Backpacking and Canoeing Handbook

Transcription

1 Backpackig ad Caoeig Hadbook Hurricae Islad Outward Boud School 41 Mechaic St, Suite 313 Camde, ME

2 Patrol List Course Director: Istructors: Group Members: Name Address

3 Table of Cotets PART I Geeral Curricula Expeditio Skills Checklist Leave No Trace Lightig Navigatio Search ad Rescue Tarp Costructio Kots Stove Use Nutritio PART II Backpackig Expeditio Skills Checklist Loadig a Backpack Group Travel PART III Caoeig Expeditio Skills Checklist Caoe ad Paddle Parts Paddle Strokes ad Maeuvers The River Aalysis System Caoe-Over-Caoe Rescue PART IV The Outward Boud Story Outward Boud Code of Coduct Natural History Vertical Zoatio I Maie PART V The Expeditio Fial Expeditio Expeditio Joural

4 Itroductio Cogratulatios o choosig to do a Outward Boud course! You are about to lear may ew skills, most of which require substatial practice i order to master. This hadbook will provide you with may resources to help as you begi to acquire these skills. The more competet you are with the techical skills taught o your course, the better prepared you will be to assume some resposibility for your expeditio. Possibly, you will go o to employ some of these skills whe you retur home. The blak spaces are for you to fill, perhaps with additioal tips gathered from your istructors ad other team members, or perhaps with thoughts that come to you about how this adveture fits ito your life. The readig list followig each sectio provides you with other resources you ca use to icrease your kowledge of a particular topic. May your expeditio be a grad oe! This hadbook was writte ad edited by Carolie Blair-Smith, Be Hoops, Lesley Herschlag, Roy Huter, ad Ashley Lodato. Drawigs were doe by Martha Bracy. Formattig ad desig work was doe by Tim Sweso of Midcoast Creative. A special thaks to all the staff who helped to ifluece the productio of this book. Copyright 2013 by Hurricae Islad Outward Boud School (6/13)

5 PART I Geeral Curricula 5 Expeditio Skills Checklist The legth of your course will determie how may of these skills are taught as part of your course curriculum. If your course is three weeks or loger, you should be able to demostrate all of the skills listed below. Campcraft Pitch tets/tarps well eough to stay dry i rai Properly use stoves to prepare tasty meals i appropriate quatities Keep food dry, clea, safe from aimals throughout course Demostrate basic stove repair skills Build a fire i a established site Uderstad basic utritio Uderstad basic first aid: ijury prevetio, thermal regulatio, hydratio, treatmet of small wouds ad blisters Leave No Trace Idetify ad observe the basic priciples Lightig Perform lightig drill procedure Aticipate storms ad adapt route accordigly Navigatio Skills & Group Travel Idetify all colors ad symbols o a map Oriet map, usig compass or poits o lad Take ad follow a bearig Measure distaces ad estimate travel times Practice basic route plaig Practice basic search ad rescue techiques Kots Figure 8 follow-through Tesioless kot Tautlie hitch Overhad kot Slip kot/slippery hitch

6 6 Leave No Trace Whe we try to pick out aythig by itself, we fid it hitched to everythig else i the uiverse. Joh Muir From its iceptio, Outward Boud has led the way i educatig people about low-impact backcoutry travel ad helpig them appreciate the earth s limited atural resources. May of the early guidelies for campers, hikers, ad backpackers used ad recommeded by the US Forest Service ad Natioal Park Service origiated i Outward Boud istructor mauals. Today, all Hurricae Islad studets are traied i Leave No Trace outdoor skills ad ethics, which were developed by the Natioal Outdoor Leadership School i a coordiated effort betwee federal lad agecies, wilderess educators, evirometal scietists, outdoor retailers ad equipmet maufacturers. Studets are also itroduced to the cocept of evirometal stewardship: a acceptace of persoal resposibility for maitaiig the health ad beauty of the atural eviromet. By livig a simple, self-reliat, low-impact lifestyle i the wilderess, you have the opportuity to aalyze firsthad the effect of huma activities upo the eviromet ad upo other users of the wilderess. We hope that you are ispired to deepe your ties with ature ad appreciate the value of preservig wilderess. Leave No Trace Priciples Pla ahead ad prepare Kow the area ad what to expect Select appropriate equipmet Repackage food Travel ad camp o durable surfaces Hike o durable surfaces ad spread out Keep group size small Select durable groud Use trails where they exist Avoid fragile vegetatio Avoid places where impact is just begiig Choose a shelter site with a small slope Dispose of waste properly Miimize soap ad food residues i waste water Use soap sparigly whe eeded Pack out trash Dispose of huma waste i catholes or outhouses Leave what you fid Miimize site alteratios Avoid damagig live trees ad plats Leave atural objects ad cultural artifacts

7 Miimize campfire impacts Be aware of fire regulatios ad weather coditios Use oly dead ad dowed wood if there is ot a supply of driftwood I high-use areas, use existig fire rigs I remote areas, use appropriate Leave No Trace fire techiques Respect wildlife Ejoy wildlife from a distace Never feed wildlife Store food securely Miimize oise Avoid sesitive habitat Be cosiderate of other visitors Avoid coflicts Miimize crowdig Maage your pet Respect the privacy of other visitors Let ature s souds prevail 7 Resources: Hampto, Bruce & Cole, David, Soft Paths NOLS, Leave No Trace: Northeast Moutais

