AEGIS AEGIS. Cretan Cities: Formation and Transformation. This volume. The editors. Florence Gaignerot-Driessen, Jan Driessen

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rapports de fouilles thèses de doctorat monographies actes de colloques AEGIS AEGIS 07 AEGIS 07 actes de colloques This volume This volume brings together a series of papers reflecting a number of

Eight Cretan sites (Axos, Phaistos, Prinias, Karphi, Dreros, Azoria, Praisos, and Itanos), recently excavated or re-excavated, are considered in their regional and historical context in order to

Florence Gaignerot-Driessen s work focuses on the formation process of the polis on Crete and the definition of social groups in Aegean protohistory.

Jan Driessen is Professor of Greek Archaeology at UCL and is a specialist of Minoan Crete.

1 rapports de fouilles thèses de doctorat monographies actes de colloques AEGIS AEGIS 07 AEGIS 07 actes de colloques This volume This volume brings together a series of papers reflecting a number of lectures given at the Université catholique de Louvain (UCL) in in the frame of a seminar entitled La naissance des cités crétoises. Eight Cretan sites (Axos, Phaistos, Prinias, Karphi, Dreros, Azoria, Praisos, and Itanos), recently excavated or re-excavated, are considered in their regional and historical context in order to explore the origin and early development of the Greek city-state on the island. Florence Gaignerot-Driessen s work focuses on the formation process of the polis on Crete and the definition of social groups in Aegean protohistory. She is involved in archaeological projects at Sissi, Dreros, and Anavlochos and currently teaches ancient history and archaeology at the University of Picardie (Amiens). Jan Driessen is Professor of Greek Archaeology at UCL and is a specialist of Minoan Crete. He co-directed excavations at Palaikastro and Malia, and since 2007 he has directed excavations at the Minoan site of Sissi. Together they collected and edited contributions by Eva Tegou (25th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities), Daniela Lefèvre-Novaro (University of Strasbourg), Antonella Pautasso (Institute of Archeological Heritage, Monuments and Sites/National Research Council), Saro Wallace (British School at Athens), Vasiliki Zographaki (24th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities) and Alexandre Farnoux (French School in Athens), Donald Haggis (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill), James Whitley (University of Cardiff), Didier Viviers and Athéna Tsingarida (Free University of Brussels). The series AEGIS (Aegean Interdisciplinary Studies) attempts to make the results of new archaeological research on Aegean and especially Minoan societies available to the scientific and wider public at a rapid pace. Monographs, PhD dissertations, proceedings of scientific meetings and excavation reports complete each other to offer a general view of this time frame which is of primary importance to understand the ancient world and its historical, political, symbolical and social sequences. Cretan Cities: Formation and Transformation The editors Cretan Cities: Formation and Transformation Florence Gaignerot-Driessen, Jan Driessen

2 Cretan Cities: Formation and Transformation

4 Cretan Cities: Formation and Transformation Edited by Florence Gaignerot-Driessen & Jan Driessen

5 Presses universitaires de Louvain, 2014 Registration of copyright: D/2014/9964/38 ISBN: ISBN PDF version: Printed in Belgium by CIACO scrl printer number All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, adapted or translated, in any form or by any means, in any country, without the prior permission of Presses universitaires de Louvain Graphic design: Marie-Hélène Grégoire Photograph: The double hill of Dreros (F. Gaignerot-Driessen) Volume set in Adobe InDesign CS6 by Nicolas Kress Distribution: on-line university publishers Available on order from bookshops or at Diffusion universitaire CIACO (University Distributors) Grand-Rue, 2/ Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium Tel: Fax: Distributor in France: Librairie Wallonie-Bruxelles 46 rue Quincampoix Paris, France Tel: Fax: librairie.wb@orange.fr

6 Contents Introduction 13 Reading Cretan Cities, writing Cretan cities Florence Gaignerot-Driessen 1. Axos, a Cretan City ( BC) 21 Eva Tegou 2. La naissance de la polis de Phaistos 43 Du site mycénien à la cité dorienne Daniela Lefèvre-Novaro 3. Prinias 59 Une cité crétoise de l Âge du Fer et son histoire Antonella Pautasso 4. The Creative City 79 The Construction of Cretan Society after the 1200 BC Collapse Saro Wallace 5. Dréros : Cité et sanctuaires 103 Vasiliki Zographaki Alexandre Farnoux 6. Azoria and Archaic Urbanization 119 Donald C. Haggis 7. Commensality and the "Citizen State" 141 The Case of Praisos James Whitley 8. Facing the Sea: Cretan Identity in a Harbour-city Context 165 Some Remarks on the Early Development of Itanos Didier Viviers Athéna Tsingarida

7 8. Some Remarks on the Early Development of Itanos 1 Didier Viviers Athéna Tsingarida e.g th Pol e.g infra for the so-called xenelasia th to us dating to the 6 th and 5 th th th c. developments, the production of elaborate crafts or luxurious objects e.g e.g. 1

