Cestujeme Karpatami - Mestá. Traveling the Carpathians - Towns

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3 Cestujeme Karpatami - Mestá Traveling the Carpathians - Towns

4 Cestujeme Karpatami - Mestá Traveling the Carpathians - Towns Autori/ Authors Slovensko/Slovakia: Mária Naďová Maďarsko/Hungary: László Brigita Poľsko/Poland: Mariusz Czuba, Lidia Kaminska Rumunsko/Romania: Bogdan Lazar Ukrajina/Ukraine: Mykhailo Syrokhman Redakčná úprava/ Editorial Adjusting: Mária Naďová Fotografie/Photos: Mykhailo Syrokhman, Jozef Grondžel, Mária Naďová and others Design: Beki Design s.r.o. Tlač/Print: Beki Design s.r.o.,košice Preklad/ Translation: Mária Naďová, Marius Czuba, Mykhailo Syrokhman, Michal Naď, Bogdan Lazar Pre Región Karpaty, združenie právnických osôb a Slovenskú kanceláriu KER, Košice vydalo vydavateľstvo Beki Design s.r.o., Košice v roku Published in 2008 by Publisher Beki Design s.r.o., Košice for the Assotiation Carpathian Euroregion and the Slovak Office of the Carpathian Euroregion. Publikácia bola vydaná v rámci projektu Cestujeme Karpatmi VII - Mestá vďaka finančnej pomoci Ministerstva výstavby a regionálneho rozvoja SR, združenia Karpatský euroregión Slovensko. Published within the project Traveling the Carpathians VII - Towns with the financial support from the Ministry of Civil Construction and Regional Development of the Slovak Republic and Assotiation Carpathian Euroregion Slovakia. V rámci edície Cestujeme Karpatmi doteraz vyšli /Former publishings within the Traveling the Carpathians Edition : Cestujeme Karpatmi Drevené kostolíky a zvonice/wooden Churches and Belfries Cestujeme Karpatmi Kúpele /Spas Cestujeme Karpatmi Hrady, zámky a kaštiele /Castles and Manor Houses Cestujeme Karpatmi Prírodné krásy /Natural Beauties Cestujeme Karpatmi Ľudová architektúra /Rural Heritage Cestujeme Karpatmi To najkrajšie v Euroregióne/ The Most Beautiful Parts in Euroregion Neprešlo jazykovou úpravou/ Publication has no language correction ISBN

5 ÚVOD INTRODUCTION Pohoria územia Karpatského euroregiónu dominujú rázu krajiny, determinujú spoločenskú i kultúrnu špecifickosť oblasti, typy a štruktúru osídlení ako aj povahu umenia i samotných ľudí. Karpaty sú súčasťou vonkajších a vnútorných Východných Karpát. Tvoria centrálnu časť km dlhého Karpatského oblúka tiahnuceho sa od ústia rieky Moravy do Dunaja pri Bratislave až k Železným vrátam v Rumunsku. Rôzne nájazdy prinútili výstavbu opevnených sídiel, ktoré chránili kupcov a ich tovar proti tulákom alebo im poskytli azyl počas nepriateľských nájazdov /nájazd Tatárov v 13. storočí a Turkov v 16. storočí/. Z dôvodu zlej prístupnosti ako aj umiestnenia na strmých bralách, sa vlastníci neskôr presťahovali do pohodlnejších a lepšie dostupných kaštieľov v sídlach, z ktorých väčšina vznikla v stredoveku. Rozvoj a tvarovanie osídlenia sa snúbilo s topografickými danosťami, kultúrou a tradíciami, ovplyvňovanými rôznymi kolonizačnými vlnami. Výsledkom sú architektonické, historické a urbanistické hodnoty jednotlivých sídiel, z ktorých tie, ktoré sa nachádzali na strategických miestach, sa rozvinuli do miest. 15. storočie znamená pre mnohé mestá tohto územia rozvoj obchodu. Vzhľadom k množstvu historických pamiatok, ale aj ucelenému urbanistickému komplexu, niektoré z nich sú dnes chránené ako mestské pamiatkové rezervácie /napr. na Slovensku je to centrum mesta Bardejov/, alebo sú zapísané do Zoznamu svetového kultúrneho a prírodného dedičstva UNESCO / napr. mesto Ľvov na Ukrajine/. Mestá boli zároveň dôležitou súčasťou historických ciest ako Gotická, Poštová, Železná, Vínna, Malá jantárová a pod. Boli predurčené pre obchod a to hlavne kvôli ich výhodnej polohe. Prekvital tu obchod od Baltického po Stredozemné more. Mnohé z nich sa nachádzali na zozname "Mestá sveta", publikovaného v Kolíne nad Rýnom v roku 1617 v práci J. Brauna a F. Hoghenberga. Medzi ne patrili napríklad Ľvov na Ukrajine, Košice na Slovensku a Krosno v Poľsku. Mountains on the Carpathian Euroregion territory dominate its landscape; determine social and cultural peculiarities of the land, types of settlements and structures, character of art and of people themselves. Carpathian mountains are a part of the external and internal Eastern Carpathians and build up central part of the 1500 km long arch of the Carpathian mountains stretching from the estuary of the Morava (March) River through the Danube river by Bratislava to the Iron Gates in Romania. Various invasions had stimulated construction of fortified settlements aimed to protect merchants and their goods from bush rangers, or they served as a refuge during raids (the invasion by Tatars in 13th century or forays of Turks in the 16th century). From badly accessible, situated on steep reefs, castles the owners later moved to more convenient and easy reachable manors in the settlements. The majority of them have their origins in the Middle Ages. The basis of their present urban pattern got formed during that period as a result of combination of local topography with the culture and traditions brought to the region by various colonist waves. It is reflected in architectural, historical and urban values of individual settlements. Some of them on the strategically important territories were developed into the towns. The 15th century meant the commerce development for many of the towns in the territory. A lot of them are currently preserved for their historical monuments, or even as historical complexes as town monuments reservation / for example center of the town Bardejov in Slovakia/ or they are listed on the World Cultural and natural Heritage List UNESCO /for example town Lvov in Ukraine/. Towns were the important points on the historical roads such as Gothic road, Post road, Wine root, Minor Amber road etc. They were predetermined for trading, due to their suitable, advantageous location. Merchandise from the Baltic countries to The Mediterranean Sea was traded here. A lot of them were included in the work oh J. Braun and F. Hoghenberg entitled The Towns of the World, published in Cologne in For example it was Lvov /Ukraine/, Košice / Slovakia/, Krosno /Poland/. Slovensko bolo v minulosti križovatkou 5

6 SLOVENSKO SLOVAKIA Európy. Obchodné cesty viedli zo severu na východ a z východu za západ. Rôzne nájazdy prinútili výstavbu opevnených sídiel, ktoré chránili kupcov a ich tovar proti tulákom alebo im poskytli azyl počas nepriateľských nájazdov. Mnohé pevnosti nikdy neboli dobyté. Z dôvodu zlej prístupnosti ako aj umiestnenia na strmých bralách, sa vlastníci neskôr presťahovali do pohodlnejších a lepšie dostupných kaštieľov v sídlach, z ktorých väčšina vznikla v stredoveku. V stredoveku cez tieto mestá viedli dôležité obchodné cesty, spájajúce Baltické more s Čiernym ako aj vnútrozemie Uhorska s Poľskom. 15. storočie znamená pre mnohé mestá tohto územia rozvoj obchodu. Najmocnejšie mestá sa 6

7 v 15. storočí združili do asociácie, zvanej Pentapolitana. Patrili tam slobodné kráľovské mestá Košice, Prešov, Levoča, Bardejov a Sabinov. O 100 rokov neskôr k nim pribudol Kežmarok. Vytvorila sa tu aj Asociácia 7 banských miest. Rozvoj a tvarovanie osídlenia sa snúbilo s topografickými danosťami, kultúrou a tradíciami, ovplyvňovanými rôznymi kolonizačnými vlnami regiónu. Výsledkom sú architektonické, historické a urbanistické hodnoty jednotlivých sídiel. V každom z nich nájdeme unikátne prvky architektúry a urbanizmu. Na území východného Slovenska sa nachádza 8 z 18 mestských pamiatkových rezervácií a 5 zo 7 lokalít, zapísaných v zozname Svetového kultúrneho a prírodného dedičstva UNESCO. Sídla doplňuje pestrý vysočinový reliéf na severe, ktorý je rozčlenený viacerými kotlinami. Všetky pohoria a kotliny sú súčasťou Karpát. Slovakia has been a crossroad of Europe since the old times. Driveways of traders in the two main directions (North - South and East - West), and even more various invasions had stimulated construction of fortified settlements aimed to protect merchants and their goods against bush rangers, or they served as a refuge during raids. Many fortresses have never been captured. From badly accessible, situated on steep reefs, cast les the owners later moved to more convenient and easy reachable manors in the settlements. The majority of them have their origins in the Medieval Ages. In Medieval Ages an important trade route went across these towns connecting the Baltic Sea with Black Sea as well as the center of Hungary with Poland. The 15th century meant the commerce development for many of them in the territory. The most important towns of the territory were members of the Pentapolitana, an association of five most important free royal towns which included Košice, Prešov, Levoča, Bardejov and Sabinov in 15th century. Kežmarok joint the association 100 years later. There was also The Association of 7 mining towns created. The basis of their present urban pattern got formed during that period as a result of combination of local topography with the culture and traditions brought to the region by various colonist waves. It is reflected in architectural, historical and urban values of individual settlements. On the territory of Eastern Slovakia we can find 8 from 18 "Town Monument Reservation" and 5 from 7 locations, which a re listed on the UNESCO - World Cultural and Natural List. Settlements are settled in the picturesque relief, built in the north by highlands splitter by several basins. Mountain systems and basins belong to the Carpathians. 7

8 KOŠICE obyvateľov/ inhabitants Jedno z najstarších miest na Slovensku leží v mieste, kde rieka Hornád opúšťa prekrásne lesné údolia a vteká do rozsiahlej nížiny. Územie podľa dostupných prameňov bolo obývané koncom Paleolitu, avšak prvá písomná zmienka o ňom je len z roku Privilégiami zo 14.storočia sa mesto Košice stalo slobodným kráľovským mestom a zároveň aj z dôvodu svojej strategickej polohy na medzinárodných obchodných trasách do Poľska, jedným z vedúcich centier Uhorska. V roku 1369 kráľ Ľudovít Veľký podaroval ako prvému mestu v Európe vôbec erb. Na sneme, zvolanom Ľudovítom Veľkým do Košíc, sa uzákonilo následníctvo žien na uhorskom tróne. Od roku 1412 mesto malo vedúcu úlohu v rámci Pentapilitany, asociácie piatich najdôležitejších miest východného Slovenska. V sedemnástom storočí bolo oficiálnym centrom horného Uhorska. V rokoch 1596 až 1700 bolo sídlom Jágerského /Egerského/ biskupstva a od roku 1657 sídlom Košickej univerzity. K najdôležitejším pamiatkam histórie patrí Dóm Sv. Alžbety, kaplnka Sv. Michala a Urbanova veža, postavené v gotickom slohu. Neskoršia baroková architektúra bola pozvoľna vystriedaná neoklasicistickou a architektúrou romantizmu. Do mesta sa sťahovala aristokracia, ktorá podporovala rozvoj umenia, divadla a sociálneho života. Centrum mesta bolo vyhlásené za Mestskú pamiatkovú rezerváciu, najväčšiu na Slovensku. V súčasnosti je druhým najväčším mesto Slovenska. KOŠICE One of the oldest towns in Slovakia - lies at the place where the River Hornád emerges from its picturesque wooded valley and flows onto an extensive plain. The first evidence of inhabitance can be traced back to the end of the Paleolithic era. However, the first written reference of Košice comes only from Privileges granted in 14th century gave Košice the status of a free royal town, as well as for the location on an international trade route to Poland ranking it as one of the leading centers of Great Hungary. As the first city in Europe, Košice received its own coat of 8

