GOREWAY QUEEN 1 (PART OF CLAIREVILLE CA)

Transcription

1 GOREWAY QUEEN 1 Region of Peel NAI Area # 2121, 2136, 2142, 2145, 2147, 2148, 2154, 2165, 2170, 2175, 2179, 2369, 2521, 2637, 2639, 2641 Toronto and Region Conservation Authority City of Brampton Size: 101 hectares Watershed: Humber River Con 3 (Albion Twp.), Lots1-3 Subwatershed: West Humber River Ownership: 100% public (TRCA, Ontario Ministry of Transportation) General Summary This large urban natural area is comprised predominantly of deciduous forest and cultural communities (meadow, savannah, woodland), with some wetland communities. The area occupies the broad bottomlands and valley walls of the West Humber River, a short distance upstream of the reservoir above the Claireville dam. This natural area is a part of a much larger Claireville Conservation Area that is owned and managed by the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA) and protected from urban development. The natural area is compact, mostly unfragmented (except for the eastern corner), and provides large patches of forest that provide interior forest habitat, and grassland. The site is a biologically rich area that supports provincially and regionally rare vegetation communities, two Species At Risk and regionally rare plant species. TRCA ELC surveyors, botanists and ornithologists have provided complete data coverage for the core NAI inventories (vegetation communities, plant species, breeding birds) plus incidental observations of other fauna over the delineated area (Table 1). TRCA ecologists have also surveyed frog species at this site. Table 1: TRCA Field Visits Visit Date Inventory Type 01 Apr Fauna 14 Apr Fauna 29 Apr ELC, Flora 30 Apr Flora 01 May 2002 ELC, Flora 06 June 2002 Fauna 10 June 2002 Fauna 25 June 2002 Fauna 03 July 2002 Fauna 28 Aug Flora 03 Sept Flora 16 Sept ELC 17 Sept ELC 18 Sept ELC, Flora 19 Sept ELC, Flora 24 Sept ELC, Flora 25 Sept ELC 26 Sept ELC 03 Oct Flora 28 June 2007 Fauna 02 June 2008 Fauna 25 June 2008 Fauna 03 July 2008 Fauna 28 Mar Fauna 15 Apr Fauna 27 May 2009 Fauna 28 May 2009 Fauna 04 June 2009 Fauna 08 June 2009 Fauna 09 June 2009 Fauna 15 June 2009 Fauna 16 June 2009 Fauna

2 GOREWAY QUEEN 2 Physical Features This area is in the Peel Plain physiographic region, characterized by flat to undulating topography. Soils of this region tend to be low- permeability clays, deposited when glacial meltwater ponded up over a layer of low permeability deposits. The West Humber River has eroded a broad flat-bottomed valley into the surrounding plain. The river runs through this natural area, meandering back and forth across the floodplain and is the key hydrological feature of this area. Old oxbows have created crescent-shaped wetlands. Human History In the early 1800 s, an early settler named Alexander McVean harnessed the West Humber River to power a grist and saw mill within what is now Claireville Conservation Area. McVean was a wheat farmer and built a wheat barn in 1845 that still stands today, north of Queen Street (Highway 7 East). McVean and other settlers cleared the surrounding land for agriculture to support the grist mill (City of Brampton, 2010; The Brampton News, 2010; Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, 2010). At the time of settlement the area must also have had a plentiful supply of trees that supported the sawmill. Throughout the 1800 s and the first half of the 1900 s most of this area of Brampton was farmland. The Hawthorn-dominated communities in this area indicate past agricultural grazing. The former community of Claireville was located nearby at the crossroads of Albion Road, and Steeles Ave. It was founded in 1851 by Jean du Petit Pont de la Haye, a French teacher, who named it after his daughter Claire. Part of the former community site is now covered by the Claireville Reservoir. Albion Road was originally built in 1847 by the Albion Plank Road Company and extended from Weston to Bolton. It consisted of 18 miles of pine planks (2 ¼ million feet of plank) with oak pegs and there was a toll house in Claireville (Etobicoke Historical Board, 1985; Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, 2010; Wencer, 2010). In 1954, Hurricane Hazel hit the Greater Toronto Area, with the greatest impact occurring along the floodplain of the Humber River, then occupied by residences. Flash flooding caused houses to be torn off their foundations and area residents to be swept away by floodwaters with 81 lives lost. In the years that followed, flood control plans were set in motion. In 1957, TRCA acquired farmland in this area in preparation for the construction of a flood control reservoir. This land is now known as Claireville Conservation Area. The Claireville Dam and Reservoir were constructed in 1964 at the south end of the conservation area (south of this natural area) (Environment Canada, 2009; Gorrie, 2010; TRCA, Undated). This natural area is part of Claireville Conservation Area but is less intensively used and developed than the portion to the south of Highway 407 and Steeles Ave. in the vicinity of the dam and reservoir which includes Wild Water Kingdom and Indian Line Campground. This natural area is bordered by a busy arterial road and some agricultural land to the east, Highway 407 to the south (opened in 1997) and a quieter conservation area road on the remaining sides (Bevers, 2010). Above the valley walls in this general area, urban estate residential and industrial uses exist alongside some remaining agricultural lands. Vegetation Communities The general community types present here are deciduous forest (32%), meadow marsh (3%), shallow marsh (7%), deciduous swamp (0.4%), thicket swamp (0.2%), cultural meadow (38%), cultural savannah (10%), cultural woodland (0.5%) and plantation (2%). Fifty-three plant communities were mapped for this area, comprised of 23 different vegetation types (Table 2). Two of these communities, Fresh-Moist Sugar Maple - Black Maple Deciduous Forest