8 Facing the Sea: Cretan Identity in a Harbour-city Context. Some remarks on the early development of Itanos Fig MAP OF THE AREA WITH ITANOS AND ROUSSOLAKOS (DRAWING BY D. VIVIERS & N. BLOCH, ULB - CREA-PATRIMOINE) 166

9 Cretan Cities: Formation and Transformation 1. th et alii et alii et alii et alii et alii et alii et alii et alii ca. et alii et alii rd nd et alii et alii milieux. th th th th. It seems, therefore, that after the general abandonment of the area during LM th th th. supra th th 167

10 Facing the Sea: Cretan Identity in a Harbour-city Context. Some remarks on the early development of Itanos Fig MAP OF THE SITE OF ITANOS WITH THE EXCAVATED ZONES (DRAWING BY P. DUBOEUF, EFA) 168

Cretan Cities: Formation and Transformation Fig. 8.3.

11 Cretan Cities: Formation and Transformation Fig ITANOS (WITH THE URBAN CENTRE) (PHOTOGRAPH BY D. VIVIERS, ULB - CREA-PATRIMOINE) rd 169

12 Facing the Sea: Cretan Identity in a Harbour-city Context. Some remarks on the early development of Itanos th 4 th 5. More IC Fig THE EAST ACROPOLIS (PHOTOGRAPH BY D. VIVIERS, ULB - CREA-PATRIMOINE) 4 5 contra 170

13 Cretan Cities: Formation and Transformation s.v. Itanos foundation legend is quite distinctive because it refers neither to the Minoan corpus nor to the narratives from other et alii th th SEG xenelasia Pol 6 th 6 xenelasia 171

Facing the Sea: Cretan Identity in a Harbour-city Context. Some remarks on the early development of Itanos. It is also during this same period that proxenia proxenos th Fig. 8.5.

14 Facing the Sea: Cretan Identity in a Harbour-city Context. Some remarks on the early development of Itanos. It is also during this same period that proxenia proxenos th Fig CYCLADIC CUP ITA (PHOTOGRAPH AND PROFILE DRAWING BY A. TSINGARIDA & A. STOLL, ULB - CREA- PATRIMOINE) ex nihilo another Itanos, located closer to proxenos proxenos contra 172

15 Cretan Cities: Formation and Transformation th th c., 2. acropoleis acropoleis th or beginning of rd et alii agora in the late 4 th rd et alii Fig THE WEST ACROPOLIS: TERRACE WALL (PHOTOGRAPH BY D. VIVIERS, ULB - CREA-PATRIMOINE) e.g. 173

Facing the Sea: Cretan Identity in a Harbour-city Context. Some remarks on the early development of Itanos Fig. 8.7. ITA.95.

BC) FROM THE WEST ACROPOLIS (PHOTOGRAPH BY A. TSINGARIDA, ULB - CREA-PATRIMOINE) Fig. 8.

16 Facing the Sea: Cretan Identity in a Harbour-city Context. Some remarks on the early development of Itanos Fig ITA : FRAGMENT OF A RED-FIGURE KRATER DECORATED WITH A FIGURE OF ATHENA (CA SECOND QUARTER OF THE 5 TH C. BC) FROM THE WEST ACROPOLIS (PHOTOGRAPH BY A. TSINGARIDA, ULB - CREA-PATRIMOINE) Fig PLUNDERED GRAVE (SP 6207) WITH ABANDONED POTTERY IN THE PLACE OF THE FUNERARY COVER SLAB WHICH WAS MOVED AWAY BY LOOTERS (PHOTOGRAPH BY D. VIVIERS, ULB - CREA-PATRIMOINE) 174

Cretan Cities: Formation and Transformation et alii dismantled the semata ca mid-1 st Fig. 8.9.

SKELETON RECUT (T18) TO DIG THE SECOND ONE (T17) (PHOTOGRAPH BY D.

17 Cretan Cities: Formation and Transformation et alii dismantled the semata ca mid-1 st Fig TWO TOMBS (T17-T18) DATING TO DIFFERENT PERIODS AND OVERLAPPING ONE ANOTHER: ONE WITH A SKELETON RECUT (T18) TO DIG THE SECOND ONE (T17) (PHOTOGRAPH BY D. VIVIERS, ULB - CREA-PATRIMOINE) Fig GENERAL VIEW OF THE NORTH CEMETERY (PHOTOGRAPH BY D. VIVIERS, ULB - CREA-PATRIMOINE) 175

Facing the Sea: Cretan Identity in a Harbour-city Context. Some remarks on the early development of Itanos Fig. 8.11.

18 Facing the Sea: Cretan Identity in a Harbour-city Context. Some remarks on the early development of Itanos Fig PROVISIONAL PLAN (2013) OF THE ARCHAIC COMPLEX (DRAWING SOLINE DELCROS, ULB-CREA-PATRIMOINE) hestia th th th th th th and 5 th th c., the cemeteries seem to be abandoned. This collapse th th th th semata 176

Cretan Cities: Formation and Transformation Fig. 8.12.

