Gas as marine fuels operational aspects

Transcription

1 Gas as marine fuels operational aspects Oskar Levander Head of Conceptual Design, Wärtsilä Ship Design Ship Efficiency, by STG Hamburg, Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

2 Content Drivers Emission legislations Global warming reduction of CO2 emissions LNG as a marine fuel LNG fuelled ship references Dual fuel engines Rules & regulations Gas storage and feed system Bunkering Running on gas in port The efficient ferry concept 2 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

3 IMO Sulphur Limits 4,5% 3,5% 1,5% 1,0% 0,5% 0,1% World ECA EU in ports 3 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

4 NO x reduction IMO requirements and methods Specific NO x emissions (g/kwh) Dry/Wet Methods Selective Catalytic Reduction Rated engine speed (rpm) Tier I (present) Ships built 2000 onwards Engines > 130 kw Retrofit: Ships built Engines > 90 litres/cylinder and > 5000 kw Tier II (global 2011) Ships built 2011 onwards Engines > 130 kw Tier III (ECAs 2016) Ships in designated areas, 2016 onwards Engines > 130 kw Wärtsilä Dual Fuel Technology 4 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

5 NOx and sulphur ECA - what are the options? How to meet the emission limits after 2016 when operating inside SECA (NO x ) areas: HFO + Scrubber + SCR Distillate fuels + SCR Alternative liquid fuels + SCR Gaseous fuels? 5 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

6 Greenhouse emission reductions CO 2 emission reduction: Reduce power demand Ship and propulsion design Operation profile Improve efficiency Propulsion optimisation Engine technology Waste energy recovery Change to alternative fuels Fuels with less carbon 6 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

7 IMO Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) 7 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

8 EEDI improvement Reduction of propulsion power Speed reduction Lower resistance Hull form Reduced friction Propulsion efficiency Propulsion concept Propulsor efficiency Propulsion machinery efficiency Fuels with less carbon LNG Reduction of aux power Reduce hotel load HVAC Lighting Aux machinery efficiency Fuels with less carbon LNG Clean energy and recovery WHR Wind power Sails Kite Flettner rotors Solar power CO2 capturing. Increase capacity Larger ship Larger payload 8 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

9 3 thesis - how to meet the emission regulations How to meet the coming emission regulations: Keep it simple - No complex process plants Keep it clean - No waste, sludge, soot Keep it cool - Liquefied gas storage for compact size 9 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

10 What is natural gas? Natural gas is mostly methane (CH 4 ) Methane contains the highest amount of energy per unit of carbon of any fossil fuel Carbon to hydrogen ratio 1 / 4 (gasoline: 1 / 2,25) Lower CO 2 emissions H Natural gas is: A very safe fuel Non-toxic Lighter than air H C Ethane (C 2 H 6 ) H H Methane (CH 4 ) 10 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

11 Cleaner Exhaust Emissions with LNG 25-30% lower CO 2 Thanks to low carbon to hydrogen ratio of fuel 85% lower NO X Lean burn concept (high air-fuel ratio) No SO X emissions Sulphur is removed from fuel when liquefied >90% lower particulate emissions No visible smoke No sludge deposits 11 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

12 May-08 Sep-08 Jan-09 May-09 Sep-07 Jan-08 Jan-07 May-07 May-06 Sep-06 Jan-06 Sep-05 Fuel prices 35 LNG Japan CIF [USD/MBtu] 30 NG Henry hub [USD/MBtu] 25 HFO 380cst Rotterdam [USD/MBtu] MGO Rotterdam [USD/MBtu] USD/MBtu Jan-00 May-00 Sep-00 Jan-01 May-01 Sep-01 Jan-02 May-02 Sep-02 Jan-03 May-03 Sep-03 Jan-04 May-04 Sep-04 Jan-05 May-05 Sources: LR Fairplay 12 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

13 13 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander LNG fuelled ship references

14 LNG fuelled ships* in operation Ship name Ship type Owner Year built Installed power Glutra Ferry Fjord1 (NO) kw Viking Energy PSV Eidesvik (NO) kw Stril Pioneer PSV Simon Mokster (NO) kw Bergensfjord Ferry Fjord1 (NO) kw Fanafjord Ferry Fjord1 (NO) kw Raunefjord Ferry Fjord1 (NO) kw Stavangerfjord Ferry Fjord1 (NO) kw Mastrafjord Ferry Fjord1 (NO) kw Viking Queen PSV Eidesvik (NO) kw Viking Lady PSV Eidesvik (NO) kw * Other than LNG Carriers 14 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

15 LNG fuelled vessel: PSV Viking Energy & Stril Pioneer Viking Energy / Stril pioner (2003) Owners: Eidesvik AS Mökster Shipping Builder: Kleven Verft Designer: Vik-Sandvik (Wärtsilä Ship Design) Main particulars: Gross 4000 GT Length 94,9 m Beam 20,4 m Speed 17,2 knots LNG tank 220 m 3 4 x Wärtsilä 6L32DF gensets Power 4 x 2020 kw Total 8080 kw 15 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