3 GOREWAY QUEEN 3 (FOD6-2, S-rank S3?; 2 communities), are provincially and regionally rare. Nine of the community types present here are considered to be TRCA regional Communities of Urban Conservation Concern: Dry-Fresh Sugar Maple - Oak Deciduous Forest (FOD5-3, L-rank L4), Dry-Fresh Sugar Maple - Hawthorn Deciduous Forest (FOD5-A, L-rank L4), Fresh-Moist Sugar Maple - Black Maple Deciduous Forest (FOD6-2, L-rank L4), Fresh-Moist Oak - Lowland Maple Deciduous Forest (FOD9-2, L-rank L4), Narrow-leaved Sedge Mineral Meadow Marsh (MAM2-5, L-rank L4), Broad-leaved Sedge Mineral Meadow Marsh (MAM2-6, L-rank L4), Broad-leaved Cattail Mineral Shallow Marsh (MAS2-1A, L-rank L4), Swamp Maple Mineral Deciduous Swamp (SWD3-3, L-rank L4) and Willow Mineral Thicket Swamp (SWT2-2, L-rank L4). The forest communities dominated or co-dominated by Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum ssp. saccharum) are all mature with the exception of one of the Sugar Maple Black Maple communities which is mid-aged, and a young Sugar Maple Hawthorn community. All of the Hawthorn Apple and the exotic deciduous forests are young. The lowland deciduous forest communities (dominated by Willow (Salix sp.) and Manitoba Maple (Acer negundo)) are all mid-aged. Table 2: ELC Vegetation Communities Map reference * Vegetation type Size in hectares % of natural area FOD4-e Dry-Fresh Exotic Deciduous Forest (2 communities) FOD4-H Dry-Fresh Hawthorn - Apple Deciduous Forest (5 communities) FOD5-1 Dry-Fresh Sugar Maple Deciduous Forest FOD5-3 Dry-Fresh Sugar Maple - Oak Deciduous Forest (2 communities) FOD5-6 Dry-Fresh Sugar Maple - Basswood Deciduous Forest FOD5-A Dry-Fresh Sugar Maple - Hawthorn Deciduous Forest FOD6-2 Fresh-Moist Sugar Maple - Black Maple Deciduous Forest (2 communities) PROVINCIALLY RARE S-rank S3? FOD7-3 Fresh-Moist Willow Lowland Deciduous Forest (5 communities) FOD7-A Fresh-Moist Manitoba Maple Lowland Deciduous Forest (3 communities) FOD9-2 Fresh-Moist Oak - Lowland Maple Deciduous Forest (2 communities) MAM2-2 Reed Canary Grass Mineral Meadow Marsh (2 communities) MAM2-5 Narrow-leaved Sedge Mineral Meadow Marsh (2 communities) MAM2-6 Broad-leaved Sedge Mineral Meadow Marsh MAM2-10 Forb Mineral Meadow Marsh (4 communities) MAS2-1A Broad-leaved Cattail Mineral Shallow Marsh MAS2-1b Narrow-Leaved Cattail Mineral Shallow Marsh (8 communities) SWD3-3 Swamp Maple Mineral Deciduous Swamp SWT2-2 Willow Mineral Thicket Swamp (2 communities) CUM1-A Native Forb Old Field Meadow (2 communities) CUM1-b Exotic Cool-season Grass Old Field Meadow ( communities) CUS1-1 Hawthorn Cultural Savannah

4 GOREWAY QUEEN 4 CUW1-b Exotic Cultural Woodland CUP2-f Hybrid Poplar Conifer Mixed Plantation TOTAL AREA INVENTORIED * Note: The map reference code refers to the vegetation type shown on mapping for this area and also to the Appendix list of species typically encountered in this vegetation type. Species Presence Vascular Plants Plant species diversity is high in this area. A total of 213 species are present, of which 155 (73%) are native. One species, Butternut (Juglans cinerea), is Endangered both nationally and provincially, as well as being provincially rare (S-rank S3?; Table 3). Ten regionally rare species are also present (Table 4). Nineteen species are TRCA regional Species of Conservation Concern and an additional 36 species are TRCA regional Species of Urban Conservation Concern (Table 4). Breeding Birds A total of 52 species of breeding birds occur in this natural area, of which 50 (96%) are native. Two of these are Species At Risk (Table 3). Both Barn Swallow and Eastern Meadowlark are Threatened nationally. Nine species of breeding birds present are TRCA regional Species of Conservation Concern and an additional 20 species are TRCA regional Species of Urban Conservation Concern (Table 4). This area supports three species of colonial-nesting birds, namely Bank Swallow (Riparia riparia), Barn Swallow and Northern Rough-winged Swallow (Stelgidopteryx serripennis). The interior forest habitat at this area supports five species of area-sensitive forest interior birds, Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapilla), Hairy Woodpecker (Picoides villosus), Pileated Woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus), Brown Creeper (Certhia americana) and Black-and-white Warbler (Mniotilta varia). Open early successional communities, along with adjacent agricultural areas support the breeding of grassland birds such as Clay-colored Sparrow (Spizella pallida), Field Sparrow (Spizella pusilla) and Eastern Meadowlark. One of these grassland bird species, Eastern Meadowlark, is area-sensitive. One raptor species, Cooper s Hawk (Accipiter cooperii), and one waterfowl species, Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), also breed in this area. Herpetofauna Three frog species occur in this natural area, all of which are native. One species, the Western Chorus Frog (Pseudacris triseriata) is nationally Threatened (Table 3). The other two species are Northern Leopard Frog and Wood Frog. All three frog species present are TRCA regional Species of Conservation Concern (Table 4). Mammals Seven mammal species have been observed incidentally in this natural area. All are native and common medium-sized species. Targeted inventories on other less easily detected mammal groups such as small mammals and bats would likely reveal additional mammal species to be present. Four of the mammals present are TRCA regional Species of Urban Conservation Concern (Table 4). Table 3: Designated Species At Risk Scientific name Common name COSEWIC COSSARO S rank G rank VASCULAR PLANTS Juglans cinerea Butternut END END S3? G4 BIRDS Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow THR S5B G5 Sturnella magna Eastern Meadowlark THR S5B G5

5 GOREWAY QUEEN 5 HERPETOFAUNA Pseudacris triseriata Western Chorus Frog THR S4 G5 Regionally rare species (shown in bold), TRCA Regional Species of Conservation Concern (L1-L3), and TRCA Regional Species of Urban Conservation Concern (L4) (Kaiser, 2001; Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, 2007) Scientific name Common name S rank G rank L-rank VASCULAR PLANTS Acer rubrum Red Maple S5 G5 L4 Acer saccharinum Silver Maple S5 G5 L4 Acer x freemanii Freeman's Maple SNR GNA L3 Allium tricoccum Small White Leek S5 G5 L4 Asclepias incarnata ssp. Swamp Milkweed S5 G5T5 L4 incarnata Aster macrophyllus Large-leaf Wood Aster S5 G5 L4 Boehmeria cylindrica False Nettle S5 G5 L4 Caltha palustris Marsh Marigold S5 G5 L4 Cardamine concatenata Cutleaf Toothwort S5 G5 L3 Cardamine diphylla Two-leaf Toothwort S5 G5 L4 Carex deweyana Short-scale Sedge S5 G5 L4 Carex lacustris Lake-bank Sedge S5 G5 L4 Carex lupulina Hop Sedge S5 G5 L3 Carex pseudo-cyperus Cyperus-like Sedge S5 G5 L4 Carex stricta Tussock Sedge S5 G5 L4 Carex tenera Slender Sedge S5 G5 L4 Carex trisperma var. Three-seed Sedge S5 G5T5 L3 trisperma subspecies Carya ovata Shag-bark Hickory S5 G5 L3 Caulophyllum giganteum Giant Blue Cohosh S4? G4G5Q L4 Chelone glabra White Turtlehead S5 G5 L3 Claytonia virginica Narrow-leaved Spring-beauty S5 G5 L3 Cornus amomum ssp. obliqua Silky Dogwood S5 G5T5 L3 Cornus rugosa Roundleaf Dogwood S5 G5 L4 Crataegus macracantha Long-spined Hawthorn S5 GNR L4 Dryopteris marginalis Marginal Woodfern S5 G5 L4 Elymus riparius River Wild-rye S4? G5 L4 Euonymus obovatus Running Strawberry-bush S5 G5 L3 Eupatorium perfoliatum Common Boneset S5 G5 L4 Hackelia deflexa Northern Stickseed S5 G5 L2 Juglans cinerea Butternut S3? G4 L3 Larix laricina American Larch S5 G5 L3 Leersia virginica White Grass S4 G5 L4 Lemna trisulca Star Duckweed S5 G5 L3 Lycopus uniflorus Northern Bugleweed S5 G5 L4 Mimulus ringens Square-stem Monkey-flower S5 G5 L4 Monotropa hypopithys American Pinesap S4 G5 L3 Penstemon digitalis Foxglove Beardtongue S4S5 G5 L3 Penthorum sedoides Ditch-stonecrop S5 G5 L4 Picea glauca White Spruce S5 G5 L3 Pinus resinosa Red Pine S5 G5 L2

6 GOREWAY QUEEN 6 Pinus strobus Eastern White Pine S5 G5 L4 Polygonatum pubescens Downy Solomon's-seal S5 G5 L4 Polygonum hydropiperoides Mild Water-pepper S5 G5 L3 Quercus rubra Northern Red Oak S5 G5 L4 Sagittaria latifolia Broadleaf Arrowhead S5 G5 L4 Salix amygdaloides Peach-leaved Willow S5 G5 L4 Salix discolor Pussy Willow S5 G5 L4 Salix petiolaris Meadow Willow S5 G5 L4 Scirpus microcarpus Red-tinge Bulrush S5 G5 L4 Scirpus validus Soft-stem Bulrush S5 G5 L4 Sicyos angulatus One-seed Bur-cucumber S5 G5 L3 Sium suave Hemlock Water-parsnip S5 G5 L4 Thuja occidentalis Eastern White Cedar S5 G5 L4 Trillium erectum Red Trillium S5 G5 L4 Waldsteinia fragarioides Barren Strawberry S5 G5 L4 BIRDS Setophaga ruticilla American Redstart S5B G5 L3 Scolopax minor American Woodcock S4B G5 L3 Riparia riparia Bank Swallow S4B G5 L4 Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow S5B G5 L4 Ceryle alcyon Belted Kingfisher S4B G5 L4 Mniotilta varia Black and White Warbler S5B G5 L2 Polioptila caerulea Blue-gray Gnatcatcher S4B G5 L4 Certhia americana Brown Creeper S5B G5 L3 Spizella pallida Clay-colored Sparrow S4B G5 L3 Geothlypis trichas Common Yellowthroat S5B G5 L4 Accipiter cooperii Cooper's Hawk S4B G5 L4 Sturnella magna Eastern Meadowlark S5B G5 L4 Megascops asio Eastern Screech-owl S5 G5 L4 Contopus virens Eastern Wood-pewee S4B G5 L4 Spizella pusilla Field Sparrow S4B G5 L4 Dumetella carolinensis Gray Catbird S5B G5 L4 Myiarcyhus crinitus Great Crested Flycatcher S4B G5 L4 Picoides villosus Hairy Woodpecker S5 G5 L4 Passerina cyanea Indigo Bunting S4B G5 L4 Colaptes auratus Northern Flicker S4B G5 L4 Stelgidopteryx serripennis Northern Rough-winged S4B G5 L4 Swallow Seiurus aurocapilla Ovenbird S4B G5 L3 Dryocopus pileatus Pileated Woodpecker S5 G5 L3 Vireo olivaceus Red-eyed Vireo S5B G5 L4 Pheucticus ludovicianus Rose-breasted Grosbeak S4B G5 L4 Melospiza georgiana Swamp Sparrow S5B G5 L4 Sitta carolinensis White-breasted Nuthatch S5 G5 L4 Hylocichla mustelina Wood Thrush S4B G5 L3 Coccyzus americanus Yellow-billed Cuckoo S4B G5 L3 HERPETOFAUNA Rana pipiens Northern Leopard Frog S5 G5 L3 Pseudacris triseriata Western Chorus Frog S4 G5 L2 Rana sylvatica Wood Frog S5 G5 L2