9 arms in 1369 from Louis the Great. The Diet convened by Louis the Great to Košice decided that women can inherit the Hungarian throne. Since 1412 the city had been playing a leading role in the Pentapolitana - a league of towns of five most important cities of eastern Slovakia. In the 17th century it was "de facto" capital of Upper Hungary. The city was residence of Eger's bishop from 1596 to Since 1657 it was also seat of the historic Košice University. The most important monument is the Saint Elisabeth Cathedral with Saint Michael Chapel. Urban tower built in Gothic style was later flourished on the new Baroque architecture, followed by neo-classicism and Romanticism; the aristocracy moved into the town, promoting the arts, theatre and social life. The centre of town was declared as a Town monument reservation, the biggest in Slovakia. Today it is the second largest city in Slovakia. Zaujímavosti v okolí: Kaštieľ a múzeum v Budimíri, ZOO v Kavečanoch pri Košiciach, Jasovská jaskyňa a kláštor Premonštrátov, gejzír v Herľanoch, hámre v Medzeve, Tokajská vínna oblasť, kaštieľ v Borši, vodná nádrž Zemplínska šírava, ruiny hradu Vinné, kaštieľ v Michalovciach a v Trebišove, stredoveký kostol v Moldave nad Bodvou, Zádielska tiesňava, mauzóleum grófa Dionýza Andrássyho, historické mesto Rožňava, jaskyňa Slavec, stredoveký kostol s nástennými maľbami v Štítniku, Národný park Slovenský raj. Other Places of Interest: Manor house and museum in Budimír, ZOO in Košice - Kavečany, Jasov cave and Premonstrate monastery, Herľany geyser, forging mils in Medzev, Tokaj wine territory, Borša manor house, water reservoir Zemplínska Šírava, ruins of the Vinné castle, manor house in Michalovce and Trebišov, medieval church in Moldava nad Bodvou, Zádielska tiesňava Valley, mausoleum of Dionýz Andrassy, historical town Rožňava, cave Slavec, medieval church with wall paintings in Štítnik, the National park Slovenský raj /Slovak Paradise/. Informácie / Information: City Information Centre Košice (MiC Košice), Hlavná 2 (OD DARGOV), Košice a Hlavná 111 (OD TESCO), Košice, phone: /16 186, fax: 055/ , info@mickosice.sk Information Centre of Košice Municipality, Hlavná 59, Košice, tel.: , fax:055/ , icmk@ke.sanet.sk 9

10 PREŠOV PREŠOV obyvateľov /inhabitants Mesto vzniklo medzi riekami Torysa a Sekčov. Prvá písomná zmienka o ňom pochádza z roku Uhorský kráľ Ondrej III mu v roku 1299 udelil mestské práva. Už v minulosti, historicky od udelenia mestských práv, sa v ňom sústreďovali riadiace činnosti, ktoré mali dosah spočiatku len na okolité mestá a obce, neskôr na celý región. Vyplýva to z jeho geografickej polohy, keďže je postavené na križovatke bývalých významných obchodných ciest do Poľska, Galície, Pruska, na Moravu a do Sliezska. Najdôležitejším stredovekým obchodným artiklom bolo víno, dobytok, plátno a kožušiny. Historické jadro mesta bolo vyhlásené za mestskú pamiatkovú rezerváciu. K najdôležitejším pamiatkam mesta patrí farský kostol Sv. Mikuláša z 14-steho storočia, rokokovo - klasicistická budova župného domu, barokový komplex Kalvárie a barokový Františkánsky kostol s dvojvežovou fasádou zo 14-steho storočia. The river Torysa and Sekčov were connected with well- established routes from the earliest times. The first written record of Prešov dates back to1247. King Andreas III of Hungary granted the town full civic rights in 1299: After the town got its city privileges, the leading activities were concentrated in the centre. They had an impact only on the surrounding towns but later it was spreaded throughout the whole region. The trade routes led to Poland, Galicia, Prussia, Moravia and Silesia. The main article during medieval ages was wine, cattle, linen, and furs. The historical centre of town was declared as a Town Monument Reserve. The most important monuments are Parish church of St. Nicholas from 14th century, Rococo - classical District Administrative Hall, baroque complex of Calvary and Franciscans church with two tower facade from 14th century. 10

11 Zaujímavosti v okolí: Zrúcaniny Šarišského a Kapušianskeho hradu, pramene minerálnych vôd Salvator v Lipovciach, Borkvúte, Cemjate, Národná prírodná rezervácia Kamenná baba s jedinečnými kamennými útvarmi, Jaskyňa Zlá diera. Other Places of Interest: Historical town Prešov, ruins of the Sarisskz and Kapusiansky Castle, surrounding springs of the mineral waters Salvator - Lipovce, Borkvut, Cemjata, Nature Preserved are Kamenná baba with the unique stone formations, cave "Zla džura" /Bad Hole/ Informácie / Information: Mestské informačné centrum /Town information centre/, Hlavná 67, Prešov, tel: , , Fax: , pis@pis.sk, SPIŠSKÁ NOVÁ VES obyvateľov / inhabitants Do okolia mesta patrí celá oblasť Slovenského raja a Spišsko-gemerské Rudohorie. Prvá písomná zmienka o ňom je z roku Veľmi výrečným svedkom banského podnikania bola zvonolejárska a kovolejárska dielňa a škola, založená v 14. storočí. V roku 1412 bolo mesto spolu s ďalšími 12 dané do zálohy poľskému kráľovi. V tom čase bol Spiš jedným z najbohatších a najkultúrnejších kútov strednej Európy. Od roku 1772 sa mesto stalo provinčným sídlom pre 11

12 16 spišských miest. Spišská Nová Ves je známa svojim veľkým šošovkovitým námestím. Dominuje mu neogotická veža kostola, ktorá je najvyššou na Slovensku. Medzi ďalšie pamiatky patrí klasicistický evanjelický kostol, baroková budova, v ktorej je dnes Galéria Spiša, bývalé sídlo správy Provincie XVI spišských miest, tzv. provinčný dom s peknými štukovými reliéfmi, ale aj zaujímavá budova Reduty s divadlom zo začiatku nášho storočia. SPIŠSKÁ NOVÁ VES The area of the National Park Slovak Paradise and the Spiš-Gemer mountain range cover most of the surroundings of the town. Its first written document is from Quite an outspoken witness to a mining business was a bell founding and iron founding workshop and school founded in 14th century. The town was, along with another 12 Spiš towns, put into the pledge of the Polish king from 1412 to That time Spiš was one of the wealthiest and most cultural areas of the Middle Europe. Following 1772 Spišská Nová Ves became a seat of the Province of 16 Spiš towns. Spišská Nová Ves is known for its very long lens-shaped centre. A neogothic church tower is the highest of them in Slovakia. Besides the church you may find here other interesting cultural monuments, such as: a classicistic Evangelic church, a baroque building of Art Gallery, a former seat of the Province of XVI Spiš towns, sc. provincial house with nice outdoor relief and an interesting building of theatre called "Reduta" from the beginning of the 20th century. LEVOČA obyvateľov / inhabitants 12

13 Množstvo tichých svedkov sa zachránilo z obdobia, kedy Levoča bola najbohatším mestom na Spiši. Mohutné mestské hradby a dva kostoly predstavujú najstaršie gotické stavby na Slovensku. Hlavný oltár chrámu Sv. Egídia, majstrovské delo majstra Pavla je najvyšším vyrezávaným dreveným oltárom na svete. Radnica a meštiacke domy sú známe svojou bohatou renesančnou ornamentálnou výzdobou. Historické jadro mesta bolo vyhlásené za mestskú pamiatkovú rezerváciu. LEVOČA A number of silent witnesses have been preserved from the period, when Levoča was the richest town of the Spiš region. The powerful city walls and two churches represent the oldest Gothic monuments in Slovakia. The main altar of St. James Church, masterpiece of Master Paul, is the highest woodcarved altar in the world. The town hall and the burger's houses are famous for their rich Renaissance adornment. The historical own center has been declared a Town Monument Reservation. oblasť Dobšinská priehrada. Other Places of Interest: Markušovce castle, Medieval Town monument reservation Spišská Kapitula, natural reserve Drveník, medieval church with wall paintings from 14th century in village Žehra, gothic church in Spišský Štvrtok, Spiš Castle, Slovenský raj /Slovak Paradise Natural Park, Dobšinská Ice Cave, Spiš castle. Dobšiná Dam / Dobšinská priehrada/ recreation area. Informácie/Information: TIC Spišská Nová Ves, Letná 49, Spišská Nová Ves phone/fax: ; , brantnercc@stonline.sk ; Information center Levoča, Nám. Majstra Pavla 58, phone: , e- mail : tiklevoc@nextra.sk Zaujímavosti v okolí: Kaštieĺ v Markušovciach, Mestská pamiatková rezervácia stredovekého miesta Spišská Kapitula, prírodná rezervácia Dreveník, stredoveký kostol s nástennými maľbami zo 14. storočia v Žehre, gotický kostol v Spišskom Štvrtku, Spišský hrad, Národný park Slovenský raj, Dobšinská ľadová jaskyňa, rekreačná 13

14 POPRAD POPRAD obyvateľov /inhabitants Mesto je významne ovplyvnené blízkosťou Vysokých Tatier. Jeho história siaha až do staroveku. Najstaršou a najvýznamnejšou časťou mesta Poprad je Spišská Sobota, ktorá si dodnes zachovala svoj pôvodný ráz. V minulosti bola samostatným mestom, predurčeným na obchodovanie z dôvodu výhodnej geografickej polohy. Prvá písomná zmienka o Spišskej Sobote je totožná s Popradom a viaže sa k roku Spišsko-sobotské námestie je dodnes dekorované renesančnými domami, ktoré oslovili mnohých filmových režisérov na natáčanie historických scén filmov. Kostol Sv. Juraja patrí medzi najvzácnejšie pamiatky mesta. Jeho neskorogotické krídlové oltáre ako aj hlavný oltár z dielne majstra Pavla z Levoče sú obdivuhodné. Centrálna časť Spišskej Soboty bola vyhlásená za Mestskú pamiatkovú rezerváciu. Poprad is significantly influenced by the neighboring region of the High Tatras. The history of the town started even in the Ancient times. Spišská Sobota is the oldest and the most significant part of Poprad, which has preserved its historical character till nowadays. Spišská Sobota was in the past the separate town, predetermined for trading, due to its suitable, advantageous location. The first record concerning this municipal part is identical to the first reference related to Poprad, in The square in Spišská Sobota is, even at present, decorated with the houses built in the Renaissance period, which has attracted a number of film directors to shoot historical scenes for their movies. The Church of St. Juraj (George) belongs among the significant sights; its Late Gothic wing altars as well as the main altar from the workshop of Master Pavol from Levoča are worthy of admiration. The entire urban part has been proclaimed the Town Monument Reserve. 14

15 KEŽMAROK Patrí medzi ne neskorobarokový kostol Sv. Kríža a najstaršia renesančná zvonica na Slovensku. Unikátom pre Slovensko je mestský hrad. V roku 1991 bola obnovená tradícia výročných trhov. KEŽMAROK obyvateľov / inhabitants Kráľovské mesto Kežmarok, nachádzajúce sa pod pohorím Vysoké Tatry, dostalo mestské práva od uhorského kráľa Bélu IV. Ako slobodné kráľovské mesto získalo v 15. storočí viaceré hospodárske i politické privilégiá - napr. právo dvoch výročných trhov, sporné právo skladu, právo meča a právo používať erb. Nachádzajú sa tu 2 národné kultúrne pamiatky - lýceum (s jednou z najväčších historických školských knižníc v strednej Európe) a drevený artikulárny kostol z 18. storočia. Unikátom pre Slovensko je mestský hrad. Množstvo kultúrno - historických pamiatok všetkých stavebných slohov a priaznivé prírodné podmienky poskytujú dobrý základ pre rozvoj cestovného ruchu. The town of Kežmarok has rich history. It is situated under the High Tatras Mountains. It was granted with city rights in As a royal free town it was granted other privileges in the 15th century such as: free use of the forests, annual fairs, a coat of arms, the right to bear arms and storage rights. There are 2 sights of national historical importance here - The Lyceum, which has one of the largest historical school libraries in central Europe and the modern articular church dating from the 18th century. The large quantity of cultural and historical sights in all architectural styles and favorable natural conditions form the basis of its development as a tourist area. We can see here the late baroque church of St. Cross and the oldest renaissance belfry in Slovakia. Unique in Slovakia is the castle, situated in the town. In 1991 the annual market tradition was renewed. 15

