Kauai Transportation. Data Book. Final Version. Kauai Multimodal Land Transportation Plan. May 2012 NORTH SHORE WEST SIDE LIHUE KOLOA-POIPU-KALAHEO

Transcription

1 Haena Princeville Anini Kalihiwai Kilauea Hanalei Final Version NORTH SHORE Moloaa Aliomanu Anahola Kauai Transportation EAST SIDE Kealia Kapahi Kapaa Wailua Mana WEST SIDE Data Book Hanamaulu LIHUE Lihue Kekaha Puhi Puakea Waimea Nawiliwili Niumalu Kauai Multimodal Land Transportation Plan Pakala Kaumakani Eleele Hanapepe Omao KOLOA-POIPU-KALAHEO May 2012 Koloa Kukuiula Poipu

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3 Table of Contents Introduction Overview Population & Demographics Countywide Population Trends & Projections Countywide Age Distribution Trends & Projections & 2035 Population by District & TAZ Household Income by District Employment Distribution Current & Projected Major Commercial Centers on Kauai HotelRentalCondo Trends & Projections Visitor Trends & Projections Transportation Systems Vehicular Public Transit Bicycle Private Transit Recreation Access Freight Multimodal Travel Demand Transportation Safety Vehicle Crashes by Type Vehicle Crashes per VMT Vehicle Crashes by Location 4. Emergency Management Tsunami Hazard Zones Fire & Police Locations HospitalClinic Locations Transportation Energy Use & Demand Liquid Fuel Use Liquid Fuel Price Vehicle Fleet by Fuel Type Island Fuel Supplies Kauai Energy Sustainability Plan Public Health Adult Health Youth Health - data has not been released 6.3 Food Systems

4 Introduction This data book is a compilation of information covering transportation infrastructure, transportation patterns, and other relevant data that either affects or is affected by transportation on Kauai. The contents of this data book were gathered from various sources and are intended to be used as a baseline to measure changes over time. This data book was compiled as part of the 2012 Kauai Multimodal Land Transportation Plan (MMLTP) and information presented in this data book was used to inform this plan. This transportation data book is divided into six general chapters. Chapter 1 includes information on population, visitor population, and other demographic information such as age, income, employment etc. Where available forecasted data is shown as well as population or demographic information by the five districts on Kauai (see the district map on the following page). Chapter 2 covers information on transportation infrastructure and travel patterns in Kauai and includes sections on motor vehicles, public and private transit, bicycling, and freight. Chapter 3 covers transportation safety, including vehicle crash trends. Chapter 4 covers emergency management, and includes maps of tsunami evacuation areas and emergency response systems. Chapter 5 covers energy use and demand related to transportation, and chapter 6 covers public health components that are linked to transportation such as food access, agricultural production and physical activity. Most of the data is presented in the form of maps, charts and tables, with short written descriptions. Quick Facts side boxes in most sections provide a very quick synopsis of the major trends or summary points of each section. The hope in creating this data book is that future data can be compared to this data to reveal trends. Keeping track of changes over time will help the County of Kauai measure the degree to which many of the goals outlined in the Kauai MMLTP are being met. Additionally, regular monitoring of changes to the data presented here will help with future updates to the transportation plan. 4

5 Kauai Overview General Total Land Area: 553 Square Miles (353,900 Acres) 2010 Population: 67, De Facto Population: 81, Projected Population: 85, Projected De Facto Population: 98, Average Daily Visitor Population: 19, Average Annual Income: $76, Median Annual Income: $62, Civilian Jobs: 28,150 Transportation 2010 Estimated Mode Share of all Trips: Drive Alone: 54.4% Carpool: 38.7% Transit: 0.4% Walk: 4.5% Bicycle: 2.0% 2010 Total Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT): million May 2011 Registered Vehicles: 71,910 Sep Average Weekday Transit Ridership: 2, Vehicle Crashes per 100 People: 2.0 Energy 2010 Motor Fuel Consumption Gasoline: 24,122,228 gallons Diesel: 5,532,346 gallons LPG: 3,747 gallons All Motor Fuel: 29,658,578 gallons December 2011 Average Motor Fuel Price: Regular Gasoline: $4.30 per gallon Diesel: $4.86 per gallon Public Health Percent of 2009 Adult Population: Overweight or Obese: 54% Min. Recommended Physical Activity: 57% Kauai District Map Kauai District Map UV 560 Haena Anini Princeville Hanalei Kalihiwai Kilauea Moloaa NORTH SHORE Aliomanu Anahola UV 56 EAST SIDE Kapahi Kealia Kapaa Mana WEST SIDE UV 581 UV 580 Wailua UV 50 UV 552 Kekaha UV Miles Waimea Pakala Omao Kalaheo Kaumakani Lawai HanapepeEleele Koloa KOLOA-POIPU-KALAHEO Kukuiula Poipu UV 541 UV 543 UV 540 UV 530 UV 520 LIHUE UV 583 Hanamaulu Lihue Puhi Puakea Nawiliwili Niumalu 5

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7 1.1 Countywide Population Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 1: Population & Demographics 1.1 Countywide Population Trends & Projections Figure 1-1 shows that the population of Kauai has been steadily growing over the past 40 years 1 and projections predict this trend to continue at least through With a projected annual growth rate of 1.0%, Kauai is expected to grow in population from 67,000 in 2010 to around 85,000 residents by Figure 1-1 also shows the de facto population, which is the average daily number of people in Kauai at any given time, including visitors and excluding residents temporarily absent. Given that Kauai is such a popular tourist destination the de facto population is a more accurate representation of the population present. The de facto populations is expected to grow from 81,242 in 2010 to 98,979 in Kauai Population Quick Facts In 2010 Kauai s population was 67,091 Kauai s population has increased by 50% in the last 25 years Kauai s population is expected to grow by 27% to 85,000 by Hawaii Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism (DBEDT). Population and Economic Projections for the State of Hawaii to July, Hawaii DOT projections, Calibrated using new 2010 U.S. Census households figures by TAZ. Figure 1-1 Population 120, ,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 Kauai County Population Trends Trend: State of Hawaii DBEDT. Population and Economic Projections for the State of Hawaii to July, Projection: Calculated from Kauai County TAZ Forecast data, provided by Hawaii DOT, Trend Projection De Facto De Facto Projection 81,242 67,091 98,979 85,296 0 Year 1.2 Countywide Age Distribution Trends & Projections Figure 1-2 and 1-3 show that the population of older adults in Kauai has increased steadily over the last 30 years and as projected by the Hawaii Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism (DBEDT), this trend is expected to continue through In % of Kauai s population was 60 or older. In 2010 that number had climbed to 21.9% and by 2035 over 30% of the population is expected to be 60 or older. Figure 1-4 shows that the school age population in Kauai grew steadily between 1980 and It has since dropped from 13,105 students in 2000 to 12,380 students in projections by the Hawaii DBEDT show the population of school age children reversing the trend of the past ten years and instead growing by 15% between now and Hawaii Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism (DBEDT). Population and Economic Projections for the State of Hawaii to July,

8 Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 1: Population & Demographics 1.2 Age Distribution Figure 1-2 Percent of Total poulation Figure 1-3 Population Kauai County Age Distribution Trends and Forecasts State of Hawaii DBEDT. Population and Economic Projections for the State of Hawaii to July, * *U.S. Census Data 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 - Year Kauai County Population Growth by Age Group State of Hawaii DBEDT. Population and Economic Projections for the State of Hawaii to July, , Year Age Distribution Quick Facts 21.9% of Kauai s population is 60 or older By % of the population is expected to be 60 or older The population of children aged 5-18 is expected to increase by 15% by 2035 Figure 1-4 Population Kauai County School Age Population State of Hawaii DBEDT. Population and Economic Projections for the State of Hawaii to July, ,000 15,000 14,000 13,000 12,000 11,000 10,000 9,000 8, Year 8

9 1.3 Population by Area Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 1: Population & Demographics & 2035 Population Distribution by Area Population Distribution by District Table 1-1 and Figure 1-5 show the population distribution by district on Kauai. The most populated district on the island is the East Side with a 2010 population of 20, Table 3-1 also shows the expected population by district in 2035 and the corresponding growth rate during that time. The Lihue district is expected to have the most population growth in the next 25 years, 51%, while the North Shore is expected to grow the least, only 8% population collected from the U.S. Census Bureau. 5 Hawaii DOT projections, Calibrated using new 2010 U.S. Census households figures by TAZ. Table 1-1 Population by District (Kauai) Kauai Districts % Growth West Side 11,722 13,619 16% Koloa-Poipu-Kalaheo 11,696 16,150 38% Lihue 14,683 22,223 51% East Side 20,813 24,626 18% North Shore 8,007 8,678 8% Total 66,921 85,296 27% Figure 1-5 Kauai 2010 Population by District Population 0-10,000 10,001-13,000 Haena Anini Princeville Hanalei Kalihiwai Kilauea Moloaa 13,001-16,000 16,001+ North Shore Aliomanu Anahola East Side Kapahi Kealia Kapaa Mana West Side Wailua Kekaha Waimea Pakala Kaumakani HanapepeEleele Source: Calculated from the U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 Census Lihue Koloa-Poipu-Kalaheo Omao Lawai Kalaheo Koloa Kukuiula Poipu Hanamaulu Lihue Puhi Puakea Nawiliwili Niumalu Miles 9

10 Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 1: Population & Demographics 1.3 Population by Area Population Distribution by Transportation Analysis Zone (TAZ) Figure 1-6 shows the 2010 population density by Transportation Analysis Zone (TAZ) on Kauai. The most densely populated areas on the island are in Kekaha, Waimea, HanapepeEleele, Kalaheo, Puhi, Lihue, Hanamaulu, part of Wailua Homesteads, KapaaKapahi, and part of Princeville. Figure 1-6 Population Sqaure Mile District Boundary Mana Kauai 2010 Population Density by TAZ Haena Anini Princeville Kalihiwai Kilauea Hanalei Moloaa Aliomanu Anahola Kapahi Kealia Kapaa Wailua Population by Area Quick Facts The KoloaPoipuKalaheo and Lihue Districts are expected to have the most population growth between Hanamaulu Lihue Kekaha Puakea Puhi Nawiliwili Waimea Niumalu Pakala Omao Kalaheo Kaumakani Lawai Hanapepe Eleele Koloa Kukuiula Poipu Miles Data provided by the Hawaii DOT, Adjusted for 2010 Figure 1-7 Population Square Mile Kauai 2035 Population Density by TAZ Haena Anini Princeville Kalihiwai Kilauea Hanalei Moloaa District Boundary Aliomanu Anahola Kapahi Kealia Kapaa Lihue and Kapaa- Wailua have the highest population centers on the island The Lihue area is expected to add around 6,000 people by 2035 Koloa-Kukuila is expected to add around 4,500 people by 2035 Kapaa and Kapahi are expected to add around 2,900 people by 2035 Mana Kekaha Waimea Pakala Kaumakani HanapepeEleele Data provided by the Hawaii DOT, Adjusted for 2010 Omao Kalaheo Lawai Koloa Kukuiula Poipu Wailua Hanamaulu Lihue Puakea Puhi Nawiliwili Niumalu Miles Waimea is expected to add around 1,200 people by

11 1.3 Population by Area Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 1: Population & Demographics Figure 1-7 shows the expected population density in 2035 and Figure 1-8 and Table 1-2 show where the areas of highest growth per area are expected to occur between now and The greatest population growth is expected to occur in Lihue and Koloa-Kukuila followed by Kapaa-Kapahi (2,870), Hanamaulu, and between Hanamaulu and Wailua. Table 1-2 Areas of forecasted population growth in Kauai, Kauai Districts Population Change Lihue +4,520 Koloa-Kukuila +4,460 Kapaa-Kapahi +2,870 Hanamaulu +1,370 Hanamaulu-Wailua +1,270 East Shore Waimea +1,170 Kilauea +670 Eleele +640 Kealia +570 Puhi +390 Anahola +370 Kekaha +90 Other areas 0 Figure 1-8 Kauai 2035 Population Growth by TAZ Population Growth Square Mile Haena Anini 0 Princeville Kalihiwai Kilauea Hanalei Moloaa District Boundary Aliomanu Anahola Kapahi Kealia Kapaa Mana Kekaha Waimea Pakala Kaumakani HanapepeEleele Data provided by the Hawaii DOT, Adjusted for 2010 Wailua Hanamaulu Lihue Puakea Puhi Nawiliwili Niumalu Omao Kalaheo Lawai Koloa Kukuiula Poipu Miles 11

12 Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 1: Population & Demographics 1.4 Household Income by District Table 1-3 and Figure 1-9 show the average household income by district in Kauai. As of 2009 the North Shore and Koloa-Poipu-Kalaheo districts reported the highest average household income on the island, while the West Side and Lihue districts were lower. Average household income of those living in the West Side, KoloaPoipuKalaheo, and East Side districts grew the greatest (by nearly 40%) in the last ten years, as compared to other areas of the island. 6 6 U.S. Census Bureau. Tabulated from the 2000 Census Sample & American Community Survey. Table 1-3 Average Household Income by District (Kauai) Kauai Districts* % Growth West Side $48,653 $67,678 39% Koloa-Poipu-Kalaheo $60,932 $84,723 39% Lihue $58,633 $67,754 16% East Side $54,397 $75,026 38% North Shore $71,116 $89,092 25% Total $57,914 $76,049 31% Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Tabulated from the 2000 Census Sample & American Community Survey. *Due to slight differences in the geographic delineations of the U.S. Census Bureau and the planning districts, income data presented in this table for Eleele is included in the Koloa-Poipu-Kalaheo district and income data for Moloaa is included in the East Side district. 1.4 Household Income HH Income Quick Facts The North Shore and KoloaPoipuKalaheo districts reported the highest average household income in 2009 Average household income has increased by nearly 40% in the West Side, Koloa PoipuKalaheo, and East Side districts from Figure 1-9 Kauai 2009 Average Household Income by District Average HH Income $60, $70, $70, $80, Haena Anini Princeville Hanalei Kalihiwai Kilauea Moloaa $80, $90, North Shore Aliomanu Anahola East Side Kapahi Kealia Kapaa Mana West Side Wailua Kekaha Waimea Pakala Kaumakani HanapepeEleele Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey Lihue Koloa-Poipu-Kalaheo Omao Lawai Kalaheo Koloa Kukuiula Poipu Hanamaulu Lihue Puhi Puakea Nawiliwili Niumalu Miles 12

