University of Groningen. Reconstructing diet, tracing mobility Panagiotopoulou, Eleni

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1 University of Groningen Reconstructing diet, tracing mobility Panagiotopoulou, Eleni IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2018 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Panagiotopoulou, E. (2018). Reconstructing diet, tracing mobility: Ιsotopic approach to social change during the transition from the Bronze to the Early Iron Age in Thessaly, Greece. [Groningen]: University of Groningen. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date:

2 Reconstructing diet, tracing mobility Isotopic approach to social change during the transition from the Bronze to the Early Iron Age in Thessaly, Greece PhD thesis to obtain the degree of PhD at the University of Groningen on the authority of the Rector Magnificus Prof. E. Sterken and in accordance with the decision by the College of Deans. This thesis will be defended in public on Thursday 13 September 2018 at 11:00 hours by Eleni Panagiotopoulou born on 19 July 1976 in Athens, Greece

3 Supervisors Prof. S. Voutsaki Prof. J. van der Plicht Co-supervisor Dr. A. Papathanasiou Assessment committee Prof. J.P. Crielaard Prof. J.K. Papadopoulos Prof. M.P. Richards

4 To my family

5 Groningen Institute of Archaeology, University of Groningen ISBN: (printed book) (e-book) 2018 by Eleni Panagiotopoulou All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilised in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the prior permission of the author.

6 Acknowledgements Having reached the end of my PhD I would like to thank all the people that contributed to the successful completion of this project and for making this period a unique experience that definitely transformed me. First of all I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisors Prof. Sofia dr. Voutsaki, Greek Archaeology, Groningen Institute of Archaeology, University of Groningen and Prof. dr. ir. Johannes van der Plicht, Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Faculty of Science and Engineering Isotope Research Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen, University of Groningen and co-supervisor Dr. Anastasia Papathanasiou, Ephorate of Paleoanthropology and Speleology, Greek Ministry of Culture for believing in me and for their support during the entire period of this research project. Their academic influence was immense and I learned so much as their student. I would also like to deeply thank the three external examiners Prof. dr. J.P. Crielaard, Faculty of Humanities, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Prof. J.K. Papadopoulos, Department of Classics, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, UCLA and Prof. M.P. Richards, Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University for reading my work, for giving me very constructive comments that improved my thesis and for coming to the ceremony of my PhD defence. Of course, I would like to thank all the people that I had the pleasure to meet, work with and co-author the articles of this thesis. I will start with the archaeologists that honoured me with their trust working on the archaeological material they excavated and the corresponding archaeological ephorates that granted me access to the excavated assemblages to conduct my research: Dr. A. Doulgeri-Intzesiloglou, Director Emerita of the Ephorate of Antiquities of Magnesia and excavator and researcher of the site of Chloe; Mrs. P. Arachoviti, Archaeologist of the Ephorate of Antiquities of Magnesia and excavator and researcher of the site of Chloe; Dr. S. Katakouta, Archaeologist of the Ephorate of Antiquities of Larisa and the excavator and researcher of the site of Pharsala; Mrs. F. Tsiouka, Archaeologist of the Ephorate of Antiquities of Karditsa and researcher of the site of Voulokaliva; and Mrs. E. Nikolaou, Archaeologist of the Ephorate of Antiquities of Magnesia and excavator and researcher of the site of Kephalosi. I will continue with the lab people that accepted my request to work in the laboratories and conduct all the isotope analyses myself, taught me a lot, helped to go through the lab requirements, and created a very friendly and happy atmosphere to work in: Dr. J. Montgomery, Associate Professor (Reader) in Archaeological Science at the Department of Archaeology, Durham University; Dr. G.M. Nowell, Senior Research Officer in the Department of Earth Sciences at Durham University; Ms. J. Peterkin, Research Laboratory Technician at the Department of Earth Sciences at Durham University; everyone at the laboratory of the CIO, Faculty of Science and Engineering Isotope Research Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen for the friendly environment but special thanks to Mr. F.N. Ghebru, Analyst at the CIO with whom I closely collaborated; Dr. O. Nehlich, post-doctoral fellow (Stipend of the German Science Foundation - DFG) at The University of British Columbia - Department of Anthropology, at the time I visited the laboratory; and Ms. E. Jarvis, Laboratory Technician at the University of British Columbia - Department of Anthropology, also at the time I visited the laboratory. Many thanks to all the people at the Groningen Institute of Archaeology, both academic and non-academic staff because I learned from them so much more outside my own research field, they helped me to resolve simple everyday difficulties and the introduced me to their wonderful country, the Netherlands. Furthermore, I would like to thank my peers at the department for the influential conversations we had both on academic and non-academic topics. Special gratitude to my academic roommates Tamara M. Dijkstra, Olivia A. Jones, Dr. Tanja van Loon and Dr. Sarah Willemsen for their warm and open heart and moral and academic support as well as for becoming lifetime friends. Of course I want to express separately my deep gratitude to Tamara M. Dijkstra and Olivia A. Jones for Acknowledgements 5