16 Zaujímavosti v okolí: Skanzen ľudovej architektúry, hrad a historické centrum v meste Stará Ľubovňa, mestská pamiatková rezervácia v Podolínci, drevený artikulárny kostol v Kežmarku, gotický kostol v Spišskej Belej, renesančná zvonica a gotický kostol z 15. storočia v Strážkach, Ľubovnianske kúpele, pltníctvo na rieke Dunajec, Belianska jaskyňa v Tatranskej Kotline, ľudová architektúra v Ždiari a Osturni, kúpele vo Vyšných Ružbachoch a vo Vysokých Tatrách, Tatranský národný park a Národný park Nízke Tatry. Other Places of Interest: Open Air Museum, castle and historical center in the town Stará Ľubovňa, Town Monument Reservation in Podolínec, wooden Evangelic Articulated Church in Kežmarok, Gothic church in the town Spišská Belá, Renaissance bell tower, 15th century Gothic church in Strážky, Ľubovnianske Spa, rafting on the Dunajec river, Cave Belá in Tatranská Kotlina, rural architecture in Ždiar and Osturňa, Spa in Vyšné Ružbachy and in High Tatras, High Tatras and Low Tatras National Park. Informácie/Information: City Information Centre in Poprad, Námestie sv. Egídia 15, Poprad, tel.: , , fax: , infopp@msupoprad.sk, Information centre - Námestie Sv. Mikuláša 12, Stará Ľubovňa, phone: , e- mail: mesto@sl.sinet.sk. Information agency - Hlavné nám. 46, Kežmarok, phone: , e- mail: info@kezmarok.net, BARDEJOV obyvateľov /inhabitants Prvá písomná zmienka o meste je z roku Bezpečnosť obchodu a remesiel ako aj nezávislosť mesta boli chránené mestskými hradbami, ktorých súčasťou boli nedobytné brány, mohutné veže vodné priekopy. Rozvoj remesiel pozdvihol mesto v 15. a 16. storočí k vrcholu jeho slávy a bohatstva. Z toho obdobia sa dodnes zachránilo množstvo tichých svedkov, potvrdzujúcich "Zlaté časy" Bardejova. Patria medzi ne svetské a cirkevné objekty, ktoré do dnešného dňa poskytujú stredoveký charakter mesta. Najvýznamnejší z nich je kostol Sv. Egídia. Jeho 11 maľovaným gotickými krídlovým oltárom je ťažko nájsť paralelu v Európe. V roku 2000 bol Bardejov zapísaný do zoznamu Svetového kultúrneho a prírodného dedičstva UNESCO. Bardejovské kúpele, nachádzajúce sa v susedstve mesta Bardejov boli známe už v stredoveku. Sú zaujímavé pre ľudí so zažívacími problémami, poruchami metabolizmu a rôznymi druhmi respiračných chorôb. Špecifická atmosféra kúpeľov je vytvorená kombináciou moderných objektov so štýlovými vilami a terapeutickými domami, postavenými v 19- stom storočí. Kúpele boli obľúbeným miestom Sisi, manželky cisára Františka Jozefa II. BARDEJOV The earliest written record dates back to The safety of trade and craftsmanship and the town's independence were protected by the town fortifications with their impregnable gates, massive turrets and 16

17 water moats. In the 14th and 15th centuries the development of craftsmanship raised the town to the peak of its fame and wealth. A number of silent witnesses have been preserved from this period certifying the "Golden Age" of Bardejov. Among them are the secular and ecclesiastical buildings which even today impress the medieval character of the town. The most precious of them is the monumental St. Egidius Church. Its 11 gothic winged altars with panel paintings have hardly any parallels in Europe. In 2000 Bardejov was enlisted into UNESCO World Heritage List. Bardejov Spa known already from the middle age lies in the neighborhood of the Bardejov city. The spa attracted guests suffering from digestive defects, metabolism and various kinds of respiratory diseases. Specific atmosphere is assigned to the Spas due to combination of modern, new buildings and stylish villas and therapeutic houses dated back to the 19th century, also favorite places of stay of Sisi - wife of Emperor Frantz Joseph II. Zaujímavosti v okolí: Hrad, múzeum ľudovej architektúry a historické centrum v Starej Ľubovni, drevené kostolíky v okolí, Vysoké Tatry, Mestská pamiatková rezervácia v Podolínci a Kežmarku, hrad a drevený artikulárny kostol v Kežmarku, gotický kostol v Spišskej Belej, Ľubovnianske kúpele, múzeum Andyho Warhola v Medzilaborciach, vojenské múzeum vo Svidníku, drevené kostolíky v Hervartove, Krajnom Čiernom, Kožanoch a ďalšie. Other Places of Interest: Castle, open air museum and historical centre in the town Stará Ľubovňa. Wooden churches in surrounding area. The High Tatras mountains, Town Monument Reservations in the town Podolínec and Kežmarok, the castle and wooden Evangelic church in Kežmarok, Gothic church in Spišská Belá, Ľubovnianske Spa, Museum of Andy Warhol in Medzilaborce, Military Museum in Svidník, wooden churches in Hervartov, Krajné Čierno, Kožany and others. Informácie/Information: Touristist Information Office and Travel Agency, Radničné námestie 21, Bardejov, tel.: , e - mail : tikbardejov@proxisnet.sk, Regional Development Agency, MUDr. Pribulu street 1, Svidník, tel.: , rrask@stonline.sk, 17

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20 MAĎARSKO HUNGARY Východné Maďarsko sa nachádza západne od miesta, kde sa po stáročia stretávali významné kultúry. Rozprestiera sa tu nížina, povodie rieky Tisy a pohoria Matra, Bükk a Zemplén ako najvýznamnejšie horské územia krajiny. Leží tu známa Tokajská vinohradnícka oblasť. V údoliach sa nachádza množstvo zaujímavých sídiel a kaštieľov. Na strmých bralách nájdete zrúcaniny hradov. Po tatárskom vpáde v 13. storočí bola pre obranu územia vybudovaná pevnostná línia v severných lesoch krajiny. Z dôvodu zlej prístupnosti, sa vlastníci neskôr presťahovali do pohodlnejších a lepšie dostupných kaštieľov v sídlach, z ktorých väčšina vznikla v stredoveku. Rozvoj a tvarovanie osídlenia sa snúbilo s topografickými danosťami, kultúrou a tradíciami. V stredoveku cez tieto mestá viedli dôležité obchodné cesty, spájajúce Baltické more s Čiernym ako aj Uhorsko s Poľskom. 15. storočie znamená pre mnohé mestá tohto územia rozvoj obchodu. Neskôr sa niektoré z nich dostali pod tureckú nadvládu. Nachádzajú sa tu pamiatkové zóny ako Jósvafő v župe Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén, Tarpa v župe Szabolcs -Szatmár - Bereg, mesto Eger, kde sú chránené celé centrálne časti sídiel. Maďarsko svojimi zdrojmi liečivej vody patrí k najbohatším v Európe. Nachádza sa tu viac ako 500 termálnych prameňov s teplotou vody nad 35 C. Najstaršie záznamy o kúpeľníctve sú z obdobia Rímskej ríše. Do rozvoja kúpeľov na území Maďarska sa významne zapísalo obdobie tureckých nájazdov. Turecký vplyv je badateľný aj na ich zariadeniach. Hlavný rozmach liečivých kúpeľov v krajine začal koncom 18-teho storočia, ich rozkvet vyvrcholil v 19-stom storočí. Jedna tretina najdôležitejších liečivých kúpeľov Maďarska sa nachádza na území Karpatského euroregiónu a mnohé z nich sú súčasťou miest, ktoré sa rozvíjali aj vďaka kúpeľníctvu. Eastern Hungary is situated west of the meeting point of great cultures. The region lies mainly on lowland, the basin of river Tisa and Matra, Bükk and Zemplén are its most significant mountain ranges. We can find here world famous Tokaj wine territory. Inside the mountains along the valleys there are many scenic settlements, manor houses and ruins of castles on the cliffs. Historical and cultural heritage can be found everywhere we travel. After the Tatar invasion in 20

21 the 13th century, a complete line of forts has been built in the northern mountains for the defense of the country. From badly accessible castles the owners later moved to more convenient and easy reachable manors in the settlements. The majority of them have their origins in the Middle Ages. The basis of their present urban pattern got formed during that period as a result of combination of local topography with the culture and traditions. In Medieval Ages an important trade route went across these towns connecting the Baltic Sea with Black Sea, and Hungary with Poland. The 15th Century meant the commerce development for many of them on the territory. Later some of them were under Turkish invasion. There are protected zones in this region as Jósvafő in county Borsod- Abaúj-Zemplén, Tarpa in county Szabolcs- Szatmár-Bereg and town Tokaj, where the whole centre of the area is under protection. Hungary is one of the richest countries of Europe in medicinal water. There are more than 500 thermal springs that provide water warmer than 35 C. The earliest records of bathing go back to the times of the Roman Empire. The Turkish invaders had a great effect on the development of baths in Hungary, the traces of which can be seen in the still existing facilities of Turkish baths. The major centers of medicinal baths in the countryside evolved at the end of the 18th century. Their development accelerated in the 19th century. One third of the most important medicinal baths of Hungary can be found in this region. A lot of the spas developed into towns. Stredoveký Miškovec bol založený na rozhraní nížiny a pohoria na križovatke dôležitých obchodných ciest. Zoskupenie hradu, kláštora a dediny bolo rozložené na úpätie pohoria Bükk. Mestské práva získal v roku Mesto sa dynamicky rozvíjalo až do obdobia tureckej okupácie, kedy sa jeho rozvoj zastavil. Prvá zmienka o Diósgyőri /dnes časť mesta Miškovec/ pochádza z prelomu 12. a 13. storočia. Kráľ Ľudovít Veľký v roku 1364 pripojil k hradu veľké územie a prestaval ho na pekný gotický kráľovský hrad. Miskolc-Diósgyőr, spolu s Budatínskym, Višehradským a Zvolenským hradom sa stávajú kráľovskými sídami. Po smrti kráľa Ľudovíta Veľkého sa Diósgyőr stáva majetkom uhorských kráľovien. Medzi rokmi 1424 až 1526 bol svadobným darom a sídlom 6 kráľovien. Mnohé z ďalších zaujímavých objektov mesta boli postavené v 18. a 19. storočí. Medzi ne patrí mestská radnica, školy, kostoly, synagóga a divadlo, ktoré je prvým kamenným divadlom na území Maďarska. V kúpeľoch Miskolctapolca sa nachádzajú unikátne jaskynné kúpele MIŠKOVEC /MISKOLC obyvateľov /inhabitants 21