13 1.5 Employment Distribution Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 1: Population & Demographics 1.5 Current & Projected Employment Distribution Figure 1-10 represents employment distribution within various industries on Kauai. The leisure and hospitality sector comprise nearly a third of all jobs on Kauai indicative of Kauai s strong tourism-based economy. Government and retail trade also provide a significant percentage of the jobs on Kauai. Figure Kauai Employment Distribution Hawaii State Department of Labor & Industrial Relations, Current and Historical Labor Force. Accessed Manufacturing 1% Wholsale Trade 2% Agriculture 2% Financial 4% Other 3% Information 1% Education 1% Transportation 5% Mining & Construction 6% Total 2010 Civilian Jobs = 28,150 Leisure & Hospitality 28% Health 8% Professional & Business 10% Government 16% Retail Trade 13% 13

14 Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 1: Population & Demographics 1.5 Employment Distribution Table 1-4 shows the growth projected for each sector of the economy for 2020 and Most sectors are expected to grow 15-35% thru 2035 which is similar to population projections of 22% during that time. The exceptions are food processing, agriculture, and real estate rentals which are only expected to grow by less than 15% and health services which, on the other end of the spectrum, is expected to grow by nearly 60%. Table 1-4 Kauai County Total Civilian Jobs by Sector, * % Change Total civilian wage and salary jobs 32,579 36,560 41,720 28% Government 4,650 5,330 6,210 34% Hotels 4,461 5,040 5,700 28% Retail trade 4,342 4,810 5,360 23% Eating and drinking 3,489 3,750 4,110 18% Business services 2,864 3,190 3,660 28% Health services 2,340 2,900 3,720 59% Mining and construction 1,916 2,180 2,510 31% Transportation 1,596 1,810 2,070 30% Other services 1,156 1,280 1,460 26% Arts and entertainment 1,055 1,140 1,260 19% Real estate and rentals 955 1,010 1,070 12% Professional services ,050 33% Agriculture % Wholesale trade % Finance and insurance % Information % Other manufacturing % Utilities % Educational services % Food processing % *Projected values were rounded to the nearest ten. Job Distribution Quick Facts More than half of Kauai employees work in the government, hotel, retail or eating drinking sectors The health services sector is expected to grow by 59% by 2035 The agriculture and food processing sectors are expected to grow the least Over 90% of civilian jobs in Kauai are in the service sector Source: Hawaii Departmet of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism. Projections for the State of Hawaii to July, Figure Kauai Jobs by Type Hawaii State Department of Labor & Industrial Relations, Current and Historical Labor Force. Accessed Figure 1-11 shows that only 9% of civilian jobs in Kauai are in industries considered goods producing, which includes mining, construction, manufacturing and agriculture, and over 90% of jobs in Kauai are in the service industry. Goods Producing 9% Service Producing 91% 14

15 Major Commercial Centers Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 1: Population & Demographics 1.6) Major Commercial Centers on Kauai Figure 1-11 shows the location of some of the major commercial centers on Kauai including shopping centers and malls. Nearly half of these major commercial centers are located in the Lihue area, and close to a quarter are in the Kapaa-Wailua area. Large shopping centers also exist in Kekaha, Eleele, Poipu, and Princeville. Figure 1-12 Kauai Commercial Retail Centers Princeville Shopping Center Kapaa Shopping Center Waipouli Town Center Kinipopo Shopping Village Waimea Canyon Plaza Kuhio Mall Kukui Grove Rice Shopping Center Anchor Cove Pacific Ocean Plaza Eleele Shopping Center Source: State of Hawaii Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism (DBEDT) GIS data Poipu Shopping Village Miles 15

16 Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 1: Population & Demographics 1.7 HotelsRentalsCondos 1.7) HotelRentalCondominium Trends & Projections Vacation Rentals by Type As of 2010 Kauai had 14 hotels, 32 condominium hotels (defined as a condominium that offers the services of a hotel), and 22 timeshare properties. 7 Figure 1-13 shows the number of units by each type of vacation rental. While the majority of vacation rental units are in hotels, there are nearly as many condominium hotel units, and timeshare units as hotel units. In fact, 80% of all vacation rental units on Kauai are one of these three type of rentals. The only other significant rental unit on the island were individual vacation units typically rented by individual property owners. The total vacation units on the island in 2010 was 9, Hawaii State Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism (DBEDT) Visitor Plan Survey. Figure Kauai HotelVacation Rental Units by Type State of Hawaii Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism (DBEDT) Visitor Plant Survey. Hotel Timeshare 2,657 2,626 Condo Hotel 2,179 Ind. Vacation Unit 1,722 B&B Hostel Other Apt.Hotel ,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 Number of Units Vacation Rentals by Location Figure 1-14 and 1-15 show the distribution of vacation units on Kauai by place. The majority of vacation units are in the KoloaPoipuKukuiula area (3,411), followed by the PrincevilleHanalei area (2,167), WailuaKapaa (2,029), and Lihue (1,621). Figure 1-15, which shows a map of the major hotels, condos and resorts, indicates that nearly all of these major resorts are in one of these four areas of the island. 16

17 1.7 HotelsRentalsCondos Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 1: Population & Demographics Figure Kauai HotelVacation Rental Units by Place State of Hawaii Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism (DBEDT) Visitor Plant Survey. HotelsRentalsCondos Quick Facts PoipuKukuiula PrincevilleHanalei 252 1,117 1,915 2,294 As of 2010 there were 9,345 vacation units on Kauai WailuaKapaa Lihue ,137 1,281 Hotel Other CondoRentals There are 14 hotels, 32 condo hotels and 22 timeshare properties in Kauai KalaheoWaimea ,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 Number of Units Only 28% of vacation units on Kauai are in hotels, most of the rest are in condo hotels and timeshare units Figure % of vacation rentals are in one of 4 locations: Poipu, Lihue, coastal Kapaa-Wailua, and Princeville-Hanalei 17

18 Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 1: Population & Demographics 1.8 Visitor Trends Vacation Rental Trends Figure 1-16 shows the trend in the number of vacation units on Kauai which, other than a slight drop in the early 1990 s, has been steadily rising since 1970, and has more than tripled during that time. Between 2000 and 2010 Kauai added nearly 2,000 vacation units. 8 Vacation rental units are expected to slow in growth over the next 25 years, increasing from 9,345 units in 2010 to just 9,744 by Hawaii State Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism (DBEDT) Visitor Plan Survey. 9 Based off projections from Hawaii DOT, Data provided in Nov., Figure 1-16 Kauai HotelVacation Rental Units Trend S Historic Trend: State of Hawaii DBEDT. Population and Economic Projections for the State of Hawaii, July, 2009 & The 2010 Visitor Plant Survey. Projections: Based on Hawaii DOT projections, 2008, provided Nov., ,000 10,000 Historic Trend DOT Projection Number of Units 8,000 6,000 4,000 2, Year 1.8 Visitor Trends Between 1990 and 2010 the number of visitors to Kauai has decreased by 21% from 1.23 million annually to 1.03 million annually (See Figure 1-17). There was a sizable decrease in visitors to Kauai in the early 1990s. This was followed by a significant increase in visitors that peaked in 2007 and has since decreased again following the recession in State of Hawaii DBEDT. Population and Economic Projections for the State of Hawaii to July, Figure 1-17 Visitors (Thousands) 1,400 1,200 1, Annual Visitor Arrivals at Kauai State of Hawaii DBEDT. Population and Economic Projections for the State of Hawaii to July, 2009 and State of Hawaii Data Book, Table Year 18

19 1.8 Visitor Trends Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 1: Population & Demographics Visitor Quick Facts Annual visitors to Kauai decreased by 21% The average daily visitor population on Kauai increased 13% to 19,716 Visitors made up 24% of the people on Kauai at any given time in 2010 Contrary to annual visitor arrival trends, the average daily visitor population (shown in Figure 1-18) actually increased by 13% from 1990 to 2010 from 17,378 to 19, This is the average number of visitors on Kauai at any given time. This means that while the total number of visitors decreased there were actually more visitors on the island in 2010, most likely because visitors are now staying for longer periods of time. With a de facto population of 81,242, visitors typically make up about 24% of the people on Kauai at any given time. 11 State of Hawaii DBEDT. Population and Economic Projections for the State of Hawaii to July, And State of Hawaii Data Book, 2010, Table Figure ,000 Average Daily Visitor Population on Kauai State of Hawaii DBEDT. Population and Economic Projections for the State of Hawaii to July, 2009 and State of Hawaii Data Book, Table ,000 Visitors 15,000 10,000 5, Year 19

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21 2.1 Vehicular Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 2: Transportation Systems 2.1 Vehicular A) Road System Kauai has a total of 394 miles of paved public roads and 23 miles of dirt public roads. 1 Of the paved roads, 107 miles are part of the Hawaii state highway system as shown in Table 2-1. There are also a several numbered county roads. The primary highways in Kauai are the Kaumualii Highway (SR 50), which runs 33 miles from Lihue to Mana where it ends on the west side of the island, and the Kuhio Highway (SH 56 & CR 560), which runs 38.5 miles from Lihue to Haena where it ends at the North Shore. These two highways (which are really one highway connected in Lihue) are the backbone of the island s land transportation system and host the majority of its traffic. Along much of these two highways there are no alternatives routes (See Figure 2-1). Table State of Hawaii DBEDT GIS Database. Accessed June 24, Avg. Route # Road Name Endpoints Distance (mi.) 1 Daily VMT 2 State Highways 50 Kaumualii Hwy Lihue to Hanalei , Kapule Hwy Hanamaulu to Lihue , Kuhio Hwy Lihue to Mana , Nawiliwili Rd Nawiliwili to Paukea , Halewili Rd Kalaheo to Eleele 4.0 8, Waialo Rd Eleele to Port Allen 0.4 1, Waimea Canyon DrKokee Rd Waimea to Puu o Kila Lookout , Ahukini Rd In Lihue , Kuamoo Rd Wailua to Wailua Homesteads , Maalo Rd Kapaia to Wailua Falls 3.9 4,291 State Hwy Total ,348 Major County Roads 520 Maluhia Rd Knudsen Gap to Koloa , Koloa Rd Kalaheo to Koloa , Lele Rd Hanapepe to Salt Pond Beach Park 0.7 No Data 552 Kokee Rd Kekaha to Waimea Canyon 7.6 5, Kuhio Hwy Hanalei to Haena , Olohena and Kamalu Rd Kapaa to Wailua Homesteads ,294 Major County Rd Total ,049 1 State of Hawaii DBEDT GIS Database. Website Accessed June 24, Hawaii DOT Traffic Station Maps. 21

22 Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 2: Transportation Systems 2.1 Vehicular Number of Lanes Given the rural character of Kauai, nearly all the roads, including most of the state highways are two lanes, sometimes with accelerationdeceleration or middle turn lanes. There are a few primary exceptions. One is along the stretch of the Kuhio Highway between Kapaa and Hanamaulu which has three lanes, two outbound from Lihue and one inbound. However, every morning except Sunday a complex system of cones are placed on the road that makes the middle lane a contra-flow lane to accommodate the increased rush hour traffic in the mornings into Lihue. The other segments of road with more than two lanes include several streets in Lihue (see Figure 2-1). As of 2011 the Hawaii DOT was also in the process of widening the Kaumualii Highway from Lihue to Puhi (where Kauai Community College is located) to four lanes. On the opposite end of the spectrum there are also a series of low lying one-lane bridges between Princeville and Haena on the North Shore and along county roads in Wailua Homesteads. Figure 2-1 Contra-flow lanes during the morning on the Kuhio Hwy bet. Kapaa & Hanamaulu Lihue Inset 583³ ± HANAMAULU 56³ ± Kauai Road Lane Widths Map 2011 PRINCEVILLE 560³ ± HANALEI 56³ ± 581³ ± 581³ ± KAPAA 580³ ± WAILUA 583³ ± 51³ ± Under Construction 50³ ± 570³ ± 4-Lane Peak Only One-Lane Bridges LIHUE 58³ ± Miles 4-Lane Bridge Contra-flow lanes 552³ ± 550³ ± HANAMAULU LIHUE 570³ ± 51³ ± Legend KEKAHA 4 Lane Roads WAIMEA 58³ ± 3 Lane Roads 2 Lane Hwy KALAHEO 520³ ± Other Paved Road Unpaved Road Miles ± 543³ ± 541³ HANAPEPE-ELEELE 50³ ± 540³ ± 530³ ± KOLOA-POIPU 22