8 8 Lightig What Is Lightig? Lightig is a huge electric spark that ca occur betwee the clouds ad the earth, betwee two clouds, or withi the same cloud. Lightig s strog electrical curret heats ad causes a sudde expasio of air, which produces a soud wave the boom of thuder. How Does It Happe? Electric potetial builds up i a cloud i somewhat the same maer your body picks up a electric charge whe scuffig your feet o a carpet. The frictio of scuffig creates a electric potetial or charge. Your body retais the egative charge, which will groud itself with a stigig zap whe you touch a doorkob, for example. How Do You Kow Whe a Thuder Storm Is Approachig? Light travels much faster tha soud waves. The flash of lightig is for all practical purposes see istataeously. The boom of the thuder arrives later, coverig 1,100 feet per secod, or roughly 1 mile i 5 secods. By coutig "oe, oe thousad, ad two etc.," the distace from you to the lightig ca be estimated. Every five secods betwee lightig ad thuder equals about oe mile of distace betwee you ad the storm. Miimizig Dager O Lad 1. Time visits to high risk areas with weather patters 2. Fid safer terrai if you hear thuder 3. Avoid trees, peaks, ridges, wide ope groud, high groud, water, cave etraces 4. Avoid log coductors (metal structures, wire cables, railway tracks) 5. Get i the lightig positio

9 9 If the storm is o top of you, it s best if you ca squat o your esolite pad. Whe you tire of this you ca sit dow. Resources: Gooki, Joh, NOLS Backcoutry Lightig Safety Guidelies Navigatio Somethig hidde. Go ad fid it. Go ad look behid the Rages Somethig lost behid the Rages. Lost ad waitig for you, Go! Rudyard Kiplig Idetifyig your locatio ad kowig how to determie how to get where you wat to go ext are ecessary skills for wilderess travel. O your backpackig or caoeig course, you will be usig topographic maps issued by the US Geological Survey to plot your course, measure distaces, ad idetify particular geographical features. Topo meas place ad graph meas drawig, so a topographic map is a drawig of a particular place. At the bottom of each topographic map you will fid a leged, which provides you with the cotour iterval, a magetic decliatio diagram, a scale, ad other useful iformatio, such as the date the map was issued. You will see several colors o topographic maps. The colors idetify the followig features: White = o-vegetated areas Gree = vegetatio features (wooded areas, forests, orchards, vieyards) Brow = elevatio features (moutais ad hills) Blue = water features (streams, lakes, pods, rivers, marshes, sprigs) Black = ma-made features (buildigs, roads, trails, railroad tracks) Red = heavy-duty ad medium-duty roads ad highways You will use your maps i cojuctio with a compass, which uses the earth s magetism to help you idetify the cardial directios of North (N), South (S), East (E), West (W).

10 10 Orietig a Map Usig a Compass Use the followig step-by-step remiders whe you wat to oriet a map, or triagulate. 1. Lay the map o a level surface. 2. Locate the decliatio diagram i the lower left corer of the map. 3. Lay the compass o top of the diagram. 4. Without disturbig the compass, rotate the map util the lie that poits to magetic orth i the diagram o the map lies up with the red eedle of the compass. Takig a Bearig from a Map (whe map is ot orieted) Use this method whe you kow your exact positio o the map ad wat to walk or paddle i a straight lie to some distat poit that you have located o the map. It is critical that your actual positio be very close to your estimated map locatio. If you caot pi-poit your locatio o the map, try travelig to the earest poit that you ca idetify with absolute certaity, eve if it meas goig somewhat out of your way. 1. Idetify NESW o the map, the locate these directios o lad. Poit to your locatio o the map ad where you wat to travel. Ask yourself, if I wat to go from here to there, i which directio would I travel? This is your estimate of what bearig you will eed to follow i order to reach the destiatio. 2. Put the compass edge alog the iteded lie of travel, with the directio of travel arrow poitig i the directio you wat to go. 3. Now calculate your bearig by turig the compass housig util the meridia lies iside the housig are parallel to the meridia grid lies o your map (or, the side of the map if your map does t have grid lies). The orth orietig arrow o the compass housig ( the Shed ) must be poitig toward the top of your map. 4. Read the umber o the housig dial at the base of the directio of travel arrow; this is your bearig.

11 5. Compare your estimate with your calculatio. Are they similar (withi 30 of each other)? If so, proceed. If ot, re-calculate; have you reversed your bearig by 180? Now that you have estimated ad calculated your bearig, it s time to decliate usig simple math ad followig the steps below. To Compesate for Decliatio i the Easter US: Add the umber of degrees idicated o your map leged. I Maie, it s betwee 17 ad 20. Rotate the compass housig to reflect this additio; this is your decliated bearig. For example, if your calculated bearig was 137, your decliated bearig would be 157 if you have 20 decliatio calculated. Fially, it s time to avigate. Stad up, holdig the compass i frot of your stomach with the directio of travel arrow poitig away from you. Tur your whole body util Red Fred is i the Shed (util the magetic eedle is housed iside the orth orietig arrow o the compass housig). Walk followig the directio of travel arrow (ot the red eedle). 11 Estimate your bearig Calculate your bearig usig a compass Decliate by addig X Navigate by followig your bearig Triagulatio Triagulatio is a method you ca use to establish your approximate locatio o the map. The catch is that i order to use triagulatio you eed to be able to see oe ad hopefully two or more kow features (ad you eed to be able to fid those features o your map). Typical features that we use are: radio towers, fire towers, summits of moutais, tagets of islads, poits of lad i a lake. Establishig a Lie of Positio (LOP) 1. Poit the compass directio of travel arrow at the kow feature (KF). 2. While holdig the compass base plate steady, rotate the compass housig util orth etched o the housig matches up with the magetic eedle ( put Red Fred i the Shed ). 3. Now, read your magetic bearig (idicated by the lie at the base of the directio of travel arrow). 4. Subtract (assumig you re i easter North America) the decliatio from the magetic bearig, ad rotate the compass housig accordigly.