7 accepting the role of paranymph at my PhD defence, for improving my thesis with their clear view and comments and for organizing the defence party. Last but not least I would like to say to my family and friends in Greece thank you for your moral support and for being patient with the difficulties that my absence might have caused to you. A significant part of my future is dedicated to you. 6 Reconstructing Diet, Tracing Mobility Eleni Panagiotopoulou

8 Contents PART I 1.1 Summary...11 Samenvatting...13 Περίληψη Scope and Aims The Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age The End of Late Bronze Age The Early Iron Age (EIA) Thessaly in the Early Iron Age Mortuary practices in Protogeometric Thessaly (c BC) Questions and Theories Methodology Contextual analysis of mortuary practices Isotope analysis...26 Tissue...27 Stable carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur isotope analysis (CNS)...27 Strontium isotope analysis Sampling osteological material...34 i. Carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur isotope analysis (CNS)...34 ii. Strontium isotope analysis Contextual analysis of the mortuary practices of Voulokaliva and Kephalosi in Halos, Chloe, and Pharsala...35 i. Quality of documentation...35 ii. Assumptions underlying the contextual analysis of mortuary practices The Protogeometric cemeteries of Halos: Voulokaliva and Kephalosi...37 The cemetery of Voulokaliva...37 The Cemetery of Kephalosi...39 Discussion...41 Discussion of Main Patterns...43 Research Questions concerning Halos The Protogeometric cemetery of Chloe...43 Discussion...45 Discussion of main patterns...46 Research questions concerning Chloe The Protogeometric cemeteries of Pharsala...46 Site 1- cemetery / tumulus...47 Site Discussion...49 Discussion of main patterns...51 Research questions concerning Pharsala Main Patterns of the Sites Conclusions, Questions, and Hypotheses Variation and differentiation Change and continuity...53 PART II Introduction...57 Chapter 2 Isotopic ( 13 C, 15 N) investigation of diet and social structure in Early Iron Age Halos, Greece Introduction Materialς and methods Materialς...61 i. The Protogeometric cemetery of Kephalosi...61 ii. The Protogeometric cemetery of Voulokaliva Methods...62 i. Age-sex determination...62 ii. Contextual analysis...62 iii. Sampling strategy for diet reconstruction...62 iv. Isotope analysis Results Collagen preservation Demographic profile and contextual analysis Carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis Discussion Conclusions...71 Chapter 3 Diet and social divisions in protohistoric Greece: integrating analyses of stable isotopes and mortuary practices Introduction Materials and Methods Materials...75 i. The cemeteries of Pharsala...75 ii. The cemetery of Chloe...75 iii. The human osteological assemblage Methods...75 i. Osteological analysis...75 ii. Contextual analysis...75 iii. Sampling design...76 iv. Isotope analysis Results and Discussion Demographic profile Contextual analysis of the mortuary data Sampling Isotope analysis Conclusions...87 Chapter 4 Fish consumption in Early Iron Age Greece? Sulfur stable isotope analysis of human populations Introduction Archaeological, archaeozoological, and isotopic evidence of fish consumption in Greece...90 Contents 7

9 Sulfur isotope ratios in mammalian collagen Material and methods Materials...92 i. Voulokaliva...92 ii. Kephalosi...92 iii. Pharsala...92 iv. Chloe Methods Results and Discussion Conclusions...97 Chapter 5 Detecting mobility in Early Iron Age Thessaly by strontium isotope analysis Introduction Archaeological context Variation in burial practices The environmental context of Greece and Thessaly Materials and method Enamel and environmental samples Strontium isotope analysis Laboratory procedure Strontium isotope results Chloe Voulokaliva Pharsala Population movements in the Early Iron Age Conclusions PART III Chapter 6 Discussion & Conclusions Discussion Social Variation and Differentiation Change and Continuity Conclusions Chapter 7 Appendices Appendix 1: Maps Appendix 2: Excavation Plans Appendix 3: Charts Appendix 4: Tables Appendix 5: Isotopic Plots References Reconstructing Diet, Tracing Mobility Eleni Panagiotopoulou

10 PART I

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