22 MISKOLC The Middle Aged Miskolc has been established at the meeting point of the Great Plains and the mountains, at important commercial routes. The group of the castle, monastery and villain-village has been built at the gate of the Bükk Mountains. Miskolc was elevated to the rank of town in The city developed in a dynamic way, but during the Ottoman occupation the development of Miskolc stopped. Diósgyőr (now a district of Miskolc) was first mentioned at the turn of the 12-13th century. King Louis the Great he connected a big estate to the castle, which then was built out into a beautiful Gothic royal castle in Therefore Diósgyőr, together with Buda, Visegrád and Zvolen, became a royal seat. After the death of King Louis the Great, Diósgyőr became the endowment of the Hungarian queens, and between 1424 and 1526 it was the wedding present, county residence of six queens. Many other significant buildings were built in the 18th and 19th centuries, including the city hall, schools, churches, the synagogue, and the theatre. The theatre is commonly regarded as the first stonebuilt theatre of Hungary. In Miskolctapolca Spa there is a unique thermal cave bath. BLATNÝ POTOK/SÁROSPATAK obyvateľov / inhabitants Územie okolo Blatného Potoka, ktorý získal mestské výsady v roku 1201, bolo obývané už v praveku. Vzhľadom k tomu, že cez mesto viedli dôležité obchodné cesty už v stredoveku malo dôležité postavenie spomedzi miest Uhorska. Jedným z najstarších a najzachovalejších hradov je hrad rodiny Rákóczi, nachádzajúci sa v sídle pri meandri rieky Bodrog. Narodila sa tu v roku 1207 Svätá Alžbeta Durínska z rodu Arpádovcov. Svoje detstvo tu strávil František Rákóczi II. V roku 1531 bolo v Blatnom Potoku založené evanjelické kolégium, v tom čase jedno z najdôležitejších v Uhorsku. V roku 1650 Zsuzsanna Lorántffy pozvala do mesta Jána Amosa Komenského, známeho českého učiteľa, ktorý tu napísal niektoré zo svojich dôležitých diel. V súčasnosti je Blatný Potok zaujímavým, turistami vyhľadávaným, historickým mestom. SÁROSPATAK The area has been inhabited since ancient times. Sárospatak was granted town status in In the Middle Ages it was an important place due to its proximity to an important trade route leading to Poland. The Rákóczi Castle is one of oldest and most unharmed castles at the bend of the River Bodrog in the town. It was a royal home, Saint Elizabeth of the Arpad dynasty was born here in Franciscus Rákóczi II spent his childhood in the castle. The Protestant college, one of the most important colleges of Hungary at the time, was founded in Sárospatak in In 1650 Zsu- 22

23 zsanna Lorántffy, invited the famous Czech educator Jan Comenius to Sárospatak, who wrote some of his most important works there. Today it is a charming historical town and a popular tourist destination. Zaujímavosti v okolí: Kúpele Lilafüred. Mesto Tokaj, Szerencs - domov čokolády, múzeum cukrovarníctva / tretie na svete po Berlíne a Thune/, Hegyalja - židovská synagoga, Mád - židovská modlitebňa, Tolcsva - vynikajúce vinohradnícke múzeum, Hollóháza - výrobňa porcelánu a múzeum. V Kőkapu v údolí potoka Kemence na zaujímavom útese je bývalý poľovnícky hrad Károlyiovcov. Vo výške 550m na strmom svahu vrcholu Fűzér sa nachádzajú jedny z najstarších hradných ruín v Maďarsku. Možnosť plavby po rieke Bodrog. Obec Szalona s okúzľujúcim kostolom z obdobia vlády rodu Arpádovcov, Mineralogické múzeum v obci Rudabánya, zaujímavá jaskyňa v kopci Esztamos /vstup pri počte viac ako 10 osôb je potrebné dohodnúť vopred/. Národný park Aggtelek, zapísaný do zoznamu Svetového prírodného dedičstva UNESCO, Národný park Bükk. Tokajská vinárska oblasť, ktorá je prvou ohraničenou vinohradnícku oblasťou na svete. Územie je spolu so slovenskou časťou od roku 2002 zapísaná v zozname Svetového prírodného dedičstva UNESCO. Other Places of Interest: Lillafüred spa. Town Tokaj, Szerencs - home of chocolate, sugar museum /third in the world after Berlin and Thun/, Hegyalja -synagogue, Mád - Jewish temple, Tolcsva - excellent viticulture museum. Hollóháza - porcelain manufacture and museum. At Kőkapu, inside the valley of Kemence-stream on a picturesque cliff there is the former Károlyi hunter castle. On the 550m high, steep slope peak of Fűzér there is one of the oldest ruins of castle in Hungary. You can enjoy a boat-tour on the River Bodrog. Romanesque style churches at Szalonna, Municipality of Szalonna, Mining and Mineral Museum of Rudabánya, interesting Caves in Esztamos hill (up to 10 person with preliminary registration). Aggtelek National Park as a part of the UNESCO World Natural Heritage List, Bükk National Park. Tokaj wine territory is the first closed wine-district in the world. Together with Slovak part it is included in the UNESCO World Natural Heritage List since Informácie/Information: Tourinform Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County, 3525 Miskolc, 35 Széchenyi Street, phone./fax: / , borsod-m@tourinform.hu, Tourinform Miskolc 3525, Városház square 13., phone: +36(46) , +36(46) (46) , miskolc@tourinform.hu, Tourinform Tokaj 3910, Serház st. 1, phone: , tokaj@tourinform.hu, Tourinform Sárospatak 3950 Sárospatak, Eötvös street 6, phone: +36(47) sarospatak@tourinform.hu DEBRECÍN /DEBRECEN obyvateľov / inhabitants V roku 1361 kráľ udelil mestu výsadu mať vlastného kata a radu. Začiatkom 16 storočia bol Debrecín dôležitým obchodným mestom. Počas tureckej nadvlády mesto sa nachádzalo neďaleko hraníc, nemalo vybudovaný hrad ani opevnenie. V tejto zložitej situácii sa chránilo len diplomatickou šikovnosťou jeho predstaviteľov. Protestantizmus sa v meste rozšíril pomerne zavčasu. Debrecín je nazývaný tiež Kalvínskym Rímom. V apríli 1849 Ľudovít Kossuth tu vyhlásil 23

24 detronizáciu Habsburgovcov a nezávislosť Maďarska. Medzi zaujímavosti mesta môžeme zaradiť veľký kalvínsky kostol, park Nagyerdő, zábavný park a ZOO a areál univerzity. Mestské kúpele sú umiestnené do anglického parku. Dnes je Debrecín druhým najväčším mestom Maďarska. DEBRECÍN /DEBRECEN In 1361 king granted the town the right to choose town's judge and council. In the early 16th Century it was an important market town. During the Ottoman period being close to the border and having no castle or city walls, Debrecen often found itself in difficult situations and the town was saved only by the diplomatic skills of its leaders. Debrecen embraced the Protestant Reformation quite early, earning the moniker "Calvinist Rome". In April 1849, the dethronization of Habsburgs and the independence of Hungary was proclaimed here by Kossuth Lajos /Luis/. We can find here Big Calvinist Church, The Great Forrest, ZOO and Amusement Park, University. The town's Spa Bath is located in the wild oak-grove park. Today Debrecen is the second largest town in Hungary. Zaujímavosti v okolí: Hortobágy - starý 9 - poľový most, možnosť jazdy na koni na ranči Máta. Tiszacsege - nevoľnícky dom je ukážkou života v puste v 19. storočí. Hajdúszoboszló - okolie a termálne bazény. Národný park Hortobágy - najväčšia pastvina v Európe zapísaná na zozname Svetového prírodného dedičstva UNESCO. Other Places of Interest: Hortobágy - 9 span-old bridge, horse riding possibilities at Máta ranch. Tiszacsege - Villein house, which shows the life of 19th century in the steppe. Hajdúszoboszló - scenery and thermal pools. Hortobágy National Park - largest natural pasturing landscape in Europe, listed on the UNESCO World Natural Heritage List. Informácie/ Information: Tourinform Debrecen, 4024 Debrecen, 20 Piac Street, phone: / , debrecen@tourinform.hu SZOLNOK obyvateľov / inhabitants - rok 2007 Mesto bolo pomenované po správcovi hradu, prvýkrát spomínaného v 11.st. V rokoch , v čase Otomanskej invázie do Uhorska hrad bol opevnený a okolo mesta boli postavené hradby. Turci tu postavili mešitu, verejné kúpele a minaret, ktoré však boli postupne zbúrané. V Szolnoku bola vyrobená jediná kópia Tureckého kódexu na území Uhorska. Mesto bolo v roku 1685 oslobodené z tureckej nadvlády, ale následne začiatkom 18. storočia počas povstania Františka Rákocziho II bolo úplne zničené. V 18. storočí sa Szolnok začal opäť rozvíjať. Regulácia rieky Tisy a doprava parníkmi zvýšili dôležitosť mesta. Nachá- 24

25 dzajú sa tu kúpele, múzeum leteckej dopravy, synagóga, dnes využívaná ako galéria. NYÍREGYHÁZA SZOLNOK The town, named after the steward of its castle, was first mentioned in 11th century. In , when the Ottoman Empire threatened to invade the country, the castle was fortified and a town wall was built. The Ottomans built a mosque, a public bath, and a minaret in the town, most of which have since been destroyed. The only Turkish codex made in Hungary was copied in Szolnok. The town was freed from Otoman rule in 1685, but it was completely destroyed during the revolution led by Prince Franciscus Rákóczi II in the early 18th century. Szolnok started to prosper again in the 18th century. Control of the river Tisza and steamship traffic increased the town's importance. In town we can find the bath, Museum of Hungarian Aviation, former synagogue, today gallery. Zaujímavosti v okolí: Hortobágy - starý 9 - poľový most, možnosť jazdy na koni na ranči Máta. Tiszacsege - nevoľnícky dom je ukážkou života v puste v 19. storočí, Hajdúszoboszló - okolie a termálne bazény. Debrecen - termálne bazény, veľký kalvinský kostol, park Nagyerdő, zábavný park a ZOO, univerzita. Dom kumánskeho kapitána a veterný mlyn v Komlósi. Other Places of Interest: Hortobágy - 9 span-old bridge, horse riding possibilities at Máta ranch. Tiszacsege - Villein house, which shows the life of 19th century in the steppe. Hajdúszoboszló - scenery and thermal pools, Debrecen - thermal pools, Big Calvinist Church, The Great Wood, ZOO and Amusement Park, University. Captain house and windmill in Komlós obyvateľov / inhabitants Prvá písomná zmienka o meste je z roku 1209, v tom čase sa volalo len Nyír, čo znamená breza. Po vojne za nezávislosť, vedenej Františkom Rákoczim II, počet obyvateľov mesta vzrástol. Veľa nových osadníkov slovenskej národnosti prišlo z Békéscsaby, Szarvasa, Tótkomlósa. Začiatkom 19. storočia bolo sídlo dosť bohaté na to, aby sa oslobodilo spod feudálnej nadvlády Dessewffyovcov and Károlyiovcov. V oných časoch rozkvetu v meste bola postavená nová radnica, nemocnica a niekoľko škôl. V súčasnosti je Nyíregyháza jedným z najprosperujúcejších miest Maďarska. Nachádza sa tu ZOO, skanzen ľudovej architektúry, viacero múzeí, výstav a kostolov. Termálne jazero v kúpeľoch Sóstógyógyfürdo je dlhodobo turistickou atrakciou. Každoročne začiatkom septembra sa v meste uskutočňuje hudobný festival "Happy Art Festival". NYÍREGYHÁZA Informácie /Information: Tourinform Szolnok, 5000 Ságvári krt. 4., phone.: (56) fax:(56) , szolnok-m@tourinform.hu, 25

