Poesia, musica e agoni nella Grecia antica

Transcription

1 Poesia, musica e agoni nella Grecia anica Poery, Music and Coness in ancien Greece Ai del IV convegno inernazionale di MOISA Proceedings of he IV h Inernaional Meeing of MOISA Lecce, oobre 2010 a cura di D. CAsALDo - F.G. GIAnnAChI - A. MAnIerI Rudiae RiCeRChe sul Mondo ClassiCo II omo ConGeDo ediore

2 SelioS PSaroudakeS he Hellenisic side Flue and he koilē-ahens insrumen

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4 inroducion a wind musical insrumen was excavaed in ahens in 2000, which can be recognized as a side flue, an insrumen abou which a scholarly debae has been going on for years, no only abou is ancien name (plagiaulos?), bu even abou is very exisence amongs he Hellenes, and even he eruscans and he romans; some scholars mainain ha he side flue came o europe from india and he Far eas in he 10 h cenury ad via Byzanion. 1 i will be here concluded beyond doub ha he side flue, alhough a foreign impor, according o he ancien relevan exs, did exis in he Hellenic world, in ahens and elsewhere, and no only in rural environmens, as he exual references o i would have us believe. He evidence of iconography on He HelleniSiC Side Flue up o now, only one piece of good depicive evidence for he exisence of he side flue was known o us: a mosaic from korinhos, of roman dae bu believed o have been a copy of an earlier, Hellenic (4 h cenury BC), paining (fig. 1), depicing a shepherd side fluing o his cale. 2 o his, a second piece of evidence, recenly discovered in hēbai, came in suppor of he korinhian mosaic: a pained floor in he silhouee echnique (fig. 2), daed as abou 200 BC, of a man on a bema, playing he side flue. 3 His posure is very characerisic of side flauiss, wih he legs crossed over. in he background are depiced a wreah (probably, signifying vicory in a music cones), and wha looks like a flask of wine (he prize, perhaps). 4 good evidence is also furnished by 1 Mos laely, Monagu 2001, p See SHear he suggesion is made, on sylisic grounds, ha he original may have been a paining by Pausias or a member of his School, in 4 h C BC Sikyon. See also SHear 1925 wih fig See Κουντουρη i would like o express my sincere hanks o archaeologis Ms Helena kounourē, of he 9 h ephorae of Prehisoric and Classical aniquiies (hēba), for he permission o include his iem in he presen publicaion. 4 a similar wreah, alhough less sylized, of more or less he same period (2 nd C BC), can be seen on a squa jug of he lagynos group from he area of Pergamos (fig. 3); london, Briish Museum, Caalogue of Vases F 513 (WilliaMS 1985, p. 69).

5 522 Selios Psaroudakēs he mosaic floor depicion of a side flauis from roman knōssos (fig. 4), he so called dionysos Villa, of he Hadrianus-anoninus period (2 nd cenury BC). i is described as a porrai of a sayr wih a flue. 5 of lesser qualiy are he following iconographical iems: (i) a sauee of alexandrian imes, now in he Hellenoegypian Museum of alexandria (fig. 5), undoubedly depicing a side flauis; 6 (ii) an eruscan relief (fig. 6) of ca 100 BC; 7 (iii) a lae roman (ca. 200 ad) saue (fig. 8) of a flauis (?) sayr, whose prooype may go back o he 4 h cenury BC; 8 (iv) a coin (fig. 9) from he ciy-sae of Caesaria Philippi, 9 daed as Hellenisic or roman (4 h BC-4 h ad). undoubedly, a side flauis is being depiced, again wih ha characerisic crossing-over of he legs; (v) a second coin (fig. 10) from he same place and period, probably also depicing a side flauis leaning agains a ree, and in he company of a sheep; 10 (vi) a hird coin (fig. 11), same place and period, depicing a piper, probably a side flauis. noice, again, he crossing over of he legs of he musician; 11 (vii) a series of more han fify wo roman copies in various european museums of a Praxielean (ca. 300 BC) original, depicing a side fluis. 12 in one of hem (fig. 12), Pan is porrayed playing he side flue, alhough he insrumen is a much laer addiion. 13 However, he posiion of he hands o he one side, he urning of he head in he direcion of he hands, and, possibly, he crossing over of he legs, srongly sugges ha originally a side flue was placed in Pan s hands. in a second copy (fig. 13), he righ hand of he piper is much lower han he lef 5 kankeleie HiCkMann 1952, p. 111, fig. 3, idenifying he insrumen wih he Casellani pipes in he Briish Museum. also, BreCCia 1930 ii 2, p. 286, pl a relief on an urn, in he omb of he Volumnii near Perugia. SaCHS 1940, p. 142 wih pl. Viiia; FleiSCHHauer 1964, pp wih fig. 20; BroWn 1980, pp. 669, 670, fig. 5; Monagu 2001, p. 31, fig roma, Museo nazionale romano inv. n Wegner 1963, p. 57, fig. 28; VaSori 1979, pp ; BroWn 1980, p. 669; Monagu 2001, p Braun 2002, fig. V.58.d (Collecion of he american numismaic Sociey). he Hellenic name of he ciy was Panéas or Panias, or Páneion or Pánion, ancien Palesine (fig. 7 op righ), modern own Baniyas in Syria. 10 Braun 2002, p. 294, fig. V.58.f (ashmolean Museum). Braun idenifies he insrumen as a long or noched flue, ha is, a slan flue as opposed o a side flue. 11 Braun 2002, p. 293, fig. V.58.e (Jerusalem, israel Museum, 1134). Braun idenifies i wih a reed insrumen. 12 My sincere hanks o Sephan Schröder, Curaor of he Prado Museum, Madrid, for poining ou his series of copies o me, and providing me wih his publicaion on he louvre and Prado saues. 13 Paris, louvre, inv SCHröder 2004, p. 129, fig. 26.

