Ground movement safety systems and procedures - an overview

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1 Ground movement safety systems and procedures - an overview Thorsten Astheimer, Fraport AG Airside System Development

Purpose of Surface Movement Guidance Systems Definition of A-SMGCS Levels (ICAO): 1) Surveillance: Display of the position and identity (if available) of all aircraft and vehicles on an airport map

2 Purpose of Surface Movement Guidance Systems Definition of A-SMGCS Levels (ICAO): 1) Surveillance: Display of the position and identity (if available) of all aircraft and vehicles on an airport map 2) Control: Detection and avoidance of conflict situations, especially those related to runway incursions 3) Guidance: A map of the airport will be displayed to the pilot / driver indicating his own position on the airport. Signs and lights will show the dedicated taxi route. 4) Routing: The optimum (conflict free) route for each aircraft is planned by the ground controller and transmitted to the cockpit

3 Surveillance Fraport AG, Thorsten Astheimer Airport Safety Cluster Meeting - Vienna

Surveillance by Ground Radar RADAR (Radio Detecting And Ranging) Primary Radar: The signals

False targets such as clouds and other static objects are eliminated by data processing.

4 Surveillance by Ground Radar RADAR (Radio Detecting And Ranging) Primary Radar: The signals emitted by a rotating antenna are reflected by the target and received by the same antenna. False targets such as clouds and other static objects are eliminated by data processing. Primary Radar Radar Pulse Reflexion Surface Movement Radar (ASMR): Advantages: - Long range ( NM) - High update rate (1 / sec) Disadvantages: - No Identification of Targets - Cost (~ 1 MEUR) Fraport AG, Thorsten Astheimer Airport Safety Cluster Meeting - Vienna

5 Surveillance by Mode S Multilateration Principle: - Surveillance using of Mode S transponder signal - No rotating antenna, detection and identification by several static antennas measuring Time Difference of Arrival Advantages: - Target identification - High accuracy (< 5 m) - High update rate (1 / sec) - Adaptable to user requirements (coverage area can easily be expanded) Disadvantages: - Onboard Equipment required - System Complexity - No detection of unequipped vehicles / aircraft Remote Unit Mode S-Signal Mode S-Signal Remote Unit Mode S-Signal Remote Unit

6 Surveillance by ADS-B (Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast) Principle: - All aircraft and vehicles determine their own position using onboard sensors (e.g. GPS) - These positions are then transmitted together with an ID and can be received by other aircraft, vehicles and by a central ground station - Positions and IDs of different aircraft and vehicles are displayed in the control tower Advantages: - Target identification - High update rate - No costly ground infrastructure needed Disadvantages: - Dependency on datalink - Source and quality of positions unknown - No detection of unequipped vehicles / aircraft

7 Sensor Data Fusion (Example Frankfurt) Remote Unit Mode S-Signal Mode S-Signal Remote Unit Other Sensors Mode S-Signal Remote Unit Multilateration Surveillance Gap-Filler Radar Ground Radar (SMR) Aerodrome Surveillance Radar SDF ASTERIX Data

8 TACSYS / CAPTS: Apron Control Display Fraport AG, Thorsten Astheimer Airport Safety Cluster Meeting - Vienna

9 Control (Runway Incursions)

10 Runway Incursions Definition: Any occurrence at an aerodrome involving the incorrect presence of an aircraft, vehicle or person on the protected area of a surface designated for the landing and take-off of aircraft (ICAO Doc 9830 Advanced Surface Movement Guidance and Control Systems (A-SMGCS) Manual)

11 Example of Runway Incursion Milan-Linate Accident Accident 8th Oct General Aviation aircraft accidentally reported on wrong taxiway and entered the runway while SAS MD-87 in take-off Limited visibility (225m) No Surveillance Radar installed. 114 fatalities Installation and enhancement of aerodrome surveillance systems in most bigger European airports

Safety Aspects and Conflict Alert for Vehicles Safety Issues related to Runway Incursion: A good and reliable

areas) System functionality: Localisation of vehicles by D-GPS and display of the position on a moving map in

raised Algorithms and procedures have yet to be defined by the users and regulative bodies (safety vs.

12 Safety Aspects and Conflict Alert for Vehicles Safety Issues related to Runway Incursion: A good and reliable sensor coverage is the basis for conflict prediction and alert functions (Runway Incursion, ILS sensitive areas) System functionality: Localisation of vehicles by D-GPS and display of the position on a moving map in the vehicle cockpit Crossings of stopbars and the entry of restricted areas are recorded and an alarm is raised Algorithms and procedures have yet to be defined by the users and regulative bodies (safety vs. false alarms) Drivers will be warned immediately about an incursion of a critical area, even with a loss of communication

13 Guidance Fraport AG, Thorsten Astheimer Airport Safety Cluster Meeting - Vienna

14 Guidance by Airfield Lighting (1) Airfield Lighting and Signing Elements:

15 Guidance by Airfield Lighting (2) REEN lead-on lights in e direction that is tended for an aircraft to roceed from the stop bar ad-on lights OFF GREEN taxiway centerline lights Stop bar lights OFF Stop bar lights showing RED in the direction of approach to the runway by Siemens ADB

16 Future Developments Fraport AG, Thorsten Astheimer Airport Safety Cluster Meeting - Vienna

17 SESAR - Single European Sky ATM Research 2020 EUROCONTROL DIVISION DED DATE:04/11/ million flights 2000 FORECAST Mean IFR Flights per day in 6 by 10 rectangles Flights 150 OR MORE Flights 100 TO 150 Flights 50 TO EUROCONTROL DIVISION DED DATE:04/11/ million flights 2020 FORECAST Mean IFR Flights per day in 6 by 10 rectangles Flights 150 OR MORE Flights 100 TO 150 Flights 50 TO Deployment Phase TRAFFIC DISTRIBUTION FORECAST ASSUMING FLIGHTS ON DIRECT ROUTES flights estimated - Based on STATFOR 97 CHART: DY_97_00 TRAFFIC DISTRIBUTION FORECAST ASSUMING FLIGHTS ON DIRECT ROUTES flights estimated - Based on STATFOR 97 CHART: DY_97_ Until 2020 the number of flights in Europe will double and airports will be the main bottlenecks SESAR is aiming at meeting this increasing demand whilst: Increasing capacity by the factor 2 3 which will also reduce delays, both on the ground and in the air, Improving the safety performance by a factor of 10, Reducing the environmental effects of air-traffic by 10% Providing a reduction of ATM services cost of at least 50%. Development Phase 2008 Definition Phase 2006

18 SESAR Statements on Airport Operations Some statements from the SESAR Concept of Operations 4D Business Trajectories: The flight plan for each flight is optimised to its respective mission (shortest flight time, lowest fuel burn, lowest noise profile...) and executed accordingly Enroute-to-Enroute Concept: Linking the arrival and departure segments with turnaround management, effectively managing flight as a single continuous event The taxiing process: considered as an integral part of the process chain from arrival to departure Airport operational planning is based upon the 4D trajectory planning process Airports are full participants in the ATM process and will be fully involved in the planning processes

19 Airport Example for planning process ACC Enroute Flight data Airport data Weather data Enroute Air Runway Taxiway Position Approach FRA ARR Sequence RWY Assignment Tower FRA Landing Clearance Runway Crossing Tower FRA Surface Guidance Descent AMN, PRM APRON Control Taxi Clearance (datalink) Stand &Gate Management Landing Taxi in Tower FDPS A-SMGCS Steuerungssysteme AMAN APRON FDPS Runway Manager Airport Management SMAN DMAN Taxi out Start TACSYS/CAPTS Ground Handling Passenger Process Tower FDPS Steuerungssysteme Take-Off Clearance Runway Assignment Departure Sequence Surface Management ATC-Clearance Start-Up Push-Back Parking APRON FDPS Climbing PAM Air Runway Taxiway Position Gates

Example for Future Developments The link to the Cockpit : - A 380 first aircraft with moving map taxi display - Future developments in avionics will allow transmission of ground data to the cockpit

20 Example for Future Developments The link to the Cockpit : - A 380 first aircraft with moving map taxi display - Future developments in avionics will allow transmission of ground data to the cockpit to be displayed to the pilot while taxiing - Pilots will gain enhanced situational awareness especially in bad visibility - Head-up taxi displays under development Benefits and risks: by TU Darmstadt - Decrease of voice communication and total controller workload (transmission of taxi routes etc. by data-link) - Enhanced safety and improved ground traffic flow in bad visibility Strong dependency on the precision and integrity of the database

airports by Rockwell Collins Example 2 Conflict Alert Function: - Alerts for potential conflicts (runway incursion,

21 A-SMGCS Level 3 & 4 Example 1 Routing & Guidance: - Taxi route can be transmitted from tower to the aircraft automatically - Optimisation of airport traffic flow (Surface Management System) - Pilot is guided on unfamiliar airports by Rockwell Collins Example 2 Conflict Alert Function: - Alerts for potential conflicts (runway incursion, taxi collision) will be displayed directly to the pilot - Better situational awareness leads to decrease of reaction time by Rannoch

22 Be careful out there! Fraport AG, Thorsten Astheimer Airport Safety Cluster Meeting - Vienna

The SESAR Airport Concept

Peter Eriksen The SESAR Airport Concept Peter Eriksen EUROCONTROL 1 The Future Airport Operations Concept 1.1 Airports The aim of the future airport concept is to facilitate the safe and efficient movement