Cover Page. The handle holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation

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1 Cover Page The handle holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation Author: Roussos, K. Title: Reconstructing the settled landscape of the Cyclades : the islands of Paros and Naxos during the late antique and early Byzantine centuries Issue Date:

2 RECONSTRUCTING THE SETTLED LANDSCAPE OF THE CYCLADES The islands of Paros and Naxos during the Late Antique and Early Byzantine centuries

3 Archaelogical Studies Leiden University is published by Leiden University Press, the Netherlands Series editors: M. E. R. G. N. Jansen and H. Kamermans Cover design: Joanne Porck Coverpage image: Map of Paros and Naxos with viewshed analysis showing the visibility from Kastro Apalirou Layout: Samira Damato Illustrations: Konstantinos Roussos ISBN e-isbn NUR 682 Konstantinos Roussos / Leiden University Press, 2017 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owner and the author of the book. This book is distributed in North America by the University Press of Chicago

4 ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES LEIDEN UNIVERSITY 40 Reconstructing the Settled Landscape of the Cyclades The islands of Paros and Naxos during the Late Antique and Early Byzantine centuries PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van Rector Magnificus prof.mr. Carel Stolker, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties te verdedigen op donderdag 12 oktober 2017 klokke uur door Konstantinos Roussos geboren te Paros, Griekenland in 1984

5 Promotiecommissie Promotor: Prof. J. Bintliff, Universiteit Leiden Overige leden: Dr. A. Vionis, University of Cyprus Prof. J. Kolen, Universiteit Leiden Prof. J. Zangenberg, Universiteit Leiden Prof. L. de Ligt, Universiteit Leiden Prof. F. Vermeulen, Universiteit Gent Dr. C. Tsigonaki, University of Crete

6 Contents Acknowledgements IX 1. Introduction The Late Antique and Early Medieval Cyclades as case studies Methodological approaches, aims and methods The historiographical questions and the contribution of Landscape Archaeology in Late Antique and the Byzantine period 1.4. A history of research Natural environment Introduction Geography and geomorphology The social and economic history of the Cyclades Introduction Aegean Sea: connectivity and integration Late Antique or the Late Roman Era (early 4 th middle 7 th c.) Introduction The political and military history of the Cyclades The ecclesiastical history of the Cyclades Social and economic aspects The Byzantine Early Middle Ages (late 7 th early 10 th c.) Introduction The administrative history of the Cyclades Life in the Aegean under the shadow of the Arab presence Internal conflicts The ecclesiastical history of the Cyclades Natural disasters The Middle Byzantine Period (middle 10 th early 13 th c.) Introduction The political and ecclesiastical history of the Middle Byzantine Cyclades The social and economic conditions in the Cyclades Summary and conclusions 48 V

7 4. The settlement pattern and material culture of the island of Paros The Parian landscape The region of Parikia: a diachronic Aegean coastal urban centre Landscape and micro-topography A history of research The ancient city of Paros: a brief historical background The urban topography (Archaic to Roman times) The Late Antique city of Paros: aspects of urban change Socioeconomic aspects of the Late Antique city of Paros: a re-evaluation of the sculptural decoration of Ekatontapiliani Ekatontapiliani and Paros: a monumental church in a small island Extramural topography and ancient road network in the region of Parikia throughout Late Antiquity Evidence of the Dark Ages in the region of Parikia The region of Naoussa: an Aegean coastal pottery production centre A unique Cycladic landscape A history of research The region of Naoussa from the Prehistoric to the Roman period Archaeological evidence in the region of Naoussa from Late Antiquity Evidence of the Byzantine Early Middle Ages in the bay of Naoussa The region of Naoussa in its Aegean context North central Paros Landscape and micro-topography The Parian marble and sculpture workshops in Late Antiquity The settlement pattern within the Marathi basin in Late Antiquity Eastern coast of Paros: an extensive productive zone Landscape and micro-topography A rural community at Stavros in the northern part of the plain The settlement pattern along the coastline of Isterni, Glifades and Tsoukalia The settlement pattern in the regions of Archilochos and Marpissa (Kato Choria) in the south part of the plain 4.6. Southwest Paros Landscape and micro-topography The region of Voutakos: a settlement with twofold orientation Placing Voutakos in a wider regional and Aegean context The area of Episkopiana: a small rural site Conclusions VI

8 5. The settlement pattern and material culture of the island of Naxos The Naxian landscape The region of Chora: a diachronic Aegean coastal urban centre Landscape and micro-topography The ancient city of Naxos: a brief history of research and a historical background The Roman and Late Antique city of Naxos: a changing townscape The periphery of the ancient city of Naxos Late Antique material culture and trade networks The city of Naxos in the Byzantine Early Middle Ages Western lowland Naxos Landscape and micro-topography The regions of Eggares and Faneromeni The valley of Plaka The small plateau of Kechrees The plain of Polichni The region of Saggri Material culture from Gyroulas: the evidence of sculpture The region of Marathos The Kastro Apalirou Apalirou environs Placing western Naxos in a wider Aegean context Mountainous central Naxos Landscape and micro-topography The region of Potamia The region of Tragea The regions of Apiranthos and Danakos A comparative view of the settled landscapes of central Naxos Evidence of a mixed agro/pastoral economy on central Naxos Southeast Naxos Landscape and micro-topography The production centre of Chimarros and the commercial port of Panormos North Naxos Landscape and micro-topography Evidence for settlement pattern on northern Naxos Conclusions 270 VII

9 6. Paros and Naxos in context A comparative view of the settled landscapes of Paros and Naxos during Late Antiquity Urban landscape Rural landscape Aspects of social life in the insular societies of Paros and Naxos Paros, Naxos and the Cyclades within the highly interactive Mediterranean world during Late Antiquity Paros and Naxos in the transition to the Byzantine Early Middle Ages: two different stories The Early Byzantine Aegean world from a different perspective Naxos: an example of gradual and smooth transition to the Byzantine Early Middle Ages Paros: a diametrically opposed story The involvement of landscape in the contrasting picture between Paros and Naxos Naxos, Paros and the Cyclades from the Middle 9 th to the 12 th century General concluding remarks 301 References 303 Nederlandse samenvatting 335 About the author 337 VIII