6 The Hellenisic side flue and he Koilē-Ahens insrumen 523 hand, which is no a likely posiion for holding a side flue, alhough he head is urned o he direcion of he hands. 14 Could he pipe hen no be a side bu a sraigh or slan flue? However, i would be safe o conclude ha some sor of flue (syrinx) was mean. 15 He koilē-ahens Side Flue he insrumen (fig. 15) was found in 2000 by archaeologis olga Bogiazoglou of he 1 s ephorae of Prehisoric and Classical aniquiies, in a non-disurbed burial, in a grave of he Hellenisic cemeery of koilē, he area beween he hills of Pnyx and Philopappos, opposie he ahenian acropolis. 16 Phoographs of i were aken in siu by he excavaors, and he insrumen was raised from he ground ogeher wih he surrounding i soil and plan roos ha had grown hrough i, and golden hreads, perhaps belonging o he garmen of he deceased (fig. 17). he fac ha a srigil was also found in he grave indicaes ha he deceased was a man. 17 he burial has been daed as he period 1 s cenury BC o 1 s cenury ad. 18 he pipe was ranspored o he laboraories of he acropolis ephorae for cleaning and resoraion. a close collaboraion of he presen wrier wih he resorer over a fairly long period of ime ensured ha no significan informaion was los o us in he process. 19 as will become apparen, almos all of he informaion ha we would have wished o rerieve from he objec we are able o ge, and because i is an insrumen ha operaes wihou a reed, is scale can be easily produced on a physical replica of he insrumen. 20 he pipe comprises five bone secions (fig. 16, here named from lef o righ a, B, C, d, e), joined ogeher in he well known socke-spigo 14 Madrid, Prado Museum, Ca. no 118. SCHröder 2004, p. 128 wih fig. ineresingly, a muliple syrinx is hanging from he branch of he ree agains which he figure is leaning, wih legs crossed over. 15 able 3 (fig. 14) is a collecive diagram in chronological order of all he available evidence on he Hellenisic side flue: iconography and real insrumens. 16 ancien road of koilē, Secion a, grave 22, group 5, deph 96 cm. i would like o express my sincere hanks o Ms olga Bogiazoglou for graning me permission o examine he find, and proceed wih is publicaion. 17 However, srigils have been found in women s graves as well. 18 his provisional dae will be verified when all he oher objecs found in he grave, boh meallic and ceramic, will have been sudied. 19 i would like o express my sincere hanks and appreciaion o he resorer of he 1 s ephorae Ms Basilikē Mylōna, for he invaluable discussions and guidance on issues or resoraion, and her mos friendly aiude. 20 See below, under reconsrucion and acousics.

7 524 Selios Psaroudakēs manner, wih bronze rings fied over he joins. 21 he uppermos secion is he mouhpiece wih he mouh-hole, hen a piece of simple ubing, followed by a firs secion wih four holes and a second one wih five holes, and a lowes secion flaring ou a he end, forming a genle bell. hus, here are nine one holes in all, all of he same size: seven on op and wo underneah (humb-holes). 22 i goes wihou saying ha wih wo humbholes, he insrumen canno be anyhing else bu a single pipe, one humb-hole for each hand. he humb-holes ( h and l ) are second in order from above (i,, ii, iii...), as is always he case wih he double auloi ha we know of. 23 We can be sure ha he pipe was played o he righ (in conras o he korinhos mosaic bu in accord wih he heban floor), because he humb-holes are no exacly below he ohers in each secion, bu displaced wih respec o hem: clockwise (when seen from he mouhpiece side) in he case of he upper secion, indicaing ha he lef hand operaed in he upper region (secion C), and aniclockwise in he lower secion, indicaing ha he righ hand fingered hose holes (secion d). 24 remnans of pase a he juncion of secions d and e ha could very well have been glue, is corroboraive evidence o John landels hypohesis, ha auloi secions were glued ogeher he bone surfaces under he bronze rings have been coloured green by he producs of oxidizaion of he copper conained in he alloy. he rings have los all of heir meal core; wha survives is only producs of oxidizaion. 22 landels (1999, p. 72) anicipaed ha he ancien Hellenic side flue would have nine holes, bu he gave he series i h h ii h iii h iv h - i l ii l iii l iv l (wih only one humbhole), raher han he one we find on he koilē insrumen, which is i h h ii h iii h i l l ii l iii l iv l (wih wo humb-holes). i is ineresing ha only four fingers of he upper hand are o be used, as opposed o all five of he lower hand. his is probably because i would be raher difficul o cover a fifh hole wih he lile finger of he upper hand, as he lile finger would form an obuse angle wih he longiudinal axis of he pipe. on he indices h and l see he nex noe. 23 indices h and l sand for high and low hand posiions on he pipe. For a righ handed musician, playing he insrumen o his/her righ, h corresponds o he lef hand and l o he righ hand. 24 i have elsewhere argued ha, in a double aulos, a clockwise shif of a humb-hole (as perceived by he player) indicaes a lef hand pipe, while an aniclockwise shif indicaes a righ hand pipe (PSaroudakēS 2008). Perhaps, his shif o one side of he keel of he pipe, allowed he humb o fold a he firs join, and hus uncover he hole wihou any furher movemen. in his way, he firs phalanx of he humb assumes a posiion perpendicular o he pipe, wih only he ip of he finger in conac wih he pipe. he echnique is easily demonsraed on a replica, and wih very good resuls. 25 landels 1999, p. 33. Maerial remnans of glue exure have been observed by Ms Mylōna under he microscope on he inside surface of some rings, and on he ouer surface of some spigos. i is very likely, herefore, ha he bone secions were glued ogeh-