12 12 5. Disregardig the magetic eedle, lay the compass o the map; place the frot side corer of the base plate o your KF. 6. Rotate the etire compass, pivotig aroud that KF, util the orth orietig arrow o the compass housig (either the eedle or the directio of travel arrow) poits straight to the top of the map. Draw a lie from the KF alog the side of the compass base plate; exted this lie usig a log straight edge. 7. You are somewhere alog this lie. Triagulatio With Two or More KFs I a ideal world, you have two KFs ad their LOPs relative to you are about 90 apart. (As that 90 figure approaches either 0 or 180, your two-kf triagulatio becomes less accurate.) To use two KFs, simply establish ad draw the two LOPs...your approximate locatio is where the two lies cross. I a eve more ideal world, you have three KFs. Whe you plot your three LOPs, you will fid the lies itersect i such a way that they form a little triagle: your approximate locatio is i the middle of that triagle.

13 13 Time Cotrol Pla Navigator: Leader of the Day: Startig Locatio: Destiatio: Date: Alterative destiatios, bail-outs, poits of refuge: Waypoit Route Descriptio Distace Estimated Time Elevatio Corrected Time Actual Time Evacuatio Route Totals: Departure Time: ETA:

14 14 Estimatig Distace Traveled It is geerally a good idea to keep track of distace traveled. Not oly is measurig ad timig your rate of travel a good skill to develop, but you will also fid that you appreciate kowig how much farther you have to go before the ext campsite, or beig able to estimate what time you eed to get up i order to complete the ext day s mileage. Rate/Time/Distace (RTD) Methods This model ivolves estimatig your rate of travel (miles per hour) ad measurig your time traveled. The time traveled is the easier part. Whe you are usig the RTD method have a desigated time-keeper...this perso eeds to be wearig a watch with a stop watch fuctio. They simply have the stop watch ruig wheever they are walkig ad the watch is stopped for all breaks. The very best way to estimate your rate of speed is to measure your time over a kow distace over a kow type of hikig. Hikig o-trail is a great place to use this method. Say that the Appalachia Trail guide tells you it is 9.0 miles from the Pods Road to the Newhall Lea-to; ad after your group walks that route, your time-keeper tells you that the total walkig time was 5 hours 10 miutes. You d do the time coversio from miutes to teths of hours (miutes x = teths of a hour), ad apply the formula: Rate = Distace/Time Rate = 9.0 miles/ 5.16 Rate = 1.75 miles per hour Now, you kow this was your group s rate o a sectio of the AT that icluded goig up ad dow a 3,600 moutai. Your group will probably be faster o the AT o fairly flat sectios ad will be slower off-trail. Aother way to estimate rate of travel is to use oe of the may available rate estimates. Oe we like is: flat trail w/heavy pack goes at about 2 mph off-trail (but, fairly easy goig) cluks alog at about 1 mph off-trail but very thick, small-diameter, evergree trees or slash zips alog at 1/2 mph for each 1000 feet of elevatio gai or loss add 1/2 hour to your time estimate So, with a stop-watch measured walkig time ad a estimated rate, you ca estimate distace, thus: Rate x Time = Distace

15 Pacig Methods The best approach to pacig is to have your istructors measure off a chai course before leavig base. A surveyor s chai is a uit of measuremet that is very hady for pacig ad map work. A chai is 66 feet. The way you measure off a chai i the woods is by coutig your paces...to cout a pace, you cout everyother foot fall. For istace, start with your feet together, step first with your left foot, ad the you ll cout every time your right foot hits the groud. So, walk the 66 course several times to get the best estimate of your pace. Your pace should be somethig close to 10 to 15 paces per chai. Whe you re out i the woods ad eed to use this method, you ca cout i your head util you cout 10 chais-worth of paces. So, if your pace is 13 paces per chai, you d cout util your right foot hit the groud 130 times ad the you d kow you ve walked 10 chais. Here is the cool part: there are 80 chais per mile. So, you kow whe you ve walked 20 chais, you ve goe 1/4 mile (40 chais to the half mile, ad so forth). Sice we rarely pace-off more tha a mile at a time, keepig track of 10 chai uits is pretty easy. Navigatio Glossary Agoic Lie Lie of zero decliatio, ruig from Florida to the Great Lakes 15 Bearig Cardial Poits Cotour Lies Course DR Decliatio LOPs Magetic North True North A compass readig or lie that describes the directio of a object relative to your positio Pricipal poits of directio: orth, south, east, west Brow lies o topographic maps idicatig elevatio The specific directio from where you are to where you wat to go Dead Reckoig is a theoretical positio based o time, course, ad rate from a kow poit The agle betwee True North ad Magetic North Lies of Positio are lies o or ear which you are at the momet, without kowig exactly where o the lie you are The directio of the flow of the earth s magetic field The geographic North Pole. USGS topographic maps are geerally orieted to True North

16 16 Resources: Kals,W.S., Lad Navigatio Hadbook Kjellström, Björ, Be Expert with Map & Compass

