CLEANSHIP. Clean Baltic Sea Shipping. 3.1 Air pollution from ships in the partner ports

Transcription

1 CLEANSHIP Clean Baltic Sea Shipping 3.1 Air pollution from ships in the partner ports Organisation name of lead contractor for this deliverable: Klaipeda University Air pollution from ships research laboratory

2 DOCUMENT INFORMATION 3.1 Air pollution from ships in the partner ports Author(s): Issuing entity: Document Code: CLEANSHIP 3.1 PROF. HABIL. DR. VYTAUTAS SMAILYS, PAULIUS RAPALIS, RENATA STRAZDAUSKIENE, KRISTINA BEREISIENE KLAIPEDA UNIVERSITY AIR POLLUTION FROM SHIPS RESEARCH LABORATORY Pages 68 Figures 49 Tables 25 Annexes 0 CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page ii

3 Disclaimer This publication is part of the Clean Baltic Sea Shipping project and it is subjected to the publicity rules of the Baltic Sea Programme While the information contained in the documents is believed to be accurate, the author(s) or any other participant in the CLEANSHIP make no warranty of any kind with regard to this material including, but not limited to the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. Neither CLEANSHIP nor any of its members, their officers, employees or agents shall be responsible or liable in negligence or otherwise howsoever in respect of any inaccuracy or omission herein. Without derogating from the generality of the foregoing neither CLEANSHIP nor any of its partners, their officers, employees or agents shall be liable for any direct or indirect or consequential loss or damage caused by or arising from any information advice or inaccuracy or omission herein. CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page iii

4 TABLE OF CONTENTS DOCUMENT INFORMATION... ii TABLE OF CONTENTS... iv LIST OF TABLES... v LIST OF FIGURES... vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS /GLOSSARY... viii Executive summary... 1 Introduction METHODOLOGY OF CALCULATION OF AIR POLLUTION FROM SHIPS IN THE PORTS MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PARTNER PORTS PORT OF KLAIPEDA PORT OF TURKU PORT OF KALUNDBORG PORT OF OSLO PORT OF TALLINN PORT OF ROSTOCK PORT OF HELSINKI PORT OF TRELLEBORG PORT OF HAMBURG ANALYSIS OF CALCULATION OF AIR POLLUTIONS EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS IN PORTS Analysis of future emissions CONCLUSIONS CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page iv

5 LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1. EMISSION POLLUTANT COEFFICIENTS BY ENGINE, OPERATIONAL PHASE, ENGINE TYPE, G/KWH TABLE 2. SPECIFIC POLLUTANT EMISSIONS COEFFICIENTS BY FUEL TYPE, KG/ T FUEL TABLE 3. NUMBER OF SHIPS BY TYPES VISITING PARTNER PORTS TABLE 4. TYPES OF CARGO IN SPECIFIC PORTS TABLE 5. DETAILS OF SHIPS VISITING THE SPECIFIC PORT IN 2005 YEAR TABLE 6. DETAILS OF SHIPS VISITING THE SPECIFIC PORT IN 2010 YEAR TABLE 7. ENGINE LOAD AND OPERATION TIME OF MAIN AND AUXILIARY ENGINES TABLE 8. AUXILIARY/MAIN ENGINE POWER RATIO BY SHIP GROUPS TABLE 9. NUMBER OF SHIPS VISITING PORT OF KLAIPEDA BY TYPE IN YEARS (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF KLAIPEDA) TABLE 10. CARGO BY TYPE HANDLED IN PORT OF KLAIPEDA IN (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF KLAIPEDA) TABLE 11. NUMBER OF SHIPS BY TYPE IN PORT OF TURKU, IN (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF TURKU) TABLE 12. CARGO BY TYPE HANDLED IN PORT OF TURKU, IN (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF TURKU). 18 TABLE 13. NUMBER OF SHIPS BY TYPE IN PORT OF KALUNDBORG, IN (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF KALUNDBORG) TABLE 14. CARGO HANDLED BY TYPE IN PORT OF KALUNDBORG, IN (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF KALUNDBORG) TABLE 15. NUMBER OF SHIPS BY TYPE IN PORT OF OSLO, IN (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF OSLO). 25 TABLE 16. CARGO BY TYPE HANDLED IN PORT OF OSLO, IN (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF OSLO) TABLE 17. NUMBER OF SHIPS BY TYPE IN PORTS OF TALLINN, IN (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF TALLINN) TABLE 18. CARGO BY TYPE HANDLED IN PORT OF TALLINN, IN (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF TALLINN) TABLE 19. NUMBER OF SHIPS BY TYPE IN PORT OF ROSTOCK, IN (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF ROSTOCK) TABLE 20. CARGO BY TYPE HANDLED IN PORT OF ROSTOCK, IN (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF ROSTOCK), MLN. TONNES TABLE 21. NUMBER OF SHIPS BY TYPE IN PORT OF HELSINKI, IN (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF HELSINKI) TABLE 22. CARGO BY TYPE HANDLED IN PORT OF HELSINKI, IN (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF HELSINKI) TABLE 23. CARGO BY TYPE HANDLED IN PORT OF TRELLEBORG, IN (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF TRELLEBORG) TABLE 24. NUMBER OF SHIPS BY TYPE IN PORT OF HAMBURG, IN (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF HAMBURG) TABLE 25. CARGO BY TYPE HANDLED IN PORT OF HAMBURG, IN (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF HAMBURG) CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page v