26 Nyíregyháza was first mentioned in 1209, although it was called only Nyír (meaning "birch"). After the War of Independence led by Prince Franciscus Rákóczi II, the population of the town grew. Most of the new settlers with Slovakian mother tongue came from Békéscsaba, Szarvas, Tótkomlós. In the early 19th century Nyíregyháza was wealthy enough to become free from her feudal lords, the families Dessewffy and Károlyi. During these prosperous years the town got a new town hall, a hospital and several schools. Today, Nyíregyháza is one of the most prosperous cities of Hungary. There is a ZOO, open air museum of rural architecture, several museums, exhibitions and churches. The thermal lake of Sóstógyógyfürdo has been a tourist attraction for centuries. Europe's largest free world music festival "Happy Art Festival" also takes place here each year at the beginning of September. Zaujímavosti v okolí: Známe Dni Beregu - ponuka kultúrnych a gastronomických programov. Rieka Tisa poskytuje možnosti rybolovu a kúpania /Tivadar, Vásárosnamény-Gergelyiugornya, Dombrád/, pútnické miesto v Máriapócsi, ľudová architektúra v Tarpe, vodný mlyn z 18. storočia v Túristvándi, drevené historické zvonice v Zsurku a Tiszacsécse. Other Places of interest: The Famous Days of Bereg - offer cultural and gastronomical programs. The Tisza river is suitable for angling and bathing /Tivadar, Vásárosnamény-Gergelyiugornya, Dombrád/, pilgrim place in Máriapócs, rural architecture in Tarpa, watermill from 18th century in Túristvándi, historical wooden belfries in Zsurk and Tiszacsécse. JÁGER/ EGER obyvateľov / inhabitants Kráľ Štefan v roku 1009 založil v Jágri biskupstvo. Koncom 12. storočia tu bola postavená rozsiahla románska trojloďová katedrála, do ktorej v roku 1204 pochovali uhorského kráľa Imricha. Po tatárskom vpáde v roku 1248 kráľ Belo IV nariadil výstavbu kamennej pevnosti. Okolo roku 1470 na mieste pevnosti bol vybudovaný gotický palác. Po obsadení Budatína Turkami v roku 1541 kancelár Peter Perényi začal s rozsiahlym opevňovaním mesta. Jáger sa stal jedným z najdôležitejších bodov v hraničnom opevňovacom systéme. Od roku 1552 bolo mesto na dlhú dobu obsadené Turkami. Samotné mesto Eger ja takzv. "barokovýn mestom" s mnohými pamiatkami, mestom kúpeľov ako aj mestom vína. Najatraktívnejšie vínne pivnice môžete navštíviť v takzv. "Údolí krásnych žien". EGER Informácie/Information: Tourinform Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County 4400 Nyíregyháza, Országzászló sq. 6, phone: +36(42) , +36(42) , fax: +36(42) , +36(42)50, szabolcs-m@tourinform.hu, 26

27 King Stephen founded his episcopate in 1009 in Eger. At the end of the 12th century, a big, three-nave cathedral was built in Roman style. King Imre was buried here in After the Tatar invasion, in 1248, King Béla IV ordered to build a strong stone-fort. The Gothic Bishops' Palace was built around 1470, in the territory of the fort. Chancellor Péter Perényi began immense fortifications after the Turks had occupied Buda in Eger became the most important link in the border fortress system. New bastions and external wall have been built. The Turks attacked the fort in Eger is a Baroque town, with several monuments and town of spa. Being also the town of wines, one can visit the most attractive wine cellars in the "Valley of the Beautiful Woman". Zaujímavosti v okolí: Môžete podniknúť túry v pohorí Bükk, navštíviť kaštieľ De La Motte v Noszvaji, termálne kúpaliská v sídle Egerszalók alebo Bogács a ľudový dom v Paráde. Unikátne sú suché kúpele " Moffeta" v Mátraderecske. V blízkosti sídla Recsk sa nachádza Národný pamätný park, založený mieste pracovného tábora v rokoch Perlou pohoria Mátra a centrom Palóckeho etnika je Palóc. Popri termálnych kúpeľoch tu môžete navštíviť známe múzeum kočov, praveké obydlie v jaskyni Suba-diera, údolie Hór s vápenkami, prístupné po náučnom chodníku Čertova veža z Cserépfalu. V Szarvaskő popri kaštieli je možné uvidieť perinové lávy, ktoré vznikli podmorskými vulkanickými aktivitami v období Jury. Other Places of Interest: You can hike in the Bükk Mountains, visit Noszvaj (De La Motte Castle), Egerszalók or Bogács and peasant house in Parád; there is a thermal bath as well in the latest. Unique sight is the mofetta in Mátraderecske. There was a hard labour camp in the near Recsk in , which is now a National Memorial Park. Parád is the pearl of the Mátra Mountains, the geographical centre of the "palóc" ethnical group. Besides the thermal bath, its famous sight is the Coach Museum, Suba-hole cave (was home of the prehistoric man) and lime kilns can be seen in the Hór-valley, accessible by the Devil's Tower Nature Trail form Cserépfalu. Besides the castle, special features of Szarvaskő are the pillow lavas of submarine volcanism in Jura age. Informácie/information: Eger, Hradné múzeum/ Castle Museum, Phone: / , varmuzeum@div.iif.hu, Tourinform 3300 Eger, Bajcsy-Zsilinszky 9, phone:+36 36/ eger@tourinform.hu, 27

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30 RUMUNSKO ROMANIA Tvorba sídiel v Rumunsku bola silne ovplyvnená životnou úrovňou, prostredím a klimatickými podmienkami. Jednou zo zaujímavých foriem je duchovná kultúra architektúry takzv. "architektúra vytvorená bez architekta". Je charakterizovaná stálym prepojením s prírodou, na logických princípoch, založených na dôvtipnom riešení technických problémov, na estetickom vzhľade, opierajúcom sa o malebnosť, asymetriu a hojnosť ornamentu a farby. Architektonické diela od obytných domov, stodôl až po kostoly v minulosti využívali krehké materiály ako je drevo, hlina, slama a trstina. Architektúra ako aj rozvoj sídiel rumunskej časti Karpatského euroregiónu boli ovplyvnené aj bohatou históriou. Vo svojich počiatkoch dotknuté územie patrilo k rôznym impériám a štátom, včítane Dácie, Rímskeho impéria, impéria Hunov a Bulharov. Od 12. storočia sa uvádza ako súčasť Uhorska. V rámci neho sa v roku 1571 stáva autonómnou oblasťou. Neskôr bolo pripojené k rozširujúcemu sa územiu Habsburskej monarchie, aby sa od roku 1867 stalo časťou novovytvorenej Rakúsko - uhorskej monarchie. Od I. svetovej vojny patrí k Rumunsku až na krátke obdobie počas II. svetovej vojny. Ľudia tu žijú v mestách a dedinách, z ktorých mnohé majú svoju špecifickú architektúru. Mestá vznikali v stredoveku na dôležitých križovatkách ciest, alebo v blízkosti nerastných zdrojov ako striebro, soľ, uhlie, drevo 30

31 minerály. Napriek opevneniam boli mnohé zničené počas tureckého vpádu. Turecký vplyv tu pôsobil počas ich temer dvoj storočnej nadvlády. Neskôr hlavne počas 19. a 20. storočia sa mestá opäť rozvíjali ako kultúrne a ekonomické centrá pre tu žijúcich ľudí. The creation of the settlements in Romania was strongly influenced by the living conditions, the environment and the climate. One of the most interesting forms of material and spiritual culture within the architecture is the so-called "architecture made without an architect". It is characterized by a constant reference to the nature, with a logical resolution based on a common sense of solving technical problems; an aesthetic vision leaning towards the picturesque and asymmetrical; and the excess of ornament and color. The work architecture, from houses to barns and to churches, all used fragile materials, such as wood, earth, straw, and reed. The architecture and development of the settlements on the Romanian part of Carpathian Euroregion was influenced with the rich history, too. In its early history, the territory belonged to a variety of empires and states, including Dacia, the Roman Empire, the Hun Empire and the Bulgarian Empire. It is mentioned as the Hungarian Empire from the 12th century. It then became an autonomous principality under nominal Ottoman suzerainty in Later on it was added to the expanding territories of Habsburg Monarchy, and then became again a part of the newly established Austro-Hungarian Empire in Since World War I, it has been part of Romania, apart from a brief period during World War II. The population of the area lives in towns or villages, some of them having its own specific architecture. Towns were created in the Medieval Ages on the important cross roads or close to the natural resources as silver, salt, coal, wood and minerals. Many of them were destroyed during the Turkish invasion, despite the fact they became fortress. Turkish influences vied for supremacy for nearly two centuries. Later on mostly during 19th and the 20th centuries they continued in promotion of culture and economy for the people here. BOTOŞANI obyvateľov /inhabitants Názov mesta vznikol pravdepodobne podľa bojarskej rodiny Botaš, ktorej meno sa nachádza v starých záznamoch z konca 15. storočia, ako jednej z najvýznamnejších rodín v Moldavsku. Najstarší predmet, nájdený na jeho území, je arménsky náhrobok z roku Prvá písomná zmienka o Botošani je z roku Bolo to trhové mesto, nachádzajúce sa na križovatke viacerých obchodných ciest. V 16. storočí sa tu uskutočňovali najväčšie a zároveň najstaršie trhy v Moldavsku. Od 17. storočia v meste žili veľké arménske a židovské komunity obchodníkov. V Botošani dodnes môžeme nájsť mnohé architektonické skvosty ako Uspenský kostol, kostol Sfântu Gheorghe a Sfântu Nicolae, kostol a kláštor z 15. storočia, Antipov dom a Bolfosov dom z 19. storočia a radnicu z konca 18. storočia. BOTOŞANI The name of the city probably has its origin in the name of a boyar family called Botaş, whose name can be found in old records from late 15th century, as one of the most important families of Moldavia. The oldest item found in the area is an Armenian tombstone dated The first mention of 31

32 Botoşani is from the year The city was initially a market town, being placed at the juncture of several merchant roads. In the 16th century, it already had "the biggest and the oldest fair of Moldavia". Large communities of Jewish and Armenian traders were present in this city starting with the 17th century. Botoşani boasts many constructions of special architectural value, among them: Uspenia Church, Sfântu Gheorghe" Church, Sfântu Nicolae" Church and monastery from 15th century, the Antipa House and the Bolfosu House from the 19th century and the City Hall, built at the end of the 18th century. Zaujímavosti v okolí: Drevený kostol (1800), kamenný kostol (1939)v Ipoteşti, lesopark a horské jazero. Etnografické múzeum umiestnené v dome Manole Iorga z 18.st v meste. Kamenný kostol z roku 1865 v Bucecea, Agaftonský les a kláštor zo 16. storočia. Ďalej je to dom - múzeum, v ktorom sa narodil jeden z najvýznamnejších rumunských básnikov Mihai Eminescu v Ipotesti, kaštieľ rodiny Miclescu v a drevený kostol v Calineşti. Other Places of Interest: Ipoteşti: The wooden church (1800), the stone church (1939). The forest park, "The lake from the forest". Botoşani: The Ethnographical museum placed in the Manole Iorga house (18th century). The stone church in Bucecea (1865). The Agafton monastery (16th Century), the Agafton forest. It is a house - museum, where the most important Romanian poet, Mihai Eminescu was born, Miclescu manor house and wooden church in Calineşti. Foundation Botoşani, Victoriei st., no. 15, phone: +40/724/768246, fundatialuchian@ .ro BAIA MARE obyvateľov /inhabitants Geograficky ide o priekopovú prepadlinu Baia Mare, obklopenú vulkanickým pohorím. Centrom dotknutého územia je mesto Baia Mare. Počas doby bronzovej toto územie patrilo Trákom. Prvá písomná zmienka o sídle je z roku 1142, keď kráľ Géza II. ho dal osídliť sedmohradskými Sasmi. V 15. storočí sa bane a územie Baia Mare dostalo do vlastníctva rodu Hunyadiovcov a zo samotného mesta sa stáva pevnosť. V roku 1600 sa tu razia zlaté mince, znázorňujúce valašského vojvodu Michala Chrabrého /Mihai Viteazul/. V roku 1889 v Baia Mare boli vytlačené prvé noviny v rumunskom jazyku, zvané Gutinul. Baia Mare je od roku Informácie/Information: Direcţia Judeţeană pentru Cultură, Culte şi Patrimoniu Cultural Naţional Botoşani, Unirii st., no. 10, phone, fax: +40/231/516925, "Stefan Luchian" 32