17 Search ad Rescue 17 May people fear gettig lost i the woods. While lost studets are a uusual occurrece o Outward Boud courses, occasioally studets wader away from the rest of the group ad fid themselves disorieted ad uable to relocate the group. The followig tips will help you kow what to do if you get lost, as well as help you orgaize a search for a missig group member. Lost ad Aloe Procedure If you fid yourself separated from the rest of your group ad you do t kow where they are, you are lost. Do t paic! Stay calm, stay put, ad make yourself comfortable ad visible (if possible, locate yourself i a clearig or o top of a large boulder). Blow your whistle i blasts of three. Pause to liste for shouts or other resposes to your whistle. It is likely that you will be foud withi miutes. Search & Rescue If a group member is missig ad uaccouted for, you ad your istructors will orgaize a search to look for the missig perso. The followig types of searches are listed i the order i which they should be udertake. Hasty Search: The purpose of the hasty search is to sca quickly the areas that have a high likelihood of cotaiig the missig perso. Travellig light ad movig quickly, a hasty search team will idetify the missig perso s poit last see (PLS) ad move i directios that they suspect the missig perso moved i. The members of the hasty team will try to figure out where the missig perso was goig whe he became separated from the group ad predict the logical place that the missig perso might be. It is importat that the hasty team ot disturb the PLS, because if the missig perso does t tur up soo it may be ecessary to use trackig dogs to locate him. Trackig dogs rely o scets foud at the PLS ad if the PLS is trampled, valuable evidece is disturbed. Lie Search: If the hasty search is usuccessful, you may employ a lie search. I a lie search, all searchers form a lie, with idividuals close eough together that they ca see ad search all of the groud betwee them ad their eighbors. The lie moves as a sigle uit, with a team leader o either ed of the lie callig out commads. Searchers look behid trees, betwee large boulders, ad i ravies for the missig perso. Grid Search: If the lie search is usuccessful, you will have to orgaize a grid search. A grid search ivolves markig out sectios of area to be searched ad the scaig these areas i paistakig detail. If a search advaces to a grid search, it is likely that your istructors will call i the Maie Warde Service ad possibly trackig dogs to aid i this type of search.

18 18 Tarp Costructio

19 Kots Figure Eight Follow Through 19 Overhad 2 Half-hitches Tesioless

20 20 Taut Lie Hitch (slipped versio) Resources: Grayso, Do & Haso, Kurt, Moutaieerig: The Freedom of the Hills, Owe, Peter,The Book of Outdoor Kots Stove Use

21 Lightig a MSR Whisperlite Believe it or ot, more Outward Boud studets have bee ijured lightig stoves tha rockclimbig or paddlig whitewater. The stove is essetially a gasolie bomb that, if hadled properly, ca be used to prepare tasty ad utritious meals i the backcoutry. Complete the followig checklist every time you light the stove. 1. Assemble the stove ad pump accordig to the diagram above. 2. Make sure that you have at least 1/3 of a bottle of white gas. 3. Pump the pluger times (util you feel resistace). 4. Ope the cotrol valve slightly to leak liquid fuel ito the primig cup util it is about 2/3 full, the tur the cotrol valve off (a little more fuel will leak ito the cup). 5. If ay fuel spilled o the groud or o your stove board, wait for it to evaporate. 6. Move to the side of the stove, so your face, hads, ad clothig are ot above the burer. 7. Light the fuel i the cup. This is called primig the stove; you are heatig the geerator tube so that the fuel withi it chages from a liquid state to a gas state. 8. Allow the fuel i the cup to bur util the flames seem to be dyig out, the 9. Tur the cotrol valve slowly o, allowig more fuel (ow i a gas form) to mix with the flames i the primig cup. If you are too late, have aother match ready to light the burer. 10. Your flame should ow be a steady blue. If it s yellow, you may eed to prime the stove loger. 11. For trouble-shootig stove problems, refer to the stove maual i your repair kit. Nutritio I thik, said Christopher Robi, that we ought to eat all our provisios ow, so we wo t have so much to carry. A. A. Mile Nutriets iclude carbohydrates, proteis, fats, vitamis, ad mierals. They are foud i a variety of foods ad serve differet fuctios i our bodies. Carbohydrates provide the most efficiet source of eergy to the body. Whe you are hydrated, carbos are easy to break dow ad they go to work quickly. Our most commo sources of carbohydrates are the sugars ad starches foud i grais, pastas, crackers, dried potatoes, cereals, ad cocoas. Simple carbos (sugar) break dow quickly, like kidlig i a fire; complex carbos (starches) break dow slowly, like a big log i a fire. Sugars give us quick bursts of eergy; starches provide eergy for hours. Proteis are used to build muscle tissue, hormoes, ezymes, ad atibodies. They ca serve as a eergy source oce carbohydrate sources are exhausted. Our protei comes from dairy products, grais, legumes, fish, uts, seeds, ad occasioal meats. 21

22 22 Fat provides the body with additioal calories for eergy ad gives us the feelig of beig full. It is the most calorically dese food type. We get our fat from uts, cheese, oils, peaut butter, fried trail foods, margarie, ad butter. Vitamis ad mierals serve a variety of fuctios i our bodies. Some help release eergy from food while others maitai bodily fuctios. For example, vitami A helps with ight visio, while sodium provides electrolyte balace. We get vitamis ad mierals from occasioal fresh fruits ad vegetables ad by eatig a wide rage of food types each day. Water is a itegral part of healthy utritio. Drik eough so that your urie is clear ad copious all day log. Chagig caloric eeds are a result of differet climates ad activities, as well as body weight ad metabolism. Cold weather demads calories for the body to bur for heat productio, as does streuous exercise. I geeral, the average summer wilderess experiece (backpackig, kayakig, etc.) requires that the average tee cosume betwee 2500 ad 3500 calories per day. A more streuous activity, such as sow campig or moutaieerig, requires betwee 3000 ad 3700 calories. The most streuous activities, such as extreme moutaieerig, call for calories per day. The Outward Boud diet is largely plat-based for several reasos: Plat food requires less eergy, water, ad atural resources to produce tha meat. It is a more ecologically friedly diet. The average America diet is too high i fat ad calories, ad especially high i saturated fat, which is routiely foud i aimal products. Fresh meat has a short shelf life ad is impractical i the field. Caed meat is heavy ad the ca must be carried out. Meat also attracts aimals more tha other food. Resources: Miller, Dorcas C., Good Food for Camp ad Trail NOLS, NOLS Cookery (1991)