23 2.1 Vehicular The famous Tree Tunnel Road north of Koloa Town A typical rural road on Kauai that adds to the scenic value of the island One of several historic one-lane bridges on the North Shore Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 2: Transportation Systems Scenic Highways The Kauai General Plan identifies numerous scenic roadway corridors that are intended to conserve open space, scenic features, and views within and along Kauai s most heavily-traveled routes. 2 A map of these corridors are shown here and cover much of the islands highways. Preservation of the scenic elements of Legend Kauai Roadway Map Scenic Highways these roadway corridors is important to PRINCEVILLE State Hwy HANALEI KILAUEA County Hwy Other Paved Road maintaining the rural Unpaved Road character of Kauai. ANAHOLA As stated in the Kauai General Plan, any development along these KAPAA WAILUA corridors or changes to the roadway itself HANAMAULU should not inhibit the KEKAHA LIHUE WAIMEA special scenic value of KALAHEO these corridors. 552³ ± 550³ ± Miles 50³ ± HANAPEPE-ELEELE 543³ ± 540³ ± 560³ ± 530³ ± 520³ ± KOLOA-POIPU Roadway Design The Kauai General Plan outlines specific roadway design policies that reflect that vision Kauai has for the future of its roadway system. The policies adopted from that plan are outlined below: a. In planning, designing and constructing highway and road improvements, transportation agencies shall balance conservation of the area s natural, historic and scenic qualities with transportation objectives. In some cases, it will be preferable to accept a lesser design speed or capacity in order to maintain the rural character and appearance of the Garden Island. b. Maintain the small scale of Kauai s roadways by limiting roadway width. 1. Build no highways wider than four lanes. 2. Four-lane highways should be limited to the central portion of the island generally no farther west than Kalaheo and no farther north than Kawaihau Ridge (northern edge of Kapaya). 3. Use contra-flow and alternate routes to provide roadway capacity for peak periods. c. Maintain the one-lane bridges and historic road dimensions in the Hanalei-to-Haena Scenic Roadway Corridor. Restore the Hanalei Bridge as an important historic feature and the gateway to the district. d. Maintain the unique features of historic bridges, striking a balance between safety needs and preserving historic and scenic character. e. Design new bridges and bridge improvements to afford scenic views. f. Develop and maintain green highways and roads, providing trees and vegetation in rights-of-way as appropriate to the character of the area. For divided highways, provide a landscaped median. 580³ ± 583³ ± 58³ ± 56³ ± 51³ ± 581³ ± 2 Chapter 5 of The General Plan for the County of Kauai

24 Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 2: Transportation Systems 2.1 Vehicular B) Private Automobile Fleet Figure 2-3 shows that the total number of registered vehicles on Kauai increased dramatically (by 31%) between 1995 and However, Figure 2-4 shows that the number of registered passenger vehicles has since decreased slightly (by 3.5% between January 2006 and May 2011). As of May 2011, there were 68,497 registered passenger vehicles on Kauai. Figure 2-3 Registered Vehicles in Kauai State of Hawaii DBEDT The State of Hawaii Data Book. Table Registered Vehicles 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10, Year Figure 2-4 Vehicles 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 - Registered Passenger Vehicles in Kauai State of Hawaii DBEDT. Monthly Energy Trends SIte. Accessed July 11, Monthyear The increase in registered vehicles in Kauai since 1995 only tells part of the story because population has also increased since For a more complete picture, figure 2-5 shows that the number of registered vehicles per person in Kauai has increased from 0.92 to 1.09 between 1995 and Table 2-2 shows how that compares to other counties in Hawaii. Kauai has the highest ratio of registered vehicles to population in the state, and is the only county where there is more than one vehicle registered per person. 24

25 2.1 Vehicular Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 2: Transportation Systems Figure 2-5 Kauai Auto Fleet Quick Facts # of registered vehicles grew 31% # of registered vehicles dropped 4% There are 1.1 vehicles on Kauai per person (more than any other Hawaiian island) 95% of households have at least 1 vehicle Registered Vehicles per Person Registered Vehicles per Person in Kauai State of Hawaii DBEDT The State of Hawaii Data Book. Table State of Hawaii DBEDT. Monthly Energy Trends SIte. Accessed July 11, Year Table 2-2 Registered vehicles per person by county in Hawaii County Honolulu Hawaii Maui Kauai Source: Compiled all from The State of Hawaii DBEDT, including The 2008 State of Hawaii Data Book, The Monthly Energy Trends Website, and Table 1.06 Resident Population by County: Figure 2-6 shows that based on the most recent 3 year American Community Survey ( ) 95% of households on Kauai have access to at least one vehicle and 69% have access to at least 2 vehicles. Figure 2-6 Vehicles per Household in Kauai U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey % None 5% 1 26% 2 40% 25

26 Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 2: Transportation Systems 2.1 Vehicular C) Rental Cars There are currently 10 rental car companies operating in Kauai at 14 different locations (see Figure 2-7 and Table 2-3). The majority of rental car locations are in Lihue, including six at the airport and another four nearby. There are also two in Poipu, one in Kapaa and one at the Princeville Airport. Data on the rental car fleet size in Kauai is difficult to attain, but estimates were derived for 2002 and 2007 based off revenue reported by the economic census as shown in Table Revenue for rental cars increased by 26% between 2002 and Unfortunately data since 2007 was difficult to attain, but it is likely that revenue has since dropped given that both visitors and registered passenger cars on the island have decreased since 2007 (see figures 1-16 & 2-4). 3 U.S. Census Bureau and 2007 Economic Census Data. NAICS Passenger Car Rental for Kauai County. Figure 2-7 HANAMAULU Hertz Avis Alamo Budget National Island Cars LLC Hertz LIHUE Kauai Rent A Car Miles PRINCEVILLE HANALEI Avis KILAUEA Island Rental Cars LLC KAPAA ANAHOLA Table 2-3 Number of rental car agencies by location on Kauai # of Car Location Rental Agencies Lihue Airport 6 Lihue 4 Poipu 2 Kapaa 1 Princeville 1 Total 14 WAILUA KEKAHA WAIMEA HANAMAULU LIHUE HANAPEPE-ELEELE Kauai Rental Car Locations KALAHEO KOLOA-POIPU Dollar Avis Miles Table 2-4 Rental car agency revenue and estimated fleet size on Kauai Year Establishments Revenue $ 61,100,000 1 $ 82,207,000 1 Est. Fleet Size 6, , Collected from the U.S. Census Bureau 2002 and 2007 Economic Census Data. NAICS Passenger Car Rental for Kauai County. 2 Calculated using the ratio of fleet size to revenue seen nationally. National rental car data collected from Auto Rental News 2011 Fact Book. 26

27 2.1 Vehicular Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 2: Transportation Systems D) Traffic Counts & VMT Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) is a measure of the total miles all vehicles have traveled over a certain area in a given amount of time. This statistic helps reveal how much driving people are doing. Figure 2-8 shows that annual VMT on Kauai increased by nearly 20% between 2000 and 2010 to 772 million vehicle miles traveled in While Kauai has the lowest annual VMT of the four Hawaiian counties (see table 2-5), it has the highest annual VMT per vehicle and per person (see figure 2-9). In 2010 the average person on Kauai drove 11,449 miles, a 4.2% increase from All of the islands in Hawaii have seen an increase in VMT per person since 2000, with the exception of Maui, which decreased by 3.8%. VMT Quick Facts VMT on Kauai increased 20% On average each person on Kauai drives 11,449 miles per year Kauai has the highest VMT per person and per vehicle of the 4 major Hawaiian Islands Figure 2-8 Annual Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) on Kauai Annual VMT per Vehicle Annual VMT (millions) State of Hawaii DBEDT The State of Hawaii Data Book. Table Figure 2-9 Annual Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) per Vehicle State of Hawaii DBEDT The State of Hawaii Data Book. Table ,000 10,000 8,000 Kauai Hawaii 6,000 Maui 4,000 Honolulu 2, Table 2-5 Annual VMT by County County Annual VMT (in millions) Annual VMT per Vehicle Annual VMT per Person % Change % Change % Change Honolulu 5,403 6, % 8,807 8, % 6,166 6, % Hawaii 1,296 1, % 9,734 9, % 8,717 9, % Kauai % 10,301 10, % 11,039 11, % Maui 1,183 1, % 8,955 8, % 9,222 8, % Source: State of Hawaii DBEDT & 2010 That State of Hawaii Data Book 27

28 Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 2: Transportation Systems 2.1 Vehicular Figure 2-10 shows the Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) on the major roads and highways in Kauai in The highest traffic counts are along the Kuhio and Kaumualii highways leading into Lihue including the highest on the island between Waimea and Hanamaulu, with an average of 34,100 vehicles per day in This is also the longest section of highway on Kauai with more than two lanes (there are three in this stretch). Traffic counts on the main roads within Lihue are lower than the highways leading into Lihue, most likely because there are numerous alternative routes within Lihue. In general traffic counts decrease the farther from Lihue, but there are pockets of increased traffic in towns such as Kalaheo, Hanamaulu, Wailua Homesteads, Kapaa, and Kilauea indicating that drivers are making shorter trips in these towns. Traffic volume patterns also show a large number of people traveling between the West Side (including Kalaheo) and Koloa-Poipu. 4 Hawaii DOT Traffic Station Maps. Figure 2-10 ±HANAMAULU 583³ ± 56³ Kauai Annual Average Daily Traffic Map ³ ± 16, ³ ± 21,600 51³ ± 11,400 8,700 LIHUE 17,500 3, ³ ± PRINCEVILLE HANALEI 8,900 KILAUEA 12,500 56³ ± 9,800 58³ ± Miles ANAHOLA 13, ³ ± KAPAA 1, ³ ± 21,500 8,100 WAILUA 552³ ± 550³ ± 583³ ± 34,100 Highest on Kauai HANAMAULU Legend AADT ,100 3,101-7,000 7,001-11,700 11,701-18,900 18,901-34,100 Paved Road - No Data Unpaved Road District Boundaries KEKAHA WAIMEA 8,800 12,600 13,400 Source: State of Hawaii DOT. ± 50³ ± 540³ 18,900 KALAHEO ± 530³ ± 520³ HANAPEPE-ELEELE 6,000 KOLOA-POIPU 6,100 22,500 LIHUE 58³ ± 51³ ± Miles 28

29 2.2 Public Transit Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 2: Transportation Systems 2.2 Public Transit The Kauai Bus is Kauai s only public transit system and dates back to the 1970s when a fleet of ten buses was managed by the County of Kauai s Office of Elderly Affairs. At that time only para-transit transportation service was provided for seniors, persons with disabilities, and disadvantaged children (Head Start). The fixed-route component was started in 1990 with four routes between Kapaa and Lihue, which was soon expanded to offer islandwide service in Service was not expanded again until 2004 as interest grew for public transportation due to rising fuel prices, global warming and sustainability concerns. Periodic expansion of bus routes and schedules has continued since 2004 as funding and vehicles become available, the most recent service expansion having been in June A) Routes & Schedules The County of Kauai s Transportation Agency now manages The Kauai Bus which currently operates eight fixed-route bus lines and a para-transit service that offers door to door on call service primarily for seniors and those with disabilities. 6 There are two types of fixed-route bus service: mainline service and shuttle service (see Figures 2-11 to 2-18 showing a map of bus routes and stop locations). 5 County of Kauai Transportation Agency 6 Kauai Transportation Agency Website. Table 2-6 The Kauai Bus Service Summary Route Description Hours of Service Average Service Frequency (minutes) Route #'s Name M-F SSHol. Peak Midday Evenings Weekends Mainline Service Kekaha-Lihue 100 (EB), 200 (WB) 5:30A-11P 6:30A-6P HanaleiKapaa-Lihue 400 (SB), 450 (SB from Kapaa only), 6A-10:30P 6:30A-6P (NB) Koloa-Lihue 300 (EB), 350 (WB) 6A-6P 7A-6P (EB only) NA 180 Wailua-Lihue 800 (SB), 850 (NB) 6:30A-6P NA 60 (Peak dir. only) One NB trip NA NA Shuttle Service Koloa Shuttle 30 1:30P-10P NA 60 (PM only) NA Kapahi Shuttle 60 6:30A-10P 7A-5P Lihue Shuttle 70 6A-10P 8A-5P Lihue Lunch Shuttle - 10:30A-2P NA NA 15 NA NA 29

30 Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 2: Transportation Systems 2.2 Public Transit Mainline Bus Service The mainline buses are primarily designed for people traveling between towns on the island and the regular fare for these routes is $2. Mainline bus routes provide service between ManaKekaha on the west side of Kauai to Hanalei on the North side and all major population centers between. The Kekaha-Lihue Mainline and the HanaleiKapaa-Lihue Mainline routes provide the spine of The Kauai Bus system and all four of the mainline bus routes feed into the largest town on the island, Lihue. In addition, two of the mainline routes, the Kekaha-Lihue and Kapaa-Lihue routes offer one express bus during rush hour in peak direction. These buses make limited stops outside of Lihue primarily at the island s park-n-rides. Mainline bus service is offered 5:30 a.m. to 11 p.m. Monday-Friday and on Weekends and Holidays from approximately 6:15 a.m. to 6:15 p.m. The service frequency and route numbers of each route are summarized in Table 2-6. Shuttle Bus Service The four shuttle bus routes target bus riders traveling shorter distances, such as within a town or between adjacent towns, as well as provide feeder service for passengers connecting tofrom mainline routes. The regular fare for these routes is only $0.50. The service frequency and route numbers of each route are summarized in Table 2-6. Park-n-Ride The Kauai Bus offers six park-n-ride stops throughout the island that allow passengers to drive, park and ride the bus. There are park-n-ride locations in Kekaha, Waimea, Hanapepe, Kalaheo, Kapaa, and Kilauea. The Kauai Bus Routes Quick Facts 4 Mainline Bus Routes 4 Shuttle Bus Routes 2 Express Bus Routes 6 Park-n-Rides Para-transit Service Bus Pass Program In addition to regular fares, The Kauai Bus offers one-month, 6-month and 12-month passes to patrons on an individual basis. Bus passes must be purchased through the Kauai County Transportation Agency office in Lihue. In addition to these monthly passes the County of Kauai has also made arrangements for county employees to ride the bus using their county I.D. s. To determine the budget for this service county employees ridership is well tracked. Based on a model similar to the arrangement made with county employees, a six month pilot program for Kauai Community College (KCC) students began in August It is hoped that a long term KCC bus pass program will emerge out of this study and it may lay the groundwork for similar bus pass arrangements with other agencies or employers in the future. While The Kauai Bus currently has no special arrangement for employee bus passes, some employers on the island have purchased bus passes at the regular rate and provided them to their employees. 30

