Marine Biodiversity and Conservation Status of Malacca. Straits. With support and collaboration with. Yusni Ikhwan Siregar

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1 Marine Biodiversity and Conservation Status of Malacca Straits Yusni Ikhwan Siregar Department of Marine Science, University of Riau, INDONESIA June 9th-12th, 2015 With support and collaboration with

2 Presentation overview 1) The INTRO World Major Environmental Problems 2) Threats to Riau, Malacca Straits, Marine Ecosystem Conservation 3) Properties and Value of Biodiversity

3 The INTRO

4 The World s Environmental Challanges

5 Reason 1: World s Population Explosion

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7 Unequal World s population Distribution

8 Reason 2: The Rise of Anthropocentrism & Liberalism

9 Presentation overview 1) The INTRO World Major Environmental Problems 2) Threats to Riau (Malacca Straits) Marine Ecosystem Conservation 3) Use of biodiversity measurements Conservation International s Hotspots

10 Threats to Riau (Malacca Straits) Marine Ecosystem Land-base Pollution Sea-base Pollution Explosive Fishing Cyanid Fishing Inshore Mining (Oil, LNG, Sand, Tin) Over Exploitation (fishing, logging)

11 MARITIME TRANSPORTATION FOR CRUDE OIL AND OIL PRODUCTS JAPAN Malacca strait Jakarta Bay Segara Anakan (Source: Tropical Coasts, 2000)

12 INDONESIA AT GLANCE Riau, Malacca Strait

13 Marine Ecosystem Threats (Stressor) Satelite Wisata Bahari Fishing CAGE CULTURE Transportasi Wave energy Oil Refinary Industry River Navigation Offshore Mining Deep sea Mining

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15 Presentation overview 1) The INTRO World Major Environmental Problems 2) Threats to Riau (Malacca Straits) Marine Ecosystem 3) Biodiversity measurements Conservation International s Hotspots

16 Properties and Value of Biodiversity

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18 Value of Biodiversity

19 Properties and Value of Biodiversity

20 Biodiversity Hotspots

21 Indonesia At Glance RIAU

22 Indonesia at Glance Largest archipelagic country Stretching across 3 time zones 86,700 km 2 coral reef (18% of world coral reef) 24,300 km2 mangrove area 235 milion of population

23 Twelve Indonesian Marine Eco-region

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25 Characteristics of Indonesian Sea INDONESIAN SEA the Highest Marine Mega- Biodiversity in the world, fish sp, 555 sp sea grass and950 associated spreef fauna Three techtonic plate (Eurasia; Indo-Australia and Pasific), meet Indonesia, thus active vulcanoes and earthquake) Major sea current of Pasifi Ocean pass through Indonesia to Indian Ocean 25

26 Marine Biodiversity of Riau Marine Coast (Malacca Straits) Coral Reef

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28 CORAL REEF CONSERVATION IN RIAU, INODESIA

29 Proposed Marine and Coastal Conservation in Riau

30 Marine and Coastal Conservation

31 CORAL REEF

32 FREENGING REEF 1-2 km M

33 Marine Protected Area In Batam, Riau (Malacca Straits)

34 Zonation Plan MMA of Natuna '40" '00" '20" PEMERINTAH KABUPATEN NATUNA DINAS KELAUTAN DAN PERIKANAN UNIT PELA KSA NA REH ABILITAS I DAN PENG ELOLAAN TERUMBU KARA NG/ COREM AP Kawasan I PETA ZONA PENGELOLAAN KAWASAN KONSERVASI LAUT DAERAH 4 16'00" Daerah Taman Nasional Perairan dan Suaka Perikanan Km SKALA 1 : Daerah Taman Rekreasi dan Wisata Selam Kawasan II LEGENDA : Kawasan I Kawasan II Kawasan III Kawasan IV Bakau / Mangrove Daratan Dataran Lumpur / Mud Flat Pa sir / Sandba r Rataan Terumbu / Reef Flat CATATAN HASIL SURVEI : Daerah Perlindungan Hutan Bakau dan Perikanan Berkelanjutan 3 50'40" Kawasan III Kawasan IV SUMBER : 1. Data Citra Landsat 7ETM tahun Peta Rupa Bumi (BAKOSURTANAL) 3. Data Survei (Tahun ) Daerah Perlindungan Terumbu Karang dan Pengembangan Ekowisata layout b y : F er ry Elw ind UNIVERSITAS RIAU BADAN PENELITIAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN LINGKUNGAN LAUT DAN PESISIR (BPPL2P) FAKULTAS PERIKANAN DAN ILMU KELAUTAN '40" '00" '20" 3 50'40" 4 16'00"