23 PART II Backpackig 23 The legth ad type of your course will determie how may of these skills are taught as part of your course curriculum. If your course is three weeks or loger ad icludes backpackig, you should be able to demostrate all of the skills listed below. Expeditio Skills Checklist Backpack Packig & Carryig Properly load pack Make pack adjustmets Distribute gear ad food effectively Practice proper pack care: pickig up & puttig dow packs Stream Crossigs Uderstad stream crossig protocol Recogize potetial hazards Use hadlie ad/or poddig Navigatio Skills & Group Travel Idetify all colors ad symbols o a map Oriet map, usig compass or poits o lad Take ad follow a bearig Measure distaces ad estimate travel times Practice basic route plaig Use appropriate avigatio tactics: hadrails, aimig off, etc. Idetify distat ukow poits

24 24 Fittig the pack Loadig a Backpack Size pack by legth of torso Pack stays may be adjusted for shape of back Whe shoulder straps are o shoulder, hip belt should rest o iliac crest Shoulder straps should roud over the shoulder evely, ot agle up Pack weight should ot be held o waist or buttocks Adjust shoulder straps so that 1/2 to 3/4 of weight rides o the hips Adjust sterum strap to help relieve pressure o shoulders Cautio agaist pack palsy (umb arms) caused by shoulder straps beig too tight or by havig too much weight o shoulders because of a too-log pack Packig the pack Use stuff sacks to help orgaize cotets of pack e.g., food bags, clothes bag, etc. Pack with accessibility ad comfort i mid: sleepig bag at bottom; heavier items o top ad close to body; rai gear, flashlight, water bottle should be easily accessible Attach foam pad vertically to outside of pack to reduce its tearig durig bushwhacks Keep fuel ad stoves away from food outside pockets are a good place for these Do t clutter outside of pack with items that may fall off or be damaged or get sagged o trees.

25 25 Face the back of the Hoist the pack Put your right arm Isert your left pack ad grasp oto your bet right through the right arm through the the straps... kee... (if right haded) had shoulder strap... left shoulder strap, faste the hip belt. Correct Weight Positioig O Trail Positio the weight agaist the spie betwee your shoulder blades Off Trail Positio the weight lower agaist the spie above the small of your back

26 26 Icorrect Weight Positioig Weight Too High Makes you tippy ad out of balace Weight Too Low Makes you have to lea forward to keep the weight balaced over your hips

27 Group Travel 27 Hikig ad backpackig preset may challeges: carryig a heavy pack, climbig over difficult terrai, extreme elevatio gais ad losses. Oe of the most frustratig challeges while hikig is keepig the group together as a cohesive uit. While you do t eed to walk i a ose-to-butt lie, members of a group eed to stay withi sight ad soud of each other while hikig. The followig are tips for makig your backpackig expeditio pleasat ad successful: Keepig Group Together: Evaluate your pacig (cosider puttig oe of the slower hikers ear the frot to set a pace that everyoe ca keep up with). Cosider your gear distributio (perhaps the fastest hikers ca carry more weight, to compesate for their extra stregth). Do t let the slowest hiker sweep (walk at the back of the group), because he is likely to get discouraged ad fall behid. Trail Etiquette: Pull off to the side of the trail ad let other hikers pass we are a big group ad others should t have to wait for us. Take breaks off the trail so that other hikers ca get through. Stream Crossigs: If you caot cross o a log or o boulders. Pick the shallowest (usually widest) stretch of water avoid high baks ad make sure etry ad exit poits are reasoable. Use a stout stick to improve balace or lik arms with a parter. If the crossig looks questioable, ask a istructor to cross first. Face upstream, so that the force of the water o the legs caot make the kees give way. If the water is above your kees, do t cross. Ubuckle hip ad sterum straps to allow pack to be easily jettisoed i case of a fall. For small, shallow stream crossigs where balace ad agility are eeded to step o the stoes, waist belts ca be left buckled so shiftig packs do t upset balace. Make sure that oe foot is firmly placed before movig the other. Cross diagoally, movig slightly dowstream, shufflig your feet rather tha liftig them. Avoid wedgig feet uder or betwee rocks. If you fid yourself floatig i a river/stream

28 28 Resources: Grayso, Do & Haso, Kurt, Moutaieerig: The Freedom of the Hills Jardie, Ray, Beyod Backpackig O Bao, Alle, Alle & Mike s Really Cool Backpacki Book Radall, Gle, The Outward Boud Backpacker s Hadbook

29 29 Boat Care & Packig Cosistetly use wet foot loadig Avoid broachig boats o shore Pack for level trim Pack for possible capsize Kow whe to load bow/ster heavy Keep gear dry i whitewater Paddlig Strokes Forward Draw Pry Cross-draw Bow sweep Ster sweep J-stroke Paddlig Skills Maitai group covoy Aalyze lake crossigs Portage Lie Sail PART III Caoeig The legth ad type of your course will determie how may of these skills are taught as part of your course curriculum. If your course is three weeks or loger ad icluded caoeig, you should be able to demostrate all of the skills listed below. Expeditio Skills Checklist Maeuverig Move i a straight lie usig proper strokes Use o ad off-side slips Demostrate eddy turs & peel-outs Demostrate upstream & dowstream ferries River Readig Uderstad basic river hydrology Uderstad movig water protocol (if o movig water) Idetify potetial hazards Idetify river features Aalyze pool drop rapid (Class II) Select a lie (Class II) Caoe Rescue Use throw bag Set up protectio system for rapids Perform whitewater self rescue Practice rapid swim Kow paddle sigals Perform T ad/or H rescue

30 30 Caoe ad Paddle Parts

31 Paddle Strokes ad Maeuvers Strokes Well-performed strokes are more efficiet ad more powerful tha their sloppy cousis. With smooth ad correct forward strokes, you will be fresher ad happier at the ed of a log day of flatwater paddlig tha the studet who paddles, for istace, with her grip over the boat as opposed to over the water. Ad, those boat parters with picture-perfect draw strokes will be able to make the must-make eddy tur rather tha beig washed ito the ext rapid sideways ad evetually doig a log cold trout ivetory. The four strokes we ll focus o are: forward, draw, pry, ad cross-draw. 31