33 1968 centrom župy Maramures. V meste môžeme obdivovať vežu Sv. Štefana, Námestie Citadely, etnografické múzeum so skanzenom, múzeum umenia s zbierkou malieb z tunajšej známej maliarskej školy zo začiatku 20. storočia. Unikátom je mineralogické múzeum s kolekciou vzácnych minerálov a drahokamov z okolitých baní. BAIA MARE Geographically, it represents Baia Mare depression surrounded by volcanic mountains and Someş course as well. The base from which to explore the area is the city of Baia Mare. During the Bronze Age, the region around Baia Mare was the realm of the Thracians. The first mention of the settlement is from 1142, when King Géza II of Hungary settled it with Transylvanian Saxons. In 15th century the mines and domain of Baia Mare become the property of the Hunyadi family, and town became an impressive fortress. In 1600 a coin had been minted in gold, displaying the effigy of Michael the Brave (Mihai Viteazul), voivode of Wallachia. The year 1889 saw the printing of the first newspaper in the Romanian language - Gutinul. Since 1968 it is the center of Maramureş County. Here you can visit the Stefan's Tour, The Citadel Square, Ethnography Museum with its open air section, Art Museum which hosts collection of Baia Mare Painting School from the beginning of last century and Mineralogy Museum, which can boast the collection of some 16,000 samples of rare minerals and gems from the mining areas of Maramureş County. Zaujímavosti v okolí: Múzeá, pamätníky a parky v Sighetu Marmaţiei. Dedina Săpânţa so svetoznámym cintorínom, na ktorom sa nachádzajú farebné náhrobné dosky, s naivnými maľbami zo života zosnulých, doplnenými vtipnými rýmovačkami. Rekreačné stredisko Morgoşa a lyžiarske stredisko Borşa s prírodným skokanským mostíkom / 90m/, ktorý je európskym unikátom. Ďalšími atrakciami sú Preluca Tătarilor, pamätník, postavený na mieste odchodu Tatárov po ich poslednom vpáde v roku 1717, jedno z najstarších sídiel územia Târgu Lăpuş a pôsobivá roklina Lapuş, prírodná rezervácia Pietrosul Rodnei a údolie rieky Vaser a Cosău. Minerálne pramene sa nachádzajú v Poiana Botizii, Rogoz, Băiuţ a hlavne v Stoiceni a v kúpeľoch Ocna Sugatag. Ďalej sú to drevené kos- 33

34 tolíky a to drevený kostol z roku 1643 v Budeşti - Josani, zapísaný do zoznamu UNESCO, Rogoz(1661), Călineşti - Susani (1758), Călineşti - Josani Căieni (1663), Corneşti (1800), Fereşti (1690), Giulesti, Ungureni (18 st.), drevené brány a kostolíky v Sârbi - Josani (1665). Kláštor Rohia (19. st.), drevený kostol z 18.st. v Şurdeşti, Cetăţele a Plopiş, zapísaný do zoznamu UNESCO. Kamenný kostol z roku 1820 v Dăneşti. Pamätný dom a muzeálny komplex Vasile - a Lucaciu z konca 19.st.. Prechádzky údolím Iehud. Places of Interest: Museums, memorial houses and relax in parks in Sighetu Marmaţiei. The village Săpânţa - world-famous for the unique Merry Cemetery that owes its name to the vivid colours of the headboards on which naively painted scenes narrates the biography of the deceased accompanied by witty limericks. Recreation center Morgoşa and Borşa Compex ski resort where you can enjoy the natural jumping board of 90m (unique in Europe), Preluca Tătarilor - a monument marking the site where the last Tatar raid was finally driven off in 1717, Târgu Lăpuş, one of the oldest settlements in the region and an impressive Lapuş Gorge, Pietrosul Rodnei Wildlife Reserve and Vaser Valley and Cosău Valley. Mineral spring water can be found at Poiana Botizii, Rogoz, Baius and especially at Stoiceni and Ocna Sugatag Spa. Later on they are UNESCO monument - the wooden church from Budeşti - Josani (1643). The wooden gates and churches from Sârbi - Josani (1665), Sârbi - Susani (1667), Rogoz(1661), Călineşti - Susani (1758), Călineşti - Josani Căieni (1663), Corneşti (1800), Fereşti (1690) and Giulesti, Ungureni (18th Century). The Rohia monastery (19th Century). The UNESCO monuments, wooden churches from: Şurdeşti, Plopiş and Cetăţele (18th Century). The stone church from Dăneşti (1820). The memorial house with the museum complex Vasile Lucaciu, Şişeşti, (late 19th century). Walks on Iehud Valley. Informácie/ Information: Baia Mare - Mara International Tour, Bd. Unirii 5, phone: , fax , maraint@sintec.ro ; InterPasca Triumph Bd. Traian 17, phone: ; Sind Romania str. Podul Viilor 8, phone: , Posibil Tours Oituz 2C, phone: , Sfara Tours, Bd. Unirii 3, phone: , Mara Holiday, Bd. Unirii 11, phone/fax , agentie@hotelmara.ro MIERCUREA CIUC obyvateľov /inhabitants Miercurea - Ciuc je sídlom župy Hargita. Mesto leží na východe krajiny v údolí rieky Olt. Od svojho založenia do roku 1918 bolo pod názvom Csíkszereda centrom župy Csík. Je jedným z najchladnejších miest v Rumunsku, v ktorom teplota v zime dosahuje -30 C. Je ideálnym miestom pre zimné športy. Dominantou centra mesta je zámok rodiny Mikó, postavený v neskoro renesančnom slohu. Jeho najdekoratívnejšie časti 34

35 vznikli v 17. storočí. Veľká časť zámku bola zničená počas tureckého vpádu, preto v 18. storočí bol prestavaný. Dnes je sídlom múzea Sikulov z oblasti Csík. Neďaleko zámku sa nachádza malý skanzen s niekoľkými ľudovými domami a drevenými bránami z oblasti Csík, radnica, postavená v roku 1886 a dom kultúry z roku MIERCUREA CIUC Miercurea-Ciuc is the seat of Harghita County. The city lies in the east of the county in the Olt valley. Since its foundation until 1918 it was capital of Csík County under name of Csíkszereda. Miercurea-Ciuc is one of the coldest cities in Romania, with winter temperatures often going below -30 C, making the city ideal for winter sports. In the city centre, the main point of interest is the Mikó Castle, built in a late Renaissance style. The original more decorative castle was raised in the 17th century. Much of the castle was destroyed in 1661 during the Turkish raids, but it was rebuilt at the beginning of the 18th century. Today it houses the Csík Székely Museum. Close to the castle you can find a small open air museum, consisting of a few traditional Csíki houses and wooden gates, the city hall built in 1886 and the Courthouse from Zaujímavosti v okolí: Citadela z 15.st., kostol z 18.st. a romantická kaplnka zo 16.st. v Odorheiul Secuiesc. Baňa na železo z rímskeho obdobia v Luete, vidiecke múzeum a centrum keramiky v sídle Corund, hrad v Lazarei. Kúpele: Borşec, Harghita, Homorod s mnohými minerálnymi prameňmi, opevnený kostol v Dârjiu, nachádzajúci sa na zozname Svetového kultúrneho a prírodného dedičstva UNESCO. Historické mesto Brašov, stredoveké mesto Sighişoara, hrad grófa Drakulu - Bran. Liečebné strediská Praid /v soľnej bani/, Ocna de Sus a Ocna de Jos. Kúpele Tuşnad a jazero Sfanta Ana, ktoré vzniklo v sopečnom kráteri, chránená oblasť Mohoş. Lacu Rosu je liečebným a rekreačným strediskom s celoročnou prevádzkou a je to aj národný park. Other Places of Interest: Odorheiul Secuiesc: Citadel from 15th Century. The church from 18th Century and The Romanic Chapel, 16th Century. Lueta: Iron Mine from Roman Time. Corund: Village Museum. Ceramic Center, catle in Lazarea. Spas: Borşec, Harghita, Homorod with many springs of mineral water, fortified church of Dârjiu - included in the UNESCO World cultural and natural List. Historical towns Braşov, the medieval town Sighişoara and castle of Dracula count Bran. The health resort in Ocna Praid /in salt mine/, Ocna de Sus and Ocna de Jos. Tuşnad Spa and Lake Sfanta Ana formed in a volcanic crater, Mohoş protected area. Lacu Rosu is an all-season health and holiday resort and National Park. Informácie /Information: Direcţia pentru Cultură, Culte şi Patrimoniu Naţional Harghita contact@mail.harghita.djc.ro, Miercurea-Ciuc: FENYŐ TRAVEL, Str. Petőfi Sándor nr.18, phone: , fax: , referent@fenyotravel.ro, ITAS, Str. Kossuth L. nr. 26, Phone: , 35

36 Agentia de turism CALIBRA, Str. Gál Sándor nr. 16, phone: , fax: , ZALĂU Dôležitými medzníkmi v histórii mesta sú roky 1571 /vláda Štefana Báthoryho/ a 1600 /vláda Michala Chrabrého - Mihai Viteazul/. V 17.storočí po prvý raz sú spomenutí mestskí remeselníci a to remenári, hrnčiari, kolesári, obuvníci, krajčíri, kováči, tesári, klobučníci a výrobcovia pancierov. Dodnes mesto hostí pútnikov počas letného festivalu, takzv. Dní mesta Zalau, počas ktorých skupina umelcov Župného múzea histórie a umenia predstavuje scénky zo života od neolitickej doby až po súčasnosť. V meste sa nachádza niekoľko kostolov, včítané Kalvínskej katedrály, jednej z najväčších v Rumunsku. ZALĂU obyvateľov / inhabitants Zalau sa nachádza v údolí rieky Zalau na mieste, kde sa stretáva pohorie Apuseni s východnými Karpatmi. Dácke mince a ďalšie predmety z doby Rímskej ríše dokazujú, že územie bolo obývané už v oných časoch. Prvá písomná zmienka o meste je z roku 1210 a to v Anonymovej kronike, ktorá obsahuje záznamy z obdobia vlády kráľa Bélu IV. Zalău lies in the Zalău Valley, at the junction of the Apuseni mountains and the Eastern Carpathians. Dacian coins discovered in the town as well as other Roman elements prove that the area was inhabited since those times. Anonymous Chronicle, the notary of King Bela the 4th, offers the first written document regarding Zalau in Important moments in the history of the town are the years

37 (the reign of Stephen Bathory) and 1600 (the reign of Mihai Viteazul). A chronicle from the 17th century writes down for the first time the trades of the Zalau inhabitants: strap makers, potters, wheelwrights, shoemakers, tailors, blacksmiths, carpenters, hat makers and armourers. Zalău hosts lively pageants each year, including a summer festival "Zalău Days". There the "historical" branch of the Zalău County Museum of History and Art displays artifacts ranging from Neolithic times to modern times. There are several churches, including the Calvinist cathedral, which is one of the largest in Transylvania. Zaujímavosti v okolí: Botanická záhrada v Jibou, drevené kostolíky v Fildu de Sus, Sînmihaiu Almaşului, Baica, Racîs, kláštory v Strîmba, Bălan, Bic, Rus, zámky a kaštiele rodiny Wesseleny a Bathory, termálne vody v Boghiş, Bizuşa, ochutnávky vína a farmy na pstruhy v Tusa. Narcisová čistinka v Racîş, prírodná scenéria pohoria Plopis, potok Barcau, múzeá v Zalău, Şimleu Silvaniei, Bocşa, Bobota, Dračia záhrada v Gîlgău Almaşului. V lapidáriu župného múzea histórie a umenia si môžu návštevníci pozrieť kameň s rímskym nápisom, konštrukčné prvky a náhrobné kamene z rímskeho obdobia Dákov. rocks with Roman inscriptions, construction elements and funeral monuments from the Dacian-Roman period Informácie/ Information Avias Transilvania - Zalau, Crisan nr.4, phone/fax. 0260/615315, mo: , ticketing@aviastransilvania.ro, travel@aviastransilvania.ro, SC Crisan Porolissum Tourism SRL Zalau, P-TA Iuliu Maniu, 3-4, phone/fax:0260/ Other Places of Interest: The Botany Garden in Jibou, wood churches (Fildu de Sus, Sînmihaiu Almasului, Baica, Racîs and so on), monasteries (Strîmba, Balan, Bic, Rus), castles, mansions (Wesseleny, Bathory), thermal waters (Boghis, Bizuta), wine tasting, trout farm (Tusa), the daffodils glade from Racîs, the landscape area of Plopis mountains, the Barcau springs, museums (Zalau, Simleu Silvaniei, Bocsa, Bobota). Dragons Garden in Gîlgău Almaşului There is also the County Museum of the History and Art. In the court the public can visit the lapidarium, which contains 37