19 Cretan Cities: Formation and Transformation Fig ALTAR WITH MUD BRICKS ERECTED IN THE CORRIDOR OF THE ARCHAIC BUILDING (PHOTOGRAPH BY D. VIVIERS, ULB - CREA- PATRIMOINE) th hestia in situ found. th e.g. 177

Facing the Sea: Cretan Identity in a Harbour-city Context. Some remarks on the early development of Itanos Fig. 8.13.

20 Facing the Sea: Cretan Identity in a Harbour-city Context. Some remarks on the early development of Itanos Fig FUNERARY PITS CUT IN THE ROCK, 7 TH C. BC; ABOVE: PIT T44; BELOW: PIT T22 (PHOTOGRAPH BY D. VIVIERS, ULB - CREA-PATRIMOINE) 178

Cretan Cities: Formation and Transformation Fig. 8.14.

VIVIERS, ULB - CREA-PATRIMOINE) Fig. 8.15.

21 Cretan Cities: Formation and Transformation Fig FUNERARY MONUMENT N 18, 4 TH C. BC (PHOTOGRAPH BY D. VIVIERS, ULB - CREA-PATRIMOINE) Fig HEARTH WITH POTTERY DEPOSITED AFTER THE CLEANING OF THE ROOM BEFORE ITS ABANDONMENT (PHOTOGRAPH BY D. VIVIERS, ULB - CREA-PATRIMOINE) 179

22 Facing the Sea: Cretan Identity in a Harbour-city Context. Some remarks on the early development of Itanos 3. Concluding Remarks th References Philolologus The Atlas of Archaeology Excavations at Tocra : The Archaic Deposits I, BSA tions at Palaikastro, BSA. RDAC BSA AJAH. époques classiques et hellénistiques Les parentés légendaires entre cités grecques Kernos CRAI BCH Crete in Transition: Pottery Styles and Island History in the Archaic and Classical Periods, Hesperia 180

23 Cretan Cities: Formation and Transformation Kadmos ASAtene BCH Chiron et alii Beyond the Homeland: Markers in Phoenicians Chronology, L univers phénicien et alii et alii, Travaux menés en collaboration avec BCH et alii et alii, Travaux menés en collaboration avec BCH et alii et alii, Travaux menés en collaboration avec BCH et alii et alii, Travaux menés en collaboration avec BCH et alii et alii, Travaux menés en col- BCH et allii et alii, Travaux menés en BCH Hierapytna. Storia di une polis cretese dalla fondazione alla conquista romana Crete, in From Prehistoric Villages to Cities: Settlement Aggregation and Community Transformation, edited GRBS Kalpaxis et alii et alii - BCH Inschriftliche Gesetzestexte der frühen griechischen Polis L Habitat égéen prégistorique. Actes de la Table ronde internationale organisée par le Centre national de la recherche é de Paris I et l École française d Athènes (Athènes, juin 1987) BCH - BSA A selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions to the End of the Fifth Century Die Phoenizier 181

24 Facing the Sea: Cretan Identity in a Harbour-city Context. Some remarks on the early development of Itanos Defensible Sites in Crete c B.C. (LM IIIB/IIIC through Early Geometric Stega: The Archaeology of Houses and Households in Ancient Crete Hesperia Creta Antica Creta Antica Platon. Platon ArchDelt Platon Davaras. Platon K. Davaras Kret- Chron Cretan Sanctuaries and Cults: Continuity and Change from Late Minoan IIIC to the Archaic Period Revue de l Histoire des Religions e siècle, in La Méditerranée au VIIe siècle avant J.-C. (Essais d analyses archéologiques) BSA Greek Coins et alii Revue Archéologique Creta Antica Kommos IV.1 The Greek Sanctuary, Kommos V. The Monumental Minoan Buildings at Kommos, Cretan Locations. Discerning Site Variations in Iron Age and Archaic Crete ( B.C.), Actes du 2e Congrès international d études chypriotes. The Relations between Cyprus and Crete ca BC BCH Nomima. Recueil d inscriptions politiques et juridiques de l archaïsme grec BCH Pratiques et Identités culturelles des armées hellénistiques du monde méditerranéen, Hellenistic Warfare 182

AEGIS AEGIS. Cretan Cities: Formation and Transformation. This volume. The editors. Florence Gaignerot-Driessen, Jan Driessen

AEGIS AEGIS. Cretan Cities: Formation and Transformation. This volume. The editors. Florence Gaignerot-Driessen, Jan Driessen rapports de fouilles thèses de doctorat monographies actes de colloques AEGIS AEGIS 07 AEGIS 07 actes de colloques This volume This volume brings together a series of papers reflecting a number of lectures