8 The Hellenisic side flue and he Koilē-Ahens insrumen 525 he posiions of he holes along he pipe are as follows (poin 0 is he uppermos end of he spigo; capial leers indicae he upper ends of he relevan secions: [25.066] (cm) spig. a emb. B C i h h ii h iii h d i l l ii l iii l iv l e [ - -] end o his overall lengh (51.1 cm) mus be added he deph of he plug, which, as has been assumed, is equal o he lengh difference beween he spigo and he ring ( = cm). hus, he overall lengh of he original insrumen (no allowing for aphonomic aleraions) was cm ( ). However, he funcional lengh of he pipe is 51.1 cm, since his is he lengh of he vibraing air column when all he holes are closed, including he opening in secion e. 26 he wall hickness of he pipe, measured a several places, is of he order of 3 mm. of he wo cenral secions of he pipe, he lef hand secion (C) is fairly damaged: holes i h, h, and ii h are discernible, bu he exisence of a hole iii h has o be assumed, as he bone in ha area is missing. afer all, he disance beween hole ii h and hole i l of he nex secion (d) is oo large o have been wihou a one hole in i. So, he posiion of a hole iii h mus somehow be locaed by calculaion. his is possible, because a he place where he hole mus have been, a well was formed inside he pipe and around he circumference of he hole before he fracure ook place (fig. 17), possibly by maerial ha enered he pipe hrough he hole and solidified, and came o hang from he edge of he hole like a salagmie. his formaion was suck on he inside wall of he pipe (fig. 18). i propose we ake he cenre of his well o correspond o he cenre of he missing hole iii h. if we do his, hen by working wih lengh raios off he phoograph, he posiion of hole iii h can be calculaed: er in posiion, and ha so were he meallic rings o he bone surface a he joins. also, several small pieces of fiber have been locaed in beween some rings and he bone underneah hem, and inside he pipe in he region of some rings. wo of hese fibers have been idenified: one is of linen and he oher of coon. anoher small piece of sring, whose core fibers have survived, has lef is clear samp on he solidified mud under he ring a juncion d-e; he shape of he race indicaes ha he maerial of he sring which surrounded he core was coon. i seems likely, herefore, ha, ogeher wih he use of glue, sring was wrapped around he spigos, so as o creae a igh join, in very much he same way i is ofen done oday on wind insrumens (conra landels 1999, p. 33). 26 he operaing lengh of he air column would no, of course, be 51.1 cm in he case he opening were lef uncovered; i would be shorer.

9 526 Selios Psaroudakēs well secion C phoograph (Fig. 18) iii h real x y secion C x:8 = 10.45:9.4 x = cm y:8.85 = 10.45:9.4 y = cm diameer of well : y-x = = cm 27 posiion of cenre of iii h : (x+y):2 = ( ):2 = cm posiion of iii h along he pipe (0-C + C-iii h ): = cm his value is accepable, since i lies well beween hole ii h (a 22.6 cm) and he beginning of secion d (a 26.3 cm). he esimaed posiion of hole iii h will be checked laer, when he scale produced by a replica will be examined, o see wheher i conforms wih wha is known from harmonic heory. alhough he posiions of he oher hree holes of secion C can be esablished, heir diameers canno be measured, because no enough bone maerial survives along heir circumference. However, hey seem o be of he same size wih he holes of he nex secion, d, which is in very good condiion and measuremens of hole diameers are possible. no recession is o be found around he holes: heir edges are square cu. heir shape is slighly ellipical, he difference beween longiudinal and ransversal values being of he order of jus under 1 mm (0.5 mm for mean values. Mean values are: mm longiudinal and 7.58 mm ransversal). 28 he mouhpiece (fig. 19), a he upper end, has a prismaic plaform on i, wih a mouh hole (9.28 mm in diameer) hrough i. his plaform has los is righ half (fig. 20) bu, forunaely, we are able o reconsruc i precisely, because anoher hree such mouhpieces are known o us from 27 his value is larger han he oher hole diameers of secion d by abou 1mm (larger, ransverse values): i l 8.34; ii l 8.46; iii l 8.66; iv l 7.52 cm. his resul is no oo bad, if one akes ino accoun he fac ha some small error will have undoubedly enered our measuremens off he phoograph, in which some curvaure is presen. 28 exac measuremens (in cm) of he holes of secion d (firs figure longiudinal, second ransverse): i l 7.42x8.34; l 7.58x7.94; ii l 7.54x8.46; iii l 7.72x8.66; iv l 7.28x7.52.

10 The Hellenisic side flue and he Koilē-Ahens insrumen 527 he archaeological record, and which are, in his way, of immense value. all hree are in excellen sae of preservaion. one comes from Halikarnassos (fig. 21), and is daed as he 3 rd cenury BC; 29 a second, from dēlos (fig. 22), daed around 100 BC ( BC); 30 and a hird one from korinhos (fig. 23), daed as around 200 BC ( BC). 31 alhough heir respecive sizes are no idenical, heir shape is exacly he same: on he cylindrical body of he pipe is carved ino he same piece of bone a prismaic prorusion wih a sharp edge a he apex, and a circular hole drilled a righ angles o he longiudinal axis of he pipe. he mouh-hole lies in he middle of his plaform. hanks o hese secions, he new mouhpiece can be safely reconsruced, since in all hree secions, he prismaic plaform is symmerical abou he mouh-hole. ineresingly, here exiss oday in african guinea a side flue whose mouhpiece is quie similar o he ancien one (fig. 24). obviously, wih side walls on eiher side of he mouh-hole, a beer focus of he air sream is aained. here is a deail on he inac Halikarnassos mouhpiece (fig. 25), which, undoubedly, is of significance: he mouh-hole is no symmerical abou is virual longiudinal axis (fig. 26); is downsream side is slighly curved, as opposed o he oher, upper, side which is pracically verical, undoubedly for a beer, more linear, air flow. he same feaure can be clearly observed on he dēlos mouhpiece. 32 he upper spigo of he mouhpiece was embraced by a bronze ring (fig. 27), which is fairly longer han he spigo (by cm). he quesion, herefore, arises: wha is he purpose of his space? a close examinaion of he solidified clay occupying his area reveals races of wooden or fel exure. 33 i seems, herefore, ha a plug of wood or fel was in- 29 london, Briish Museum, inv. no newon 1862 ii, p. 339; BéliS 1988, pp , fig PaPadoPoulou French excavaions, now in he island Museum, B american excavaions, now in he Museum of ancien korinhos, MF i was found in he Souh Soa, Well in Shop Vii: Well i would like o express my sincere hanks o he Curaor of he korinhos excavaions of he american School of Classical Sudies a ahens, Ms ioulia zonou-herbs, for providing me wih he phoograph of fig. 23 (couresy of he american School of Classical Sudies, Corinh excavaions, i. ioannidou and l. Barzioi). 32 i would like o express my sincere hanks o he direcor of he 21 s ephorae of Prehisoric and Classical aniquiies (kyklades), Ms Maria Marharē, and he archaeologis responsible for dēlos, Mr Panagiōēs Chazēdakēs, for heir permission o examine he auleic fragmens in he Museum of dēlos in he summer of resorer, Ms Basilikē Mylōna expressed almos cerainy on his.

11 528 Selios Psaroudakēs sered in his empy space, closing hus he upper end of he pipe. he exisence of a plug a his end has o be proven, since here exis side flues in he world oday which are open a he upper end (e.g. he korean bamboo side flue), making he plug no a necessary feaure in side flues. When he ring was aken away in he laboraory (fig. 28), a hick reddish accumulaion was revealed underneah, suggesing ha leaher had been mos probably placed beween he ring and he bone (anines). 34 noably, he spigos of boh he dēlos and he korinhos mouhpieces (figs. 22, 23) have heir surfaces prominenly engraved all along heir lenghs wih shallow circles, a feaure observed on he koilē mouhpiece spigo only when examined under he microscope. Perhaps, hese engraved lines were no necessary in he case of he koilē mouhpiece, because of he inermediae layer of leaher used in his case; perhaps hey are simply lahe marks. undoubedly, he piece of leaher was here in order o creae a good seal. he exisence or no of a plug a he upper end of he pipe is of grea significance, as i essenially defines he upper limi of he vibraing air column inside he pipe. he ouer surface of he plug does no seem o have been covered by meal (fig. 27); here is no race of a meallic disc, which migh have been he boom, so o speak, of he cap. his means ha he plug would have been insered a he end, afer he ring had been secured on he pipe. a small amoun of coniciy (fig. 29) is fel o be presen in he ring, suggesing ha he plug was no cylindrical bu slighly conical. his makes good sense, since a conical plug would have affeced a beer seal han a cylindrical one (fig. 30). he second secion (B) of he koilē pipe (fig. 16) is a mere cylindrical ube, wihou any one-holes, essenially a piece connecing mouhpiece and firs secion wih holes (secion C). enough maerial survives on B for us o reconsruc he juncion a-b safely. he bronze ring of he juncion exends over secion B well beyond he boom of he socke in B. he pipe flares ou a he exi (fig. 31), creaing a genle bell, which is encased in a bronze sheah. he bell is an acousically significan feaure, since he bore changes from cylindrical o conical over he las 2.7 cm of he secion. he angle of he bell (φ) can be calculaed by subracing inernal diameers in he cylindrical secion and a he exi edge of he bell: 34 Small pieces of leaher have been locaed under he meal ring, and also in he solidified mud inside he pipe.

12 The Hellenisic side flue and he Koilē-Ahens insrumen 529 d imax -d i = = cm; 0526:2 = cm anφ = 0.263:2.7 = φ 5.5 o he exi secion (fig. 32) has a curious feaure on i: an elongaed opening, in he shape of an animal s skin or of an ingo (lengh overall cm; max widh 0.7 cm), wih he neck of he skin poining upsream. 35 a is downsream end here is a shallow hollow, like a lile cup. here are wo possibiliies: eiher he opening was covered by some kind of ap, or lef open for acousic reasons ( ven ). in any case, as all five fingers of he righ hand operaed on he five holes of secion d, a possible mechanism could no have been manipulaed by he lile finger (of hole iv l ), unless here was a leaver reaching up o he lile finger. 36 However, no race of any such mechanism survives, or any marks are lef by i on he surface of he bone. Furhermore, wha would be he poin of giving he opening such an elegan shape, if i were o subsequenly bury i under a mechanism? an acousic funcion of he opening is, herefore, a more plausible proposiion. 37 he quesion, of course, remains: why such a sophisicaed design; o wha purpose? if our skinlooking opening has his shape for some reason oher ha of pracical necessiy, one s mind goes o he heban floor paining (fig. 2), where nex o he vicor side flauis appears a skin-looking objec, which, as suggesed earlier, could be a goa s skin filled wih wine. hus, is he shape of our opening merely a symbol, a reference o bucolic or rusic imagery? i is a emping hypohesis. However, a saisfacory answer o he curious opening and is funcion can only really be given by experimening wih a replica, rying ou various possibiliies. 38 Similar longiudinal openings can be found on a number of fragmens. an aulos fragmen in he naional archaeological Museum, ahens (fig. 33), comprises wo bone secions, overlaid a places wih bronze rings. obviously, here we have he las wo secions of a wind pipe (fig. 34), judging from he exi bell and he recangular aperure of 35 in fig. 32, a small piece of paper can be seen under he opening. his was placed for resoraion purposes. 36 like here is, for example, on he Baroque side flue, where he lowes hole is covered by a key wih a leaver, operaed upon by he lile finger; see, e.g., BroWn 1980, pp. 672, fig. 10; 673, fig. 11. However, in his case he hole under he ap of he key is similar o all he oher finger holes of he insrumen, boh in shape and size, and no an elongaed opening, like we have on he koilē pipe. 37 his will be proven laer, when experimening wih he replica. 38 See below, under reconsrucion and acousics.