31 2.2 Public Transit Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 2: Transportation Systems Figure 2-11 The Kauai Bus Map Legend Bus Stops Bus Stop On Call Bus Stop Bus Route Kekaha-Lihue Mainline Koloa-Lihue Mainline Hanalei-Lihue Mainline Wailua-Lihue Mainline Kapahi Shuttle Koloa Shuttle Lihue Shuttle Lihue Lunch Shuttle PRINCEVILLE HANALEI KILAUEA Moloaa Fruit Stand Anahola Post Office Kukuihale Rd. KAPAA PMRF North Gate WAILUA PMRF Main Gate PMRF Office Syngenta HANAMAULU KEKAHA WAIMEA LIHUE Makaweli Post Office Kaumakani Thrifty Mart HANAPEPE-ELEELE Kauai Coffee Visitor Center See town insets for more detail, including stop locations. KALAHEO KOLOA-POIPU Miles Figure 2-12 KekahaWaimea Bus Map Inset Elepaio Rd.Akialoa Rd. Elepaio Rd.Akekeke Rd. Kekaha Neighborhood Ctr. KEKAHA Kekaha Elderly Housing Bus Stop KOAE RD On Call Bus Stop Park-n-Ride KOKEE RD Kekaha-Lihue Mainline Elepaio Rd.Io Rd. Elepaio Rd.Pueo Rd. Elepaio Rd.Iwa Rd. Old Kekaha Store KEKAHA RD KAUMUALII HWY KVMH Waimea Neighborhood Ctr. Waimea Boys & Girls Club WAIMEA CANYON DR WAIMEA Waimea Athletic Field Ishihara Market Miles 31

32 WAHO ST Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 2: Transportation Systems 2.2 Public Transit Figure 2-13 KoloaPoipu Bus Map Inset WAILAAU RD KOLOA RD OMAO RD Koloa Telephone Exchange Koloa School KOLOA-POIPU LAWAI RD POIPU RD MALUHIA RD PAANAU RD Kukuiula Store Koloa Shuttle Koloa Ball Park Koloa Post Office Koloa Neighborhood Ctr. HAPA RD MILO HAE LOOP HOONANI RD Kiahuna Dr. Poipu Rd.Hoowili Rd. Poipu Bypass HOONE RD KIPUKA ST POIPU AINA PL ALA KINOIKI RD NALO RD PE E RD KALUAHONU RD KELAUKIA ST MAHAULEPU RD Hyatt Koloa-Lihue Mainline Miles Figure 2-14 HanapepeEleele Bus Map Inset LELE RD KAI LANI PL HANAPEPE RD Westside Pharmacy Hanapepe Multi-Purpose Bldg MOI RDKO RD KANE RD AWAWA RD Mariko Store Hanapepe Armory HANAPEPE-ELEELE BEACH RD Bus Stop Park-n-Ride PUOLO RD LUKA PL Kekaha-Lihue Mainline PA LN KOULA RD 1st United Church Hanapepe NC KUILOA RD OKUPU ST OLALI ST WAIALO RD MELEMELE RD NANEA PL ULIULI RD Ace Hardware AEWA ST HOKULOA PL MIMO PL KAUMUALII HWY KULEA PL LAULEA ST Nani (Laulea St) LEIONI PL HALEWILI RD Miles Figure 2-15 Kalaheo Bus Map Inset KAUMUALII HWY AI RD PUU RD OPU RD LAE RD PUUWAI RD Kalaheo Neighborhood Ctr (P.O.) Brydeswood Hale Kupuna PuuHokua Rd. Lawai Post Office Bus Stop On Call Bus Stop Park-n-Ride KALAHEO PUU RD KAI IKENA DR IKENA PL PAI ST PAPALINA RD Kekaha-Lihue Mainline Koloa Shuttle Koloa-Lihue KIKALA RD KULI RD NAAU RD WAHA RD WAWAE RD KUA RD KOLOA RD LAUOHO RD ILI RD PUA KENIKENI ST AKEMAMA RD IWIPO O RD PIKO RD Koloa Rd.Horita Rd. HAILIMA RD AKA RD Miles 32

33 2.2 Public Transit Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 2: Transportation Systems Figure 2-16 LihueHanamaulu Bus Map Inset Bus Stop On Call Bus Stop Island School PIO ST Hanalei-Lihue Mainline Kekaha-Lihue Mainline Koloa-Lihue Mainline Wailua-Lihue Mainline Lihue Lunch Shuttle Lihue Shuttle KCC Kukui Grove First Hwn Bank PUHI RD HALEUKANA ST NANI ST KAUMUALII HWY KANEKA ST HANALIMA ST MANO ST MANAWALEA ST PUALI PL LIHUE KAUILA ST PILIMAI ST Lihue Neighborhood Ctr. HMSA Bldg MAKAA ST NUHOU ST HALEHAKA RD MAALO RD Kmart Walmart Lihue Gardens Lihue Big Save WEHE RD KANIO ST Rice Shopping Ctr. PIKAKE ST HILI ST EIWA ST NAWILIWILI RD ALALA ST APAPANE ST KUENE RD ELUA ST Midas Sun Village Wilcox Hospital UMI ST ULUHUI ST PUA NANI ST ALOHI ST LAUKONA ST POHINA ST UNAHE ST KAPAIA RD Laukona Rd. HOOHUKI ST HANAMAULU KUHIO HWY Courthouse Historic County Building Convention Hall Vidinha Stadium HUALI ST OHI OHI ST MOKOI ST LALA RD Hanamaulu Plaza Peter Rayno Park Kauai High School Lihue Airport Ace Hardware Midpac Auto Ctr RICE ST HULEI RD HIPA RD KAPULE HWY Garden Island Inn AHUKINI RD NININI POINT ST HOOLAULEA WAY HULEMALU RD HULEMALU RD NIUMALU RD WAAPA RD Miles Figure 2-17 HanaleiPrincevilleKilauea Bus Map Inset WEKE RD HANALEI KA HAKU RD HONOIKI RD PRINCEVILLE Hanalei Center Old Hanalei Courthouse Bus Stop On Call Bus Stop Park-n-Ride KAUI RD ALBERT RD Princeville Library Haraguchi Farm OHIKI RD ALOALII DR KUHIO HWY KAPAKA ST AHONUI PL ANINI RD ANINI VISTA DR KAHILIHOLO RD KALIHIWAI RD Kilauea Food Mart Anaina Hou KUAWA RD KAUAPEA RD KILAUEA RD Kilauea Gym KILAUEA Hanalei-Lihue Mainline Miles 33

34 Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 2: Transportation Systems 2.2 Public Transit Figure 2-18 KapaaWailuaKapahi Bus Map Inset HULU RD KANEPOONUI RD KAINAHOLA RD HAUIKI RD WAIPOULI RD AHIAHI RD WAIAKEA RD MAKAHELA PL KAHUNA RD KINI PL WANAAO RD HELENA LN ALAPAKI RD KAPAHI RD Kapahi Park KEPANO ST KAEHULUA RD KEI PL ANI ST KUAHALE ST Kapahi Food Mart Kahana Rd Kealia Beach Malakia Rd LAIPO RD UA RD KANAELE RD HAUAALA RD EA RD OHU RD HEKILI RD KUHIO HWY St. Catherines Church Kapaa High School IIWI RD Mahelona Hospital KIPAPA RD PUUOPAE RD CROSSLEY RD LOKELANI RD OLOHENA RD KAAPUNI RD KAHI RD APOPO RD KAPAA Pono Kai Kapaa Library Kapaa New Town Park Hongwanji Mission Friendship House Kapaa Middle School Kojima Store Kapaa NC MAMANE ST PANIHI RD MAKAHA RD MAKANA RD OPAEKAA RD KALILI PL LOLOA ST AHAKEA ST KOALI ST Wailua HomeSteads Park KUAMOO RD NONOU RD ULANA RD HALEILIO RD KAPAA BYP Wailua Houselots Park Coconut Marketplace Brick Oven Pizza Ctyds at Waipouli WAILUA NEHE RD HOI RD Village Flag Pole Missionary Church Bus Stop On Call Bus Stop Park-n-Ride Hanalei-Lihue Mainline Wailua-Lihue Mainline Kapahi Shuttle Miles 34

35 2.2 Public Transit Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 2: Transportation Systems Wailua Mainline 1% Koloa Mainline 3% Ridership Quick Facts Ridership on The Kauai Bus has more than doubled since 2006 In Sept., 2011 The Kauai Bus averaged 2,564 weekday riders on its fixed-route service All 8 bus routes have posted significant ridership gains since 2007 The Kekaha-Lihue and HanaleiKapaa-Lihue Mainlines account for 75% of system-wide bus ridership Figure 2-20 Kapahi Shuttle 9% Koloa Shuttle 1% The Kauai Bus Weekday Ridership by Route (Sep 2011) Lihue Lunch Shuttle 2% Lihue Shuttle 10% Hanalei Kapaa Mainline 43% Kekaha Mainline 31% Source: Kauai County Transportation Agency B) Ridership Figure 2-19 shows that Kauai Bus ridership has more than doubled in the last five years primarily on the fixed-routes services which grew from 963 weekday riders in September, 2006 to 2,564 weekday riders in September, 2011, a 166% increase. 7 Some of the biggest increases have been in the last year. Between September, 2010 and September, 2011 weekday fixed-route ridership grew by 45%. 7 Kauai County Transportation Agency Data Figure 2-19 Weekday Riders The Kauai Bus Weekday Ridership Kauai County Transportation Agency Fixed-Route Para-Transit (Daily) 2,564 0 Sep-06 Sep-07 Sep-08 Sep-09 Sep-10 Sep-11 Figure 2-21 and Table 2-7 show the ridership trends of each route over the past four years. All eight routes have seen an increase in ridership during that time. As of September, 2011 the Koloa mainline has seen the largest weekday gains, with a ridership increase 3 times what it was four years ago. Additionally the Hanalei-Lihue mainline posted the largest overall gains in ridership over the last four years adding an additional 600 weekday boardings. Figure 2-20 shows the weekday ridership distribution by route. The Hanalei-Lihue and Kekaha-Lihue mainlines account for nearly 75% of total weekday ridership. The Lihue and Kapahi shuttle account for most of the other 26% of weekday boardings. Table 2-7 Change in weekday ridership by route Route Sep 2007 Sep 2011 % Increase Kekaha Mainline % HanaleiKapaa Mainline 402 1, % Koloa Mainline % Wailua Mainline % Koloa Shuttle % Kapahi Shuttle % Lihue Shuttle % Lihue Lunch Shuttle %

36 Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 2: Transportation Systems 2.2 Public Transit Figure 2-21 The Kauai Bus Fixed-Route Weekday Ridership Trends Source: Kauai County Transportation Agency Weekday Riders Sep-07 Mar-08 Sep-08 Mar-09 Sep-09 Mar-10 Sep-10 Mar-11 Sep-11 Hanalei Kapaa Mainline Kekaha Mainline Lihue Shuttle Kapahi Shuttle Koloa Mainline Lihue Lunch Shuttle Wailua Mainline Koloa Shuttle C) Revenue Service Hours Table 2-8 shows the weekday revenue bus service hours by route 8 (as of Sep., 2011), as well as weekday boardings 9 (Jul.-Sep., 2001 avg.) and boarding per revenue service hour. Revenue service hours includes layovers, but not dead head times. The Hanalei and Kekaha mainline routes account for the majority of weekday bus service hours. Additionally, the Hanalei-Lihue mainline has the highest boardings per revenue hour in the system at 15.2, and the Koloa shuttle has the lowest at 3.6. The system average is Calculated from the Kauai Bus bus schedules. Nov, Kauai County Transportation Agency Ridership Reports. Table 2-8 The Kauai Bus weekday revenue bus service hours and ridership Route Weekday Service Hours Weekday Boardings (Jul-Sep 2011 Avg.) Boardings per Hour Hanalei-Lihue Mainline , Kapahi Shuttle Kekaha-Lihue Mainline Lihue Shuttle Wailua-Lihue Mainline Koloa-Lihue Mainline Lihue Lunch Shuttle Koloa Shuttle System-wide 210 2, Figure 2-22 shows the weekday revenue bus service hours by time of day and route. During the morning (7-8am) the system peaks at 15 hours of revenue service and in the afternoon (4-5pm) peaks again at 16.5 hours of revenue service. As of September, 2011 the Kauai bus fixed-routes were operating 210 hours of revenue bus service per weekday. Service Hours Quick Facts The Hanalei-Lihue and Kekaha-Lihue Mainline routes account for over half of all bus service hours The Hanalei-Lihue Mainline has the highest boardings per hour in the system, The Kauai Bus operates 210 hours of total revenue service per weekday on its fixedroute buses The Kauai Bus fixedroute service operates 19 buses during peak hours 36

37 2.2 Public Transit Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 2: Transportation Systems Figure The Kauai Bus Weekday Service Hours (Sep, 2011) Calculated from The Kauai Bus bus schedules. AM Peak: 15 hrs PM Peak: 16.5 hrs Kekaha-Lihue Mainline Koloa-Lihue Mainline Hanalei-Lihue Mainline Wailua-Lihue Mainline Koloa Shuttle Kapahi Shuttle Lihue Shuttle Lihue Lunch Shuttle Figure 2-23 shows the number of buses in service on weekdays by route and time of day. The maximum number of buses operating on the fixed route service is 19 between 7-8 a.m. and 5-6 p.m. The Kekaha-Lihue mainline operates the most buses of any route at any given time, with 6 during the morning and afternoon peak periods. Figure 2-23 The Kauai Bus Weekday Buses in Service by Route (Sep, 2011) Calculated from The Kauai Bus bus schedules Kekaha-Lihue Mainline Koloa-Lihue Mainline Hanalei-Lihue Mainline Wailua-Lihue Mainline Koloa Shuttle Kapahi Shuttle Lihue Shuttle Lihue Lunch Shuttle 37

38 Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 2: Transportation Systems 2.2 Public Transit Bus Fleet Quick Facts 44 buses and 12 vans in service Buses can hold seated passengers All vehicles equipped with bike racks and can support wheelchairs All vehicles are diesel powered (one is a hybrid) Vehicles range between 1-10 years in age D) Bus Fleet The Kauai Bus has a total of 44 buses, passenger vans, and three support vehicles (carstrucks). The buses can hold seated passengers and all buses and vans have bike racks in the front and can support between 2-5 wheelchairs. All buses and vans are diesel powered, and there is one hybrid in the fleet. Table 2-9 shows the busvan fleet by age and Table 2-10 shows the busvan fleet by miles logged. New vehicles have been added to the fleet nearly every year since In addition, 79% of the fleet was purchased in 2005 or later and 62% of the fleet has fewer than 200,000 miles logged adding resiliency to the system. Table 2-9 The Kauai Bus Fleet by Age of Vehicles Year in Service Service Years # In Fleet % of Fleet % % % % % % % % % 2011 <1 2 4% TOTAL % Table 2-10 The Kauai Bus Fleet by Miles Logged Vehicle Total Miles # In Fleet % of Fleet 0-50, % 50, , % 100, , % 150, , % 200, , % 250, , % >300, % TOTAL % 38

39 2.2 Public Transit Budget Quick Facts 72% of budget used for operations 11% of funding is from revenue, 22% is from the FTA Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 2: Transportation Systems E) Budget The total budget for The Kauai Bus for is $7,376,560. Of this, the majority of the budget (72%) was used for operations, while 22% was used for capital expenses such as for buses and bus stop improvements, and only 6% went toward administration (see Figure 2-24). Figure 2-25 shows the distribution of expenses for operations, the vast majority of which was used to pay the salaries and benefits of bus drivers, mechanics and other employees involved in operations. Close to $800,000 (or 15% of operations) was budgeted for fuel, the next highest operations expense. Other, $99,967 Capital, $1,620,000, 22% Administration, $478,713, 6% Total Expenses = $7,376,560 Maintenance, $223,000 Fuel, $797,628 Operation, $5,277,847, 72% Employee Salaries & Benefits, $4,141,252 Source: Kauai County Transportation Agency Source: Kauai County Transportation Agency Figure 2-24 Kauai County Transportation Agency Budget Figure 2-25 The Kauai Bus Operations Budget Sec. 5310, $160,000, 2% Sec. 5309, $908,000, 12% Sec. 5311, $555,247, 8% CIP, $250,000, 3% Federal Transit Administration $ 1,623,247 Revenue, $800,000, 11% General Fund, $4,703,313, 64% Funding Figure 2-26 shows the funding sources for the Kauai Bus. Sixty four percent of the $7,376,560 budget for comes from the County General Fund. Eight hundred thousand dollars or 11% of the budget is funded by revenues from fares, passes and contracts, close to a quarter of the budget is funded from the Federal Transit Administration (FTA), and the rest is from Capital Improvement Project (CIP) funds used mostly for bus stop improvements. Source: Kauai County Transportation Agency Figure 2-26 Kauai County Transportation Agency Funding Sources

40 Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 2: Transportation Systems 2.3 Bicycle 2.3) Bicycle The existing bicycle facilities on Kauai are very limited as illustrated in Table 2-11 and Figure These include off-street trails, on-street bicycle lanes, and signed bicycle routes. The only districts on Kauai with any bicycle infrastructure are the Lihue and East Side Districts and much of this infrastructure is disconnected. Figure ³ ± HANAMAULU 56³ ± Kauai Bicycle Facilities 51³ ± PRINCEVILLE HANALEI 581³ ± 581³ ± KAPAA WAILUA 583³ ± 552³ ± 580³ ± 550³ ± 56³ ± 50³ ± 570³ ± 560³ ± LIHUE 58³ ± Miles HANAMAULU LIHUE 570³ ± 51³ ± KEKAHA Legend Existing Off-Street Paths Planned Off-Street Paths WAIMEA 58³ ± Bike Lanes Signed Bike Routes Highway Other Paved Road ± 50³ ± 540³ KALAHEO 530³ ± 520³ ± Unpaved Road Miles 543³ ± HANAPEPE-ELEELE KOLOA-POIPU 40

41 2.3 Bicycle Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 2: Transportation Systems Bicycle Quick Facts Lihue and East Side are the only districts with bicycle infrastructure on Kauai Kauai has 9.6 miles of paved off-street bike trails and 1.3 miles of striped on-street bike lanes Bike Route - Nawiliwili Road, Lihue Bike Lane - Kaana Street, Lihue Table 2-11 Bicycle Facilities on Kauai as of 2011 Location Signed Bike Route (mi.) On Street Bike Lane (mi.) Off-Street Trail (mi.) Lihue District Kaumualii Hwy Rice St to Maluhia Rd 9.0 Nawiliwili Rd Nawiliwili Harbor to Kaumualii Hwy 2.0 Kuhio & Kapule Hwy Rice St to Kuamoo Rd 5.5 Kaneke & Nuhou St Puhi Rd to Kukui Grove 1.2 Kaana St Kapule Hwy to Hoolako St 0.1 East Side District Ke Ala Hele Makalae: Phase 1: Lydgate Park 2.5 Phase 2: Lihii Park to Ahihi Point 4.1 Kawaihau Path Kapaa Elem. School to Kapahi Park 3.0 Total Source: Gathered from field observations and Bike Plan Hawaii Appendix D - Existing Bicycle Facilities. Signed Bicycle Routes Signed bicycle routes exist primarily on Kauai s state highways. While the signed bicycle routes indicate to motorists that bicyclists may be on the highways, on Kauai these routes are on roads that typically have little more than wide shoulders. And even these shoulders can disappear on bridges, at intersections or at other narrow spots in the highway without warning, potentially creating a dangerous situation for cyclists and motorists. On-Street Bicycle Lanes Streets with bicycle lanes in Kauai are limited to a few very short stretches in Lihue. Off-Street Bike Trail - East Side Path Off-Street Bicycle Trails The most robust bicycle infrastructure on Kauai is the East Side trail (a.k.a. Ke Ala Hele Makalae ) which will eventually be a 16 mile long multi-use paved trail between Anahola and Nawiliwili, mostly along the scenic eastern coastline of Kauai. As of the fall of 2011, two segments of this trail have been completed: phase 1, which is a 2.5 mile segment at Lydgate Park, and phase 2, which is a 4.1 mile segment between Kapaa Town and Kealia Beach. Four additional phases are planned to complete the project (see Figure 2-28), although funding and a timeline for all these phases has not been finalized. 41

42 Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 2: Transportation Systems 2.3 Bicycle Figure 2-28 KeÊAlaÊHeleÊMakalae EastÊKauai sêcoastalêshared-useêpath Status as of Q2, 2011 AhihiÊPointÊtoÊAnaholaÊ(PhaseÊ5) Environmental Assessment in progress No preferred alignment determined yet No projected completion date LihiÊParkÊtoÊAhihiÊPointÊ(PhaseÊ2) Open for general use mi. LydgateÊParkÊtoÊLihiÊParkÊ(PhaseÊ3) Wailua River crossing complete Interpretive signage at Wailua River South Bank Includes spur to Kawaihau Road Design near completion. 2.1 mi. Construction began 2009 No projected completion date LydgateÊPark (PhaseÊ1) Open for general use mi. LydgateÊParkÊtoÊAhukiniÊLandingÊ(PhaseÊ4) Environmental Assessment almost completed No projected completion date Preferred alignment 4.0 mi. AhukiniÊLandingÊtoÊLihueÊ&ÊNawiliwiliÊ(PhaseÊ6) Environmental Assessment in progress No preferred alignment determined yet No projected completion date Source: Kauai Path. Prepared by Kauai Path

43 2.3 Bicycle Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 2: Transportation Systems Hazardous Areas for Bicyclists While only a small portion of Kauai s road network has bicycle facilities of any kind, bicyclists are allowed to use any of the public roads in Kauai. Some of these roads are fairly safe for bicycling, while others can be very hazardous. The hazardous stretches are typically on streets with high traffic volumes andor high traffic speeds and little to no shoulder space. Figure 2-29 illustrates where the most hazardous stretches of highway are for bicyclists on Kauai. This map is not exhaustive, and there are many additional hazardous intersections or points in the network that may be dangerous for cyclists. This map merely represents the most notable stretches of roads that pose hazards to cyclists. Figure 2-29 HANAMAULU 583³ ± Roads Most Hazardous for Bicyclists 56³ ± 51³ ± PRINCEVILLE HANALEI 581³ ± KAPAA WAILUA 581³ ± 583³ ± 580³ ± 56³ ± 552³ ± 50³ ± 570³ ± 560³ ± LIHUE 58³ ± Miles 550³ ± HANAMAULU LIHUE 570³ ± 51³ ± KEKAHA Legend Very Hazardous WAIMEA 58³ ± Somewhat Hazardous Highway KALAHEO 520³ ± Other Paved Road Unpaved Road Miles ± 543³ ± 541³ HANAPEPE-ELEELE 50³ ± 540³ ± 530³ ± KOLOA-POIPU Source: Go Green Kauai. Hike, Bike and Green Business Map of Kauai

44 Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 2: Transportation Systems 2.4 Private Transit 2.4 Private Transit Taxi Service As of 2011, there were over 20 different taxi companies operating in Kauai. 10 Although most taxi companies are based in Lihue they will typically service the entire island. A few companies specialize in certain regions such as the North or South Shore, and some companies also offer tours. Taxi meter rates are set by the county and are $3.00 to start and $0.30 for every tenth of a mile or 45 seconds after that, whichever comes first. 11 While taxis provide a great service especially within towns or between adjacent towns, using taxis as a means of transportation between towns farther apart can get prohibitively expensive. Estimated taxi fares to popular destinations from Lihue Airport, as posted on the Lihue Airport website 12, are shown here: Poipu $42.00-$52.50 Wailua-Waipouli $22.00-$27.60 Kauai Hilton $12.00 Lihue-Kukui Grove $9.00-$12.75 Princeville-Haena $88.50-$ Shuttle Services Two hotels offer shuttle service from the Lihue Airport. The Marriot runs shuttles every minutes to its three hotels in or near Lihue, but not to any others on the island. The Hilton Beach Resort just north of Lihue also offers hotel shuttles from the airport. There are two companies, Anytime Island Express and SpeediShuttle LLC, that offer door-to-door shared shuttle service across Kauai for slightly lower rates than a standard taxi service. The Anchor Cove Shopping Center and Harbor Mall in Nawiliwili also offer shuttle service on days a cruise ship is docked at Nawiliwili Harbor. The Harbor Mall s shuttle is a trolley bus and both shuttles cater to cruise ship passengers. The shuttles allow passengers a car free way of exploring tourist attractions in and around Lihue and Wailua. Harbor Mall s Trolley Bus at Nawiliwili Sec The Rates of Fare and Baggage Charge. County of Kauai Taxicab Ordinance. Effective September 1st,

45 2.5 Outdoor Recreation Access Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 2: Transportation Systems 2.5 Outdoor Recreation Access Outdoor recreation is a major economic driver of Kauai s tourist industry, and is an important resource to the residents of Kauai, providing opportunities to improve physical and mental health. Three of the more popular recreations opportunities on the island are mapped in Figure 2-30 including beaches, golf courses and major trails. Figure 2-30 shows that beach parks are scattered across the east and south shore of Kauai, as well as concentrated around Hanalei and Haena along the north shore. All six golf courses on Kauai are close to the shoreline, one in Poipu, two near Lihue and three in Princeville. Most of the major trails in Kauai are located in or near Waimea Canyon State Park on the west side of the Island. Access to these trails would be along SH 550 north of Waimea. The major trail head along the Na Pali Coast is accessible from the western terminus of the Kuhio Highway near Haena. In addition there are a few major trail heads near Wailua Homesteads on the east side of the island. Figure 2-30 Kauai Major Recreation Destinations Haena State ParkOcean Nine Golf CourseLine Nine Golf Course HAENA STATE PARK Woods Nine Golf Course Kalalau Trail Hanakapiai Falls Trail Waioli Beach Park NA PALI COAST STATE PARK NA PALI COAST STATE PARK Awaawapuhi Trail Honopu Trail Alakai Trail Nualolo Trail Berry Flat Trail Anahola Beach Park Kumuwela TrailKOKEE STATE PARK WAIMEA CANYON STATE PARK Kapaa Beach Park Iliau Nature Loop Kukui Trail WAILUA RIVER STATE PARK Wailua County Golf Course Nukolii Beach Park Hanamaulu Beach Park Kekaha Beach Park Olokele Trail Lucy Wright Beach County Park Kauai Lagoons Golf Course Niumalu Beach Park WAHIAWA MAUKA STATE PARK RESERVE Legend r F Salt Pond Beach Park Hanapepe Beach Park Kauai Golf Courses Kiahuna Golf Course Spouting Horn Beach Park Kauai Beach Park Poipu Beach Park Kauai Major Trails Miles Source: State of Hawaii DBEDT GIS Database. Website Accessed June 24,