16 LNG fuelled vessel: PSV Viking Energy & Stril Pioneer 16 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

17 LNG fuelled vessel: PSV Viking Queen & Viking Lady Viking Queen / Viking Lady (2008) Owners: Designer: Eidesvik AS Vik-Sandvik (Wärtsilä Ship Design) Main particulars: Gross GT Length 92,2 m Beam 21 m LNG tank 220 m 3 4 x Wärtsilä 6L32DF gensets Power 4 x 2020 kw Total 8080 kw 17 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

18 LNG fuelled vessel: PSV Viking Queen & Viking Lady 18 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

19 LNG fuelled ships on order 3 different small ferries 3 coast guard vessels Gas and diesel engines LNG supply vessel RoRo vessel for Sea-Cargo 19 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

20 DF engines for LNG carriers 20 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

21 Dual-fuel-electric LNG carriers Installations: 62 Shipyards: 7 Ship owners: > Installed power [ MW ] Estimated ship delivery 0 21 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

22 DF-electric machinery Dual Fuel electric machinery has become the leading new machinery solution for LNG carriers 22 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

23 LNG fuelled passenger vessel concepts Wärtsilä is actively developing solutions for LNG fuelled passenger vessel: gt Cruise Ferry gt RoPax BIG LNG gt PaxCar Ferry gt Cruise ship 23 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

24 Running on gas in port 24 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

25 LNG for tugs and inland vessels 25 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

26 26 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander Gas Engines

27 Gas engine technologies Gas-diesel (GD) engines: Runs on various gas / diesel mixtures or alternatively on diesel. Combustion of gas, diesel and air mixture in Diesel cycle. High-pressure gas injection. Spark-ignition gas (SG) engines: Runs only on gas. Combustion of gas and air mixture in Otto cycle, triggered by spark plug ignition. Low-pressure gas admission. Dual-fuel (DF) engines: Runs on gas with 1% diesel (gas mode) or alternatively on diesel (diesel mode). Combustion of gas and air mixture in Otto cycle, triggered by pilot diesel injection (gas mode), or alternatively combustion of diesel and air mixture in Diesel cycle (diesel mode). Low-pressure gas admission. New release Dual-fuel (DF) engines Spark-ingnition gas (SG) engines Gas-diesel (GD) engines 34DF 32DF, 50DF 34SG 32GD, 46GD Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

28 Dual-fuel engine characteristics High efficiency Low gas pressure Low emissions, due to: High efficiency Clean fuel Lean burn combustion Fuel flexibility Gas mode Diesel mode Two engine models Wärtsilä 34DF Wärtsilä 50DF Wärtsilä 6L50DF 28 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

29 Dual-fuel engine parameters 34DF 6L34DF 2.7 MW 9L34DF 4.0 MW 12V34DF 5.4 MW 16V34DF 7.2 MW 20V34DF 9.0 MW 50DF 6L50DF 5.7 MW 8L50DF 7.6 MW 9L50DF 8.6 MW 12V50DF 11.4 MW 16V50DF 15.2 MW 18V50DF 18V50DF kw 17.1 MW Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

30 DF Engines - Operating modes Gas mode: Ex. In. Ex. In. Ex. In. Otto principle ** ** Low-pressure gas admission * * * * * * * * * * ** * * * Pilot diesel injection Intake of air and gas Compression of air and gas Ignition by pilot diesel fuel Ex. In. Ex. In. Ex. In. Diesel mode: Diesel principle Diesel injection Intake of air Compression of air Injection of diesel fuel 30 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

31 DF concept benefits Reliability Efficiency Low gas pressure Fuel flexibility MDO as a backup HFO as option System configuration Single storage tank is allowed Single engine installations allowed 31 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

32 32 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander Rules and regulations

33 LNG regulatory bodies Maritime regulations for gas fuelled ships Classification societies DNV LR Flag states Today only the Norwegian Maritime Directorate has got rules available IMO Interim guidelines under development (to be ready in 2009) International Gas Carrier (IGC) code 33 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

34 LNG storage location Gas storage below deck LNG tank Min. B/15 or 2 m (the lesser) Never less than 760 mm Min. B/5 or 11,5 m (the lesser) LNG tank Never less than 760 mm 34 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

35 LNG storage Keep it cool 35 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

36 Why bunker has to be in liquid form (LNG) 600 Fuel relative volume, energy content equal NG 1 bar LNG 10bar CNG 200bar 36 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

37 Keep it cool Cylindrical pressure vessel Vacuum insulated Approved for passenger vessels C-TYPE 37 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

38 LNG storage STORAGE VOLUME (RELATIVE) 4,5 Fuel Tank Tank room 4,0 Volume relative to MDO in DB 3,5 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 0,0 DIESEL LNG (10 bar) 38 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