32 32 Maeuvers Assumig that the bow paddler is paddlig o the left ad the ster o the right, your paddlig team ca perform the followig movemets usig the strokes o the previous page (if the bow is o the right ad the ster is o the left, your maeuvers will move your boat i the opposite directio): Paddle Caoe Straight Forward Bow: forward stroke Ster: forward stroke with a occasioal pry Pivot Caoe to the Right Bow: cross-draw Ster: pry Side-Slip to Left Bow: draw stroke Ster: pry stroke Side-Slip to Right Bow: cross-draw Ster: draw stroke Pivot Caoe to Left Bow: draw stroke Ster: draw stroke Sigle perso carry Bridgig caoe to trade off

33 The River Aalysis System 33 Scope-out the rapid ad defie a prelimiary route (use the cocept of seams to help spot possible routes) Approach: evaluate ay difficulties betwee your boat s curret locatio ad the top of the rapid; e.g., rocks, strog curret, curret goig somewhere you do t wat to go. Turbulece: how big are the waves o your route, are the eddies placid or boilig, how about those eddy lies, how much water will ed up i the boat?

34 34 Maeuverig: how precise is the lie you eed to be o, how difficult will it be to stay o lie (are there currets pushig you off lie?), how twisty is the route, is the route so complex that you ll get lost or be uable to remember the moves? Ru-out: what s after the rapid... rocks, aother rapid? Dagers: list all the objective hazards: sticky holes, uder-cut rocks, straiers, especially-high-probability pi rocks, vertical pi potetial, log swim potetial, swim-ito-the-ext rapid-potetial. Do ot list as hazards features that simply make the ru difficult or thigs which will ted to capsize your boat. Protectio: for each dager you have idetified, try to come up with a protectio pla. Also, always have a pla for protectig agaist the evet of a ucoscious floatig-dow-the-river victim. The pla should iclude how swimmers will get off the river at the bottom of the rapid. Decide: ru it with gear i the boat, carry gear aroud the rapid ad the ru it, sed a probe dow the rapid ad see what happes to those paddlers (i.e., collectig more data), lie the whole rapid, or portage. You ca also cosider liig or portagig part of the rapid ad ruig the rest.

35 Caoe-Over-Caoe Rescue T-Rescue Step 1 Lift the overtured caoe over the guwales of the rescue caoe. Swimmers should help if possible. 35 Step 2 Rescuers roll the empty caoe upright ad stay low to maitai their balace. Step 3 Tur the caoe over ad slide it back ito the water. Step 4 Swimmers climb back i their caoe.

36 36 H-Rescue Resources: ACA, Caoeig Basics for Lakes ad River Gullio, Laurie, Caoeig ad Kayakig: Istructio Maual Ray, Slim, Caoe Hadbook, Ray, Slim & Bechdel, Les, River Rescue

37 PART IV The Outward Boud Story The aim of educatio is to impel people ito value-formig experieces, to esure the survival of these qualities: a eterprisig curiosity, a idefatigable spirit, teacity i pursuit, readiess for sesible self-deial, ad above all, compassio. Outward Boud was fouded by Kurt Hah, whose guidig philosophy is summarized best i his quotatio above. Bor to Germa Jewish parets i Germay, Hah was iflueced by Plato ad the progressive school movemet, which ispired his first school, called the Salem (Germa for Peace ) School i Salem represeted a attempt to create a healthy eviromet i which youg people could lear habits that would protect them agaist what Hah saw as the deterioratig values of moder life. He idetified the worst declies as those i fitess, skill ad care, self disciplie, iitiative ad eterprise, memory ad imagiatio, ad compassio he icorporated egalitaria aims ito the desig of the school; while Salem aturally attracted the childre of the wealthy, it also made space for, ad actively sought, less privileged studets. Amog the uusual assumptios uderlyig all forms of istructio at Salem was Hah s covictio that studets should experiece failure as well as success. They should lear to overcome egative icliatios withi themselves ad prevail agaist adversity. He believed moreover that studets should lear to disciplie their ow eeds ad desires for the good of the commuity. Thomas James: Kurt Hah ad the Aims of Educatio, 2000 Hah champioed the belief that moral aims should aimate every aspect of educatio. I 1932, after Nazi storm troopers kicked to death a youg commuist, Hah took a bold stad: he wrote to all Salem alumi, declared the values of Nazi Germay icompatible with the values of Salem School, ad required them to choose betwee Salem ad Hitler. Hitler imprisoed Hah i Through the itervetio of frieds i Britai (icludig the Prime Miister), Hah was allowed to emigrate ad settle i Britai. Withi the year he fouded Gordostou, a progressive school i Scotlad that advaced the philosophies of the Salem School. Gordostou boys were evaluated ot oly o their academic performace, but also o their itegrity ad priciples. The Gordostou fial report to parets graded boys i: 37