13 530 Selios Psaroudakēs he secion on he righ, wo feaures ha are found on he koilē flue on is las, exi secion. 39 Furhermore, he inernal diameer of he ubes is relaively large, of he order of 1.36 cm, a value very close o he koilē bore (1.45 cm). 40 hese hree characerisics srongly sugges ha he ahens aulos was a side flue. he exi bell is similar o ha of he koilē flue, and i is also wrapped in a hin foil of bronze. here is no sign of any maerial over or around he aperure, or any races lef on he exernal surface of he bone by a possible mechanism, which migh have closed and opened he hole. Could he aperure hen have been a mere ven hole of some kind? he dimensions of he aperure (1.438x0.824 cm) are very close o hose of he koilē flue (1.5x0.7 cm). a very similar secion o he one jus described comes from Jerusalem (fig. 35), and is daed as he 1 s half of he 1 s C BC. 41 again, his mus have been he lowes secion of a wind pipe, judging from he exi bell, covered in bronze, and he recangular opening, which, in his case, has curved long sides, resembling o some degree he koilē aperure. he iem is no described in deail, so no informaion is provided regarding he bone surface around he aperure. However, from he available phoograph, here seems, once again, ha here was no mechanism for covering or uncovering he aperure, so he belief earlier expressed, ha i was a mere ven hole, is now srenghened. Braun believes ha he aperure was closed by a revolving ring, which made i possible for he insrumen o play in differen modes, bu his is very doubful; all our relaive evidence (including he iems which will be discussed immediaely below) poins owards a ven hole. one of he dēlos secions (B 22164) also has he orhogonal aperure (fig. 36). is inernal diameer is of he order of 1.3 cm (exac measuremen cm), again a value in he viciniy of he koilē insrumen (in- 39 according o he invenory Book of he naional Museum, he iem was found in a grave in ahens (no specified area) during an excavaion by he ahens archaeological Sociey a an early dae, and was subsequenly ransferred o he naional Museum, where i was classified under Bronzes on 5 december i would like o express my sincere hanks o he direcor of he naional Museum, Mr nikolaos kalsas, for he permission o examine he find afresh; he archaeologis Ms Polyxenē Mpougia, for her close collaboraion and suppor; he archaeologis Mr giōrgos kabbadias, for showing and discussing wih me he conens of he Museum s invenory Book; he resorer Ms geōrgia karamargiou, for carrying ou furher, quie reveling, cleaning inside he pipe. 40 See below for a discussion of bore diameers of surviving auleic fragmens. 41 Jerusalem, archaeological Museum, ee 442. he insrumen is presened and discussed o some exen by Braun 2002, pp , fig. V.20. i was found on M. Zion in 1972, «in a room decoraed wih profane murals, including birds, fesoons, and rees».

14 The Hellenisic side flue and he Koilē-Ahens insrumen 531 ernal diam cm). Very probably hen, his delian piece was par of a side flue. 42 he dimensions of he opening (1.288x0.5 cm) are slighly smaller han hose of he koilē pipe (1.5x0.7 cm). We canno specify he posiion of he secion along he lengh of he original insrumen, because here are spigos on boh ends. However, by comparison wih he koilē, ahens and Jerusalem secions, i could be said wih some cerainy ha he edge closes o he aperure is more likely o have been he upsream side of he secion. here is no sign of a ap mechanism or a race of i on he bone surface. one more similar secion comes from Messēnē (fig. 37). 43 i was daed as he middle of he 1 s cenury BC. he recangular aperure is very much he size of he koilē opening (Messēnē 1.5x0.67 ~ koilē 1.5x 0.7 cm). alhough some maerial is missing a he one end of he aperure, he original lengh is known, as a small par of he wall survives a ha end. ineresingly, he inernal diameer is 1 cm, which is in he viciniy of he double aulos bores (1 cm or less). Could his secion, herefore, belong o a double aulos? and if so, was he funcion of he opening he same on ha insrumen as on he side flue? i is very doubful, since none of he exan aulos pairs (elgin, københavn, Pydna, akanhos) have such an opening. 44 insead, we find in he area beween he lowes finger holes and he pipe exis circular ven holes, being very much in shape and size like he res of he finger holes. also, amongs he numerable known aulos fragmens here is none wih an opening of his sor. 45 he mos probable hen suggesion is ha he Messēnē secion comes from a narrow bore side flue, on he assumpion ha he feaure of he recangular exi aperure was an idiosyncrasy of side flues. Compared wih he ahens, Jerusalem and dēlos fragmens, his one has he aperure very close o one end, if ha is a remark of any relevance. again, here is no race of a mechanism over he opening, reinforcing even furher he idea of he aperure having been a large ven. i may be of some acousic significance ha he walls of he aperure are no verical, bu inclined inwards. 42 For a discussion of a probable implicaion of he size of he bore o he ype of wind insrumen (reeded or flue ype) see below. 43 Caalogue no , pp , fig. 3, pls he fragmen was found in 1990, in a well inside a bah complex adjacen o he asklēpieion. i would like o express my sincere hanks o he excavaor of Messēnē, Professor Peros hemelēs, for he permission o sudy and publish he secion, and he archaeologis Ms evē lampropoulou, for discussing wih me aspecs of chronology relevan o i. 44 For he Pydna and akanhos auloi, see PSaroudakēS See PSaroudakēS 1994.

15 532 Selios Psaroudakēs apar from he aforemenioned cases of bone exi secions wih an orhogonal opening similar o ha of he koilē flue, here are insances of recangular aperures covered by meallic rings, presumably for opening or closing hem. amongs he aulos fragmens from Meroë, daed as 15 BC, openings of comparable size (1.1x0.6 cm, average) are seen on five fragmens. 46 all five comprise ivory cylinders of 1 cm bore, covered in bronze (fig. 38), and wih roaing sleeves wih finger knobs over hem. 47 a similar iem, comprising a bone cylinder covered in bronze, wih a recangular opening in i, and a roaing meallic sleeve over i (fig. 39), comes from dēlos (B 124). alhough one end of he opening is broken, he poin of fracure is discernible, hus giving us he original dimensions of he aperure (1.866x0.474 cm). he ahens aulos discussed above (figs. 33, 34), apar from he recangular opening in he exi secion, has anoher wo, smaller, recangular holes furher upsream (lenghs of openings: 1.07 and cm), wih roaing rings over hem, made of bone and bronze, and possessing bone knobs (keraa) for finger operaion. his ype of recangular opening, wih a roaing sleeve over i, operaed by knobs (Meroë, dēlos B 124, ahens), canno be idenified wih he free exi aperures described so far (koilē, ahens, dēlos, Messēnē). his is paricularly obvious from he ahens aulos, in which boh ypes of opening are presen. hus, he sleeved recangular holes mus have had a differen funcion from he free ones. i is ineresing ha boh ypes of opening, free and sleeved, can be presen on he same insrumen. a pipe could, herefore, have had as many as a leas wo sleeved openings in conjuncion wih one free aperure, he laer below he former. i is very unlikely ha hese openings were finger holes. hey mus have alered he onal level of he insrumen ( key ), making he (bombyx) vibraing air column inside he pipe longer or shorer. all he auloi ha we know of, which make use of revolving rings (e.g. he Pompeii ibiae), have he finger holes beneah hem round and wih a diameer of under 1 cm. 48 amongs he several auleic secions found on dēlos, here are seven fragmens, which could, probably, be regarded as belonging o side flues raher han o double auloi, he crierion being he relaively large size of heir inernal diameer: 46 Bodley 1946, pls. iv, nos ; iv, no Bodley 1946, p For a recen sudy of he Pompeii ibiae see Hagel 2008.