6 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1. SCHEME OF CALCULATION OF AIR POLLUTION EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS IN PARTNER PORTS FIGURE 2. MAIN WINDOW OF IHS FAIR PLAY WORLDS SHIPPING ENCYCLOPAEDIA FIGURE 3. PORT OF KLAIPEDA (SOURCE: GOOGLE EARTH ) FIGURE 4. PORT OF KLAIPEDA (SOURCE ( 13 FIGURE 5. NUMBER OF SHIPS AND THEIR AVERAGE ENGINE POWER IN PORT OF KLAIPEDA, IN (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF KLAIPEDA AND IHS FAIRPLAY WORLD SHIPPING ENCYCLOPAEDIA) FIGURE 6. AMOUNTS OF CARGO AND SHIP TRAFFIC COMPARISON CHART (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF KLAIPEDA). 15 FIGURE 7. PORT OF TURKU (SOURCE: GOOGLE EARTH ) FIGURE 8. PORT OF TURKU (SOURCE: PORT OF TURKU WEBSITE ) FIGURE 9. NUMBER OF SHIPS (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF TURKU) FIGURE 10. AMOUNTS OF CARGO AND SHIP TRAFFIC COMPARISON CHART (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF TURKU) FIGURE 11. PORT OF KALUNDBORG (SOURCE: GOOGLE EARTH ) FIGURE 12. PORT OF KALUNDBORG (SOURCE: PORT OF KALUNDBORG WEBSITE ) FIGURE 13. NUMBER OF SHIPS (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF KALUNDBORG ) FIGURE 14. AMOUNTS OF CARGO IN PORT OF KALUNDBORG (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF KALUNDBORG) FIGURE 15. PORT OF OSLO (SOURCE: GOOGLE EARTH ) FIGURE 16. PORT OF OSLO (SOURCE: PORT OF OSLO WEBSITE) FIGURE 17. NUMBER OF SHIPS (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF OSLO) FIGURE 18. AMOUNTS OF CARGO IN PORT OF OSLO (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF OSLO) FIGURE 19. PORT OF TALLINN (SOURCE: GOOGLE EARTH ) FIGURE 20. PORT OF TALLINN, PALJASSAARE (SOURCE: PORT OF TALLINN WEBSITE ) FIGURE 21. NUMBER OF SHIPS (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF TALLINN) FIGURE 22. AMOUNTS OF CARGO (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF TALLINN) FIGURE 23. PORT OF ROSTOCK (SOURCE: GOOGLE EARTH ) FIGURE 24. PORT OF ROSTOCK (SOURCE: PORT OF ROSTOCK WEBSITE) FIGURE 25. NUMBER OF SHIPS (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF TURKU AND IHS FAIRPLAY WORLD SHIPPING ENCYCLOPAEDIA) FIGURE 26. AMOUNTS OF CARGO IN PORT OF ROSTOCK (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF ROSTOCK) FIGURE 27. PORT OF HELSINKI (SOURCE: GOOGLE EARTH ) FIGURE 28. PORT OF HELSINKI (SOURCE: PORT OF HELSINKI WEBSITE) FIGURE 29. NUMBER OF SHIPS (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF HELSINKI) FIGURE 30. PORT OF TRELLEBORG (SOURCE: GOOGLE EARTH ) FIGURE 31. PORT OF TRELLEBORG (SOURCE: 41 FIGURE 32. AMOUNT OF CARGO, PASSENGERS IN PORT OF TRELLEBORG (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF TRELLEBORG) FIGURE 33. PORT OF HAMBURG (SOURCE: GOOGLE EARTH ) FIGURE 34. PORT OF HAMBURG (SOURCE: 44 FIGURE 35. NUMBER OF SHIPS (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF HAMBURG) FIGURE 36. AMOUNTS OF CARGO IN PORT OF HAMBURG (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF HAMBURG) FIGURE 37. TOTAL NUMBER OF SHIPS IN 7 ANALYSED PORTS FIGURE 38. TOTAL NUMBER OF SHIPS BY TYPE IN 7 ANALYSED PORTS FIGURE 39. SHIPS GROSS TONNAGE COMPARISON IN 6 ANALYSED PORTS FIGURE 40. AVERAGE AGE OF SHIPS IN 6 ANALYSED PORTS IN 2005 AND IN FIGURE 41. AVERAGE AGE OF SHIPS IN 6 ANALYSED PORTS IN, A) 2005 AND B) 2010) FIGURE 42. CARGO HANDLED IN ANALYZED PORTS FIGURE 43. NUMBER OF PASSENGERS IN ANALYZED PORTS FIGURE 44. TOTAL NO X EMISSION BY SHIP TYPE IN 9 ANALYSED PORTS FIGURE 45. TOTAL EMISSION OF OTHER POLLUTANTS BY SHIP TYPE IN 9 ANALYSED PORTS FIGURE 46. TOTAL POLLUTANT EMISSION FROM 9 PORTS BY SHIP TYPES IN A) 2005 AND B) CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page vi

7 FIGURE 47. CO 2 EMISSION IN 9 ANALYSED PORTS BY SHIP TYPE FIGURE 48. NO X AND SO X EMISSION FORECASTS FOR 6 PORTS FIGURE 49. CO, CO 2 AND TOTAL SOLID PARTICLES EMISSION FORECASTS FOR 6 PORTS CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page vii

8 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS /GLOSSARY NMVOC non-methane volatile organic compounds; MEET - Methodologies for Estimating Air Pollutant Emissions from Transport; E In port Total emission from the whole evaluation period, t E Hotelling Total emission from hotelling at berth, t E Manoeuvring Total emission from manoeuvring in port, t E Trip - Total emissions in the given operational phase, kg EF e.i.j.m - Emission factor of pollutant (i) by fuel type (m), engine category (e) and type (j), g/kwh ; LF e Main or auxiliary engine load factor, % P e Rated power of engine, kw T - Time of ships hotelling and manoeuvring, h e - Engine category (main, auxiliary); i - Pollutant (NOx, NMVOC and PM); m Fuel type (MDO, BFO); j Type of engine (gas or steam turbine; high, medium or slow speed diesel engine); E i Emissions of pollutant, kg FC m,j,e Amount of consumed fuel type (m) by engine category (e) and type (j), t EF i,m - Specific size of pollutant emission type (i), fuel type (m), kg/tfuel i Type of pollutant (CO, SO2 and CO2); MMSI Maritime Mobile Service Identity; DWT - Deadweight tonnage; MCR - Maximum Continuous Rating (ship engines); CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page viii