7 GOREWAY QUEEN 7 MAMMALS Castor canadensis Beaver S5 G5 L4 Tamias striatus Eastern Chipmunk S5 G5 L4 Sylvilagus floridanus Eastern Cottontail S5 G5 L4 Odocoileus virginianus White-tailed Deer S5 G5 L4 Site Condition and Disturbances This large natural area is impacted by its urban surroundings. In spite of the disturbance, the site is still in good condition, with high species diversity including some regionally rare plant species. The area also provides habitat for many plant and breeding bird species that are TRCA regional Species of Urban Conservation Concern. The main disturbances are as a result of exotic and invasive species, trails and associated trampling, and from trash dumping. Most of the communities are affected by exotic species and many are affected by invasive species. The forest communities north of the river are generally the least impacted by exotics, with localized patches of relatively benign exotic species. More aggressive and problematic invasive species have become widespread and a severe disturbance is evident in the cultural savannah and many of the smaller forests and some wetland communities south of the river. Disturbance from invasive species is moderate in the cultural meadow communities. Disturbance due to trails and tramping is generally light to moderate and restricted to the floodplain communities. As a conservation area, it is understandable that trails exist for recreational use and the area s location in an urban setting puts much more pressure on the area that would be the case in a more rural setting. The large, triangular cultural meadow on tableland at the south corner of the site is severely impacted by trails. This area appears to be somewhat more developed for recreational use than the bottomlands. Approximately half of the communities, grouped in the southern half of the natural area, show light to moderate disturbance due to trash dumping. The trash is localized and mainly associated with the severely impacted cultural meadow in the south corner (likely higher recreational use) and the cultural savannah on the floodplain north of the river (likely also from recreational use). More extensive trash, producing moderate disturbance levels, occurs in valley slope communities. This likely stems more from historical land use rather than current use of the site, related to past practices of dumping trash out of site over an embankment. One of the forest communities north of the river is also moderately disturbed from trash dumping. Over half of this area (meadow, savannah, woodland and Hawthorn-Apple deciduous forest) is regenerating from large-scale disturbance (removal of forest cover for agriculture) and appears to have been cultivated or grazed by livestock. This regeneration has likely been in effect since the late 1950 s when TRCA acquired the farmland. In 1964 TRCA constructed the Claireville Dam and Reservoir in the south end of the conservation area (outside of the boundaries of this natural area) which may have impacted water quality/quantity and fish diversity within this natural area. Ecological Features and Functions With forest communities greater than 2 ha, wetlands well over 0.5 ha in size and cultural meadows and cultural savannah totalling over 10 ha, this natural area has the potential to support and sustain biodiversity, healthy ecosystem functions and to provide long-term resilience for the natural system. The riparian area provides a transitional zone between terrestrial and aquatic habitats, helping to maintain the water quality of the river and providing a movement corridor for plants and wildlife.

8 GOREWAY QUEEN 8 By containing a relatively wide variety of habitat types, this natural area supports biodiversity, particularly for species that require more than one habitat type for their life needs. This natural area contains provincially and regionally rare vegetation communities and thus has the potential to support additional biodiversity above and beyond that found in common community types. This area has excellent connectivity with large areas of natural habitat upstream along the West Humber River valley, to the west and northwest. The road separating these two areas of habitat is relatively narrow and not as intensively used as the other roads. At the immediate downstream end of this natural area, an embankment has been built up allowing the highway to cross the valley of the West Humber River and some direct habitat connectivity is afforded under the length of bridge over the river itself. While connectivity to the south is very narrow and restricted by the bridge (and a second railroad bridge) it does allow for safe movement of wildlife if they are tolerant of the noise and traffic overhead. The relatively close proximity of other areas of natural habitat creates above-average potential for wildlife movement between natural areas, species dispersal and recovery from disturbance, creating additional resilience for the ecosystem. The West Humber River runs through this area and thus this natural area supports the connectivity function of the Humber River and its tributaries which provide a natural habitat corridor that facilitates the cross-regional movement of wildlife between major provincial corridors. This area supports two communities of a provincially and regionally rare vegetation type. The area also provides habitat for four Species At Risk (one plant species, two bird species, one frog species), one provincially rare plant species and ten regionally rare plant species. Interior forest habitat of this area supports five species of area-sensitive forest interior birds. Three species of colonial-nesting birds, three species of grassland birds (one of them area-sensitive), one raptor species and one waterfowl species nest in this area. Wetlands of this area support amphibian breeding. Based on the above features, this area should be evaluated to determine if significant wildlife habitat is present in accordance with the Provincial Policy Statement, Region of Peel Official Plan, and Brampton Official Plan. The valley walls tend to be quite steep, and the steepness has likely allowed a forest community along part of the valley wall to mature. The large contiguous forest communities north of the river are also mature, whereas the cultural communities are young to mid-aged. As a community that is capable of high mast (nut) production, the Fresh-Moist Oak - Lowland Maple Deciduous Forest present here is an importance source of food for a variety of fauna species. Opportunities It would be beneficial to fortify trails near recreational parts of the natural area, to ensure that users stay on the designated path and do not perpetuate the disturbance from trails and trampling. Monitoring for invasive species could be conducted along trails and public use/access areas. While many exotic and invasive species are already present throughout this area, selecting some of the most problematic for control measures may be successful in preventing their continued spread.

9 GOREWAY QUEEN 9 Maintenance of existing linkages to other natural areas is beneficial and enhancement of the width of the linkages is encouraged where possible. As an area of confluence for several creeks, this site connects along valleys with several other natural areas and is therefore particularly important in maintaining continuity of natural vegetation throughout the site. Some of the regenerating old field communities at this site have been planted to young conifer trees. At the right locations, restoration plantings can be used to increase the size and width of communities in an effort to improve community shape and provide the interior habitat needed by some specialist species. However, some of the cultural meadows could be maintained as meadows to provide habitat for grassland birds. This can be accomplished by periodic mowing, delayed until after the young of grassland birds have fledged. The health of Butternut tree(s) at this area could be assessed by a Butternut Assessor to determine whether any might be candidates for inclusion in the Butternut Recovery Program. Since some of the forest communities are mature, they could be checked for characteristics of old growth, which may be considered a significant habitat feature. Additional inventories of dragonflies/damselflies, butterflies, small mammals and bats may be productive given the high biodiversity of other surveyed taxa at this site. Literature Cited Bevers, C Ontario Highways The History of the King s Highways and other Ontario Provincial Highways. Available at Last Accessed 23 November City of Brampton Lakes and Conservation Areas. Available at Last Accessed 23 November Environment Canada Hurricane Hazel Mitigation. Available at Last Accessed 23 November Etobicoke Historical Board Villages of Etobicoke. Argyle Printing, Weston. Kaiser, Jeff The Vascular Plant Flora of the Region of Peel and the Credit River Watershed. Prepared for: Credit Valley Conservation, the Regional Municipality of Peel, Toronto and Region Conservation Authority. Gorrie, P. A Secret Retreat. The Toronto Star, 03 June Available at Last Accessed 23 November The Brampton News. TRCA Supports Mayor s Bid to Designate Clairville as an Urban Forest, 30 April Available at Last Accessed 23 November Toronto and Region Conservation Authority Terrestrial Natural Heritage Program Data Collection Methodology. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority TRCA-FarmStart McVean New Farmers Project. Available at Last Accessed 23 November Toronto and Region Conservation Authority and ThinData. Undated. Hurricane Hazel. Available at Last Accessed 23 November Wencer, D The Hidden Etobicoke Village of Claireville. Heritage Toronto. Available at Last Accessed 15 December 2010.

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