38 38 Esprit de corps Sese of justice Ability to state facts precisely Ability to follow out what he believes to be the right course i the face of: discomforts, hardships, dagers, mockery, boredom, skepticism, ad impulses of the momet Ability to pla Imagiatio Ability to orgaize: as show i the dispositio of work ad i the directio of youg boys Ability to deal with the uexpected Degree of metal cocetratio: where the task i questio iterests him, ad where it does ot Coscietiousess: i everyday affairs, ad i tasks with which he is specially etrusted Maers Maual dexterity Stadard reached i school subjects: Germa, moder laguages, history, atural sciece ad mathematics Practical work Art work Physical exercises: fightig spirit, edurace ad reactio time Durig World War II, Hah was asked to adapt his educatioal philosophy to a program that became kow as Outward Boud. I the early days of World War II, British merchat ships were torpedoed ad suk by Germa submaries. Survivors took to lifeboats ad faced tremedous hardships i the stormy North Atlatic, particularly i witer. A uexpected pheomeo occurred with surprisig frequecy: the youger, fitter sailors ofte died while the older salts survived. Lawrece Holt, of the Blue Fuel Shippig Lie, surmised that this uexpected outcome could be attributed to the life experiece of the older me. He sought to develop a educatioal process that would arm the cadet agaist the eemies withi fear, defeatism, apathy, selfishess. He tured to Kurt Hah, who developed programs with challegig physical ad metal activities that helped build cofidece, ecouraged compassio, ad istilled teacity ad perseverace. The first Outward Boud courses bega i After the war, ethusiasm for the prove value of the Outward Boud experiece led to the foudig of the Outward Boud Trust i Hah expaded the cocept of experietial learig to iclude real ad powerful experiece to gai self-esteem, the discovery of iate abilities, ad a sese of resposibility toward others. For its ame, the program retaied the autical term used whe great ships left the safety of the harbor for ope sea. Ships leavig port were said to be Outward Boud towards ukow challeges ad advetures. From this begiig, a umber of Outward Boud schools were established i the Uited Kigdom. The movemet spread to Europe, Africa, Sigapore, Hog Kog, Australia, New Zealad, Caada ad the Uited States. More tha thirty schools have bee fouded o five cotiets: Europe, Africa, Australia, Asia ad North America. Kurt Hah remaied active i the Outward Boud movemet util his death i The Hurricae Islad Outward Boud School (HIOBS) was fouded by Peter Willauer i 1964, the first sea school i the Uited States. Origially based o Hurricae Islad i Maie s Peobscot Bay, HIOBS ow rus programs i may wilderess areas o lad ad sea i New Eglad, the Florida Keys ad Cetral America.

39 Importat Milestoes i HIOBS History 1964 Peter Willauer fouds HIOBS, costructio of five pullig boats begis 1965 First sailig courses for boys 16½ ad up 1967 First courses for adults 1969 First backpackig & caoeig courses, based out of Dartmouth College 1971 First coed courses 1974 First youth courses for 14- ad 15-year-olds 1977 First witer sailig courses i Florida 1980 Lad i Newry, Maie purchased for backpackig & caoeig course basecamp 1982 First Itercept courses for at-risk youth 1983 First vets courses for Vietam Veteras 1985 L.L.Bea Moutai Ceter built o Newry property 1987 First college-accredited semester courses 1999 Wheeler Bay Sea Base purchased for mailad sailig course basecamp 2006 First semester courses travel to Cetral America 2007 First vets courses for OEF/OIF Veteras 39 Outward Boud cotiues to iovate ad expad programs, yet the essece of the school remais true to its begiigs. Kurt Hah liked to describe a studet s educatio (or traiig program, as he called it) as a roof held up by four pillars: self-reliace, physical fitess, craftsmaship ad service. These four pillars make the foudatio of all programs, whether studets are teeagers, college studets, adults, veteras or corporate executives. Our timeless missio is to chage lives through challege ad discovery.

40 40 Outward Boud Code of Coduct Every studet is a full participat o every course ad is itegral to the overall experiece ad success of the group. You are expected to demostrate your commitmet with hoest ad best efforts throughout the etire course. Use of drugs, alcohol, or tobacco is grouds for immediate dismissal, as is iappropriate use of prescriptio drugs. All studets shall maitai a fudametal respect for the rights ad digity of others. Respect ad courtesy shall be maitaied at all times. I order to maitai the highest stadards of safety, studets must comply with procedures ad backcoutry practices as explaied by istructors. Studets who, through miscoduct or usafe practices, pose a dager to themselves or others will be removed from their course. Outward Boud courses visit pristie ad fragile wilderess eviromets. We are guests who must respect ad help preserve the atural coditios for residet aimals ad plats ad for other visitors ejoymet.

41 Natural History 41 Every tree like every ma must decide for itself will it live i the allurig forest ad struggle to the top where aloe is sulight or give up the fight ad cotet itself with the shade. Erest Thompso Seto About 10,000 years ago, the glacier that covered most of New Eglad durig the most recet ice age was about a mile thick. As it expaded ad retreated, it scoured surfaces, sculpted bedrock, ad captured eroded debris ad deposited it elsewhere. The result is the cirques (sculpted amphitheater-like hollows), aretes (kife-edge ridges), ad U-shaped valleys that make up New Eglad. Exposed bedrock surfaces are ofte covered with glacial striatios (scratches) orieted parallel to the directio of the flow, that formed as a glacier moved across the ladscape. Geologic debris deposited by the retreatig glaciers ca be see today i the followig formatios: glacial erratics: boulders carried by a glacier ad deposited as it retreated kettle pods: sites o moraie where blocks of stagat ice broke off from the retreatig ice sheet; these ice blocks formed depressios of meltwater ad cotiue to be repleished by precipitatio ad groudwater drumlis: masses of glacial debris shaped like the bowl of a upside dow spoo ad tailig off i the directio i which the glacier traveled eskers: log, siuous ridges composed of sad ad gravel deposited by meltwater streams flowig i tuels alog the bottom of a meltig glacier Types of Rock Natioal Audubo Society Field Guide to New Eglad (pp.18-21) Rocks are formed by differet processes that are the basis for classificatio: Igeous rock is crystallized from magma. If it cools below the surface it is itrusive (graite). If it cools above the surface it is extrusive (basalt). Sedimetary rock is built up i layers by oceas or sad dues i the desert. Erosio deposits layers o the ocea floor or as widblow deposits o lad. As the layers build up to thousads of feet of thickess over millios of years the pressure causes the sedimets to solidify ito rock (limestoe or sadstoe). Metamorphic rock is formed whe igeous or sedimetary rock is recrystallized by itese heat ad pressure deep i the crust of the earth ito a ew form of rock. Geiss is metamorphosed graite ad schist is metamorphosed sedimetary rock.