16 The Hellenisic side flue and he Koilē-Ahens insrumen no B 5140 (3003) (fig. 40). wo circular holes and one oval; bore of jus over 1.3 cm - no B (fig. 41). wo closely packed circular holes; bore of 1.35 cm - no B (fig. 42). Bore of 1.3 cm - no B 5142 (3440) (fig. 43). wo closely packed circular holes; bore of abou 1.3 cm - no iii.7 (fig. 44). Bore up o 1.4 cm - no 4 (fig. 45). Holes very near each oher; bore of abou 1.3 cm 49 - no x (fig. 46). Bore of 1.3 cm on he oher hand, here are anoher nine fragmens from dēlos, including four double aulos holmoi, 50 which all have a much smaller inernal diameer, ranging from 0.7 o 0.9 cm, ha is, under 1 cm. (See able 1, below). i appears, herefore, ha here are wo opoi, so o speak, of bore values, one low, under 1 cm, and one high, above 1.3 cm. he fac ha all four delian holmoi are in he narrow bore caegory, suggess ha all nine fragmens wih bore under 1 cm belonged o double auloi, while he fac ha he dēlos side flue mouhpiece (and all oher side flues: korinhos, Halikarnassos, koilē) is in he upper bore regiser, and so is he fragmen wih he recangular aperure (no B 22164, fig. 36), does indicae ha he seven delian fragmens wih an inernal diameer of 1.3 cm and over belonged o side flues. narrow bore (cm) Wide bore (cm) B a B B (rec. aperure) B B (side flue mouhpiece) B /0.9 B B (holmos) B /1.4 B B B (holmos) B B 5169? (holmos) iii.7 1.3/1.4 iii (holmos) x 1.3 able 1: bore sizes of he delian fragmens of wind pipes 49 here is a unique feaure on his secion: he humb hole and he hole closes o i above i are almos on op of each oher. his is he only occurrence known of a so densely populaed pipe secion. 50 Fig. 47 shows one of hem (B 2119).

17 534 Selios Psaroudakēs here is one excepion o his rule: he argihea aulos, a pipe which he presen wrier has inerpreed as par of an aulos pair. 51 Perhaps, a second hough is required. here are hree reasons for ha: (1) a second pipe was never rerieved from he grave, alhough he burial had no been disurbed before excavaion; (2) here is an exi bell very similar o ha of he koilē-ahens-jerusalem ype, which is much more pronounced han ha of he double aulos; (3) he inernal diameer is 1.31 cm, which exceeds by more han 3 mm he usual maximum bore of a double aulos. agains he side flue inerpreaion coun: (1) he absence of a recangular aperure near he exi of he pipe; (2) he presence of an ordinary circular hole ( ven ) in ha area - as is he usual case in double auloi; (3) he fac ha here is no second humb-hole. herefore, he argihea pipe, despie is large size bore (1.31 cm), does no seem likely o have been a side flue; perhaps, one pipe of a wide bored double aulos. herefore, we should probably come o he conclusion ha some auloi did, excepionally, possess bores as large as hose of side flues (argihea), and ha recangular openings were, occasionally, a feaure on auloi, oo (eg, Messēnē, Meroë): when presen on he pipes of a double aulos, undoubedly always supplied wih rings, hey funcioned as progressive vens, for alering he onal level ( key ) of he pipes. reconsrucion and acousics of He koilē Side Flue an approximae replica of he koilē side flue was consruced by he presen wrier, a firs approximaion, before an exac copy is made in bone: a plasic ube in one piece, of he same operaing lengh and inernal diameer, wih he finger holes of he same size and in he same posiions (figs. 48, 49). only he exi bell is missing and a couple of exra millimeers from he widh of he ube wall. However, we canno be far off from he original onal inenions of he maker. he plaform of he mouhpiece of he replica is made wih hard paper filled wih plaser. he scale he replica produced was he following: 52 sol la si s do s do# s re mi s fa s fa# s sol(#) hose acquained wih ancien melodic heory (harmonics), recognize ha he above scale comprises wo erachords in conjuncion, ha is, he end of he one coincides wih he beginning of he second (si-mi-la), he 51 See PSaroudakēS as measured agains a piano, uned a (cenral) a 1 = 442 Hz.

18 The Hellenisic side flue and he Koilē-Ahens insrumen 535 op erachord falling shor of is uppermos noe (la), and wih wo addiional noes a he low end of he scale (sol, la): sol la si s do s do# s re mi s fa s fa# s sol(#) [la as in known from ancien melodic heory, here are cerain onal seps by which erachords proceed: he so-called diaonic erachord ascends in he fashion semione-one-one (.s...), while he so-called chromaic erachord has he form semione-semione-risemione (.s.s.r.). hus, he above scale can be analyzed ino wo differen scales, one of he diaonic and one of he chromaic form 53 : sol la si s do s do# s re mi s fa s fa# s sol [la sol la si s do s do# s re mi s fa s fa# s sol [la and by allocaing holes o noes: ven iv l iii l ii l i l iii h ii h i h sol la si s do s do# s re mi s fa s fa# s sol [la sol la si s do s do# s re mi s fa s fa# s sol [la l h We can, herefore, conclude - a leas a his sage, using his approximae replica - ha he koilē side flue was designed in order o play in boh he diaonic and he chromaic melodic genera. ineresingly, he holes have been opened a such places, so ha he wo chromaic noes (do#, fa#) are produced by he holes lying underneah, and operaed by he humbs ( l and h ). he koilē insrumen, herefore, reveals he inenions of is maker, he way he drilled, so o speak, he scale on he insrumen. if he recangular aperure on he replica is closed, hen he lowes noe (sol) canno be produced. his reinforces he conclusion previously drawn, ha he opening funcioned as a ven he op sol of he scale can be produced on he replica by parially uncovering hole i h. 54 he scale of he oreses melody (lae 5 h C BC), in is surviving form, and inerpreed as chromaic raher han enharmonic, can be compleely accommodaed on he koilē plagiaulos. For his melic fragmen, see PöHlMann - WeS 2001, pp

19 536 Selios Psaroudakēs a name For He koilē Side Flue discovering he ancien name of he koilē side flue is no a difficul ask: on he one hand, a careful examinaion of he relevan lierary evidence on he erm plagiaulos of lae exs (able 2, below) has made i clear ha he side flue was known in aniquiy by he name plagiaulos, 55 while, on he oher, he possibiliy ha he plagiaulos migh have been a side-blown reed pipe has been denounced on acousic grounds, because «a reed canno be made o funcion, [unless i is] end on o he resonaor ube, and is sem is of he same diameer» as he bore. 56 We can, herefore, safely now call our side flue he koilē plagiaulos Hēliodōros loukianos Plinius Philodēmos ps-heokrios loggos Biōn Smyrn....plagiaulos ahēnaios Juba Poseidōnios Plouarchos aelianus apuleius nikomachos...phōinx able 2: he lierary evidence on he plagiaulos and he phōinx hus, he hesis ha he side flue was unknown in greece, and ha i arrived a Byzanion in he 10 h cenury ad probably from india, and from here i disseminaed ino europe in he Middle ages, canno be upheld any more. 57 he side flue, wheher an impor from libya (Polydeukēs) or an invenion of kind Midas (Plinius), made is way ino Hellas in Hellenisic imes, perhaps as early as he 3 rd C BC (Halikarnassos mouhpiece). Furhermore, as we find he insrumen depiced on a lae 2 nd - early 1 s cenury BC eruscan relief (fig. 6), i means ha i was presen on ialian soil around abou 100 BC, earlier, ha is, han he koilē find. universiy of ahens spsaroud@music.uoa.gr 55 See Barker 1984, p. 264, n. 20. he phōinx, i is believed, was also a kind of side flue; see, e.g., WeS 1992, p. 113, n landels 1999, pp Monagu 2001, pp

20 The Hellenisic side flue and he Koilē-Ahens insrumen 537 BiBliograPHy Barker 1984 a. Barker, Greek musical wriings. i. The musician and his ar, Cambridge BéliS 1988 a. BéliS, Sudying and daing ancien greek auloi and roman ibiae: a mehodology, in e. HiCkMann - d.w. HugHeS (eds.), The archaeology of early music culures. Third inernaional meeing of he ICTM Sudy Group on Music Archaeology, Bonn 1988, pp Bodley 1946 n. Bodley, he auloi of Meroë. a sudy of he greekegypian auloi found a Meroë, egyp, Am. Journ. Archaeol. 50, 1946, pp , pls. i-viii. Braun 2002 J. Braun, Music in Ancien Israel/Palesine. Archaeological, Wrien, and Comparaive Sources, american ediion, grand rapids (Mi) 2002 (Freiburg göingen 1999). BreCCia 1930 e. BreCCia, Monumens de l Egype graecoromain. ii 2. Terracoe figurae greche e greco-egiziane del Museo di Alessandria, Bergamo BroWn 1980 H. M. BroWn, s.v. Flue, in S. Sadie (ed.), The new Grove Dicionary of Music and Musicians, 1 s ed., london 1980, Vi, pp CHarry 2001 e. CHarry, s.v. guinea, in S. Sadie J. yrell (eds.), The new Grove Dicionary of Music and Musicians, 2 nd ediion, oxford FleiSCHHauer 1964 g. FleiSCHHauer, Musikgeschiche in Bildern. ii. Musik des Alerums. 5. Erurien und Rom. leipzig Hagel 2008 S. Hagel, re-evaluaing he Pompeii auloi, Journ. Hell. Sud. 128, 2008, pp HiCkMann 1952 H. HiCkMann, he anique cross-flue, Aca musicologica 24, 3/4, 1952, pp kankeleie 1997 a. kankeleie, römische Mosaiken aus griechenland, Anike Wel 4, 1997, pp Κουντουρη 2002 Ἕ. Κουντουρη, Συνοικισμὸς (συμβολὴ τῶν ὁδῶν Ἁγίου Κωνσταντίνου καὶ Σμύρνης), Ἀρχαιολογικὸν δελτίον 52, Β, Χρονικά, p landels 1999 J. g. landels, Music in ancien Greece and Rome, london - new york, Monagu 2001 J. Monagu, s.v. Flue. i. general, in S. Sadie - J. yrrell (eds.), The new Grove dicionary of music and musicians, 2 nd ed., oxford newon 1862 C.. newon, A hisory of discoveries a Halicarnassus, Cnidus, and Branchidae. ii. The ex, london, 1862.

21 538 Selios Psaroudakēs PaPadoPoulou 2003 Z. PaPadoPoulou, Secion de plagiaulos avec embouchoir, in é. andrikou e alii (eds.), Dons des Muses. Musique e danse dans la Grèce ancienne, ahènes, p PöHlMann - WeS 2001 e. PöHlMann - M.l. WeS, Documens of ancien Greek music. The exan melodies and fragmens edied and ranscribed wih commenary, oxford PriCHard 1998 J. PriCHard (ed.), Ἄτλας τῆς Βίβλου, ahens PSaroudakēS 1994 S. PSaroudakēS, Tragōidia: Towards a descripion of lexis and melopoiia, Phd in Classics/Music, dep of Classics, universiy of reading PSaroudakēS 2002 S. PSaroudakēS, he aulos of argihea, in e. HiCk- Mann a. d. kilmer r. eichmann (eds.), Sudien zur Musikarchäologie iii. (orien-archäologie, 10), rahden, Wesf. 2002, pp PSaroudakēS 2008 S. PSaroudakēS, he aulos of Pydna, in a.a. BoH r. eichmann e. HiCkMann l.-c. koch (eds.), Sudien zur Musikarchäologie Vi. Challenges and objecives in music archaeology. Papers from he 5 h Symposium of he Inernaional Sudy Group on Music Archaeology a he Ehnological Museum, Sae Museums Berlin, Sepember 2006, (orien-archäologie, 22), rahden, Wesf. 2008, pp SaCHS 1940 C. SaCHS, The Hisory of Musical Insrumens, new york SCHröder 2004 S. F. SCHröder, Junger Pan mi Querflöe, v.chr. römischer orso, n.chr., in Kaalog der aniken Skulpuren des Museo del Prado in Madrid. i. Idealplasik, Mainz SHear 1930 SHear 1925 ΘεμεληΣ l. SHear, he mosaics, in Corinh V. The Roman villa, Princeon 1930, pp l. SHear, excavaions a Corinh in 1925, Am. Journ. Archaeol. 29/4, 1925, pp Π. ΘεμεληΣ, Ἀνασκαφὴ μεσσήνης, Πρακτικὰ τῆς ἐν Ἀθήναις Ἀρχαιολογικῆς Ἑταιρείας τοῦ ἔτους 1990, pp VaSori 1979 o. VaSori, Buso di sairo che suona il flauo (inv. n. 550), in a. giuliano (ed.), Museo Nazionale Romano i 1. Le sculure, roma Wegner 1963 M. Wegner, Musikgeschiche in Bildern Griechenland, leipzig WeS 1992 M. l. WeS, Ancien Greek Music, oxford WilliaMS 1985 d. WilliaMS, Greek Vases, london 1985.