46 58 Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 2: Transportation Systems 2.6 Freight 2.6 Freight Nawiliwili Harbor freight pier Maritime Freight Given that Kauai is part of the isolated Hawaiian Island chain in the central Pacific Ocean, many of the materials on the island, including food, building supplies and petroleum products must be imported through one of Kauai s two commercial ports, Nawiliwili or Port Allen (shown on Figure 2-31). The same holds true for food and other materials being exported. Figure 2-31 Kauai Commercial Harbors 560 Maritime Freight Quick Facts % of maritime imports in Kauai go through Nawiliwili Harbor Miles ) PORT ALLEN )NAWILIWILI Over 98% of all maritime imports to and 100% of all exports from Kauai in 2009 went through Nawiliwili Harbor. The other 2% of maritime imports came through Port Allen and were almost exclusively petroleum products such as gasoline and oil. 13 Figure 2-32 shows that total freight tonnage at Nawiliwili harbor, including both imports and exports decreased by 52% between 2005 and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Navigation Data Center. Waterborne Commerce Statistics Center. ndc.iwr.usace.army.milwcscwebpub09webpubpart-4.htm. Retrieved Imports and exports through Nawiliwili decreased by 52% Fabricated metal products make up roughly 73% of imports by tonnage (gasoline makes up 6%) Figure ,500,000 Nawiliwili Port Freight Traffic U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Navigation Data Center. Waterborne Commerce Statistics Center. Retrieved Short Tons 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000, ,000 Imports Exports Total 0 CY2005 CY2006 CY2007 CY2008 CY

47 2.6 Freight Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 2: Transportation Systems Table 2-12 Tons of material imported into Nawiliwili Harbor, Kauai by major category Products Imported Description CY2005 CY2006 CY2007 CY2008 CY2009 '05-'09 % Change Total Petroleum and Petroleum Products Mostly gasoline 117,215 91,813 91,870 98,602 47,848-59% Total Chemicals and Related Products Mostly fertilizer 8,728 11,600 13,354 17,214 3,532-60% Total Crude Materials, Inedible Except Fuels Mostly lumber 53,242 48,660 30,311 22,291 2,608-95% Total Primary Manufactured Goods Total Food and Farm Products All Manufactured Equipment, Machinery Mostly fabricated metals Mostly food products Mostly automobiles Table 2-12 shows the change in tons of material imported into Nawiliwili Harbor from by major categories. Each import classification type decreased over that time, and some products, such as wood, automobiles and food products have decreased by as much as 80-95%. 735, , , , ,460-34% 88, ,132 95,308 74,542 11,698-87% 217, , , ,338 44,921-79% Source: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Navigation Data Center. Waterborne Commerce Statistics Center. Retrieved Figure 2-33 and 2-34 show the amount (by tons) of each of the leading materials imported and exported respectively from Nawiliwili Harbor in The highest by far for both are fabricated metal products. The second highest import is gasoline, which represented 6% of all imports by tonnage in Figure 2-33 Figure 2-34 Cement & Concrete 3% Vehicles & Parts 3% Manufac. Products 6% Nawiliwili Port 2009 Imports U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Navigation Data Center. Waterborne Commerce Statistics Center. Retrieved Hydrocarbon & Petrol Gases Food 1% 1% Other 7% Vehicles & Parts 4% Nawiliwili Port 2009 Exports U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Navigation Data Center. Waterborne Commerce Statistics Center. Retrieved Waste and Scrap Molasses 2% 2% Manufac. Prod. 3% Other 2% Gasoline 6% Total 2009 Imports: 594,149 tons Total 2009 Exports: 318,009 tons Fab. Metal Products 73% Fab. Metal Products 87% 47

48 Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 2: Transportation Systems 2.6 Freight Truck Freight Opposite to the trend in maritime freight volumes, the number of registered freight vehicles on Kauai increased by 22% between 2006 and 2011, from 2,800 to 3,400 registered vehicles 14 (see Figure 2-35). Unfortunately data on volumes of freight transported by land on Kauai was not available. 14 Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism (DBEDT). Monthly Energy Trends SIte. Accessed July 11, Figure 2-35 Vehicles 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, Registered Freight Vehicles State of Hawaii DBEDT. Monthly Energy Trends SIte. Accessed July 11, Monthyear 48

49 2.7 Travel Demand Travel Demand Quick Facts Commute trips accounted for only approximately 9% of all trips on Kauai in 2011 Approximately 93% of all trips in Kauai in 2011 were made by driving, including 97% of all work trips The average auto occupancy on Kauai in 2011 is estimated to be 1.4 persons per automobile. The average trip length in Kauai in 2011 was 5.4 miles 2.7) Travel Demand Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 2: Transportation Systems Person Trips The travel demand data described here is presented in terms of person trips, not automobile trips. Person trips are defined as a one way trip greater than 200 feet in length. It should be noted that, if multiple modes of transportation are used to get to one s destination that would be considered more than one trip. For example, one were to drive part of the way to get to their destination and take the bus part of the way, that would be considered two trips. The advantage of using person trips as oppose to automobile trips, is that person trips account for multiple modes of transportation, not just driving. Person trip data provides a more accurate representation about how people are traveling, making it possible to forecast and plan a multimodal transportation system. Trip Purpose Figure 2-36 shows the percent of weekdays trips by trip purpose as reported by residents 16 and over on in Figure 2-37 shows the estimated ratio of work to non-work trips of all trips on Kauai in 2011 (includes visitor trips) Kauai Resident Travel Survey Results. 16 Calculated based off calibrated mode share data (2011 Kauai Resident Travel Survey & American Community Survey), 2010 de facto population (Hawaii DBEDT, 2010 Hawaii Data Book), and 2010 employment data (Hawaii Department of Labor and Industrial Relations) Figure 2-36 Figure 2-37 Reported Trip Purpose (Weekday Trips of Kauai Residents Aged 16+) Go to school, 3% Estimated Trip Purpose (Average of all trips in Kauai in 2011) Commute trips, 9% Go to work, 23% Go home, 30% Other, 44% Noncommute trips, 91% Source: Kauai Resident Travel Survey Results, 2011 Source: Calculated based on calibrated mode share (2011 Travel Survey & ACS), 2010 defacto population (DBEDT, Hawaii Data Book),and 2010 employment (Hawaii DLIR) 49

50 Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 2: Transportation Systems 2.7 Travel Demand Mode Share Figure 2-38 shows the weekday mode share on Kauai as reported from the Kauai Resident Travel Survey conducted in August, When compared to Figure 2-40, which is the likely actual mode share of all trips on Kauai 17, it is apparent that transit and walk trips were overrepresented by the survey sample. Figure 2-39 shows the mode share of commute trips 18. When compared to Figure 2-40, it is apparent that more people drive alone (and slightly more take transit) to get tofrom work than for non-work trips. Average Auto Occupancy Average auto occupancy (AAO) is the average number of persons per vehicle. Understanding the AAO is a useful tool when making VMT and mode share projections. AAO for multiple-occupied auto (MOA) trips on Kauai is assumed to be With this assumption, AAO on Kauai in 2011 is estimated to be 1.4, including 1.2 for commute trips and 1.5 for non-commute trips. 19 Average trip length The average trip length on Kauai as calculated from the Kauai Resident Travel Survey in 2011 was 5.4 miles. However, average trip length varied by mode, trip purpose and district of Kauai as apparent from Table 2-11 and Calibrated from the 2011 Kauai Resident Travel Survey using Means to Work by Mode data from the American Community Survey American Community Survey, Means to Work by Mode, adjusted to 2011 to account for increase in transit ridership. 19 Kauai Resident Travel Survey Results, August, Table Average trip length on Kauai by mode, 2011 Mode Commute Trips Non-Commute Trips (Miles) (Miles) SOV (Single-Occupant Vehicle) MOA (Multiple-Occupant Auto) Transit Walk Bike Overall Average Source: Kauai Resident Travel Survey Results, August, 2011 Table Average trip length on Kauai by district, 2011 District All Trip Avg. (Miles) Commute Trips (Miles) Non-Commute Trips (Miles) West Side Koloa-Poipu-Kalaheo Lihue East Side North Shore Source: Kauai Resident Travel Survey Results, August, 2011 Figure 2-38 Reported 2011 Mode Share All Weekday Trips 2011 Kauai Resident Travel Survey Results Figure 2-39 Walk, 7.7% Transit, 8.1% MOA (Multiple- Occupant Auto), 30.5% Bike, 1.5% Transit, 0.5% MOA (Multiple- Occupant Auto), 14.0% SOV (Single- Occupant Vehicle), 52.2% Actual 2011 Mode Share Commute Trips Adjusted for 2011 from American Community Survey Walk, 1.5% Figure 2-40 Transit, 0.4% Walk, 4.5% MOA (Multiple- Occupant Auto), 38.7% Bike, 0.7% SOV (Single- Occupant Vehicle), 83.2% Actual 2011 Mode Share All Trips Calibrated from 2011 Kauai Resident Travel Survey Bike, 2.0% SOV (Single- Occupant Vehicle), 54.4% 50

51 3.1 Vehicle Crashes by Type Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 3: Transportation Safety 3.1 Vehicle Crashes by Type Vehicle Crashes Quick Facts There were just under 1,400 vehicle crashes in Kauai in 2010 The # of vehicle crashes per 100 people has decreased ( ) from 3.6 to 2.0 The # of bicycle & pedestrian related vehicle crashes resulting in injury stayed roughly similar The number of vehicle related fatalities has remained around 10 per year Figure 3-1 shows the changes in the number of automobile crashes each year in Kauai between 1981 and The data is also segregated into two categories: major crashes where damages exceeded $3,000 and minor crashes where damages were under $3,000. In the last 30 years, the total number of automobile crashes has fluctuated between 1,200 and 1,900 crashes per year (periods of increase were in the late 1980s and mid 2000s) 1. Since reaching a high in 2007 the total number of crashes per year has steadily declined to just under 1,400 crashes in However the number of major crashes has been steadily increasing since 1981, while minor crashes have decreased. When the number of crashes per year is compared to population, as shown in Figure 3-2, the trends are similar, but because the population of Kauai grew during the last 30 years the number of crashes per 100 people has decreased overall from 3.6 per year in 1981 to 2.0 per year in Kauai County Police Department Records. Retrieved Sep Calculated using data from Kauai County Police Department Records (retrieved Sep 2011) and population data from the State of Hawaii DBEDT 2009 & 2010 Data Book. Figure 3-1 Number of Accidents 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, Kauai County Yearly Automobile Crashes by Severity Data provided by the Kauai County Police Department (Sep 2011) MAJOR MINOR TOTAL Figure 3-2 Autio crashes per 100 people Kauai County Automobile Crashes per Population Crash data provided by the Kauai County Police Department (Sep 2011) Population data from State of Hawaii DBEDT 2009 & 2010 Data Book

52 Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 3: Transportation Safety 3.1 Vehicle Crashes by Type Figure 3-3 shows that while the number of major automobile crashes has been decreasing each year over the five year period from , the number of those crashes involving an injury or fatality has remained about the same. Figure 3-4 shows that the number of bicycle and pedestrian related traffic injuries in Kauai has typically been between 10 and 15 per year for each mode, with the exception of 2008, which saw 34 pedestrian injuries, and Figure 3-5 shows that the number of pedestrian, bicycle and auto fatalities in Kauai has seen little fluctuation over the same five year period. 3 3 Records from the State of Hawaii Traffic Safety Section (retrieved Sep 2011). Figure Kauai County Major Traffic Crashes by Type Data provided by the State of Hawaii Traffic Safety Section (Sep 2011) Fatal Injury Propert Damage Only Figure 3-4 Yearly Bike & Pedestrian Traffic Injuries (Kauai) Data provided by the State of Hawaii Traffic Safety Section (Sep 2011) Pedestrian 20 Bicycle Figure 3-5 Kauai County Automobile Related Fatalities by Year Data provided by the State of Hawaii Traffic Safety Section (Sep 2011) 16 Auto Only 14 Bicycle 12 Pedestrian