42 42 Habitat Habitat is where a orgaism lives. It is defied by local patters of flora ad faua. A example: moose live i deep woods, sub-arctic plats grow above treelie i the White Moutais; raibow trout live i clear cold streams. The followig are the major habitats comprisig Outward Boud s course areas i Maie, startig with the lowest elevatio: 1. Maie s Norther Seacoast is made up of jagged headlads ad rocky shorelies. Tidepools offer shelter for sea aemoes ad udibrachs. Blue Mussels, Norther Rock Baracles, ad Sea Stars ca all withstad the reletless poudig of North Atlatic waves ad thus thrive o these shores. Coastal islads have prove critical to the survival of New Eglad ters, shorebirds, ad heros because they offer a have safe from dogs, foxes, raccoos, ad other lad predators. 2. Ilad, the Norther Hardwoods Zoe is located i areas lower tha 3000 from sea level. The caopy is made up of sugar maple, America beech, yellow birch, easter hemlock, ad white pie, while the uderstory cotais striped maple, gray birch, pi cherry, ad hobblebush. The broadleaf hardwoods that are predomiat i this zoe tur brilliat orage ad yellow hues i the fall. 3. The Boreal Forest Zoe also called the spruce-fir forest is located above 3000 ad cotais more evergrees tha hardwoods because evergrees ca survive at lower temperatures. The caopy cotais balsam fir ad red ad black spruce, while the uderstory is made up of moutai ash, white birch, ad moutai alder. Old Ma s Beard ad Rock Tripe liche ca be foud i this zoe. May of the coastal islads are covered with spruce-fir forests. 4. The highest areas i New Eglad are called the Alpie Zoe the area above tree lie. Krummholz twisted, garled evergrees growig oly a few feet high mark the trasitio zoe betwee the Boreal Forest ad the Alpie Tudra. Above tree lie, moutai craberry, dwarf blueberry, ad various liches ad dwarf wildflowers carpet the ladscape.

43 Vertical Zoatio I Maie 43

44 44 Geological ad Huma Timelie for the Northeast millio BC Three separate moutai buildig evets form the Appalachias as the North America ad Northwest Africa plates collide. The rage exteds from Newfoudlad to Alabama ad may have rivaled the Himalayas i size. 400 millio BC Amphibias evolve. 225 millio BC Mammals evolve. 180 millio BC Diosaurs climax. The White Moutais are formed dramatically from volcaic rock. The highest poit i the Whites, Mt. Washigto is composed of metamorphosed crust but i most of the Whites erosio has revealed graite. 135 millio BC Diosaurs die out. 250,000 BC Ice Age begis. New Eglad is covered by glaciers four separate times AD Five tribes of Abeaki people live o the Adroscoggi, Peobscot ad Saco rivers. First Europea settlers set foot i Maie First lad purchase deals struck. Two millio acres ear Keebec river sold to William Bigham for 10 cets per acre Log drives are commoplace. White Pie is almost cut ito extictio Nearly all the forests of orther New Eglad are owed by large lumber ad paper compaies Beto Mckaye coceives the idea for the Appalachia Trail Earl Shaffer of Pesylvaia becomes the first perso to hike the AT cotiuously from Georgia to Maie The last log drive o the Keebec. Resources: Alde, Peter & Cassie, Bria, Natioal Audubo Society Field Guide to New Eglad Culross Peattie, Doald, A Natural History of Trees Kedall, David, Glaciers ad Graite Peterso, Roger, Peterso s Field Guide to Easter Birds

45 PART V The Expeditio 45 Fial Expeditio Fial Expeditio is a chace for you ad your fellow studets to test your mastery of the skills you've leared o your Outward Boud course. Depedig upo the legth ad type of your course ad the ages of the studets, your Fial Expeditio will rage from oe to five days i legth ad will provide you with various levels of autoomy from your istructors. The type of Fial Expeditio your group udertakes will be based upo the course eviromet, prevailig ad predicted weather coditios, ad the abilities of the group. Before your group embarks o ay type of idepedet travel, you must have a solid workig kowledge of the followig topics: Fial Expeditio route & checkpoits cotets ad use of items i first aid kits basic life support (AR, CPR, bleedig, burs, spie care, head ijury) hydratio strais & sprais uiversal precautios regardig bodily fluids thermal regulatio (hypothermia & hyperthermia) lightig drill stove use expeditio behavior Other thigs you will eed to cosider before you travel or camp idepedetly: leadership roles job divisio or rotatio commuicatio (withi group ad with istructors) coflict resolutio risk maagemet Be sure to use the lied ad ulied pages i the back of this booklet to joural your Fial Expeditio.

46 46 Service Project Locatio: Orgaizig Agecy (i.e., US Forest Service, Departmet of Coservatio, local ursig home, local lad trust, etc.): Number of Hours: Project Descriptio:

47 Expeditio Pla Day Course Activity Campsite

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70 70 Time Cotrol Pla Navigator: Leader of the Day: Startig Locatio: Destiatio: Date: Alterative destiatios, bail-outs, poits of refuge: Waypoit Route Descriptio Distace Estimated Time Elevatio Corrected Time Actual Time Evacuatio Route Totals: Departure Time: ETA:

71 71 Time Cotrol Pla Navigator: Leader of the Day: Startig Locatio: Destiatio: Date: Alterative destiatios, bail-outs, poits of refuge: Waypoit Route Descriptio Distace Estimated Time Elevatio Corrected Time Actual Time Evacuatio Route Totals: Departure Time: ETA: