Settlement Timeline. 1. The Hunter-Gatherers of Mount Sandel. 2. The New Stone Age Settlers. 3. Early Christian Monastic Settlements. 4.

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1 Settlement

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4 Settlement Timeline 1. The Hunter-Gatherers of Mount Sandel 2. The New Stone Age Settlers 3. Early Christian Monastic Settlements 4. The Vikings 5. The Normans 6. Later Monastic Settlements after 1100 AD 7. Plantation Towns 16 th 17 th Century 8. Landlord Towns 17 th Century. Long Period of Emigration 1840 s onwards 9. Large scale Immigration to Ireland from the 1990 s to today

5 Who were the Pre-Christian settlers? Stone age: 7000 BC, the first settlers walked to Ireland on land bridges. They settled on the north east and east coasts. They survived by hunting, fishing and gathering. Reasons why they settled where they settled. Near Britain. Dense forests prevented them from moving inland. Near water for drinking, cooking, cleaning and food. Near coasts for easy defence.

6 Neolithic: 4000 BC The first farmers came from Britain, France and the Iberian peninsula in open boats. They brought cattle, sheep, goats and cereal grains with them. Reasons they settled where they settled. For the same reasons as the stone age people. There was well drained fertile land where they could rear animals and grow cereal crops.

7 The Celts: 800BC the Celts had more advanced technology (Iron age tools), this meant they could clear large areas of forest and make stronger settlements. Settlements were no longer tied to river and lake side sites. They began to grow along route ways, human settlement became more widely Dispersed throughout the land.

8 The First Settlers in Ireland Pre-Christian The first people who settled in Ireland were the Hunter-Gatherers of Mount Sandel. They arrived in Ireland about 9000 years ago, and settled beside the River Bann.

9 Why did Pre-Christians settle in Mount Sandel? They used the water from the River Bann for cooking, and washing. They used the river as a transport route. There were no roads. They also caught fish in the river for food. They got flint for their stone weapons in Co. Antrim. They hunted wild pigs and deer in the forests. They gathered nuts and fruits in the forests.

10 Proof Archeologists have found bones of deer, hare and small birds in Middens (rubbish heaps) at these locations.

11 New Stone Age Settlers The Boyne Valley The New Stone Age (Neolithic) settlers arrived in Ireland after 5000BC. Their lives differed from the hunter-gatherers in one important way. These people had started to keep animals and plant crops. In other words, they had started farming. They settled in the Boyne Valley because; The River Boyne was a transport and communication route. They got water from the river, as well as fish. The soils in the Boyne Valley are fertile and so they are good for farming. They could hunt deer and other animals in the forests if they needed food.

12 Proof They cooked meat in fulacht fia, the remains of which have been found dotted around the Irish landscape. They built large stone graves called megalithic tombs which survive today. For example in the Boyne valley and The Burren in County Clare. The Boyne valley has alluvial soil which was excellent for growing crops.

13 OS question on settlement With reference to the OS Map, what evidence do we have that New Stone Age settlers lived in the Boyne Valley?

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15 The Celts In 800 BC the Celts came to Ireland. They brought iron age implements and built defensive settlements in Ireland. They built hill forts on elevated sites, promontory forts on small headlands and Cranogs on small islands in lakes. They brought the Irish language to Ireland, this is evidenced by place names we use today. Eg Dun = fort (Dun Aengus) Inis = Island (Inismore)

16 Needs of the early settlers The need for water A constant clean water supply was needed for drinking, washing and cooking. They chose the following sites for settlement; eg. Near lakes such as Lough Gur in Limerick..

17 The need for food The first settlers were hunters, gatherers and fisherfolk. They settled near water (for fishing) and woodland (for hunting and berry gathering). The first farmers planted crops and vegetables and they also reared animals. They settled in upland areas where the soil was well-drained and fertile. They also settled in river valleys (alluvial soil)

18 The need for defence Elevated (high) sites particularly hilltops were chosen for defence. The earliest known defensive settlement in Ireland is Lough Gur in Limerick (4000 BC) It was built on an island. It was built on a hilltop. The houses and enclosed area were surrounded by a bank of stone or earth. Huge stone spikes were placed in front of the fort.

19 The need for communications As Ireland was densely forested, water routes were the most accessible forms of transport. Rivers and lakeside settlements provide an easy, safe method of transport. Journeys were often made by canoe. Settlements were located near lakes such as Lough Gur in Limerick. By 300 BC the Iron-age was well established in Ireland with stone tools being replaced with iron ones. Much forest cover was moved and a network of tracks was established. Oak timbers were laid down over bogland over the midlands, these were called Toghers. In the midlands people travelled along eskers

20 Nucleated settlements in Ireland Social and historical - Past patterns and processes - Primacy of Dublin Resources and terrain - Altitude - Drainage patterns - Land quality

21 Social and historical factors Over time different settlers came from different places into Ireland. Their settlements grew into towns over time. Each wave of settlers had different reasons for their choice of location

22 Viking Settlements The Vikings came to Ireland around 800AD. They came in boats from Scandinavia. They settled along the coastline at river estuaries. Can you name any places where they settled? Why did they settle in these places?

