Sasi and the Dynamics of Marine Conservation Governance in Raja Ampat, West Papua, Indonesia : Preliminary Finding
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1 Sasi and the Dynamics of Marine Conservation Governance in Raja Ampat, West Papua, Indonesia : Preliminary Finding Case of West Misool and South Misool District Arif Satria Nurhannah Mutthoharoh Amir Mahmud Rilus A. Kinseng Diah Krisnatuti Searching and serving the best Bogor Agricultural University Indonesia International Conference: Communities Conservation & Livelihood May 28-30, Halifax, Canada
2 pic: google.com Raja Ampat Regency, West Papua, Indonesia has many potential resources
3 OUTLINE 1 Introduction Research Location Marine Conservation in Raja Ampat Sasi Discussion
4 INTRODUCTION Indonesia's coral reefs covers km 2 (50% of the total area of the world's coral reefs) Only 6% of Indonesia's coral reefs are classified as "excellent, and 30% condition "very poor Marine conservation areas in Indonesia are increase : 2012 : 14,661,696 ha 2014 : 16,065,363 ha * (1,403,667 ha managed by Regional Water Conservation Area community based) Source: Tun et. Al (2004); MMAF (2015)
5 INTRODUCTION : Types of Conservation Conservation Technocratic/ Modern Populist/ Communitarian Centralistic Decentralistic Customary base Revitalizedcustomary Noncustomary National Park District Conservation Area/KKPD Sasi Sasi, Awiqawiq
6 Types of Marine Conservation Figure 1. Types of Marine Conservation Area in Indonesia 0% 0% 18% 4% 2% 1% 61% 14% Marine National Park Marine Ecotourism Park Marine Sanctuary Marine Natural Preservation Distric Marine Conservation Area Initiate Distric Marine Conservation Area Marine Protected Area/Marine Sanctuary for Mangrove Fish Sanctuary
7 Policy Level Marine Modern Conservation Regimes : Conservation Regimes Law of 5/1990 Forestry Regime Law of 31/2004 & 45/2009 Fisheries Regime Law of 27/2007 & 1/2014 Coastal Management Biodiversity conservation Fisheries management Coastal and small island management Marine Conservation Area Water Conservation Area Coastal and Small Island Conservation area Ministry of Forestry Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries
8 Modern Marine Conservation Regimes Ministry of Marine Affairs & Fisheries Regime Aquatic National Park (Taman Nasional Perairan) Natural Water Sanctuary (Suaka Alam Perairan) Aquatic Park (Taman Wisata Perairan) Regional Water Conservation Area (Kawasan Konservasi Perairan Daerah (KKPD) decentralization Ministry of Forestry Regime Marine National Park (Taman Nasional Laut) Marine Nature Park (Taman Wisata Alam Laut) Marine Wildlife Sanctuary (Suaka Margasatwa Laut) Marine Reserve (Cagar Alam Laut) Centralization system system Source: MMAF 2012; Satria et al 2017
9 PROFILE West Papua
10 PROFILE Misool Misool Islands is divided into 4 Districts: - South Misool (Fafanlap Village Case) - West Misool West (Case Kampung Lilinta & Kapatcol) - East Misool - North Misool
11 Raja Ampat established as District/Regional Marine Conservation Area
12 DISTRICT MARINE CONSERVATION AREA Areas Zoning System District and Villages (Misool Island) ha (Perbup Raja Ampat No. 05/2009) The core zone Limited utilization zones for food security and tourism, The utilization zones are limited to sustainable fisheries and aquaculture, Other zones for traditional community use and Sasi, Other zones for other uses, Other zones for the ship line South Misool Disrict: Harapan Jaya, Yellu, Dabatan, Kayarepop & Fafanlap. West Misool District: kampung Kapatcool, Lilinta, Biga, Gamta & Magei. East Misool District: Usaha Jaya, Tomolol, & Folley
13 Historical Review DISTRICT MARINE CONSERVATION AREA 2001 Initiation by NGOs: Conservation International (CI) dan The Nature Conservancy (TNC) 2003 Tomolol Declaration : agreement between customary leaders, government leaders, religious leaders and NGOs 2005 Extension of Raja Ampat District 2007 Formal establishment of marine conservation management (Peraturan Bupati Raja Ampat No.66 Tahun 2007 tentang Kawasan Konservasi Laut Daerah Raja Ampat)
14 SASI: COMMUNITY CONSERVATION IN RAJA AMPAT Meaning: Sasi literally means "prohibition". Closed Session: The public should only pass in the territorial waters and not allowed to take marine life especially lola, lobsters, and sea cucumbers. Open Session: Communities are allowed to pass and take marine resources in the waters.
15 SASI: COMMUNITY CONSERVATION IN RAJA AMPAT Type of Sasi Aspect Customary Sasi (Sasi Adat) Initiation Hereditary customary TNC Kampong Sasi (Sasi Kampung) Areas All the waters in a village area Some areas in a kampong are determined based on biological studies and community consultations Rules of openclose session Following the turn of the season from generation to generation Product utilization Individual needs Community needs Deliberation of society and supported by biological study from TNC Type of biota Lola, lobsters, & sea cucumbers Lola, lobsters, & sea cucumbers
16 SASI: COMMUNITY CONSERVATION IN RAJA AMPAT Why practicing Sasi? What is the benefit of Sasi? a b c d e Preserving marine resources Complying customary law Fear of magical powers Fear of curse (sickness / death) Increasing the income a : coral reefs are getting better b : increasing fish stock c : equality of marine product d : increasing the income e : increasing the community solidarity
17 SASI: COMMUNITY CONSERVATION IN RAJA AMPAT Sasi for Women (Kampung Kapatcol) Authority : Customary leaders, religious leaders, village heads, women leaders. Sanctions: Religious sanctions in the form of a sick curse and / or up to death for offenders. Monitoring & Evaluation: Monitoring the development of marine biota including sasi zones supported by TNC.
18 SASI: COMMUNITY CONSERVATION IN RAJA AMPAT Sasi for Women (Kampung Kapatcol) The utilization of sasi products 2015 : renovation and maintenance of the building, 2016 : to purchase of Women's Church Guild uniforms : scholarship for the Kapatcol residents who are enrolled in the police institute
19 DISCUSSION Internal Challenges Conflicts over land and coastal territorial claims : inter-clan conflict. Institutional sustainability : problem of regeneration External Challenges Issue of funding and the capacity of human resources, monitoring and evaluation. Issue of authority transfer from district to Province. The actor interests on marine resources become more complex regarding to the increase of marine tourism activities coastal grabbing?
20 CONCLUSION The Role of NGOs linking social capital Good practice of harmonization between modern and communitarian conservation Sasi Ibu Gender perspective is applied Market intervention to petuanan system tourism industry : embryo of tenurial conflict
21 THANK YOU
22 Acknowledgement : CCRN Project Ministry of Higher Education and Research Rici Pranata Caca Soraya Pemkab Raja Ampat TNC and CI
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