39 LNG system Keep it simple 39 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

40 LNG system (C-type) No moving parts in fuel supply! 1st Heater for keeping the tank pressure 2nd Heater for evaporating the LNG 40 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

41 LNG system (C-type) 41 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

42 Main Components (C-type tanks) Bunkering station DF-engine Gas valve unit Storage tank Cold box 42 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

43 C-type tanks below deck 43 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

44 C-type tanks - Alternative arrangement 44 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

45 LNG tank location The LNG tanks are located on the upper deck behind the superstructure Located outside Good ventilation No ventilation casing needed trough accommodation Vent pipe for tanks still needed Visible location for good PR 45 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

46 46 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander Bunkering

47 LNG in Europe Import terminal Export terminal 47 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

48 Bunkering LNG Terminal Tanker truck Tanker ship / barge Land based storage tank Suorce: 48 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

49 LNG bunkering 49 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

50 Bunker station in port 50 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

51 Gas storage tanks 51 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

52 52 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander Running on gas in port

53 Why ports are going for shore power? Public pressure Emissions from ships (auxiliary engines running on HFO) SO X NO X Particles Many ports are close to urban areas Port emissions drifts straight to populated areas (ship funnels are lower compared to land based power plants) 53 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

54 NG in port philosophy One engine is of DF-type In port vessel is connected to gas pipe network or Is connected to a shore based LNG storage tank / LNG truck At sea, the DF-engine can run on HFO as a gensets among others No gas / LNG storage on board needed Low investment costs 54 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

55 LNG auxiliary power in port for cruise vessels LNG auxiliary power for cruise vessels 14 Electricity production cost in port Significant reduction of local emissions Economically feasible cent(usd)/kwh Technology is available 2 0 Shore power MGO MDO LNG 55 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

56 56 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander Case study: Running on gas in port gt cruise ship

57 DE DFE machinery 2 x WÄRTSILÄ 12V kw 3 x WÄRTSILÄ 12V kw FPP Thruster integrated into skeg Feathering CPP kw Bow thrusters 4 x 3000 kw Stern thrusters 2 x 3000 kw E-motors 2 x kw WÄRTSILÄ 16V50DF kw FPP Total installed engine power kw 57 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

58 Gas feed system CONNECTING HOSE ENGINE ROOM DF-ENGINE GAS VALVE UNIT 58 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

59 Gas Valve Unit (GVU) 59 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

60 Emissions in port 120 % CO 2 NO X SO X 100 % 80 % 60 % CO 2-29% NO X -91% SO X -99.9% 40 % 20 % 0 % Ref. with LSHFO Ref. with MGO Hybrid 60 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

61 Annual total emissions 120 % CO 2 NO X SO X 100 % 80 % 60 % 40 % 20 % 0 % Ref. with LSHFO Ref. with MGO Hybrid 61 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

62 Annual cost in port Repayment time 10 years Interest rate 8% keur Extra investment cost Fuel Shore power cost (0.09 USD/KWh) 0 Ref. with LSHFO Ref. with MGO Hybrid Shore power 62 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

63 63 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander The Efficient Cruise Ferry

64 The efficient cruise ferry 64 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

65 The efficient cruise ferry Main dimensions Gross tonnage GT Pax capacity pcs Length, oa 225 m Pax cabins 750 pcs Breadth 31.2 m Crew cabins 180 pcs Draught, design 6.8 m Deadweight tons Lane meters m Service speed 24 knots Lane meters, cars 850 m 65 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

66 The efficient cruise ferry Flettner rotors WHR LNG Solar cells Wing Thruster propulsion EnergoPac rudder Long slender hull 66 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

67 DF machinery 7 MW 5.7 MW 5.7 MW G 6L50DF 6L50DF G 8.55 MW 17.1 MW GEAR 9L50DF 15.2 MW 8.55 MW 9L50DF 7 MW 5.7 MW 5.7 MW G 6L50DF 6L50DF G MSB MSB 2 x 2.5 MW MDO L N G 67 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

68 Ship efficiency total annual energy consumption 120 % 100 % 80 % -32% 60 % 40 % 20 % 0 % Conventional ferry with twin shaft lines New ferry concept 68 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

69 Energy savings Saving [kw] Solar power Flettner LNG cold for AC WHR Propulsion concept Hull dimensions 0 Port 8 kn 15 kn 24 kn Operation mode 69 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

70 Conclusions LNG offers great advantages Significantly lower emissions clean exhaust A simple way to meet all currently known emission regulations Improved efficiency Better availability of LNG bunkering would aid the introduction of the clean fuel in ships New designs are needed to meet the demand of the future 70 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

71 Experienced design partner Wärtsilä Ship Design 71 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander

72 72 Wärtsilä 29 September 2009 Oskar Levander CRUSING ON GAS INTO A CLEANER FUTURE