23 Viking Settlements Many Viking settlements developed along the coast and on river estuaries. Many of the place names end in ford which comes from the Scandinavian word fjord.

24 Monastic Settlements Monasteries were built by monks after St. Patrick brought Christianity to Ireland. These monasteries were built in remote places like Glendalough. Other monks came to Ireland later, such as the Franciscans. They came in the 1100 s and set up many monasteries. These helped the towns to grow. Can you name any towns that grew around monastic sites? What evidence do we have today that monasteries were built in Ireland?

25 Norman Settlements The Normans invaded Ireland in the 12 th Century. Interested in fertile land They built great castles, often along the banks of rivers so they could defend themselves. They settled mainly in the south and east of Ireland. Can you name any towns that started as Norman settlements?

26 Norman Settlements Trim Kilkenny Carrigfergus Athenry Dublin

27 Plantation Towns The Ulster Plantation In the 16 th and 17 th centuries the British people came to Ireland to set up towns. Parts of Ireland were planted or settled by people loyal to the Queen of England. These are known as plantation towns. Examples in Ulster can be seen in Fig Other Plantation towns are Portarlington, Portlaoise, Youghal, and Mallow.

28 Landlord Towns After the plantations, many landlords built towns on the lands they had been given. They built spacious, well planned towns with fine architectural buildings. They had straight streets, town squares and English architecture. Examples include Abbeyleix, Birr, Kilrush, and Strokestown.

29 Modern Settlement If we examine OS Maps of Ireland today we find 3 different types of settlement. Linear: A line of houses along a road. Nucleated: A bunch of houses grouped together. Dispersed: Houses spread apart from each other.

30 The Primacy of Dublin Dublin is a primate city. A primate city is a city that is twice as big as the second biggest city in the same country. For example, Dublin is twice as big as Cork, so it is a primate city. Can you name any other primate cities in the other Countries?

31 Why did Dublin become a Primate City? 1. Dublin is where the government of Ireland sits. 2. It is Ireland s main port, largest airport and thousands of employees. 3. It is Ireland s main transport focus. (Air, Sea, Rail, Roads). 4. It is Ireland s most important educational, cultural, and commercial centre. It is the centre for shopping and tourism too. 5. Ireland s most important financial centre, banks and HQs Dublin is therefore a zone of attraction for migrants, and foreign direct investment.

32 Dublin A Route Focus in Ireland All of the transport routes in Ireland focus on Dublin.

33 Dublin Centralisation Dublin is multi-functional and rapidly growing. During the celtic tiger years many MNC s moved there 28% of the population live there. Decentralisation The government tried to stop Dublin s rapid growth by decentrailisation. They relocated government offices. The project was halted in 2008 due to the downturn.

34 The Influence of Resources & Terrain on Settlement The following factors influence where towns and villages develop. 1. Altitude Little settlement occurs in upland areas. They are too cold, wet, and windy. It is also too difficult to build in the mountains. 2. Rivers Rivers attract settlement. In the past they were important for water, transport, and food. Fertile soil is also found alongside many rivers which is good for farming. Many towns also developed at bridge points. Ath in a town name indicates a crossing point. The largest urban centres in Ireland are located on river mouths or estuaries. Eg Dublin, Cork, Limerick and Waterford. 3. Land Quality Fertile land attracts settlement. This is why more people settled in the south and east of Ireland. The land is less fertile in the west. Marshy, infertile, flood land repels settlement. Towns in rich agricultural land thrived. Coastal settlements often attracted a fishing or tourist function so settlements grew. Marshlands often had settlements grow around the peat industry..

35 Coastal Settlements Ireland has many coastal towns and villages. They developed around the ports as fishing villages such as Killybegs. Other towns developed around beaches such as Tramore and Bundoran. With reference to the OS Map explain 2 reasons why Dunmore East developed in this location.

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37 With reference to the OS Map of Caher, explain in detail 3 reasons why the town of Caher developed at this place

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41 Settlement in the Netherlands - Polders The Netherlands is a small country with a population of 16 million people. It has the highest population density in Western Europe (395 per km2) The people have reclaimed areas of land from the sea. This new land is called a Polder. Polders have given new farmland and space to live. How were the polders created? 1. A large dam was built across the mouth of a large coastal inlet. 2. Water was pumped out of the inlet, making it dry land. 3. Roads were built and farms were laid out on the land. 4. People moved onto the land.

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43 How? A barrier dam enclosed lake Ijssel. Salt water was pumped out. New polders were created by building dykes of mud and stone. Roads were laid out, drainage channels excavated and pumps controlled water levels. Roads, farms and villages were planned.

44 Settlement Patterns on the Polders Settlement on the polders is in a planned radial pattern. A large town was built in the centre of the polder. It provides all the services needed for the population who live there. Smaller villages were built in a radial pattern around the main town.

