m 2 scales (b) Tropical rain forest, the vegetation type that holds the global richness record at the ,000-m 2 scales

56 5.5 Degree of knowledge of selected species Google Academic (Scholar Google) Agalychnis spurrelli Epipedobates anthonyi Espadarana prosoblepon Hypsiboas boans Hypsiboas pellucens Leptodactylus labrosus Pristimantis achatinus Romania/Europe Ecuador/South America Rana temporaria Rana arvalis Bufo bufo Hyla arborea Pelobates fuscus Triturus cristatus Salamandra salamandra Google

57 Directions of investigation 1. Description of new species 2. Taxonomy and systematics 3. Inventories and species lists 4. Setting conservation priorities 5. Life history studies Mostly descriptive and exploratory research

58 Description of new species

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60 Ecological niche models (ENM) and niche overlap between species within the Pristimantis acuminatus complex. The yellow regions indicate niche overlap in pairwise comparisons of each species; D = values of Schoener's D index for niche overlap.

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62 Directions of investigation 1. Mapping species distribution and SDM 2. Life history studies 3. Behaviour and physiology 4. Conservation and monitoring 5. Phylogeography and molecular taxonomy Mostly hypotheses-driven research

63 Pelobates fuscus Pelobates syriacus Fuhn, 1960

64 UTM 10x10 km Cogalniceanu 1991

65 UTM 5x5 km

66 UTM 10x10 km Cogalniceanu 1991

67 UTM 5x5 km

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69 Țeran et al. in press

70 Presence datasets compiled for the two species studied: a raw data; b filtered data used to train present day models (density of points reduced with an arbitrary threshold of 0.5 occurrences/1,000 km2 for each country); the fossil records dating from the Last Interglacial used to validate the past projections.

71 The potential distribution of P. fuscus and P. syriacus under the present climate

72 Last Interglacial climate Last Glacial Maximum MIROC Scenario Last Glacial Maximum CCSM Scenario A1B scenario for 2080

73 Thorn, 1968

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75 T. arntzeni

76 arntzeni -> ivanbureschi The two cryptic species comprising Triturus ivanbureschi sensu lato are distributed in Asiatic Turkey and the south-eastern Balkan Peninsula. A rough distribution outline for T. ivanbureschi sensu stricto is shown in green and for T. anatolicus sp. nov. in red. The two taxa meet at a hybrid zone in northwestern Asiatic Turkey. A rough distribution outline for T. karelinii sensu stricto with which Triturus ivanbureschi sensu lato until recently was considered to be conspecific is in blue. Records of Triturus newts are absent from most of NE Turkey, suggesting that the ranges of T. anatolicus sp. nov. and T. karelinii sensu stricto do not meet. White dots represent type localities for, from left to right, T. ivanbureschi sensu stricto, T. anatolicus sp. nov. and T. karelinii sensu stricto.

77 Biogeographical scenario for Triturus in response to the last glacial to current interglacial climate shift. Shown are the inferred approximate positions of glacial refugia (dark shades) and postglacially colonized area (light shades; arrows reflect approximate colonization routes). Areas where species displaced one another are shown in grey. For T. dobrogicus, neither the genetic nor species distribution modeling approach manages to recover a refugium.

78 macrosomus dobrogicus Not a polytypic species

79 Senescyt Ecuador Agradecimientos Colegas y amigos de la Universidad Nacional de Loja Paul y Diana Szekely Personal de la Reserva Buenaventura

80 Gracias por su atencion