9 Executive summary Air pollution from ships in the seas, especially along busy ship-faring routes and in ports, is constantly increasing, which eventually causes more and more problems for the coastal states and port cities. Its levels have become noteworthy in partially enclosed seas with intense shipping, such as in the Mediterranean, the Baltic and the North Sea, where some seashore zones and larger ports experience effects of increased pollution levels in the atmosphere stemming from maritime transport. The greatest number of ships is concentrated in port cities, known to be zones of increased emission amounts, which in turn also influences air quality in towns located nearby. Within the CLEANSHIP project a Task 3,1 report made by Air pollution from ships research laboratory of Klaipeda university with the aims to calculate air pollution emissions from ships visiting and operating in partner ports for the years 2005 and 2010 was prepared including a forecast of air pollution emissions for 2015 and The results showed that the number of smaller ships that visit these ports is decreasing, and as more cargo is delivered by bigger ships the cargo handling operations in ports are getting more ecologically efficient. Greater part of air pollutant emissions in ports are emitted by Ro-Ro ships and tankers as a result of their operational cycles and traffic density. These ships make up a great part of ship traffic in many Baltic Sea ports. The air pollutant emissions forecasts showed a positive impact of MARPOL 73/78 regulation on port emissions, at least for SOx. Effects of these regulations and increasing environmental efficiency are slowing down the negative effect of the growing marine traffic flows on environment. Prepared publications: 8th Scientific Conference of Technology Scientific works western Lithuania" May Overview of air pollution from different types of vessels in the port of Klaipeda, and distribution of abatement options 7th National Marine Science and Technology Conference April "Marine and coastal research 2013 (organized by Association Baltic valley ) Comparative analysis of Baltic sea ports according to air pollution from passing ships Results presented in 5th National Marine Science and Technology Conference "Marine and coastal research 2011 Use of AIS data bases in Air pollution evaluation in Baltic ports 8th Scientific Conference of Technology Scientific works western Lithuania" May Overview of air pollution from different types of vessels in the port of Klaipeda, and distribution of abatement options CLEAN BALTIC SEA SHIPPING MIDTERM CONFERENCE in Riga on September nd international conference East Link2012 : the Way to Knowledge Economy 2012 October 1-2nd 2012 in Palanga, Lithuania. CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 1

10 MarChain - Green Propulsion Workshop which was organized by Klaipeda Science and Technology Park in 12th of December 2012 in Klaipeda. CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 2

11 Introduction Air pollution from ships in the seas, especially along busy ship-faring routes and in ports, is constantly increasing, which eventually causes more and more problems for the coastal states and port-cities. It s levels have become noteworthy in partially enclosed seas with intense shipping, such as in the Mediterranean, the Baltic and the North Sea, where some seashore zones and larger ports experience effects of increased pollution levels in the atmosphere stemming from sea transport [1-3]. The greatest number of ships is concentrated in port cities, known to be zones of increased emission amounts, which in turn also influences air quality in towns located nearby. Baltic Sea is one of the most intensive shipping areas in the world. Statistics show that every moment no less than 2000 ships operate in this sea. Sea ferries have a special position among these ships with their short, but specific working cycles in which the ratio of hotelling in port and navigation time is , and the general coefficient of active exploitation time is Comparing with cargo ships of other types, sea ferries have greater specific capacity of power-plants and greater cruiser speed, which is why their specific emissions of greenhouse gas and air pollutants are also bigger. The project Clean Baltic Sea Shipping (CLEANSHIP) is funded by the Baltic Sea Region Programme and aims to reduce ship borne air pollution in the Baltic Sea in general and in ports and port cities of the Baltic Sea Region in particular. The project has been enabled as a strategic project to contribute the implementation of the Action Plan of the EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region, especially the Priority Area 4 to become a model region for clean shipping. CLEANSHIP will also put efforts to facilitate the implementation of the HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan. Air Pollution from Ships Research Laboratory of the Klaipeda University is one of 19 partners, forming the project s partnership. Additionally, the CLEANSHIP project is supported by 20 associated partners and 15 supporting organizations. HELCOM is the most important supporting organization that offered its cooperation in the Letter of Support and thus ensured a stronger base for the sustainability of the project. This technical study (Activity 3.1 in CLEANSHIP Air emissions by ships in the partner ports, lead activity partner Air Pollution from Ships Research Laboratory) aims to calculate air emissions from ships visiting partner ports and that operate inside the ports for the years 2005 and 2010 and provide a forecast for 2015 and The aim of this study is to address the following key tasks: To quantify ship emissions of NO x, SO x, CO, CO 2, PM and NMVOC in the partner ports. To determine these emissions for all vessels as well as separately for each vessel type. CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 3

12 Estimation of future scenarios and effect of the MARPOL 73/78 Agreement upon emissions from ships. CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 4

13 1 METHODOLOGY OF CALCULATION OF AIR POLLUTION FROM SHIPS IN THE PORTS Shipping is estimated to have emitted million tonnes of CO 2 in 2007, which corresponds to 3.3% of the global emissions, of which international shipping is estimated to have emitted 870 million tonnes, or about 2.7% of the global emissions of CO 2 in 2007 [4]. To estimate emission quantities is a very difficult task because many factors influence the rate and the composition of exhausted gases. In the following study ship emissions, fuel consumption and energy production in partner ports were calculated, according to the newest methods. The methodology used in this study is based on the method prepared by the project of the European Union MEET (Methodologies for Estimating Air Pollutant Emissions from Transport) and lately developed EMEP/EEA Emission guide book 2009 (updated in 2011) [5-9], where the main data on fuel consumption and emission factors were obtained from a review of a vast amount of scientific literature [10-18] as well as via contacting institutions having competitive knowledge of air pollution (the USA Environmental Protection Association (EPA), IMO, CONCAWE, Loyd s Register, Det Norske Veritas and others, which work in the sphere of sea transportation such as Marintek and Mariterm).The summary of total data obtained allowed us to reliably relate fuel consumption by ships to emission of air pollutants from them. On the basis of this method two generally accepted methods for assessment of emission of air pollutants from ships were created: a simplified and a detailed method. The choice of method depends on the amount of available information describing operation of a ship and type of pollutant (ship operations are classified according to three main modes: navigation among ports, maneuvering in the port zone, and hotelling in the port). Air pollution emissions in partner ports were calculated in different operational phases as the annual sum emissions of hotelling at berth and maneuvering in port departure and port arrival, as shown in the formula below: where: E In port total emission from the whole evaluation period, t E Hotelling total emission from hotelling at berth, t E Manoeuvring total emission from manoeuvring in port, t The methodology consists of two calculations of emissions for every operational phase, depending on the type of pollutant: 1. Based on direct specific emission coefficients (for NO x, NMVOC, TSP) g/kwh 2. Based on emission coefficients for consumed fuel (for CO, SO x, CO 2 ) kg/t fuel. CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 5