38 SATU MARE turistické atrakcie mesta patrí požiarna veža, rímsko - katolícka katedrála, kostol Biserica cu lanturi a palác správnych organizácií. SATU MARE obyvateľov /inhabitants Územie okolo Satu Mare bolo obývané od doby kamennej. V 10. storočí sa tu nachádzala pevnosť s názvom Castrum Zotmar, okolo ktorej sa v roku 1006 usadili Germáni. V roku 1562 bola obliehaná Turkmi a neskôr počas Habsburskej monarchie bola zbúraná. V roku 1703 vyhorelo celé mesto. V roku 1721 sa Satu Mare stalo slobodným kráľovským mestom a rozvinulo sa do dôležitého centra obchodu a remesiel. V 18. storočí bolo hlavné námestie prestavané, z toho obdobia pochádza radnica, hostinec a mnohé kostoly. V roku 1901 sa doň presťahoval prvý hasidský rabín, ktorý mal do svojej smrti v roku 1906 mnohých nasledovateľov. Bol pochovaný na miestnom židovskom cintoríne. Dodnes jeho hrob navštevujú ročne stovky Hasidov. Medzi najväčšie The area of Satu Mare has been inhabited since the Stone Age. A fortress by the name of Castrum Zotmar was mentioned in the early 10th century. In 1006 Germans were settled around the fortress. It was under siege by the Turkish in 1562 and later destroyed by the Habsburg Monarchy. In 1703 the whole city burned down. In 1721, Satu Mare became a "free royal town" and prospered as an important center of trade and craftsmanship. In the 18th century much of the city 38

39 was rebuilt and among the landmarks from that time are the old City Hall, the inn and several churches. In 1902 the first Hasidic Rabbi moved to Satu Mare, where he gathered a large following until his passing in He was buried in the local Jewish Cemetery, and his grave is still visited by hundreds of Hasidic Jews. Major tourist's attractions of the city are: Fireman's Tower a 45m tall tower, the Roman-Catholic Cathedral, Biserica cu lanturi (the Chain Church) and Administrative Palace. Zaujímavosti v okolí: Trávniky v pohorí Oaş-Gutâi, jaseňový les v Urziceni, Vermeş močiar, flora piesočnatých území vo Foieni a Prírodná rezervácia dolného toku rieky Tur. Jednými z najatraktívnejších turistických objektov župy Satu Mare je zámok Károlyiovcov v Carei. Zámok je obklopený vzácnym dendrologickým parkom, (10 ha) s viac ako 100 druhmi exotickej a domácej flóry. Kaštieľ slúži v súčasnosti ako mestské múzeum s archeologickou a prírodovednou expozíciou, s knižnicou a expozíciou fotografií. Organizujú sa tu aj kultúrne podujatia. Other Places of Interest: Turf Bogs in Oaş-Gutâi Mountains, Ash Tree Forest in Urziceni, Vermeş Swamp, Sandy Area Flora in Foieni and Natural Reserve of the lower stream of the Tur River. One of the most attractive tourismobjectives of Satu Mare County is the Károlyi castle in Carei. The castle is surrounded by a valuable dendrological park of 10 ha. with more than 100 exotic and native species of fauna. In the castle functions the City's Museum with archaeological and natural science exhibitions, the Library, photo exhibitions and there are organized cultural programs, too. Informácie/ Information: /satumare.html Accord - Tourism Bureau, Satu Mare, I. C. Bratianu nr. 7, phone Travel Agency "Optimal", Satu Mare, Careiului nr. 18, phone: Travel Agency "Euro Holiday", Satu Mare, Bd. Transilvania nr. C 25, phone: Patri Tours - Satu Mare, Mihnea Voda nr. 7, phone

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42 UKRAJINA UKRAINE Ukrajinské Karpaty (Poloniny) sú súčasťou vonkajších a vnútorných Východných Karpát. Tvoria centrálnu časť km dlhého Karpatského oblúka, tiahnuceho sa od ústia rieky Moravy do Dunaja pri Bratislave až k Železným vrátam v Rumunsku. Toto územie predstavuje 6,1 % z celkovej rozlohy Ukrajiny. Ich menšie časti ležia na juhu Ľvovskej oblasti, na juhozápade Ivano-Frankovskskej oblasti a na západe Černiveckej oblasti. Geografická lokalizácia a odľahlosť od veľkých priemyselných centier umožnili na tomto mieste zachovanie historických foriem kultúry až do dnešných čias. Je tu možné nájsť unikáty prastarej slovanskej kultúry ako aj množstvo kultúrnych prvkov Kyjevskej Rusi. Prechádzajúc rôznymi smermi Karpát môže návštevník obdivovať rôznorodosť foriem ľudovej tvorby ale aj hrdé historické mestá ako napríklad Ľvov a Užhorod. V malých mestečkách nenachádzame kaštiele a paláce, ale vidiecke domy na hlavných námestiach s radnicami, sústavami skladov a starými objektmi tovární. Toto bohatstvo je doplnené prekrásnou prírodou. Uvažovalo sa s ochranou kultúrneho a prírodného dedičstva celej ukrajinskej časti Karpát, ale dodnes je do Zoznamu svetového kultúrneho a prírodného dedičstva UNESCO zapísané len historické jadro veľkého mesta Ľvov. 42

43 V celej Európe sa nachádza len jedno miesto, nazývané Tustan v Ľvovskej oblasti, kde môžete nájsť drevenú pevnosť, postavanú na vrchole skaly do výšky 5-6 poschodí. Najväčší počet pevností sa nachádza v Termopilskej oblasti /35/, ktorá bola hranicou medzi kresťanskou Európu a islamským Východom. Niektoré z opevnených sídiel sú spojené so známymi historickými osobnosťami akým bol ukrajinský hrdina Bohdan-Zenoviy Khmelnytskyi a poľský kráľ Jan III Sobiesky, ktorý v roku 1686 zachránil Viedeň pred Turkami. Ukrainian Carpathians (Poloniny) are a part of the external and internal Eastern Carpathians and build up the central part of the 1500 km long arch of the Carpathian mountains stretching from the estuary of the Morava (March) River into the Danube by Bratislava to the Iron Gates in Romania. They cover only 6.1 % of the Ukrainian territory. The smaller parts are located in the southern part of Lviv region, the south-western part of Ivano-Frankivsk region and the western part of Chernivtsi region. The geographic location of the territory and remoteness from the big industrial centers has allowed the preservation of the archaic forms of culture practically till nowadays. One would also find the relics of ancient Slavonic cultures, as well as various elements of the culture of the Kyivan Russ. Crossing the Carpathians in different directions a traveler will admire the diversity of forms of folk heritage and the proud historical towns as for example Lviv and Uzhgorod. In the small picturesque towns the traditional buildings of the main squares with town halls, the storage structures, buildings of old traditional factories are of interest, to say nothing of castles and palaces. A wonderful nature makes a background for all these riches. There was an idea to declare the whole Ukrainian Carpathians territory a Natural and Cultural Reserve but it has not been realized yet. Only an old part of the big city of Lviv is included in UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage List. There is the only one place in Europe called Tustan' (Lviv region) with remainders of a wooden fortress that was built on the top of the rock and was 5-6 storeys high. The biggest number of fortresses can be found in Ternopil region (34), where a dividing line between Christian Europe and Islamic East used to lay. Some of the fortresses-residences relate to prominent historic characters, like Ukrainian Hetman Bohdan-Zenoviy Khmelnytskyi and Polish King Jan III Sobiesky (he lead the army that crashed Turks and saved Vienna in 1686). UŽHOROD obyvateľov /inhabitants Zvyčajným východiskom pri putovaní po Zakarpatskej oblasti je starobylé mesto Užho- 43

44 rod. Môžeme tu nájsť najzachovalejší hrad regiónu. Prvá drevená pevnosť bola postavená v 9. storočí na 30m vysokom vulkanickom pahorku. Kamenná výstavba, realizovaná podľa vzoru západoeurópskych pevností pochádza z polovice 13-teho storočia. Prvý užhorodský kamenný kostol sa v priestoroch hradu nachádzal od 13-teho storočia do roku V roku 1646 bola tu podpísaná Užhorodská cirkevná únia s Rímom. Zaujímavý je tiež starobylý stred mesta a ďalšie zaujímavé štvrte, postavené v tridsiatych rokoch 20-teho storočia v štýle českého funkcionalizmu. Medzi jeho známe historické pamiatky patrí rotunda Horiany ( stor.), katedrála (1646), sídlo biskupa a múzeum ľudovej architektúry. UZHGOROD Traveling around Transcarpathia usually starts in ancient Uzhgorod. We can find here the best-preserved castle in the region. The first wooden stronghold of Uzhgorod was built in the 9th century on the 30 m high volcanic knoll. The stone structure was erected in the middle of the 13th century according to the principles of the Western European fortresses. The first Uzhgorod Catholic masonry church existed in the yard of the castle from 13th century till Here in 1646 the Uzhgorod Church Union with Rome was signed. Interesting is the old downtown and the wonderful quarters constructed in the 1930s in the style of Czech functionalism. Its well-known antiquities are the Horiany Rotunda (11th-15th centuries), the cathedral (1646), Bishop's Residence and the open air museum of folk architecture. MUKAČEVO obyvateľov /inhabitants Hlavná ulica v historickom centre Mukačeva má podobný ráz ako v mnohých karpatských mestách. Zaujímavá skupina dvojpodlažných objektov predstavuje súbor prekrásnych fasád 19. a začiatku 20. storočia. Západnú stranu ulice uzatvára impozantný dvojposchodový objekt radnice. K významným pamiatkam mesta patrí kláštor Sv. Mikuláša z 15. až 19. storočia, kaplnka zo 14. storočia v rímsko - katolíckom kostole a Rákocziho palác. Západne od historického centra môžeme obdivovať jeden z najimpozantnejších hradov Zakarpatska, ktorý zaberá plochu m 2. Počas 9. a 11. storočia sa na strmom kopci nachádzala malá slovanská pevnosť. Neskôr bola pevnosť prebudovaná na skutočný hrad. V súčasnosti je v ňom zriadené historické múzeum. 44