35 MARINE PROTECTED AREA DPL CORE ZONE BUFFER ZONE

36 The objectives of MPA in Riau

37 ZONATION PLAN OF MPA

38 REEF TRANSPLANTATION IN RIAU Koloni koral (induk coral) Pengikatan I Anakan karang Substrat beton Nursery ground Pengikatan II substrat Rangka besi Sampel dilekatkan pada jaring yang terletak pada kerangka besi

39 Transplanted Reef 2 mounths Reef.

40 SEEDING

41 REEF MONITORING

42 REEF MONITORING 8 months REEF 0 month

43 REEF Growth 8 month) sandy-mud

44 MANGROVE Giesen (1993) : 2,5 million Ha INTAG (1996) : 3,5 m Ha Spalding dkk (1997) : 4,5 m Ha AWB (1999) : 3,5 m Ha Asian Region 32-41,5 % (Spalding, 1997) of world World largest ( %) Brazil (1,3 juta Ha), Nigeria (1,1 juta Ha) dan Australia (0,97 juta Ha)

45 MANGROVE BIODIVERSITY MANGROVE sp vegetation, 89 sp, 2. 5 sp palmae, jenis pemanjat, jenis herb, epifit and 1 sp fern

46 Mangrove zonation

47 MANGROVE ZONATION 1.Muddy soil, Rhizophora mucronata dan Avicenia marina. 2.Sandy substraterhizophora stylosa dan Sonneratia alba 3.Wide range salinity : Avicenia marina

48 High salinity tolerance Aegiceras corniculatym (20-40%o) Rhizophora mucronata & Rhizophora stylosa (55 %o) Ceriops tagal (60 %o) Lumnitzera racemosa (90 %o) Bruguiera (umumnya < 25 %o) Bruguiera parviflora (20 %o) Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (10-25 %o) Mangrove zone Rare > 4 km except in shallow estuaria can 18 km (S. sembulang) dan > 30 km (Teluk Bintuni)

49 PENGARUH PASANG SURUT ZONASI MANGROVE (Tide table and Undation Frequency)

50 ADAPTATION excrete salts from the tissue hanging root syatem Vivipar=Kandelia Kandelia, Burguiera, ceriops)

51 Growth factors muddy tide Salinity

52 Threats to Mangrove Ecosystem Economic Government Policy Land Convertion

53 Ecological - Economic conflicts Human activity: Habitat loss Pollution Overharvesting ECOLOGICAL LOSS ECONOMIC WIN Biodiversity loss Conversion of Ecological Capital to Economic Capital Ethical and aesthetic costs not measured in $ Economic growth measured in $ how to compare?

54 Reasons to conserve species diversity: Ethical and aesthetic Evolutionary capital Functional importance in ecosystems & ecosystem services to humans

55 Coastal Ecosystem functions are biological processes that involve the flow of energy and nutrients in, out and through food webs. - Carbon fixation - Water purification - Pollination - Decomposition - Pest suppression - Production of biomass - Nitrogen fixation - Energy flow through food webs Ecosystem services are those ecosystem functions that benefit humans.

56 CORALL REEF ECOSYSTEM CONSERVATION IN MALACCA STRAITS

57 MERCI POUR VOTRE ATTENTION

58 Terima Kasih Merci 58