53 3.2 Vehicle Crashes per VMT Vehicle Crashes per VMT Quick Facts Vehicle crashes decreased from 2.7 to 1.7 per one million VMT Vehicle crashes per VMT in 2009 in Kauai was slightly higher than the U.S. average 3.2 Traffic Crashes per VMT Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 3: Transportation Safety While the change in the number of yearly vehicle crashes per population better demonstrates the safety levels of Kauai s multimodal transportation system, comparing the number of vehicle crashes per Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) better measures the safety of the roadways themselves. Figure 3-6 shows that the number of crashes in Kauai per million VMT has been gradually decreasing over the most recent 10 year period from 2.7 in 2000 to 1.7 in This is similar to the decrease seen nationwide, although as of 2009 the number of crashes per million VMT in Kauai was still slightly higher than the U.S. as a whole (2.0 in Kauai versus 1.8 in the U.S. 5 ). Figure 3-7 shows that the number of fatalities per VMT has increased slightly since 2000, and as of 2009 was higher than the national average for urban areas, but lower than the national average for rural areas. Figure 3-6 Figure 3-7 Yearly Accidents per million VMT Traffic Crashes per million VMT Kauai County Crash data provided by the Kauai County Police Department (Sep 2011) Kauai VMT data from State of Hawaii DBEDT Data Book Nationa Data from RITA U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. National Transportation Statistics 2000-Present. Retrieved Sep Kauai U.S Figure 3-8 Figure 3-9 Kauai County Crash data provided by the State of Hawaii Traffic Safety Section (Sep 2011) Kauai VMT data from State of Hawaii DBEDT Data Book Nationa Data from RITA U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. National Transportation Statistics 2000-Present. Retrieved Sep Crashed per 100 million VMT Pedestrian Involved Crashes per 100 million VMT Kauai U.S Crash data from the Kauai County Police Dept. and VMT from the State of Hawaii DBEDT 2010 Data Book. 5 RITA U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. National Transportation Statistics 2000-Present. govpublicationsnational_transportation_statistics. Retrieved Sep early Accidents per 100 Million VMT Fatalities per 100 million VMT in Kauai Kauai County Crash data provided by the Kauai County Police Department (Sep 2011) Kauai VMT data from State of Hawaii DBEDT Data Book Nationa Data from RITA U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. National Transportation Statistics 2000-Present. Retrieved Sep Kauai U.S. Rural U.S. Urban Figure 3-8 and 3-9 show that the number of pedestrian and bicycle involved vehicle crashes per VMT over the last several years has been comparable to the U.S. average, which is about 2 pedestrian involved crashes per 100 million VMT and 1.5 bicycle involved crashes per 100 million VMT. 6 6 Crash data from the State of Hawaii Traffic Safety Section and VMT data from HI DBEDT 2010 Data Book Kauai County Crash data provided by the State of Hawaii Traffic Safety Section (Sep 2011) Kauai VMT data from State of Hawaii DBEDT Data Book Nationa Data from RITA U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. National Transportation Statistics 2000-Present. Retrieved Sep Crashed per 100 million VMT Bicycle Involved Crashes per 100 million VMT Kauai U.S

54 54

55 4.1 Tsunami Hazard Zones Kalihiwai Bridge between Kilauea and Princeville after the 1957 tsunami Source: Pacific Tsunami Museum. orgarchivesmore1950.html Tsunami Hazard Zone Quick Facts 20% of the Kaumualii Hwy and 25% of the Kuhio Hwy fall in the Tsunami Hazard Zone Most susceptible areas are Waimea, Kekaha, Hanalei and Haena No alternate routes between Waimea and Hanapepe or Hanalei and Haena Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 4: Emergency Management 4.1 Tsunami Hazard Zones Kauai is located in the middle of the Pacific Ocean where low lying coastal areas are susceptible to large scale damage from tsunamis. There have been two major tsunamis in Kauai in the last 100 years, one in 1946, and one in Both tsunamis caused the heaviest damage along the North Shore and rescue efforts to Haena were made particularly difficult because all of the nearby bridges, providing the only land access, had been washed out. 1 Many of the roads and highways in Kauai travel through these low lying coastal areas and are susceptible to damage in the event of a tsunami. From an emergency management perspective the real danger occurs when the only road connecting a place (as is quite common in Kauai s transportation system), is destroyed by a tsunami, making both the evacuation of residents and access for rescuers difficult or impossible. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has mapped a tsunami evacuation zone on Kauai, shown in Figure 4-1, that establishes a guideline for what are considered the most susceptible areas to damage from a tsunami. 2 In the event of a tsunami it is recommended that these areas be evacuated. Sections of the major highways in Kauai that fall within this tsunami evacuation zone are highlighted in Figure 4-1. In addition, large areas of Mana, Kekaha, Hanalei and Haena fall within the tsunami evacuation zone. Kaumualii Highway Eight of the 40 miles of the Kaumualii highway between Mana and Lihue fall within the tsunami evacuation zone. The Kaumualii highway provides the only land link to Waimea, Kekaha and Mana, and large sections of this road leading into these towns as well as many local roads within these towns fall within the tsunami evacuation zone, which could pose problems for emergency access and evacuation in the event of a tsunami. Waimea Canyon Road does provide a lengthy alternative route between Kekaha and Waimea, but there is no alternate route between Waimea and Hanapepe and therefore the rest of Kauai for residents in the West Side. Kuhio Highway Similar to the Kaumualii highway, eight of the 32 miles of the Kuhio highway between Haena and Lihue fall within the tsunami evacuation zone. The largest sections are in Hanalei and Haena, of which there are no alternative access routes and multiple bridges along the Kuhio highway within the hazard zone. In addition there are sections of highway across the Kalihiwai River (west of Kilauea) and across the Anahola River, as well as parts of Kapaa and Wailua that are within the tsunami evacuation zone. Alternate routes are available in Kapaa and most of Wailua with the exception of the Wailua River Bridge between Wailua and Lihue. 1 Pacific Worlds: Haena. Website: Accessed July 15, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Website: name=kaua_i&submit1=search+island+area. Accessed June 24,

56 550 Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 4: Emergency Management 4.1 Tsunami Hazard Zones Figure 4-1 Legend Tsunami Evacuation Zones PRINCEVILLE Tsunami Evacuation Zone State & County Hwys HANALEI Major Raods In Tsunami Evac Zone KAPAA 580 WAILUA HANAMAULU 552 KEKAHA LIHUE WAIMEA KALAHEO Miles KAUMUALII HWY AKIALOA RD 552 ELEPAIO RD KEKAHA KEKAHA RD WAIMEA HANAPEPE-ELEELE 550 HAINA RD LAAU RD MENEHUNE RD KOLOA-POIPU Miles ALIOMANU RD ANAHOLA RD KUKUIHALE RD ANAHOLA Miles 50 KAHUNA RD WAIAKEA RD KAPAHI RD HAUAALA RD KAAPUNI RD KEALIA RD KAAO RD 56 KUHIO HWY WAIPOULI RD WANAAO RD KINI PL KULANA PL LAIPO RD HEKILI RD MAILIHUNA RD ALEALEA RD ALA EKE RD KUHIO HWY PRINCEVILLE 560 LIHOLIHO RD HANALEI KA HAKU RD OHIKI RD ALOALII DR ANINI RD KAPAKA ST LIHAU ST KALAMA RD PO O RD KAMALU RD 581 HALEILIO RD NONOU RD KAPAA BYP PAPALOA RD MALU RD PANIHI RD HOI RD KAPAA Miles WAILUA Source: State of Hawaii DBEDT GIS Database. Website Accessed June 24,

57 4.2 Police & Fire Stations Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 4: Emergency Management 4.2 Police & Fire Stations Police The Kauai County police department is divided into three districts, each with their own police station, plus a traffic safety unit based out of Lihue that overseas all motor vehicle incidents on the island. The three police stations on Kauai (shown in Figure 4-2) are in Waimea, Lihue and Princeville (referred to as the Hanalei police district). The Waimea police district includes everything within the West Side and KoloaPoipuKalaheo planning districts. The Lihue police district includes the Lihue planning district as well as the town of Wailua and parts of Kapaa. The Hanalei District includes the North Shore planning district as well as the northern part of the East Side district not under the Lihue police district. Police, Fire & Hospital Quick Facts There are three police stations in Kauai: Waimea, Lihue and Princeville There are eight county fire stations: Waimea, Hanapepe, Kalaheo, Koloa, Lihue, Wailua, Kealia, and Princeville Fire There are eight county fire stations in Kauai shown in Figure 4-2, one in each of the following towns: Waimea, Hanapepe, Kalaheo, Koloa, Lihue, Wailua (Kapaa fire station), Kealia (Kaiakea fire station) and Princeville (Hanalei fire station). In addition to the eight county fire stations, there is a state operated fire station located at the Lihue Airport and a federally operated fire station in Kekaha called the Barking Sands Fire Department that oversees the Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF). Figure 4-2 Legend "V& "V& "V& County Fire Station State Fire Station Federal Fire Station "Z$ Police Station Police & Fire Stations PRINCEVILLE HANALEI 560 "V& "Z$ There are three hospitals: Waimea, Lihue and Kapaa "V& 581 WAILUA 56 "V& KAPAA HANAMAULU "V& 552 KEKAHA WAIMEA Miles "V& "Z$ "V& HANAPEPE-ELEELE "V& 530 KOLOA-POIPU 520 "V& LIHUE "V& 58 "V&"Z$ 57

58 Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 4: Emergency Management 4.3 Hospitals & Clinics 4.3 Hospitals & Clinics There are three major hospitals on Kauai: Kauai Veterans Memorial located in Waimea, Wilcox Memorial in Lihue and Mahelona Memorial in Kapaa (see Figure 4-3). In addition there are clinics in Eleele, Kalaheo, Koloa, Wailua and Kilauea. The clinic in Kilauea is the only medical facility in the North Shore. Figure 4-3 Legend v Hospital "u Clinic Hospitals & Clinics PRINCEVILLE HANALEI 560 "u v KAPAA 580 "u WAILUA KEKAHA v WAIMEA 583 LIHUE v HANAMAULU Miles 543 "u HANAPEPE-ELEELE "u 530 KOLOA-POIPU 520 "u 58

59 Figure Liquid Fuel Use 2010 Liquid Fuel Usage (Kauai) State of Hawaii DBEDT. Monthly Energy Trends. Electricity 39% Energy Use Quick Facts Motor fuel use dropped between from 40.6 million to 29.7 million gallons per year Gas prices reached an all time high in Kauai of $4.60gal for regular in May % of registered passenger vehicles on Kauai are gas powered Other 1% Aviation 20% Ground Transport 40% Gallons Millions Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 5: Transportation Energy Use & Demand 5.1 Liquid Fuel Use Figure 5-1 shows that around 40% of all liquid fuels used in Kauai are used for ground transportation. Gasoline makes up over 90% of the liquid fuel used for ground transportation, with diesel fuel making up most of the difference. 1 Figure 5-2 shows the amount of gasoline and diesel used for ground transportation on Kauai over the last ten years. Motor fuel use (gasoline, diesel, and LPG) on the island peaked in 2007 when over 40 million gallons was used and has since dropped to just under 30 million gallons consumed in This corresponds to a decrease in visitors and registered vehicles on the island over the same time period (see chapter 1.8 & 2.1 respectively). The amount of gasoline consumed in 2010 was roughly the same as in 2000, but the amount of diesel fuel consumed per year has more than doubled during that time. 1 State of Hawaii Department of Business Economic Development and Tourism (DBEDT). Monthly Energy Trends. Accessed July 11, Figure Ground Transportation Liquid Fuel Use (Kauai) State of Hawaii DBEDT. Monthly Energy Trends. Accessed July, Gasoline LPG (hwy use) Diesel Oil (hwy use) Ground Transport Total Total = 74 million gallons Year 59

60 Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 5: Transportation Energy Use & Demand 5.2 Gas Price Trends Figure Average Annual Fuel Economy (Kauai) State of Hawaii DBEDT. Monthly Energy Trends. Accessed July, 2011 DBEDT Hawaii Data Book MPG Year Figure 5-4 Average Gasoline Prices $5.00 Hawaii U.S Kauai* $4.50 $4.00 $3.50 $3.00 $2.50 $2.00 $1.50 Jan-06 May-06 Sep-06 Jan-07 May-07 Sep-07 Jan-08 May-08 Sep-08 Jan-09 May-09 Sep-09 Jan-10 May-10 Sep-10 Jan-11 May Liquid Fuel Price Gas prices on Kauai tend to be very similar to average gas prices for the state of Hawaii (for which there are better historic records). Gas prices on Hawaii follow national trends, but are on average cents higher per gallon than the national average due in large part to the cost of shipping fuel to the Hawaiian Islands (See Figure 5-4). Similar to the national trend, gas prices in Hawaii have been steadily increasing since reaching a low in January 2008 of $2.32 per gallon. 2 As of May 2011 the average price for a gallon of regular gasoline in Kauai reached an all-time high of $4.60 3, 70 cents higher than the national average of $3.90 per gallon for that time. 2 State of Hawaii Department of Business Economic Development and Tourism (DBEDT). Monthly Energy Trends. Accessed July 11, The Garden Island Gas Price App. Accessed July 11, $gallon MonthYear Source: Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism (DBEDT). Monthly Energy Trends SIte. Accessed July 11, *Kauai Source: 60

61 5.3 Vehicle Fleet by Fuel Type 5.4 Island Fuel Supplies Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 5: Transportation Energy Use & Demand 5.3 Vehicle Fleet by Fuel Type Figure 5-5 shows that as of May 2011, 97.7% of the 68,891 registered passenger vehicles on Kauai were gasoline powered. 4 About 1.5% were diesel powered, 0.8% were hybrid and there were only 13 electric vehicles. Figure 5-6 shows that just over half (53%) of registered freight vehicles on the island were diesel powered, and virtually all of the other 47% were gasoline powered. 4 State of Hawaii Department of Business Economic Development and Tourism (DBEDT). Monthly Energy Trends. Accessed July 11, Figure 5-5 Figure 5-6 Registered Passenger Vehicles on Kauai by Fuel Type (March 2011) Hybrid Diesel Electric 1% 1% 0% Registered Freight Vehicles on Kauai by Fuel Type (March 2011) Hybrid 0% Gasoline 47% Diesel 53% Gasoline 98% Source: Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism (DBEDT). Monthly Energy Trends SIte. Accessed July 11, Source: Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism (DBEDT). Monthly Energy Trends SIte. Accessed July 11, Island Fuel Supplies Kauai must import all of its petroleum based fuel used for ground transportation from off-island. Figure 5-7 shows the total gallons of gasoline imported to Kauai between Prior to 2009 Kauai averaged around 25 million gallons of gasoline supplied per year. This number dropped sharply to 13 million gallons in Figure 5-8 shows the same chart for diesel fuel. Diesel fuel supplies on Kauai have fluctuated between 300,000 and 2 million gallons per year, much of which is used for things other than ground transportation. 5 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Navigation Data Center. Waterborne Commerce Statistics Center. Retrieved Figure 5-7 Figure 5-8 Gallons of Gasoline (Thousands) Kauai Gasoline Import Totals by Year U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Navigation Data Center. Waterborne Commerce Statistics Center. Retrieved ,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 - CY2005 CY2006 CY2007 CY2008 CY2009 Gallons of Gasoline (Thousands) Kauai Deisel Fuel Import Totals by Year U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Navigation Data Center. Waterborne Commerce Statistics Center. Retrieved ,500 2,000 1,500 1, CY2005 CY2006 CY2007 CY2008 CY