22 The Hellenisic side flue and he Koilē-Ahens insrumen 539 Fig. 1. korinhos mosaic (pos card). Fig. 2. hēbai floor (Κουντουρη 2002).

23 540 Selios Psaroudakēs Fig. 3. Pergamos lagynos (WilliaMS 1985, p. 69). Fig. 4. knōssos mosaic (kankeleie 1997). Fig. 5. alexandrian sauee (HiCk- Mann 1952, p. 111, fig. 3). Fig. 6. eruscan urn relief (Monagu 2001, fig. 5).

24 The Hellenisic side flue and he Koilē-Ahens insrumen 541 Fig. 7. Map of ancien Palesine (PriCHard 1998, p. 181, fig. 1).

25 542 Selios Psaroudakēs Fig. 8. Saue of a sayr (Wegner 1963, p. 57, fig. 28). Fig. 9. Paneas coin [1] (Braun 2002, fig. V.58.d). Fig. 10. Paneas coin [2] (Braun 2002, p. 294, fig. V.58.f). Fig. 11. Paneas coin [3] (Braun 2002, p. 293, fig. V.58.e). Fig. 12. louvre saue of Pan wih pipe (SCHröder 2004, p. 129, fig. 26).

26 The Hellenisic side flue and he Koilē-Ahens insrumen 543 Fig. 13. Prado saue of a piper (SCHröder 2004, p. 128). Fig. 14. able 1. Hellenisic side flue: surviving insrumens and iconography.

27 544 Selios Psaroudakēs Fig. 15. he koilē flue: secions joined (phoograph by he auhor). Fig. 16. he koilē flue: he five secions (phoograph by he auhor). Fig. 17. he koilē flue: secions B and C before cleaning (phoograph by B. Mylōna). Fig. 18. he koilē flue: secions B and C afer parial cleaning (phoograph by B. Mylōna).

28 The Hellenisic side flue and he Koilē-Ahens insrumen 545 Fig. 19. he koilē flue: secion a, mouhpiece; side view (phoograph by he auhor). Fig. 20. he koilē flue: secion a, mouhpiece; plan view (phoograph by he auhor). Fig. 21. he Halikarnassos mouhpiece (phoograph by he auhor).

29 546 Selios Psaroudakēs Fig. 22. he dēlos mouhpiece (PaPadoPoulou 2003). Fig. 23. he korinhos mouhpiece (phoograph; couresy of he american School of Classical Sudies, Corinh excavaions, i. ioannidou and l. Barzioi). Fig. 24. Side flue of guinea (CHarry 2001, fig. 6).

30 The Hellenisic side flue and he Koilē-Ahens insrumen 547 Fig. 25. he Halikarnassos mouhpiece; deail (phoograph by he auhor). Fig. 26. he Halikarnassos side flue remains (drawing by auhor).

31 548 Selios Psaroudakēs Fig. 27. he koilē flue: secion a, mouhpiece; bronze ring over spigo (phoograph by B. Mylōna). Fig. 28. he koilē flue: secion a, mouhpiece; he reddish accumulaion under he ring (phoograph by B. Mylōna). Fig. 29. he koilē flue: secion a, mouhpiece, plan view; afer firs sage of cleaning (phoograph by B. Mylōna).

32 The Hellenisic side flue and he Koilē-Ahens insrumen 549 Fig. 30. he koilē flue: secion a, mouhpiece; reconsrucion of upper end closure (skech by he auhor). Fig. 31. he koilē flue: secion e; exi bell (phoograph by he auhor). Fig. 32. he koilē flue: secion e; he orhogonal aperure (phoograph by he auhor).

33 550 Selios Psaroudakēs Fig. 33. he ahens aulos: secions joined (phoograph by he auhor). Fig. 34. he ahens aulos: secions apar (phoograph by he auhor). Fig. 35. he Jerusalem secion (Braun 2002, p. 224, fig. V.20). Fig. 36. dēlos Fragmen B (phoograph by he auhor).

34 The Hellenisic side flue and he Koilē-Ahens insrumen 551 Fig. 37. he Messēnē secion (phoograph by he auhor). Fig. 38. Meroë Fragmens iv (Bodley 1946, pl. iv, nos ). Fig. 39. dēlos Fragmen B 124 (phoograph by he auhor). Fig. 40. dēlos Fragmen B 5140 (phoograph by he auhor).

35 552 Selios Psaroudakēs Fig. 41. dēlos Fragmen B (phoograph by he auhor). Fig. 42. dēlos Fragmen B (phoograph by he auhor). Fig. 43. dēlos Fragmen B 5142 (phoograph by he auhor).

36 The Hellenisic side flue and he Koilē-Ahens insrumen 553 Fig. 44. dēlos Fragmen iii 7 (phoograph by he auhor). Fig. 45. dēlos Fragmen 4 (phoograph by he auhor). Fig. 46. dēlos Fragmen x (phoograph by he auhor).

37 554 Selios Psaroudakēs Fig. 47. dēlos Fragmen B 2119, holmos (phoograph by he auhor). Fig. 48. he koilē flue: approximae replica; plan view (phoograph by he auhor). Fig. 49. he koilē flue: approximae replica; view from below (phoograph by he auhor).