45 MUKACHEVO The main street of historical center of Mukachevo is typical for many towns in Carpathians. The two-storied buildings present the collection of splendid facades of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century. The western end of the street is locked by the impressing town-hall. Other interesting monuments in Mukachevo are the St. Nicholas monastery (15-19th centuries), chapel in Roman Catholic Church from 14th century and the Rakoczi palace. In the western suburb one can admire one of the most impressive castles of Transcarpathia with the total area of about 13,430 sq. m. There was a small Slavonic stronghold on the steep hill in the 9th - 11th centuries. Later the old fortress was rebuilt into a real castle. At present it serves as a historical museum. Zaujímavosti v okolí: Hradný vrch v Chuste (z 13. storočia); protestanský kostol (zo 14. storočia) a ďalšie starobylé pamiatky. Štyri známe gotické drevené kostoly zo storočia v obciach Sokyrnycia, Krajnikovo, Danilovo a Oleksandrivka. Hrad Chinadievo castle /15.st./, kúpele Sinyak, drevený kostol v obci Shelestovo, Sil a Kostryno, mesto Khust s hradným vrchom z 13.storočia. Dolina narcisov v blízkosti dediny Kireši. Šipit, jeden z najvyšších vodopádov na Ukraine, nachádzajúci sa vo Volovských vrchoch. Rekreačná oblasť Drahobrat. Other Places of interest: Khust Castle Hill (the 13th century), Protestant church (14th century) and other antiquities. Four famous Gothic wooden churches from the 17th-18th centuries in the villages of Sokyrnytsia, Kraynykovo, Danylovo and Oleksandrivka. Chinadievo castle (15th century), Sinyak health resort, wooden church in Shelestovo, Sil and Kostryno. Town of Khust with its Castle Hill (the 13th century). The unique botanical unit Valley of Narcissi located near the village of Kireshi. Shypit waterfall, one of the highest in Kraine in The Highlands of Volovets. The famous tourist resort of the Drahobrat. Informácie/Information: Informačné centrum / Information Center Vul. Pushkina 2, Mukachevo, phone: 8 (03131) tic-m@mail.ru ĽVOV obyvateľov / inhabitants - rok 2007 Mesto bolo založené v polovici 13-steho 45

46 storočia kniežaťom Danylom Galytskiym a pomenované po jeho synovi Leovi /lev/, Leopolis. Staré opevnené mesto stálo na úpätí vrchu na brehu rieky Poltava. Rieka bola v 13. storočí používaná na prevoz tovaru. Začiatkom 20. storočia bola prekrytá. V súčasnosti tečie pod zemou priamo pod hlavnou ľvovskou triedou, Prospektom slobody a pod budovou opery. Nachádza sa v ňom veľké množstvo pamiatok, ktoré majú historickú, architektonickú a náboženskú hodnotu. Mnohé z nich pochádzajú z 13- teho storočia. Ide o viac ako 30 múzeí histórie, etnografie, vojenské múzeá a galérie. V roku 1998 bolo historické jadro Ľvova zapísané do zoznamu Svetového kultúrneho a prírodného dedičstva UNESCO. Medzi najzaujímavejšie pamiatky patrí Rynok - námestie, postavené v renesančnom slohu /16-18-ste st./, Arménska katedrála /14.st./, Latinská katedrála z 15.st./,renesančný súbor v kostole Nanebovzatia /16.st./, opera vo Ľvove /19.st./ a Stryjský park, založený v roku LVIV The city was founded in the middle of the 13th century by Prince Danylo Galytskiy, and named after his son Leo ("Lion") Leopolis. The old walled city was at the foothills on the banks of the river Poltva. In the 13th century, the river was used to transport goods. In the early 20th century, it was covered over in areas where it flows through the city. The river flows directly beneath the central street of Lviv, Freedom Avenue (Prospect Svobody) and the famous Opera House. There are many places of historical, architectural and religious importance (some of them belong to the 13th century); there are more than 30 museums of history, ethnography, arms and art galleries. In 1998 the historical centre of Lviv was included into the "List of World Cultural and Natural Heritage of UNESCO". We can name just a few places of historical importance: Rynok ("Market") square of Renaissance style (the 16-18th century); Armenian Cathedral (the 14th century); The Latin Cathedral (the 15th century); Renaissance ensemble of the Church of the Assumption (the 16th century); Lviv Opera House (the 19th century); Stryj park (founded in 1887). Zaujímavosti v okolí: Nádherná okolitá príroda, drevené kostolíky bojkovského typu a zvonice v dedinách Pohar, Kryve, Dovzhky, Zadilske, Rosokhach, Myta, Oryavchyk, Koziova, Oryava a v mnoných ďalších lokalitách. Pieskovcové skaly v údolí rieky Striy 46

47 neďaleko obce Urych s jaskyňami. Mnohé pevnosti okolo Ľvova, hrady Olesko a Pidgirtsi. Balnoterapeutické centrá Morshyn a Skhidnytsia, lyžiarske strediská v Slavsku and Tysovetsi, pamätník Tachanka. Nádherné údolia riek Limnycja, Bystrycja Solotvynska, Bystrycja Nadvirnjanska. Drevené kostolíky huculského štýlu v dedinách Bystrycja, Delyatyn, Tatariv a iných. Zrúcaniny hradu Pniv. Najväčší komplexom minerálnych kúpeľov na Ukrajine - Truskavec. Place of interest: Wonderful landscape in the area, wooden churches of the Boykian style and bell towers in the villages of Pohar, Kryve, Dovzhky, Zadilske, Rosokhach, Myta, Oryavchyk, Koziova, Oryava and many other localities. Sandstone rocks with caves near the village of Urych in the valley of the river Striy. A lot of ancient fortification and religious buildings are situated around Lviv as Olesko castle, Pidgirtsi castle. Not far from Lviv there are balneology centers in Morshyn and Skhidnytsia, ski-centers in Slavsko and Tysovets, Tachanka monument. The picturesque valleys of the Limnytsia, Bystrytsia Solotvynska, Bystrytsia Nadvirnyanska Rivers. Wooden churches of the Hutsul style in the villages of Bystrytsia, Delyatyn, Tatariv and others. Ruins of castle in Pniv. Truskavets, the largest mineral spa complex in Ukraine. Informácie/Information: InLviv Travel agency, Rybna St. 3/19, Lviv, Lviv Tourist Board, Pidvalna Str., 3, 79006, Lviv, Ukraine, tel./fax: tel./fax: ltb@mail.lviv.ua;, IVANOFRANKOVS obyvateľov /inhabitants, rok 2004 Mesto vniklo pod názvom Stanisławów ako pevnosť na ochranu Poľsko - Litovského kniežatstva proti nájazdom Tatárov. Prvá písomná zmienka o ňom je z roku Onedlho nato, keď Turci v roku 1672 dobyli pevnosť Kamieniec Podolski, spolu s Haličom sa stali dôležitým centrom obrany proti Turkom. Židia dostali povolenie postaviť si tu domy. V čase renesancie sa mesto sa rozrástlo. Z času na čas ho volali malý Leopolis - Ľvov. Mesto sa stalo dôležitým centrom arménskej kultúry s arménskym kostolom, v ktorom sa nachádzali maľby Panny Márie, v roku 1945 prenesené do Gdanska. V roku 1772, po nadvláde Poliakov, sa stalo súčasťou Rakúsko-Uhorska. V roku 1991 pod názvom Ivanofrankovsk sa stalo súčasťou nezávislej Ukrajiny. IVANOFRANKOVS The city, named Stanisławów, was founded as a fortress to protect the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from Tatar invasions. The city was first mentioned in Soon afterwards, when in 1672 the Turks conquered the fortress of Kamieniec Podolski, Stanisławów, together with Halicz, became a strongpoint against Turkish forces. Jews were permitted to build houses here. Town was extensively rebuilt during the Renaissance period, 47

48 that while it was sometime called Little Leopolis /Lviv/. The city was also an important center of Armenian culture with an Armenian church, in which a painting of Mary was kept. The painting was moved to Gdansk in In 1772, after the Partitions of Poland, it became a part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Since 1991, with name Ivanofrankivsk it has been a part of independent Ukraine. Zaujímavosti v okolí: Nádherná scenéria východných Karpát a údolia rieky Chorniy Cheremosh. Drevené kostolíky huculského typu v obciach Kryvorivnya (1818), Dovhopilya (1872), Zelena (1846) a v mnohých ďalších. Malebné údolie rieky Sukil s kaskádovým vodopádom. Drevené kostoly Bojkov v obciach Bubnyšče, Tysiv a Poljanyca. Moršynské kúpele s minerálnymi prameňmi. Manjavský kláštor z roku 1611, vyzdobený a zrekonštruovaný koncom 17. storočia a vodopády na rieke Manyava V okolitom lese sa nachádzajú zaujímavé skalné formácie. Kláštor tvoria jeho pôvodné drevené časti, ako aj novo vystavaný drevený kostolík. Hrad Halych z 13th storočia, gigantické pieskovcové skaly Dovbuč, pohorie Gordany, typický huculský drevený kríž v dedine Iľči v blízkosti mesta Verkhovina. Kúpele Mizun a Džerelo. Other Places of Interest: Splendid scenery of Eastern Carpathians and picturesque valley of the river Chorniy Cheremosh. Wooden churches of the Hutsul style in the villages of Kryvorivnya (1818), Dovhopilya (1872), Zelena (1846) and many others. The picturesque valley of the Sukil River with a cascade waterfall. Wooden churches of the Boyko style in Bubnyshche, Tysiv and Polyanytsia. Morshyn spa area with mineral springs. Manyava monastery, founded in 1611, reconstructed and decorated in late 17th century and forest around it with interesting stone formations and waterfall on the Manyavka River. It still preserves wooden structures and a newly erected wooden church. Halych castle from 13th century, gigantic sandstone rocks Dovbush, Gordany ridge. Typical Hutsul wooden cross in Iltsi, village near the town Verkhovina. Mizun and Dzherelo spa. Informácie/Information: Carpathian Tourism Board, Hrushevskoho Str., , Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine tel.: , tel.: ctb@trade.if.ua; ČERNIVCI obyvateľov /inhabitants - rok 2001 V 12. storočí sa na brehu rieky Prut v Bukovine nachádzalo opevnené sídlo, patriace panstvu Halych. Legenda nazýva toto opevnené sídlo Čern alebo Čierne mesto. Údajne získalo toto meno podľa mestského opevnenia, postaveného z tmavého dubového dre- 48

49 va, natretého tamojšou čiernou zemou. Žiaľ pevnosť bola zničená v roku 1259 počas nájazdu Mongolských kmeňov. Avšak až dodnes ju pripomínajú valy, využívané pre ochranné účely. Mestské práva získal Černivci v 14. storočí. Mesto začalo rozkvitať v roku 1778 v čase menovania kniežaťa Karla von Enzenberga za veliteľa vojenskej správy. On pozval mnohých kupcov, remeselníkov, aby tu pozdvihli obchod. V meste môžeme nájsť mnohé zaujímavosti ako je divadlo, koncertná sála, bábkové divadlo, Bukovinské múzeum Diaspora, múzeum ľudovej architektúry a iné. CHERNIVTSI A fortified settlement located on the left shore of Prut river in the Bukovynian Region dates back to the 12th century of the Principality of Halych. Legendary accounts refer to this fortress-city as Chern', or Black city, and it is said to owe its name to the black color of the city walls, built from dark oak layered with local black-colored soil. This stronghold was unfortunately destroyed during the Mongol invasion in However, the remaining ramparts of the fortress were still used for the defense purposes. In 14th century Chernivci is donated with city rights. The city began to flourish in 1778 when Knight was appointed the chief of the Military Administration of Chernivtsi. He invited many merchants and craftsmen to help develop trade. There are many places which attract citizens of Chernivtsi and the visitors: Drama Theatre, Organ and Chamber Music Hall, puppet-theatre, Bukovynian Diaspora Museum, Museum of Folk Architecture and other. Zaujímavosti v okolí: Nádherné údolie rieky Cheremosh, priesmyk Nimchych s peknou panorámou, drevený kostol Ivana Suchavského vo Vyzhenke (1792). Päť-priestorové a troj-priestorové drevené kostoly huculského štýlu vo všetkých okolitých dedinách. Prícestné Kaplnky z 19. storočia, napr. vo Vyženke. Hrad Kotyn z 13- steho storočia, nachádzajúci sa v blízkosti jedného z najstarších miest na Ukraine. Other Places of Interest The picturesque valley of the river Cheremosh. Nimchych pass with nice panoramas. Ivan Suchavskiy wooden church in Vyzhenka (1792). Five sectional and three sectional wooden churches of the Hutsul style in all neighboring villages. Roadside chapels from 19th century for example in village Vyzhenka. Khotyn castle from 13th century near one of the oldest town in Ukraine. 49

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