Terminal- Area Opera.ons Prof. Hamsa Balakrishnan

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1 Terminal- Area Opera.ons Prof. Hamsa Balakrishnan Istanbul Technical University Air Transporta,on Management M.Sc. Program Air Transporta,on Systems and Infrastructure Strategic Planning Module 8 : 2 April 214

2 Terminal areas Terminal airspace control: Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON) Handle arrivals and departures Transition between airspace and airport Interact with en route controllers and local controllers (Air Traffic Control Towers) Future concepts related to terminal-areas Super-density operations Metroplexes 2

3 Terminal area congestion and delays 62, flights delayed in 26 because of terminal-area congestion 3

4 TRACONs 4

5 Arrival fixes Also called gates Metering points at which aircraft enter the TRACON Denver ARTCC (ZDV) Denver TRACON 5

6 TRACON ~ 4 miles 6

7 Terminology Airport with four well-defined (approximately equidistant) arrival fixes: Corner-post arrangement Arrangement of arrival fixes depends on the airport For example, Denver International Airport (DEN) and Atlanta Hartsfield-Jackson (ATL) have 4 arrival gates Boston Logan International Airport (BOS) has two arrival positions and one final control position Enroute Arrival control (TRACON) Final control (TRACON) Final control positions handle merging and spacing, using the downwind and base legs Timing (for spacing) achieved by altering length of trajectory è Trombone approaches è Approach fans 7

8 ATL (corner-post example) 8

9 Airport Arrival Demand Chart (AADC) [

10 Schematic of terminal-area arrivals Sequencing areas Downwind leg Final approach Base leg Base leg Downwind leg Sequencing areas 1

11 Example terminal-area trajectories: Antalya Airport (AYT)" Arrivals Departures miles km

12 Path stretching for spacing 12

13 Procedures: STARs Standard Terminal Arrival Routes Describe common arrival procedure Via the Pechy Three Arrival 13

14 354º º ' 174º 174º 174º AIP TURKEY STANDARD ARRIVAL CHART INSTRUMENT (STAR) - ICAO DHMI - ANKARA TRANSITION ALTITUDE 1 FT AIRAC AMDT 1/1 ' 352 º ACC : APP : TWR : AD 2 LTBA STAR OCT 1 ÝSTANBUL / ATATÜRK INTERNATIONAL RWY 17L/R Procedures: IST STARs CHANGE: RWY ID º ' 28º ' 41º ' 4º ' L/UL 66 G/UG 8 G/UG 12 M/UM 63 VOR EKI CH 11 X 4º57'3"N - º25'34"E W/UW 2 N/UN 64 G/UG 8 ULMAR N TEKIRDAG LT - P2 (IAF RWY 17) VURAL 8DME 3º N/UN 6 G/UG 8 282º 6 12º ' N/UN 6 G/UG 8 3º º 8' ' 21º º 174º IST R- 354 HOLDING OVER VURAL 3 FT 354 º 6 ULMAR 1B 33 ' EKI R- 83 CORLU NDB 426 CRL 41º7'54"N - º54'37 E BIG R- 47 BIGA VOR 116. BIG CH 116 X 4º17'3"N - º21'55 E CRL R- 3 CORLU CORLU VOR CRL CH 5 X BIG R- 55 BRG and TRACKS are MAG ELEV, ALT and HGT in FEET MSL DIST in NM VAR 4º ' E ( 24 ) ISTANBUL 41º'8"N - º56' E ' 6 BIG 1C 68 6 EKI 1C 5 ' 6 BIG 1F 55 LT - R 3 ÇORLU CTR 4 FT AMSL SFC CRL R- 7 ' (IAF RWY ) CEKMECE NDB 328 CEK 41º'21"N - 28º31'41 E 47º BANDIRMA LT - D 4 LT - D 5 NDB 36 IS 41º3'26"N - 28º48'23 E ' 6 ULMAR 1B 4 83º 55º HEZARFEN CTR 15 FT AMSL SFC º 5' º IST R- 235 ÝMREN FL 165 ISTANBUL TMA 15 FT AMSL LT - P7 1 EKÝ R- 6 HEZARFEN 5' BIG 1F LT - R 4 ÝSTANBUL VOR IST CH 72 X 4º57'45"N - 28º48'35 E UNSAV 2º ' 41º28 42 N- 28º47 23 E IST R- 354/ 31 FATIH 6 YASEN-GAYEM 1F YAA 1R 16 YEÞÝLKÖY CTR ATATÜRK 15 FT AMSL SFC 28º ' 2º ' 7º 3º º 5' - 5' EKI-BIG 1C 15 55º 5' BIG 1F 16 5' UNSAV 1 G IST R- 354 ' R- 287 NOTE: AVAILABILITY OF BIG- 1F SUBJECT TO PRIOR COORDINATION BTN IST ATC AND BANDIRMA MILITARY ATC IF MILITARY ACTIVITES NOT PERMIT FOR BIG 1 F BURSA IST ATC TO USE BIG- 1C ONLY SPEED CONTROL 23 YALOVA VOR YAA CH 124 X 4º28'3"N - 2º12' E 1) GENERAL RULE: MAX IAS 25 KT AT OR BELOW 1' WITHIN TMA 2) ARRIVING AIRCRAFT: - MAX IAS 25 KT AT 4 NM FROM IST VORTAC - MAX IAS 21 KT AT 15 NM FROM IST VORTAC - MAX IAS 16 KT UNTIL 5 NM FROM TRESHOLD - SPEED ACCURACY SHALL BE WITHIN 1 KT 54º YAA 1T-YAA1R 3 352º 4' 234º BKZ R-1726 (IAF RWY 17) BEYKOZ VOR BKZ CH 12 X YASEN 41º11'56"N- 2º3'58 E BKZ R-7 1/ D R-71 BKZ R-8 YAA R- 352 YENISEHIR VOR BRY NDB 352 BRY CH 1 X 4º15'48"N - 2º35'4 E 41º7'37"N - 2º8'34 E ' 7 YASEN 1F 17 7 GAYEM 1F 23 SABIHA GOKCEN ' 251º SABIHA GOKCEN CTR 25 FT AMSL SFC YENISEHIR CTR 8 FT AMSL SFC NOT TO SCALE 352º 6' 172º 8º L/UL 61 W/UW 72 GAYEM 41º2'45"N- 2º37'48 E BKZ R- 8/ D23 SABIHA GOKCEN VOR 18.8 SBH NDB 347 SAB CH 25 X 4º53'58"N - 2º1'13 E YALOVA YENISEHIR LT - D 1 36º º 3' 35' º º 3' 5' MSA 25 NM IST VORTAC LT - P5 L/UL 61 L/UL 62 A/UA 16 L/UL 615 A/UA 4 41º ' L/UL 614 G/UG 8 4º ' 14

15 Standard Instrument Departures (SIDs) 15

16 AIP TURKEY STANDARD DEPARTURE CHART INSTRUMENT (SID) - ICAO DHMI - ANKARA TRANSITION ALTITUDE 1 FT TWR : APP : ACC : AD 2 LTBA SID OCT 1 ÝSTANBUL / ATATÜRK INTERNATIONAL RWY 17L/R AIRAC AMDT 1/1 IST SIDs CHANGE: RWY ID º ' 28º ' BRG and TRACKS are MAG ELEV, ALT and HGT in FEET MSL DIST in NM VAR 4º ' E ( 24 ) CORLU 41º ' L/UL 66 G/UG 8 N G/UG 12 M/UM 63 TEKIRDAG VOR EKI CH 11 X 4º57'3"N - º25'34"E LT - P2 CORLU NDB 426 CRL CORLU CTR 4 FT AMSL 41º7'54"N - º54'37 E SFC N/UN 6 G/UG 8 VOR CRL CH 5 X 41º'8"N - º56' E CORLU BIG 2S L/UL 61 A/UA 16 FENER 41º17'11"N- 28º21'28"E IST R-3/ D28 CRL R- 11 EKI 2S CRL 2 S BIG 2S CEKMECE NDB 328 CEK FENER 2S IST R- 267 IST R º'21"N - 28º31'41 E FL 165 ISTANBUL TMA 15 FT AMSL LT - D 5 HEZARFEN CTR 15 AMSL SFC HEZARFEN 333º LT - P7 LT - R 4 2º ' ERTAS 41º'41"N - 2º8'48 E BKZ R-356/ D2 ÝSTANBUL VOR IST CH 72 X 42º 4º57'45"N - 28º48'35 E YEÞÝLKÖY CTR 15 FT AMSL SFC ATATÜRK IST R- 177 ERTAS 1S 5 DME YAA 2S BKZ R- 27 ERTAS 1T BKZ R- 172 BKZ R- 356 YAA R- 32 YAA R- 352 BEYKOZ VOR BKZ CH 12 X 41º7'37"N - 2º8'34 E YASEN 41º11'56"N- 2º3'58 E BKZ R-7 1/ D BKZ R- 71 YASEN 1S BKZ R- 8 GAYEM 1S YALOVA L/UL 61 W/UW 72 GAYEM 41º2'45"N- 2º37'48"E BKZ R- 8/ D23 SABIHA GOKCEN VOR 18.8 SBH NDB 347 SAB CH 25 X 4º53'58"N - 2º1'13 E LT - D 1 36º º 3' 35' º º 3' 5' MSA 25 NM IST VORTAC LT - P5 L/UL 615 A/UA 4 41º ' L/UL 614 G/UG 8 4º ' W/UW 2 N/UN 64 G/UG 8 N/UN 6 G/UG 8 BIG R- 38 BIGA VOR 116. BIG CH 116 X 4º17'3"N - º21'55 E BANDIRMA LT - R 3 LT - D 4 YALOVA VOR YAA NDB CH35 124YAA X CH 124 X 4º33'54"N 4º28'3"N - 2º22'17 E 2º12' E 28º ' 2º ' BURSA YENISEHIR CTR 8 FT AMSL SFC YENISEHIR VOR BRY NDB 352 BRY CH 1 X 4º15'48"N - 2º35'4 E NOT TO SCALE YENISEHIR L/UL 61 L/UL 62 A/UA 16 4º ' 16

17 Navigation (Precision approaches) Instrument Landing Systems (ILS) Localizer: Transmitter that defines a plane that extends vertically up from the runway centerline and its extension Glide slope: Ramp inclined at IAF to horizontal plane FAF 12ft 2ft Outer marker Middle marker 17

18 ILS categories ILS Decision ht. Visibility/Runway Visual Range (RVR) Category I 2ft 1/2 mile or RVR=ft Category II 1ft RVR=12ft Category IIIA RVR=7ft Category IIIB RVR=15ft Category IIIC RVR=

19 Instrument approaches Runway RT Missed Approach Point (MAP) Decision height TRACON Tower FAF/OM Elevation view ILS capture Cleared altitude before ILS capture Tower TRACON Missed approach (Straight out) RT FAF/OM ILS capture Base leg Final approach Plan view 1

20 Example: Go-around 2

21 Boston ILS approaches 15R ILS to visual 4L 21

22 Holding patterns Fix end Holding side Outbound Outbound end Fix Inbound Non-holding side Holding course Holding instructions need to include: direction of holding from fix; name of holding fix; radial, course, bearing, azimuth, route on which aircraft is to hold; direction of turns if not standard (standard = right-hand); Length if nonstandard (1 min inbound leg length); expected further clearance time 22

23 Airport and surrounding terminal area [Idris et al. 2, Carr 24] 23

24 Terminal-area separation: Wake vortex separation Aircraft are trailed by their wake vortices Each wing produces a vortex (that is, there are two counter-rotating vortices behind each aircraft) Strength of the vortex is a function of aircraft weight, speed and shape of the wing of the leading aircraft Maximum vortex generation occurs when aircraft is heavy and slow Therefore takeoffs and landings are particularly susceptible Small aircraft encountering the wake of a heavy aircraft may become uncontrollable Wake vortex separation is a fundamental bottleneck to airport and terminal-area capacity 24

25 Wake-vortex separation" [ 25

26 Multi-airport terminal-areas or Metroplexes [Bonnefoy & Hansman] 26

27 New York metroplex trajectories [Figure courtesy of Leo Prusak, Manager NorthEast Tactical Operations, FAA]

Terminal- Area Opera.ons Prof. Hamsa Balakrishnan

Terminal- Area Opera.ons Prof. Hamsa Balakrishnan Istanbul Technical University Air Transporta,on Management M.Sc. Program Air Transporta,on Systems and Infrastructure Strategic Planning Module 8 : 26