14 The first method was used to calculate emissions of NO x, NMVOC and PM. In this method, which is based on direct specific emission coefficients g/kwh, emissions were calculated using the formula below: [ ( )] where: - total emissions in the given operational phase, kg - emission factor of pollutant (i) by fuel type (m), engine category (e) and type (j), g/kwh (Table 1) main or auxiliary engine load factor, % - engine nominal power, kw - time of ships hotelling and manoeuvring, h - engine category (main, auxiliary) - pollutant (NO x, NMVOC and PM) fuel type (MDO, BFO) j type of engine (gas or steam turbine; high, medium or slow speed diesel engine). Table 1. Emission pollutant coefficients by engine, operational phase, engine type, g/kwh. Engine Phase Engine type Fuel typ e NOx, g/kwh NMVOC, g/kwh TSP*, g/kwh b e, g/kwh Main engine Auxiliary engine Manoeuvrin g and hotelling Manoeuvrin g and hotelling Gas turbine High speed diesel Medium speed diesel Low speed diesel Steam turbine High speed diesel Medium speed diesel BFO MDO BFO MDO BFO MDO BFO MDO BFO MDO BFO MDO BFO MDO (Source: EMEP/EEA emission inventory guidebook 2009, updated 2011) *- total solid particles (PM 2,5 and PM 10 ). CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 6

15 The second method was used for calculations of CO, SO 2 and CO 2. In this method air pollution emissions were calculated using the formula below: ( ) where: E i emissions of pollutant, kg FC m,j,e amount of consumed fuel type (m) by engine category (e) and type (j), t (Table 1) EF i,m - specific size of pollutant emission type (i), fuel type (m), kg/t fuel (Table 2) i type of pollutant (CO, SO 2 and CO 2 ), j type of engine (gas or steam turbine; high, medium or slow speed diesel engine), m fuel type (BFO, MDO), e engine use (main, auxiliary). Scheme of calculation of emissions in ports that we have elaborated is shown in Figure 1. Table 2. Specific pollutant emissions coefficients by fuel type, kg/ t fuel. BFO MDO Pollutant Coefficient Unit Pollutant Coefficient Unit CO 7.4 kg/ t fuel CO 7.4 kg/ t fuel SO x 20 S* kg/ t fuel SO x 20 S* kg/ t fuel CO C** kg/ t fuel CO C** kg/ t fuel * - S Sulphur contents of fuel %. **- Carbon contents of fuel % (Source: EMEP/EEA emission inventory guidebook 2009, updated December 2010) CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 7

16 Figure 1. Scheme of calculation of air pollution emissions from ships in partner ports. Primary information about visiting ships that was needed for further identification of ships and collection of their technical data was requested from all partner ports in MS1-MS2 (we addressed Tallinn, Helsinki, Turku, Stockholm, Trelleborg, Lübeck, Rostock, Oslo, Kalundborg, Hamburg, Gdansk, Baltiisk). Special forms were prepared and submitted in order to get information on: 1. Number of ships by types visiting partner ports in years: (Table 3). 2. Quantity of cargo by types in ports in years (Table 4). 3. Details of ships visiting the specific port in 2005 (Table 5). 4. Details of ships visiting the specific port in 2010 (Table 6). 5. Maps of the port. Ship name, IMO number, flag code, date and time of arrival and departure, number and position of quay, company/operator of the quay this data was CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 8

17 requested for details of ships visiting different partner ports, as shown in Tables 5 and 6. Table 3. Number of ships by types visiting partner ports. Ship type Number of ships in 2005 Number of ships in 2006 Number of ships in 2007 Number of ships in 2008 Bulk ship General cargo Container cargo ship Fishing Passenger/RoRo Passenger ship Reefer ship RoRo ship Tug Chemical tanker Crude oil tanker Product tanker Liquid petroleum gas tanker Cruise ship Pilot ship Others Total: Number of ships in 2009 Number of ships in 2010 Table 4. Types of cargo in specific ports. Cargo type General cargo (t) Bulk cargo (t) Frozen cargo (t) Containers (TEU) Chemical cargo (t) Crude oil cargo (t) Liquefied gas cargo (t) Passengers (number) Vehicles (number) Table 5. Details of ships visiting the specific port in 2005 year. Date Date and No of IMO Flag and Company/operator Ship name time of quay of Number Code time of of the quay departure the port arrival 1. CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 9

18 2. n... Table 6. Details of ships visiting the specific port in 2010 year. Ship name IMO Date Date and No of Flag Company/operator and time of quay Number Code of the quay time of departure of the 1 2. n... All data about visiting ships obtained from partner ports was sorted by IMO number. Having the IMO number, we used registers of ships data base "IHS Fairplay World Shipping Encyclopedia" for every different vessel to identify its technical characteristics and to get additional specific port information, including port maps. The data base consists of technical data of more than ships bigger than 100 BRT, data of ports and terminals and information of maritime companies. The main working window of the data base is shown in Figure 2. The following information about each vessel by IMO No has been searched: Speed, Ship Type, MMSI, DWT, Date of Build, GRT, Main Vessel Type, Length Overall, Length Between Perpendiculars, Beam, Draft, Depth, Main engine model, Engine Builder, Engine Details, Engine KW Total, Engine Layout, Engine RPM, Type, Number, Engine Speed, Engine Stroke, Propulsion Type, Propulsion Units, Cylinder Bore, Cylinder Stroke. Figure 2. Main window of IHS Fair play Worlds Shipping Encyclopaedia. For calculation of emissions the time of manoeuvring was calculated according to the max speed in port waters (moving speed is considered to be the maximum CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 10

19 allowed speed in port waters) set by port authority. Emissions were calculated assuming that ships used MDO and BFO fuels. We evaluated following parameters: ship type, main engine type and auxiliary engine type. The evaluation of main and auxiliary engine loads is based on the operational phase (manoeuvring in port or hotelling at berth), see Table 1. It is important to notice that for the main engine not only the load but also operation time is taken into account. Main engines are assumed to work 30 minutes after ship arrival at berth and 30 minutes before departure. If total hotelling time for a ship was less than 1 hour, it was assumed that main engines run the entire hotelling time in port. Table 7. Engine load and operation time of main and auxiliary engines. Navigation phase Load of MCR Main Engine, % Time all Main Engine operating, % Load of MCR Auxiliary Engine, % Manoeuvring Hotelling (excluding tankers) Hotelling (for tankers) (Source: EMEP/EEA emission inventory guidebook 2009, updated 2011) Technical data of a ship s auxiliary engine power is not included in Lloyd s register database. Evaluation of auxiliary engine power was instead performed using statistical data of auxiliary/main engine power based on ship type according to Table 8. Table 8. Auxiliary/main engine power ratio by ship groups. Ship type Ratio Dry Bulk carriers 0.3 Liquid bulk carriers 0.3 Container 0.25 General Cargo 0.23 Ro - Ro Cargo 0.24 Passenger 0.16 Fishing 0.39 Other 0.35 Tugs 0.1 (Source: EMEP/EEA emission inventory guidebook 2009, updated 2011) CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 11

20 2 MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PARTNER PORTS Presented in this chapter are the main characteristics of 9 ports that submitted partial or complete data required for the emission calculation. Main characteristics of the ports include location of the port, main cargo types, amount of cargo loaded in ports and etc. 2.1 PORT OF KLAIPEDA Figure 3. Port of Klaipeda (source: Google Earth ) Country: Lithuania Coordinates: Latitude 55,7166 N Longitude 21,1166 E Max draught: 14,5 m Facilities: Bulk, Container, Liquid, RoRo, Dock, Passenger, Multipurpose CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 12

21 The port of Klaipeda is situated in a narrow strait called Sea Channel which connects Kuršių Marios (the Curonian Lagoon) with the Baltic Sea. It s the largest port in Lithuania equipped to handle most types of vessel up to moderate large size carrying bulk liquids, bulk raw products, containers and general cargo. The principal imports are sugar, frozen cargo, containers and machinery. Exports include grain, metals, fertilizers, timber, cement, peat, oil products and containers. Port operators include: stevedoring, shipbuilding, ship repair and other companies render cargo handling, warehousing, towage, logistics, forwarding, agency, shipbuilding, ship repair and other port-related services (IHS Fairplay World Shipping Encyclopaedia). Figure 4. Port of Klaipeda (source ( In the port of Klaipeda the number of visiting ships shows a decreasing trend. The decrease mainly regards the number of fishing vessels, which has decreased three times over a five year period. However, during the same period the number of ships like general cargo, Ro-Ro and crude oil tankers has remained relatively stable. Like in other ports the size of visiting ships has increased (Figure 5). As well as the cargo turnover (Figure 6), with the exception of 2008 financial crisis, which has more or less affected number of visiting ships and the cargo handled in all analysed ports. This can be seen in figure 6 amount of handled cargo in port show a stable growth up to After 2008 there is a sudden drop and once again a continued growth to Table 9. Number of ships visiting Port of Klaipeda by type in years (data source: Port of Klaipeda) Ship type Bulk ship General cargo Container cargo ship Fishing CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 13

22 Number of ships Passenger/RoRo Passenger ship Reefer ship RoRo ship Tug Chemical tanker Crude oil tanker Product tanker Liquid petroleum gas tanker Cruise ship Pilot ship Others Total Number of Ships in Klaipeda Figure 5. Number of ships and their average engine power in Port of Klaipeda, in (data source: Port of Klaipeda and IHS Fairplay World Shipping Encyclopaedia) Table 10. Cargo by type handled in Port of Klaipeda in (data source: Port of Klaipeda) Years Cargo (mln.t) RoRo cargo (numbers) Containers (TEU) CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 14

23 TEU, Ro-Ro units Millions of tonnes Cargo (mln.t) Ro-Ro cargo (numbers) Containers (TEU) Figure 6. Amounts of cargo and ship traffic comparison chart (data source: Port of Klaipeda). CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 15

24 2.2 PORT OF TURKU Figure 7. Port of Turku (source: Google Earth ) Country: Finland Coordinates: Latitude 60,4333 N Longitude 22,2166 E Max draught: 10 m Facilities: Bulk, Container, Liquid, RoRo, Dry dock, Passenger, Multipurpose CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 16

25 The port of Turku is situated on the SW coast of Finland, at the mouth of the River Aurajoki, equidistant from Stockholm and St. Petersburg. It has a total area of 225 ha, 5 berths with a total quayage of 1150 m with depth 7,6 10 m. Facilities available for dry bulk, container and liquid cargoes specialising in RoRo and passenger traffic. Principal exports are timber, paper, granite, agricultural products electronics and diesel engines. Imports include iron, machinery, motor vehicles, forage, oils and chemicals.(ihs Fairplay World Shipping Encyclopaedia) Figure 8. Port of Turku (source: Port of Turku website ). The port of Turku shares the same trend of decreasing ship numbers as most other ports. However, in Turku the change is more consistent compared to, for example, port of Klaipeda. Number of visiting ships is decreasing in almost linear trend and in total decreased by more than 30%. As for cargo, the changes are not as consistent; although turnover of some types of cargo has been decreasing (oil products), others have increased (bulk cargo turnover increased with up to 45%) (Table 12). The total number of cargo handled in the port of Turku has decreased by 16%, number of passengers has decreased by 6%. Table 11. Number of ships by type in Port of Turku, in (data source: port of Turku). Ship type Bulk ship General cargo Container cargo ship Fishing Passenger/RoRo CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 17

26 Number of ships Passenger ship Reefer ship RoRo ship Tug Chemical tanker Crude oil tanker Product tanker Liquid petroleum gas tanker Cruise ship Pilot ship Train ferries Others Total: Number of Ships in Turku Figure 9. Number of ships (data source: Port of Turku). Table 12. Cargo by type handled in Port of Turku, in (data source: Port of Turku). Cargo type General cargo (t) Bulk cargo (t) Frozen cargo (t) Containers (TEU) Chemical cargo (t) Oil products Crude oil cargo (t) CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 18