62 Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 5: Transportation Energy Use & Demand 5.5 Kauai Energy Sustainability Plan The Kauai Energy Sustainability Plan (KESP) was developed for the county of Kauai by the SENTECH Hawaii Team and completed in April The purpose of the plan was to ensure maximum energy efficiency and conservation while facilitating Kauai s production and use of local, sustainable energy resources in place of imported oil by the year The most relevant aspect of the KESP to the Kauai Transportation Data Book are chapters three and four, which are devoted to addressing energy use related to the ground transportation sector. 5.5 Energy Sustainability Plan The Kaua`i Energy Sustainability Plan Final Report Chapter three reviews the current transportation system trends, including increasing congestion and automobile use on the island between 2000 and 2006, increased use of the Kauai bus, and plans to expand the Kauai Bike network, namely the continued build out of the 16 mile Anahola-Nawiliwili trail. Based on the fact that around 40% of liquid fuel consumed on the island in 2007 was gasoline used for ground transportation, the plan identified several alternative energy sources that are being explored or could be used in place of gasoline for automobiles. These include biodiesel, ethanol, algae-tofuels, electric and hybrid vehicles and hydrogen. The most practical gasoline alternatives for Kauai identified in the KESP are: Biodiesel - Kauai County is trying to develop a system of collection and distribution of cooking oil on the island; Ethanol - Pacific West Energy is developing a refinery in Kaumakani; and ElectricHybrid Vehicles An initiative was started to bring electric vehicles to Maui by Hawaii s Governor in Kapiolani Boulevard Suite 1225 Honolulu, HI April 2010 Source: The main future recommendation identified in chapter four of the KESP is to reduce reliance on petroleum use in the ground transportation sector by charging a 2% gas tax. The purpose of this would be to reduce vehicle use on the island and provide a funding source for alternative transportation investments and alternative fuel investments. The recommended investments in alternative transportation include: Improving the Kauai Bus system; and Supporting As Needed visitor vehicle rentals The recommended investments in alternative energy on Kauai include: Purchasing 5 vegetable oil presses to allow small farmers to produce straight vegetable oil; Offering incentives to convert gas vehicles to gasethanol flex vehicles; Offering Prius Hybrid Electric Vehicle incentives and supporting night time charging; and Offering hybrid electric vehicle incentives 62

63 6.1 Adult Health Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 6: Public Health 6.1 Adult Health Figure 6-1 shows that as of % of adult residents in Kauai were either overweight or obese. Figure 6-2 shows that this percent has been trending upward since Between 1994 and 2010 the number of adults on Kauai that are considered obese has gone from 13% to 20%, and the number of adults that are overweight has increased from 27% to 34%. 1 1 Annual statistics from the Hawaii Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) govhealthstatisticshhsbrfssindex.html Retrieved June 15, Figure 6-1 Figure Body Weight, Kauai 2010 Hawaii BRFSS Report Obese 20% Overweight 34% Normal or Under 46% Percent of Population 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Body Weight Trend, Kauai 2010 Hawaii BRFSS Report NormalUnder Overweight Obese Figure 6-3 shows that in % of the adult population of Kauai was considered to have had at least good health. The portion of the adult population with fair or poor health has increased slightly since 1994 from 15% to 19% (see Figure 6-4). Figure 6-3 Figure General Health, Kauai 2010 Hawaii BRFSS Report General Health Status Trend (Kauai) Hawaii BRFSS Reports Fair Poor 19% Good 31% Excellent Very Good 50% Percent of Population 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% ExcellentVery Good Good FairPoor 0%

64 Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 6: Public Health 6.1 Adult Health Figure 6-5 shows that as of 2009 only 57% of the adult population in Kauai was meeting what is considered the minimum recommended amount of physical activity, which according to the Center for Disease and Control (CDC) is 2.5 hours of moderate aerobic activity per week plus muscle strengthening at least twice a week. 2 This percentage is a slight improvement from only 53% in Figure 6-6 shows that the percentage of the adult population on Kauai reporting consistent social support was much higher, at 77% Annual statistics from the Hawaii Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) govhealthstatisticshhsbrfssindex.html Retrieved June 15, Adult Health Quick Facts As of % of adults in Kauai were overweight or obese Obesity rates in Kauai increased from 13% to 20% As of % of Kauai residents had at least good health As of 2009 only 57% of adults were meeting the minimum recommended amount of daily physical activity Figure 6-5 Figure Physical Activity, Kauai 2009 Hawaii BRFSS Report 2010 Social Support, Kauai 2010 Hawaii BRFSS Report Some Activity 34% Inactive 9% Meet Rec. 57% Sometimes 13% Rarely Never 10% Always Usually 77% 64

65 6.3 Food Systems Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 6: Public Health 6.3 Food Systems A) Food Grown on Island Known as The Garden Island, Kauai has a rich history of agricultural production. For 150 years sugar was the main commercial crop exported from the island and the primary source of Kauai s economy. Sugar production peaked in the state in 1966 when 1.2 million tons of sugar was produced. 4 However, much has changed in the last 40 years, and due primarily to the rising costs of fuel and fertilizer and stagnant sugar prices, the last commercial sugar plantation on Kauai closed in The transition from sugar production has brought about more diversified agricultural uses including corn produced for ethanol, cattle shipped to the mainland, and a movement toward sustainable production of more fruits, vegetables and meat for consumption on island. 6 Figure 6-7 shows the major agricultural areas on Kauai and the types of food grown or animals raised in each location. The primary agricultural areas are in the lowland areas between the coast and the higher elevations of the interior. The only coastal area of the island that does not have any agriculture is along the rugged Na Pali coast in the northwest part of the island. 4 History of Agriculture in Hawaii. State of Hawaii Department of Agriculture. Retrieved Sep. 9, Gay and Robinson to Quite Sugar. Honolulu Star Tribune. Vol. 13, Is Sep.. 11, Retrieved Sep.. 9, Kauai Industries. Kauai Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved Sep.. 9, 2011 Figure 6-7 HANALEI Bananas, Cattle, Guavas, Papayas, Taro, Tropical Specialty Fruits, Vegetables Average Annual Rainfall (Hanalei) KAUAI KAPAA Bananas, Cattle, Flowers, Nursery Products, Vegetables Average Annual Rainfall (Wailua) 80.0 WAIMEA Aquaculture, Bananas, Cattle, Coffee, Flowers, Hogs, Honey, Nursery Products, Seed Crops, Sugarcane, Taro HANAPEPE Average Annual Rainfall (Hanapepe) 30.0 LIHUE 65

66 Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 6: Public Health 6.3 Food Systems Table 6-1 breaks down the various types of agricultural land on the island in acres, including the amount of prime agricultural land and crops harvested as recent as According to the 2007 Agricultural Census, there are around 150,000 acres of farmland on Kauai, which makes up about 43% of the total land area of the island. About 36% of this farmland on Kauai is considered prime agricultural land, meaning it is the most productive lands assuming availability of rainfall or irrigation. 7 However, only 20% of this prime agricultural land produced harvested crops in 2007 indicating there is a high potential for increased agricultural production on Kauai. 7 Agricultural Lands of Importance to the State of Hawaii (ALISH) Study. Source: Kauai General Plan Table 6-1 Kauai Agricultural Land Acres Percent Total Land Area on Kauai 353,900 Total Farmland ,543 43% of Kauai Land Area Prime Agricultural Land 2 54,920 36% of total farmland Total Cropland ,336 41% of prime agricultural land 2007 Crops Harvested 1 10,764 20% of prime agricultural land Census of Agriculture, USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service 2 Agricultural Lands of Importance to the State of Hawaii (ALISH) Study. Source: Kauai General Plan Figures 6-8, 6-9, and 6-10 show how Kauai s farmland, cattle inventory and vegetables harvested compare to the other Hawaiian Islands. According to this data, while about 14% of the farmland in the state of Hawaii is in Kauai, only 8% of the cattle in the state and only 2% of vegetables in the state are produced in Kauai. Figure 6-8 Acres 800, , , , , , , ,000 - Farmland by County 2007 Census of Agriculture, USDA National Agricultural Statistics 683, , ,534 60,408 Hawaii Maui Kauai Honolulu Kauai Agriculture Quick Facts Less than half of Kauai s 22,000 acres of cropland produced a harvest in % of the farmland in Hawaii is in Kauai Kauai contained only 8% of Hawaii s cattle inventory in 2007 Kauai produced only 2% of Hawaii s vegetable harvest in 2007 Sugar and cattle production have decreased in Kauai, while vegetable production has increased 66

67 6.3 Food Systems Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 6: Public Health Figure , ,000 Cattle Inventory by County 2007 Census of Agriculture, USDA National Agricultural Statistics 108,093 Head 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000-24,939 12,486 5,961 Hawaii Maui Kauai Honolulu Figure 6-10 Acres 5,000 4,500 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, Vegatables Harvested by County 2007 Census of Agriculture, USDA National Agricultural Statistics 1,148 1, ,446 Hawaii Maui Kauai Honolulu 67

68 Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 6: Public Health 6.3 Food Systems Figure 6-11 shows that the majority of farmland in Kauai is used for pasture and only 15% is considered cropland. Figure 6-12 shows what crops were harvested in While 18% of the cropland was harvested for fruit in 2007, only 1% was harvested for vegetables and more than half of this cropland was not harvested at all in Census of Agriculture, USDA National Agricultural Statistics Figure 6-11 Figure 6-12 Kauai County Type of Farmland Kauai County Cropland Production 2007 Census of Agriculture, USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service Other Uses 24% Cropland 15% Pasture 61% 2007 Census of Agriculture, USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service Vegetables Pineapples 1% 0% Orchards 18% Corn 7% Other Crops 22% Unharvested Cropland 52% Figure 6-13 shows the agricultural production trend for some of the major agricultural products on Kauai since While the money generated from both cattle and sugar production have dropped substantially in the past 20 years, the value of harvested crops other than pineapple and sugar have more than quadrupled between 1990 and 2004 (when the most recent data was reported) from $7.9 million to $32.4 million. 9 9 The State of Hawaii Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism State of Hawaii Data Book Figure 6-13 Value (thousands of dollars) 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 Kauai County Agricultural Production Trends The State of Hawaii DBEDT State of Hawaii Databook Livestock Sugar Crops other than Sugar & Pineapple 68

69 6.3 Food Systems Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 6: Public Health B) Imported Food The vast majority of the food on Kauai is imported. According to the Hawaii Department of Agriculture White Paper on Food Self-Sufficiency as of 2008 between 85-90% of Hawaii s food is imported, which makes it particularly vulnerable to natural disasters and global events that might disrupt shipping and the food supply. Given that the population of Kauai is continuing to grow and farm production for export has mostly been decreasing, the state, county and other agencies have set goals of achieving food self-sufficiency in Hawaii. The Constitution of the State of Hawaii, Article XI, Section 3, states The State shall conserve and protect agricultural lands, promote diversified agriculture, increase agricultural self-sufficiency and assure the availability of agriculturally suitable lands. Imported Foods Quick Facts 85-90% of Kauai s food is imported 66% of all consumed fruits and vegetables in Hawaii are imported 93% of beef consumed in Hawaii is imported A non-profit agency on Kauai called Malama Kauai, formed in 2006, has a mission of promoting sustainability on Kauai, and a primary goal is to reduce dependence on outside food sources for the island. They recently produced a plan outlining barriers to food self-sufficiency on the North Shore and ways to overcome them titled North Shore Farms Systems Study (2009). They also recently produced another document addressing similar issues island-wide titled Diversified, Localized, and Sustainable Agriculture on Kauai Assessing Opportunities and Addressing Barriers (2010). Additionally, Sustainable Food Solutions Kauai is currently working on a proposal to achieve food self-sufficiency on Kauai ( 10 According to the 2010 Malama Kauai Agricultural Study 11 : Kauai imports 85-90% of its food As of 2005 Kauai imported 9.1 million pounds of fresh fruit and vegetables accounting 66% of all consumed fruits and vegetables statewide are imported. 93% of beef consumed statewide is imported Malama Kauai. Diversified, Localized, and Sustainable Agriculture on Kauai Assessing Opportunities and Addressing Barriers Accessed August 2,

70 Kauai Transportation Data Book Chapter 6: Public Health 6.3 Food Systems C) Food Access Existing Grocery Stores Figure 6-14 shows the distribution of various types of grocery stores on the island of Kauai. There is a high concentration of supermarkets in Lihue and along the Kuhio Highway in the Kapaa-Wailua. There are fewer supermarkets on the other parts of the island, where grocery stores of all types are less concentrated. Existing Farmer s Markets Figure 6-15 shows the distribution of farmer s markets on the island of Kauai. There are approximately 13 farmer s markets on Kauai, at least one every day of the week except Sunday. The location of farmer s markets are fairly evenly distributed throughout the island. However, while the Kapaa-Wailua area has numerous grocery stores and supermarkets, and has the largest population concentration in Kauai, there is only one farmer s market in this district (the others all have 2-3). Figure 6-15 Figure