Airspace Infringement Initiative

Transcription

1 SAFETY IMPROVEMENT WORKSHOP Sofia, presented by Alexander Krastev Initiative Coordinator EUROCONTROL European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation

2 Content Part I - Initiative Overview Background Scope SRC 2006 Report Activities Part II - Initial Findings Hazards Barriers Causal factors Mitigations

3 BACKGROUND Airspace infringements - a growing concern of air navigation service providers, aircraft operators, regulators and the military Airspace infringement can be defined as a flight into notified airspace without previously requesting and obtaining approval from the designated controlling authority of that airspace in accordance with international and national regulations More than 70% of occurrences involve GA aircraft

4 LAUNCH SISG addressed the issue at several meetings and confirmed the need of proactive risk mitigation measures October 2005 SISG meeting issued recommendation for establishment of new safety improvement initiative Airspace Infringement Initiative launched by Eurocontrol ST in December 2005 Airspace infringement recognised as an important safety issue and the initiative launch has been taken with the support of SRC/SRU

5 SCOPE Main focus is the infringement of controlled airspace (ICAO airspace classes A to E) Infringements of other airspace, such as Restricted and Prohibited Areas, Temporary Segregated Areas and military controlled airspace Although no airspace infringement can occur in class E airspace (no clearance to penetrate this type of airspace by VFR flights is required) the serious incidents which have occurred between IFR and VFR flights deserve dedicated effort as well

6 SRC 2006 REPORT HIGHLIGHTS Total number of accidents in 2005 has decreased compared to accident involving light aircraft (GA, gliders, etc) are no longer reported The overall number of reported airspace infringement occurrences in 2005 is up by 29% over 2004 The overall levels of reported risk are increasing Variety of causal factors e.g. Airspace Complexity

7 SRC 2006 REPORT STATISTICS (1) Unauthorised Penetration of Airspace (occurrence per million flight hours and severity) A B C E D Not classified

8 SRC 2006 REPORT STATISTICS (2) Unauthorised Penetration of Airspace (no of occurrences per severity) A B C E D Not classified

9 SRC 2006 REPORT STATISTICS (3) Unauthorised Penetration of Airspace (occurrence per million flight hours and severity) A B

10 SRC 2006 REPORT RECOMMENDATION Airspace Infringement confirmed as Key Risk Area SRC recommendation : States to urgently implement the provisions of the Safety Improvement Initiative on Airspace Infringements

11 Action Airspace Infringement Initiative WORK IN 2006 Awareness SISG 17and ST 24 decision Safety letter Initiative launch Causes& mitigations log Initial data collection Early action package Press release Internet Detailed safety study Draft Study Report

12 OVERALL PROGRESS Airspace Infringement Identification of Safety Issue Initial Evaluation and Launch of Safety Improvement Initiative Analysis of causal factors and elaboration of recommendations Adoption of an Action Plan Implementation and Monitoring

13 OVERVIEW OF ACTIVITIES (1) Work on AI initiative started early 2006 Initial information collection: March - April 2006 Causes & mitigations log established and further populated A set of early actions agreed by SRC and ST in June 2006 Safety letter published early July 2006 Early action package developed and distributed early August 2006 to ANSP,CAA, GA organisations, airlines, training establishments

14 EARLY ACTION PACKAGE (1) Objective: To support the national administrations and ANS providers in the implementation of the agreed risk mitigation measures The early action package identifies short term, operationally effective and cost-efficient solutions to help reduce both the number and the level of risk associated with airspace infringements caused by General Aviation (GA) aircraft

15 EARLY ACTION PACKAGE (2) Simple interactive toolkit, making use of the best practices implemented so far by some European regulators and ANS providers in reducing the risk from airspace infringements Provides guidance and draft support materials for the establishment of dedicated Airspace Infringement Working Groups, ATCO briefings at the ATC units, awareness campaign for General Aviation, airspace structure review, as well as other sample materials.

16 ONGOING PLANNED STUDIES Causal factors data analysis General aviation pilots survey FIS survey Feasibility of potential risk reduction measures

17 COORDINATION ACTIVITIES Coordination with military Coordination with IAOPA Coordination meeting with IATA Close coordination with Eurocontrol SRU throughout the initiative lifecycle Involvement of other ATM domains essential

18 MAP OF PLANNED WORK Action Awareness Detailed safety study Final Study Report Safety letter Causal factors Airspace Infringement workshop WS Recommendations Safety letter Recommendations European Action Plan Implementation and Awareness Toolkit

19 CHALLENGES Collection of occurrence data with sufficient level of detail Civil Military (safety departments outside ATM) Ensure the active involvement of GA organisations

20 PART II INITIAL FINDINGS

21 GENERAL FINDINGS Share of ultra-light, gliders and balloons around 10 % Most frequently infringed airspace - CTRs and TMAs Infringements concentration in certain airspace layers Majority of infringements committed by transponder equipped aircraft No loss of separation in the majority of incidents ATM contribution around 10%

22 INITIAL FINDINGS - HAZARDS Disruption to operations Loss of separation Airprox (risk of collision) Airframe loss Injury or loss of life

23 HAZARD: Disruption to Operations Effects Interruption of aircraft sequencing Delays to arrivals and departures Financial impact on aircraft operator Financial impact on aerodrome operator Environmental impact arising out of extra fuel burn caused by arrival delays/holds Adverse impact on reputations of aircraft operator, aerodrome operator, ATS provider Interruption of other activity (subject to nature of operations), e.g. para-dropping, glider launches, live firing, aerobatic displays/rehearsals, etc. Increase in controller workload

24 HAZARD: Loss of Separation Reduced lateral separation Reduced vertical separation Pilot reaction to TCAS Resolution Advisory may compound the situation: Pilot may ignore RA and react to visual sighting Effects Pilot may ignore RA, fail to inform ATC of the RA and react to ATC avoiding action (either under assumption that ATC instruction takes precedence over RA or chooses ATC instruction in preference to RA).

25 HAZARD: Airprox Effects Risk to safety of aircraft and occupants Loss of control due wake vortex encounter Injury to aircraft occupants arising out of violent avoiding action Airframe stress arising out of violent avoiding action

26 HAZARD: Airframe Loss Destruction of aircraft arising from mid-air collision (with other aircraft or object, e.g. parachutist) Destruction of aircraft arising from CFIT following avoiding action Loss of airframe arising from avoiding action-related airframe stress Destruction of aircraft arising from live firing (i.e. range infringement) Effects

27 HAZARD: Injury or Loss of Life Effects Injury to aircraft occupants arising out of violent avoiding action Injury or loss of life arising out of mid-air collision Collateral damage to persons or buildings on the ground arising out of mid-air collision

28 INITIAL FINDINGS - BARRIERS Airmanship Controller Expertise and Training ATS Infrastructure ATS Provision ATS Procedures Airspace Structure On-board equipment Controller and Pilot Awareness & Understanding

29 BARRIER: Airmanship Causal factors Inadequate pre-flight planning and flight preparation Inadequate cockpit resource management / high pilot workload Pilot inexperience / Insufficient training / Inadequate flight handling Incorrect frequency selection, inadequate R/T skills Navigation error (GPS, position and airspace awareness) Non-adherence / misunderstanding of ATC procedures/clearance Over-confidence

30 BARRIER: Airmanship Enhance basic pilot training syllabus to improve: Navigation skills and experience Traditional navigation skills Correct use of GPS Awareness of GPS systems and database limitations Clearance requirements VFR criteria and separation requirements and responsibilities R/T proficiency R/T procedures Timely and correct use of R/T Mitigations (1) Tailor radiotelephony to airspace user group requirements or by subject matter, in a modular fashion

31 BARRIER: Airmanship Enhance basic pilot training syllabus to improve: Route planning - use of up to date aeronautical information (where to find, how to read). Best use of ATS Correct use of Transponder Modes A and C Develop pilot information pack to increase awareness and knowledge, give simple R/T guidance and best practise navigation tips Consider regulation of GPS database provision Mitigations (2) Change adequately licensing regime commensurate with risks posed

32 BARRIER: Controller Expertise and Training High controller workload Miscorrelation of a VFR flight and track / symbol Adjacent unit/sector instructs aircraft to enter CAS without prior coordination Inadvertent CTR penetration caused by clearance issued in adjacent unit/sector Unclear message Late clearance Causal factors

33 BARRIER: Controller Expertise and Training Train controllers in correct application of ATC services in various airspace classes Train controllers to alert pilot of potential loss of separation Ensure controllers understanding of airspace user requirements and capabilities Mitigations Include infringement incidents in pre- and post-graduate training Implement technology solutions to assist controllers in early detection of infringement and enhance controller reaction

34 BARRIER: ATS Infrastructure Causal factors Miscorrelation of VFR flight not identified by ATCO in charge Insufficient number of FIS positions Quality of radar coverage Quality of R/T coverage Inefficient location of navaids

35 BARRIER: ATS Infrastructure Do not plan primary radar maintenance on good weather weekends/bank holidays Mandate carriage of SSR transponders by all aircraft Improve SSR coverage, consider implementation of multilateration in high density and complex airspace Improve VHF/UHF coverage Review and enhance navigation (VOR/NDB/DME) infrastructure Ensure adequte number of ATS positions and staff Infringement alert function Mitigations

36 BARRIER: ATS Provision Pilot expectation of the level of service not adequate Busy R/T Aircraft in receipt of service from adjacent ATS unit Refusal of area/zone crossing Mis-coordination of cross border flights by ATC units Inefficient use of transponders Low quality charts / no VFR routes published Causal factors

37 Expand ATS provision Airspace Infringement Initiative BARRIER: ATS Provision Consider mandating contact with ATC in specified distance from lateral and vertical CAS boundaries, and setting minimum level of service within this buffer area Provide limited levels of ATS (e.g. FIS only) around all aerodrome areas Freely and easy accessible AIS Mitigations (1)

38 BARRIER: ATS Provision Mitigations (2) Improve AIS: Establish maps and charts working group to identify and address charting issues Consider different ways to produce charts (e.g. regular subscription concept, downloadable charts) Consider regulation of chart providers Improved methods of disseminating timely information on airspace status and activity

39 BARRIER: ATS Procedures VFR corridor procedures not well known or understood Non-standard / lack of procedures at certain airports Mixed traffic (IFR/VFR) in congested terminal/airport areas/zones IFR arrival routes crossing class E airspace Complex / unclear / ambiguous airspace use procedures Resistance of GA lobby to an increased regulation of GA flights Use of Regional Pressure Setting Lost / no RT communication with controlling authority Causal factors Investigation of occurrences involving VFR flights not to the same quality and priority

40 BARRIER: ATS Procedures Optimise occurrence reporting requirements and data formats Devise appropriate altimeter setting regions and regional pressure setting/qnh use Contain IFR arrival routes within class C/D airspace Mandate R/T disregard of the airspace classification Information containing position details to include GPS co-ordinates wherever possible Coupling of SSR code families with R/T frequencies Dedicated SSR codes for VFR routes, events, etc Mitigations

41 Inefficient allocation of airspace Airspace Infringement Initiative BARRIER: Airspace Structure CAS/Danger/Prohibited areas build up difficult to circumnavigate GA choke points close to CAS High number of military training areas Delegation of airspace Shortage of low level VFR corridors/routes Glider/parachute sites very close to CAS Airspace boundaries difficult to identify in flight Low base levels of CAS, especially over high ground Causal factors

42 BARRIER: Airspace Structure Carry out a systematic review of infringement hotspots to consider simplification of lateral and vertical limits of the affected airspaces Review (and simplify) implemented airspace classes and associated rules Publish appropriate Visual Reference Points (VRPs) inside and outside Controlled Airspace CAA and ANSP to undertake periodic VRP reviews Mitigations (1) Routine review of CAS after implementation (e.g. post-implementation review undertaken after 12 months consider further review after specified period of time)

43 BARRIER: Airspace Structure Review and reduce (as far as possible) over-complexity of airspace structure, airspace sharing arrangements, LOAs (e.g. consolidation of CTA boundaries) Appropriate arrangements for VFR and IFR airspace transit flows (consider notion of service provision outside CAS) Mitigations (2)

44 BARRIER: On-board Equipment Incorrect GPS database Lack/failure of SSR transponder Mode A Mode C Causal factors

45 BARRIER: On-board Equipment Moving GPS map SSR transponders for light aircraft Mitigations

46 BARRIER: Controller and Pilot Awareness & Understanding Causal factors Unfavorable controller attitude Dispute between ATC and pilot ATC perceived as police Limited use CAA/ANSP websites (accessibility, difficult navigation, limited information for GA pilots) NOTAMs and AICs difficult to understand by many GA pilots

47 BARRIER: Controller and Pilot Awareness & Understanding Use all current publications and publicity channels to highlight risk areas and mitigations (e.g. safety leaflets, regulator and service provider websites, magazine articles, posters) Regular liaison ATS providers (formal/informal) with airspace users Visits and briefings to flying clubs Pilots visits of ATC facilities Publish all airspace changes (including temporary arrangements) at national and local level Coordinate efforts (approve plan) of CAA and service providers Mitigations