27 Tonnes, TEU Number Liquefied gas cargo (t) Passengers (number) Vehicles (number) General cargo (t) Bulk cargo (t) Chemical cargo (t) oil products (t) Containers (TEU) Passengers (number) Vehicles (number) Figure 10. Amounts of cargo and ship traffic comparison chart (data source: Port of Turku). CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 19

28 2.3 PORT OF KALUNDBORG Figure 11. Port of Kalundborg (source: Google Earth ). Country: Coordinates: Max draught: Facilities: Denmark Latitude 55,6833 N Longitude 11,0833 E 14,2 m Bulk, Container, Liquid, RoRo, Passenger CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 20

29 Kalundborg is situated at the head of a sheltered inlet to the Kalundborg fjord, on the W coast of Sjaelland. Principal exports are super phosphates, grain and oil products. Imports include phosphate, pyrites, potash, coal and coke feed stuff and crude oil. Tanker, cruise, ferry and RoRo facilities are also available at the port (IHS Fairplay World Shipping Encyclopaedia). Figure 12. Port of Kalundborg (source: Port of Kalundborg website ) The Port of Kalundborg does not share the same tendencies as the other ports number of visiting ships are quite stable, even with small increases in 2008 and 2009 and almost equal levels in 2005 and 2010 (Table 13, Figure 13). Furthermore, the size of ships has not increased, but rather decreased, although not noticeably (Figure 13). The cargo turnover in the port has however increased (Figure 14). Looking closer at number of ships and cargo it becomes evident that this effect rather is generated by changes in ship types than by changes in ship size (Table 14). From 2008 the amount of crude oil has been increasing almost 43 times compared to the lowest level in Table 13. Number of ships by type in Port of Kalundborg, in (data source: port of Kalundborg) Ship type Bulk ship General cargo Container cargo 2 Passenger/RoRo Tug Product tanker Cruise ship Total CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 21

30 Number of ships Number of Ships in Kalundborg Figure 13. Number of ships (data source: Port of Kalundborg ) Table 14. Cargo handled by type in Port of Kalundborg, in (data source: Port of Kalundborg) Cargo type General cargo, t Bulk cargo, t Frozen cargo, t Containers, t 70 Chemical cargo, t Crude oil cargo, t Liquefied cargo, t Passengers, numbers Vehicles, numbers Total, t CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 22

31 Tonnes Numbers General cargo, t Bulk cargo, t Crude oil cargo, t Passengers, numbers Vehicles, numbers Figure 14. Amounts of cargo in Port of Kalundborg (data source: Port of Kalundborg) CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 23

32 2.4 PORT OF OSLO Figure 15. Port of Oslo (source: Google Earth ) Country: Norway Coordinates: Latitude 59,9166 N Longitude 10,7500 E Max draught: 11 m Facilities: Bulk, Container, Liquid, RoRo, Passenger, Multipurpose CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 24

33 The port of Oslo is a well sheltered, major harbour built around the mainland coast of the bay in the NE corner of Oslo fjord. The harbour is divided into the Eastern and Western harbour by a group of islands lying in the entrance of the bay which are joined by channels. The port serves as a considerable industrial and commercial centre, handling a large part of the country s foreign trade, both imports and exports. There are extensive RoRo ferry and cruise facilities. It has excellent road and rail connections with the rest of Norway and is equipped to handle most types of cargo (source: IHS Fairplay Ports & Terminals Guide). Figure 16. Port of Oslo (source: port of Oslo website) The number of ships visiting the port of Oslo has been decreasing by around 12% every year since 2007, but stabilized in 2010 (Table 15). Total cargo traffic in port of Oslo has decreased by 10%. It is also noteworthy that the composition of cargo flow has changed, the general cargo has decreased by 18%, container cargo traffic increased by 15%, oil products by 8%. Table 15. Number of ships by type in Port of Oslo, in (data source: Port of Oslo) Ship type Bulk ship General cargo Container cargo ship Fishing Passenger/RoRo Passenger ship RoRo ship (incl. In General cargo) CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 25

34 Number of ships Tug Product and chemical tanker Liquid petroleum gas tanker Cruise ship Pilot ship Total Number of Ships in Oslo Figure 17. Number of ships (data source: Port of Oslo) Table 16. Cargo by type handled in Port of Oslo, in (data source: Port of Oslo) Cargo type General cargo (t) Bulk cargo (t) Frozen cargo (t) Containers (TEU) Chemical cargo (t) Crude oil cargo (t) Liquefied gas cargo (t) Petroleum products (t) Passengers (number) Vehicles (number) CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 26

35 Tonness Number, TEU General cargo (t) Bulk cargo (t) Petroleum products (t) Petroleum products (t) Containers (TEU) Passengers (number) Figure 18. Amounts of cargo in Port of Oslo (data source: Port of Oslo) CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 27

36 2.5 PORT OF TALLINN Figure 19. Port of Tallinn (source: Google Earth ) Country: Estonia Coordinates: Latitude 59,4500 N Longitude 24,7666 E Max draught: 10,7 m Facilities: Break bulk, Dry bulk, dry dock, liquid, RoRo, Passenger CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 28

37 The Tallinn Port Authority is responsible for the following five constituent harbours: Vanasadam (Old City Harbour), Palijassaare Harbour (located 6 km W of Old harbour in same bay), Paldiski South Harbour (located 50 km W of the city), Muuga Harbour (located 17 km E of the city) and Saaremaa (located 135 km SW of Tallinn). Paljassaare, Paldiski, Muuga and Saaremaa are shown as separate entries. Vanasadam, the Old City Harbour is the main commercial harbour, the most easterly of the harbours in the S part of the bay, consisting of 4 basins and a pier extending NW of the harbour, with berths for tankers, RoRo, container and passenger vessels. Bekkeri Port situated in W part of Tallinn, located on the SE coast of the Kopli peninsula in the Bay of Kopli Vene-Balti Port located on Kopli peninsular, N of Bekkeri Port. The port is practically ice free with depths up to 18.5 m. The bay only freezes during severe winters and is kept open all year round with ice breakers. The main commodities handled are grain, coal, oil products, metal, timber, cement, general cargo, cars and passengers. (source: IHS Fairplay Ports & Terminals Guide) Figure 20. Port of Tallinn, Paljassaare (source: Port of Tallinn website ) The number of ships in Tallinn shows an apparent decreasing tendency; from in 2005 to in 2010.The decreasing of number of ship in port of Tallinn is quite similar to the one seen in Turku. These ports are in the same region of Baltic Sea and both can be a gateway for further cargo traffic to Russia. Engine and cargo turnover does not show the same pattern as the average engine power has increased by 10 percent while cargo turnover has remained relatively stable over the five year period. This suggests an increasing size of average ships visiting the ports of Tallinn. CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 29

38 Number of ships Table 17. Number of ships by type in Ports of Tallinn, in (data source: Port of Tallinn) Ship type Bulk ship General cargo Container cargo ship Fishing Passenger/RoRo Reefer ship RoRo ship Product tanker Cruise ship Others Total Number of Ships in Tallinn Figure 21. Number of ships (data source: Port of Tallinn) CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 30

39 Table 18. Cargo by type handled in Port of Tallinn, in (data source: Port of Tallinn) Cargo type General cargo (t) Bulk cargo (t) Frozen cargo (t) Containers (TEU) Chemical cargo (t) Crude oil cargo (t) Liquefied gas cargo (t) Passengers (number) Vehicles (number) Tonnnes x Tonnes x General cargo (t) Bulk cargo (t) Containers (TEU) Crude oil cargo (t) Passengers (number) Vehicles (number) Figure 22. Amounts of cargo (data source: Port of Tallinn) CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 31

40 2.6 PORT OF ROSTOCK Figure 23. Port of Rostock (source: Google Earth ) Country: Germany. Coordinates: Latitude 54,1666 N Longitude 12,1166E. Max draught: 13,0 m Facilities: Break bulk, RoRo, Container, Dry bulk, Dry dock, Liquid, LPG, Passenger, Multipurpoise. CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 32

41 The port of Rostock is situated in the W of the Baltic Sea at the mouth of the River Wamow, 80 km E of Lübeck. Rostock is the principal port of Mecklenburg- Vorpommern. The port consists of fishing, oil, passengers chemical and other terminals. (Source: IHS Fairplay Ports & Terminals Guide) Figure 24. Port of Rostock (source: port of Rostock website) In the port of Rostock the number of visiting ships increased consistently until 2008 and has since suffered a slight drop. The cargo turnover remained quite constant during the same period, with minor fluctuations. However, there have been some changes in types of cargo; where the fraction of liquid bulk cargo of the total cargo turnover has increased noticeably. Also, the number of cruise ships has increased. Table 19. Number of ships by type in Port of Rostock, in (data source: Port of Rostock) Ship type Number of ships in 2005 Number of ships in 2006 Number of ships in 2007 Number of ships in 2008 Number of ships in 2009 Number of ships in 2010 Bulk ship General cargo Passenger/RoRo Passenger ship RoRo ship Tug Chemical tanker Crude oil tanker Product tanker Cruise ship Others Total CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 33

42 Number of ships Number of Ships in Rostock Figure 25. Number of ships (data source: Port of Turku and IHS Fairplay World Shipping Encyclopaedia) Table 20. Cargo by type handled in Port of Rostock, in (data source: Port of Rostock), mln. tonnes General cargo 0,7 1 1,1 0,6 0,4 0,4 Bulk cargo 5,8 6 5,1 5,9 5,4 6 Liquid cargo 2,5 2,9 3,9 4,7 4 4,6 Ferry and RoRo 13,9 15,3 16, ,7 12,7 Total 22,9 25,2 26,5 27,2 21,5 23,7 CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 34

43 Tonnes, millions Number, millions General cargo Bulk cargo Liquid cargo Ferry and Ro-Ro Figure 26. Amounts of cargo in Port of Rostock (data source: Port of Rostock) CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 35

44 2.7 PORT OF HELSINKI Figure 27. Port of Helsinki (source: Google Earth ) Country: Finland. Coordinates: Latitude 60,1500N Longitude 24,9500E Max draught: 11,0 m Facilities: Break bulk, RoRo, Container, Passenger, Dry bulk, Multipurpoise, Liquid. CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 36

45 Helsinki is situated on the S coast of Finland at the mouth of the River Vantaa, in the Gulf of Finland. Helsinki port is Finland's largest general cargo import port, the second largest export port and the leading container and passenger port. Extensive cargo handling facilities are provided by the following harbours: West, South, Laajasalo Oil Harbour (closing end 2010) and Vuosaari, approximately 16 km NE of the city. The former North Harbour has been gradually discontinued for commercial traffic, all services have moved to Vuosaari Harbour. The West Harbour specialises in container transport and Vuosaari Harbour in container and RoRo transport. Passenger services are mostly concentrated to the South Harbour and partly to the West Harbour. These harbours cover a total area of 164 ha and provide over 11,046 m of quays. In winter the port is kept clear of ice by large ice breaking vessels (source: IHS Fairplay Ports & Terminals Guide). Figure 28. Port of Helsinki (source: Port of Helsinki website) Approximately vessels, of cargo, including TEU and passengers handled annually. Overall cargo traffic in port of Helsinki has remained stable. With a noticeable increase in general, bulk cargo and vehicles in As for the ships, the number of ships, visiting port of Helsinki has been decreasing by linear trend over the years. There is a difference of more than between the number of ships in 2005 and Considering that there was no great change in cargo traffic we can conclude that just like in other ports there is a significant change in ships size, and that the CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 37

46 Number of ships change of cargo handled and number of visited ships ratio has been most notable in comparison with other ports. Table 21. Number of ships by type in Port of Helsinki, in (data source: Port of Helsinki) Ship type Bulk ship Container ship cargo Passenger/RoRo Passenger ship Tug Liquid petroleum gas tanker Cruise ship Others Total Number of Ships in Helsinki Figure 29. Number of ships (data source: Port of Helsinki) CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 38

47 Tonnes, TEU, vehicles Passengers General cargo (t) Bulk cargo (t) Containers (TEU) Passengers (number) Vehicles (number) 0 Figure 28. Amounts of cargo in Port of Helsinki (data source: Port of Helsinki) Table 22. Cargo by type handled in Port of Helsinki, in (data source: Port of Helsinki) Cargo type General cargo (t) Bulk cargo (t) Containers (TEU) Passengers (number) Vehicles (number) CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 39

48 2.8 PORT OF TRELLEBORG Figure 30. Port of Trelleborg (source: Google earth ) Country: Sweden Coordinates: Latitude 55,3666N, Longitude 13,1666E Max draught: 7.6 m Facilities: RoRo, Passenger, dry bulk, Liquid. CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 40

49 Port of Trelleborg is one of the largest RoRo and ferry ports in Scandinavia, serving regular routes to Rostock, Travemunde and Sassanitz. It s most southern Swedish Port. Approx million tons. (Source IHS) of cargo and 2.1 million passengers are handled annually. The three pools of the harbour total m². Nyhamnen, The western pool has a depth of 8.0 m. The eastern pool has a depth of 8.0 m in its western part and 6.5 m elsewhere. The land area of the harbour facilities totals m² and a total quay length of m. "The New Harbour", has a depth of 8.0 m and has quays to the N and S. Also on the S side is the oil dock with its nearby tanks (source: IHS Fairplay Ports & Terminals Guide). Figure 31. Port of Trelleborg (source: Approximately 2 mln. passengers and 750 thousands vehicles handled annually. CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 41

50 Number Passengers (number) Year Vehicles (number) Figure 32. Amount of cargo, passengers in Port of Trelleborg (data source: Port of Trelleborg) Table 23. Cargo by type handled in Port of Trelleborg, in (data source: Port of Trelleborg) Cargo type Passengers (number) Vehicles (number) CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 42

51 2.9 PORT OF HAMBURG Figure 33. Port of Hamburg (source: Google earth ) Country: Germany Coordinates: Latitude 53,5333N Longitude 9,8833 Max draught: 15.1 m Facilities: Break Bulk, Container, Dry bulk, Dry dock, Liquid, RoRo, Passenger, Multipurpose CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 43

52 Hamburg is situated on the River Elbe, 65 nm from the open sea. Its Germany's largest and most important port, with over 320 berths, handling a wide variety of cargoes and especially prominent in container and petroleum movements. Also extensive transshipment facilities, including the container block train system and the Elbe Lateral Canal which links Hamburg to Magdeburg, Aken, Riesa, Dresden, Decin and Prague, as well as Brunswick and Hanover. Approx t of cargo, TEU, passengers and vessels handled in port of Hamburg annually. Max draught on HW 15.1 m FW (inbound) 13.8 m FW (outbound), 12.8 m FW at all times. Bulk carriers up to DWT partly laden with approx t of cargo (source: IHS Fairplay Ports & Terminals Guide). Figure 34. Port of Hamburg (source: Table 24. Number of ships by type in Port of Hamburg, in (data source: Port of Hamburg) Ship type Bulk ship General cargo/reefer Container cargo ship Passenger/RoRo CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 44

53 Number of ships Passenger ship Chemical tanker Cruise ship Pilot ship Others Total Number of Ships in Hamburg Figure 35. Number of ships (data source: Port of Hamburg) Table 25. Cargo by type handled in port of Hamburg, in (data source: Port of Hamburg) Cargo type General cargo, mln.t Bulk cargo, mln. t ' Containers, 1000 of TEU CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 45

54 Tonnes TEU x General cargo, mln.t Year Bulk cargo, mln. T 0 Figure 36. Amounts of cargo in Port of Hamburg (data source: Port of Hamburg) CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 46

55 3 ANALYSIS OF CALCULATION OF AIR POLLUTIONS EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS IN PORTS Data gathered about the number of ships visiting analysed ports showed, that in most ports, except Kalundborg and Rostock, the amount of visiting ships is decreasing, although the composition of total ships traffic, by ship type has remained constant (Figure 37, Figure 38). There could be various reasons that can influence these decreases, such as an economic crisis, changes in national legislations, actions of competitor ports etc. However, there is another tendency parallel to the decreasing numbers of ships having an effect on both air emissions and cargo loads (Figure 42, 43), namely changing ship sizes (Figure 39). Technical data gathered about the ships visiting the ports showed that the average ship size has increased in almost all ship types since For bulk and general cargo ships the increase is as large as 33 38% respectively (Figure 39). This infers that either the smaller older ships are being removed from service, or, that there has been an addition of new ships with greater gross tonnage that influence the average size. Yet, the former statement could in part be denied by the average ship age chart presented in Figure 40, Figure 41 and numbers of ships in Figure 37; at the same time as the average size of ships is increasing the average visiting ship in ports is getting older, suggesting that there is no addition of new ships and that only smaller ships are being put out of service/changed their shipping area. In terms of emission increase, bigger ships are rather beneficial because with the increase of size the ratio consumed fuel/cargo carried decreases, in turn decreasing the amount of harmful air pollutants. In addition, it can be understood that many ships that are still operating in the Baltic Sea do not fall even under MARPOL 73/78 Annex VI Tier I requirements for NO x emissions (Figure 44). According to the MARPOL 73/78 Annex VI regulations for NO x emission from ships engines, NO x regulation applies only to engines installed on ships constructed on or after 1st January 2000 and for those which undergoes major conversion on or after 1st January In addition revised MARPOL 73/78 Annex VI Tier I (entered into force October 2008) standards become applicable to existing engines installed on ships built between 1st January 1990 to 31st December 1999, with a displacement 90 liters per cylinder and rated output 5000 kw (Revised MARPOL Annex VI Adopted on 10 October 2008). There for majority of ships, that were older 5 years in 2005 and those that were older than 20 years in 2010 that were not modified were not governed by MARPOL 73/78 NO x regulations. CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 47

56 Number of ships, thousands Figure 37. Total number of ships in 7 analysed ports. Figure 38. Total number of ships by type in 7 analysed ports. CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 48