Airport Characteristics. Airport Characteristics

Transcription

1 Airport Characteristics Amedeo R. Odoni September 5, 2002 Airport Characteristics Objective To provide background and an overview on the diversity of airport characteristics Topics Discussion of geometric characteristics of major airports Introduce some terminology Remarks on airfield specifications Some general international comparisons

2 Airport Physical Layouts Airport layouts exhibit enormous variability (no. of runways, length of runways, geometric configuration of runways, airfield layout, location and configuration of terminal facilities) Range from very simple to complex geometries Area occupied is only mildly correlated with traffic volumes Layouts are influenced by historical and local factors Geneva International (GVA) 3,800 m

3 London Gatwick (LGW) 3,100 m Kansai International (KIX)

4 Seattle-Tacoma International (SEA) Austin Bergstrom International (AUS)

5 Munich International (MUC) 4000 m 4000 m Designation of Runways Runways are identified by a two-digit number, which indicates the magnetic azimuth of the runway in the direction of operations to the nearest 10º When parallel runways are involved the indication R ( right ), L ( left ) and, with three runways, C ( center ) is also used (e.g. Runway 22R) Note that 22R is 04L in the opposite direction With 4-6 runways, one pair is marked to the nearest 10º and the other to the next nearest 10º

6 Beijing International (PEK) Kuala Lampur (KUL)

7 New York LaGuardia (LGA) Wind Coverage (ICAO) For operations on any given runway, crosswinds should not exceed: 37 km/h (20 knots) for aircraft whose reference field length is 1500 m or more, except with poor braking action, when the limit is 24 km/h (13 knots) 24 km/h (13 knots) for ref. field length between 1200 m and 1,499 m 19 km/h (10.5 knots) for ref field length of less than 1,200 m Crosswind coverage (or airport usability factor ) should be at least 95%

8 Frankfurt International (FRA) San Francisco International (SFO)

9 Miami International (MIA) London Heathrow (LHR)

10 Brussels International (BRU) Tampa International (TPA)

11 New York JFK International (JFK) Orlando International (MCO)

12 Atlanta Hartsfield International Los Angeles International (LAX)

13 Amsterdam Schiphol (AMS) Denver International (DEN)

14 Boston Logan International Configuration 22L/27-22R/22L N Source: Idris (2000)

15 Boston/Logan: Proposed Airside Changes (2001) Dallas / Ft. Worth (DFW)

16 Chicago O Hare (ORD) Land Area of Some Major Airports Airport Acres m 2 (x10 6) Denver 25, Dallas/Ft. W. 18, Orlando 10, Kansas City 8, Chicago 6, JFK Intern l 4, Atlanta 3, Los Angeles 3, Miami 3, Newark 2,300 9 Boston 2,250 9 Wash Reagan LaGuardia Airport m 2 (x10 6 ) Buenos Aires EZE 34 Paris CDG 31 Amsterdam 22 Frankfurt 19 Athens 16 Munich 15 Singapore 13 Brussels 12 Milan MXP 12 London LHR 12 Tokyo HND 11 Sydney 9 Zurich 8 London GTW 8 Tokyo NRT 7 Kansai 5

17 Factors Affecting Airport Area Requirements Principal factors affecting airfield size are: Airside capacity requirements: number and configuration of runways and apron stands Weather: no. and configuration of runways Unused area: noise buffer or for future expansion Types of aircraft and operations: runway, taxiway, apron dimensions and separations Location of passenger terminals and landside facilities relative to runways Terminal facilities and related landside space typically take up only 5-20% of an airport s total area 30 Busiest Airports in the World (Passengers): 2000 Airport Pax (million) Mvts (000) Pax/Mvt. Atlanta Chicago (ORD) Los Angeles (LAX) London (LHR) Dallas/ Ft. Worth Tokyo (HND) Frankfurt/Main Paris (CDG) San Francisco Amsterdam Denver Las Vegas Minneapolis/St Paul Seoul/Gimpo Phoenix

18 30 Busiest Airports in the World (Passengers): 2000 [2] Airport Pax (million) Mvts (000) Pax/Mvt Detroit (DTW) Houston New York/ Newark Miami Madrid New York (JFK) Hong Kong London/ Gatwick Orlando/Int l St. Louis Bangkok Toronto Singapore Seattle Boston Uneven Traffic Impact of 9/11 The impact of 9/11 on major airport passenger traffic seems to be more severe in North America, in comparison to Europe and, especially, to Asia 2001, 30 busiest airports: North America (18 airports): - 7.3% Europe (7 airports): - 1.7% Asia (5 airports): - 0.4% 2002, first 5 months, 30 busiest airports North America (18 airports): % Europe (6 airports): - 4.2% Asia (6 airports): + 4.3%

19 Generalizations: Major Airports... U.S.: Large volumes of pax and aircraft; overwhelmingly domestic; numerous regional non-jets, general aviation; small no. of pax/flight Europe: Fast-growing pax volumes at major airports; primarily international; narrow-body airline jets still dominate; few g.a. flights; intermediate no. of pax/flight East Asia/Pacific Rim: Fast-growing pax volumes; strongest presence of wide-body jets; very few g.a. flights; large no. of pax/flight. Diversity is enormous; understanding of local factors is essential. Airport Design Specifications The two most-commonly used sources of geometric specifications for airfield design are: 1. ICAO Annex 14 ( Aerodromes ) and associated supplements and manuals 2. FAA Advisory Circular 150/ ( Airport Design ) FAA updates of specifications are usually developed earlier than updates to ICAO Annex 14 (e.g., Group VI standards)

20 Classification (FAA) Aircraft Approach Category A: Speed < 91 knots B: [91-121) knots C: [ ) knots D: [ ) knots E: Speed 166+ knots Airplane Design Group I: Wing < 49 ft (15 m) II: [49-79) ft (15-24) III: [79-118) ft (24-36) IV: [ ) ft (36-52) V: [ ) ft (52-65) VI: [ ) ft (65-80) 1983 vs ADG Changes 1983 Design Groups I: Wing < 49 ft (15 m) II: [ 49-79) ft (15-24) III: [ ) ft (24-36) IV: [ ) ft (36-52) V: [ ) ft (52-60) VI: [ ) ft (60-80) 1989 Design Groups I: Wing < 49 ft (15 m) II: [ 49-79) ft (15-24) III: [ ) ft (24-36) IV: [ ) ft (36-52) V: [ ) ft (52-65) VI: [ ) ft (65-80)

21 Airport Reference Codes (ICAO) Code Field length Code Wing span Main gear # letter wheel span 1 Up to 800 m A Up to 15 m Up to 4.5 m m B m m m C m 6 9 m m + D m 9 14 m E m 9 14 m F m m

22 Runway Separations for Aircraft Approach Cat. C-D Runway Centerline AIRPLANE DESIGN GROUP To I II III IV V VI Hold Line Taxiway Centerline Parking Area Hold Line Taxiway Centerline Parking Area 250 ft 75 m 300 ft 90 m 400 ft 120 m 250 ft 75 m 400 ft 120 m 500 ft 150 m NON-PRECISION INSTRUMENT AND VISUAL 250 ft 75 m 300 ft 90 m 400 ft 120 m 250 ft 75 m 400 ft 120 m 500 ft 150 m 250 ft 75 m 400 ft 120 m 500 ft 150 m 250 ft 75 m 400 ft 120 m 500 ft 150 m PRECISION INSTRUMENT 250 ft 75 m 400 ft 120 m 500 ft 150 m 250 ft 75 m 400 ft 120 m 500 ft 150 m 250 ft 75 m 400/450/ /135/ ft 150 m 280 ft 85 m 400/450/ /135/ ft 150 m 250 ft 75 m 600 ft 180 m 500 ft 150 m 325 ft 98 m 600 ft 180 m 500 ft 150 m