45 The Polders as Overspill Zones The polders have acted as overspill zones for many people who lived in the large cities like Amsterdam and Rotterdam. People have moved from these cities and settled on the Eastern and southern polders in cities such as Lelystad and Almere.

46 The Functions of Nucleated Settlements Nucleated settlements (towns and villages) provide many different functions to the people who live there. Settlement type Function Village Market Defensive Resource based Port Residential Recreational Ecclesiastical Small range of services, groceries, petrol, church, school. More services, banking, supermarket, clothes shops Began on easily defended sites. Castle or ruins remain. Town develops around a coal mine, or other mineral mine. Town developed at a port or docks. People live there but travel to nearby city to work each day. Town developed around beach or other leisure facility. A religious function, caters for people s spiritual needs.

47 Settlement in a River Basin The Shannon Many towns have developed along the course of the River Shannon. These towns developed for many different reasons. For e.g. Foynes is a port settlement. Athlone started as a defensive settlement. Clonmacnoise started as an Ecclesiastical settlement. Killaloe has a leisure function for boating activities in Lough Derg.

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50 Different Functions of Limerick City Limerick began as a defensive settlement. The Vikings settled in Limerick. The Normans settled there later and built King John s Castle. Limerick later developed into a market town. It grew as a bridge point of the River Shannon. It became a route focus. Limerick s port also helped the town to grow as a market town. Limerick has many functions today. It has an important residential function with many suburbs around the city centre. It also has an important educational function with 3 third level colleges.

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52 Settlement in a River Basin The Rhine The River Rhine is one of the busiest and most important rivers in Europe. It is used to transport huge amounts of goods into Europe. Many large towns and cities have developed along the course of the Rhine.

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54 Koln (Cologne) Change over time Market function: As one of the most important bridge points on the Rhine, the city is a major route focus for road and rail routes. It s a modern market centre with shopping and business functions. Port function: One of the Rhine s most important inland ports. River cruises, barges and ocean going vessels all use these waters. Recreational function: Beautiful city with Belfries, Cathedral spires and bridges. It has interesting medieval architecture. The streets near the main cathedral are lined with bookshops, art galleries, coffee shops and boutiques.

55 Change in Function Over Time - Navan

56 Change in Function Over Time - Navan

57 Change in Function Over Time - Navan Settlements may change their function over time. Navan first developed as a market settlement. It was an important manufacturing town with furniture and carpet manufacturers in the past. In the 1970 s Navan also became a resource-based settlement when the largest lead and zinc mine in Europe was opened there. This brought new wealth and jobs to the area. The population increased as a result. It employed 670 people in Navan has also developed a residential function. Many people who work in Dublin live in Navan. They commute to Dublin each day to work. It is a dormitory town.

58 Population Increase in Navan

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60 Large Scale Industrial Development - Clarecastle Clarecastle in Co. Clare is another example of a town whose function has changed over time. It began as a bridging point over the River Fergus. The Normans built a castle there in the 13 th century so the town had a defensive function. It also had a port function in the 19 th century as ships unloaded grain for Ennis. In the 1970 s a large chemical factory opened in the town. This factory brought new jobs to the area and money to the local economy. Clarecastle s main function today is a manufacturing function, the pharmaceutical plant Roche is located there. It is a dormitory town for workers in Shannon and Limerick.

61 Large Scale Industrial Development - Clarecastle

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64 Irish road networks Laid out when Ireland was a British colony. Dublin became the main port for the export of raw materials. The road network is radial from Dublin.

65 Roads aid the development of settlements Manufacturing towns and industrial estates need good access for trucks. Shannon and it s industrial estates are served by the N18 and N19. Market towns grow with access to their hinterlands (shopping and services). Dormitory towns grow. Naas, Navan, Drogheda, Wicklow commuter towns connected by motorway. Urban centres at crossing points become an important route focus, this increases traffic to urban centres and helps them develop. Tourist towns need good road access.

66 EU airports Air routes link urban centres. They improve accessibility. Air transport is popular today because; The population of western Europe is wealthy. Low cost airlines and competitive prices have greatly reduced air fares. Examples: Heathrow (70+ million per year), Schiphol, Paris, Barcelona and Frankfurt.

67 Airports serving London Heathrow Stansted Gatwick London city Luton

68 Shannon airport Shannon airport is very important to nearby urban centres. Many people living and working in the airport live in nearby dormitory towns. In 1962 Shannon new town was developed, many airport workers live here.

69 Transport on the Rhine Many large urban centres are located on the banks of the river Rhine. It s navigable river reaching through Europe to Switzerland. Rotterdam Europort is one of the world s largest ports. It imports crude oil, metal ores, timbers and chemical raw materials

70 Manufacturing cities The Rhine waterway has aided the growth of manufacturing cities on it s banks. The Rhine gives industries access to raw materials. Heavy industries are located in Duisburg and Koln. Barges also travel on the Rhine s tributaries. Tourists travel on cruise on the Rhine