A NEW LOCALITY OF BOTRYCHIUM VIRGINIANUM IN THE GORJANCI HILLS, THE SOUTHERNMOST LOCALITY IN SLOVENIA AND CENTRAL EUROPE

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1 A NEW LOCALITY OF BOTRYCHIUM VIRGINIANUM IN THE GORJANCI HILLS, THE SOUTHERNMOST LOCALITY IN SLOVENIA AND CENTRAL EUROPE NOVO NAHAJALIŠČE VRSTE BOTRYCHIUM VIRGINIANUM NA GORJANCIH, NAJJUŽNEJŠE V SLOVENIJI IN V SREDNJI EVROPI Jože Kosec 1 & Igor Dakskobler 2 ABSTRACT A new locality of Botrychium virginianum in the Gorjanci Hills, the southernmost locality in Slovenia and Central Europe The paper offers an overview of new localities of a rare and endangered pteridophyte Botrychium virginianum in the Julian and Kamnik-Savinja Alps and gives a detailed description of the new locality in the Gorjanci Hills (southern Slovenia). The new locality is situated on a shady slope at the elevation of about 500 m in a montane beech forest classified into the association Lamio orvalae-fagetum. We propose that this forest stand be protected as an eco cell. This is, except for one locality in Hungary, the southernmost locality in Central Europe. Botrychium virginianum grows further to the south only in Romania. Key words: Botrychium virginianum, phytogeography, Lamio orvale-fagetum, Lamio orvalae-salicetum eleagni, Gorjanci, Julian Alps, Slovenia, Italy IZVLEČEK Novo nahajališče vrste Botrychium virginianum na Gorjancih, najjužnejše v Sloveniji in v srednji Evropi Prikazujemo nova nahajališča redke in ogrožene praprotnice Botrychium virginianum v Julijskih in Kamniško-Savinjskih Alpah in podrobno opisujemo novo nahajališče v Gorjancih (južna Slovenija). Tam raste na osojnem pobočju na nadmorski višini okoli 500 m v gorskem bukovem gozdu, ki ga uvrščamo v asociacijo Lamio orvalae- -Fagetum. Za ta gozdni sestoj predlagamo zaščito v obliki ekocelice. To je, poleg nahajališča na južnem Madžarskem, najbolj južno nahajališče v srednji Evropi. Bolj južno raste le še v Romuniji. Ključne besede: Botrychium virginianum, fitogeografija, Lamio orvale-fagetum, Lamio orvalae-salicetum eleagni, Gorjanci, Julijske Alpe, Slovenija, Italija 1 Šinkov Turn 51 A, SI-1217 Vodice Ljubljana 2 Dr., the Jovan Hadži Institute of Biology of the Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Regional research unit, Brunov drevored 13, SI-5220 Tolmin and Biotechnical Faculty of the University of Ljubljana, Department of Forestry and Renewable Forest Resources, Večna pot 83, SI-1000 Ljubljana, igor.dakskobler@zrc-sazu.si FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 55/2, 61 74, LJUBLJANA 2014

2 1 INTRODUCTION Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. is a Euro-Siberian Northern-American species, characteristic in the Alps mainly for gravel sites and grey alder stands, noble hardwood forests, montane beech forests, and more rarely also for subalpine spruce and spruce-beech forests (Aeschimann et al. 2004: 64, Fischer et al. 2008: 234). Based on phylogenetic analyses of the family Ophioglossaceae (Hauk et al. 2003), the rattlesnake fern can be placed also in the genus Botrypus as Botrypus virginianus (L.) Holub. Botrychium virginianum is relatively rare in the Southeastern Alps, which is corroborated also by the data for Austrian Carinthia (Franz 1991, Hartl et al. 1992: 103) and northeastern Italy (Poldini 2002: 80, Marchetti 2004: 120, Gobo & Poldini 2005: 68, Bona et al. 2005: 79 80, 168). The distribution and sites of this fern in Slovenia was discussed several years ago (Dakskobler 2003, Dakskobler et al. 2009: 77 78), when we also published its distribution map. So far, only its localities in the Julian and Kamnik-Savinja Alps (Martinčič 2007: 89) have been known, with the exception of the data for quadrant 9563/4 (sub-pannonian phytogeographical region, the Drava Valley) that was published by Jogan et al. (2001: 64). However, this data is incorrect and does not refer to a specific locality (Bačič, in litt.). In recent years we have discovered several more localities in the Kamnik-Savinja and especially in the Julian Alps, on sites characteristic for this species. One of these, namely in the area of the Kamniška Bistrica, is in a montane beech forest (Lamio orvalae-fagetum), while the new sites in the Julian Alps are situated in the Alpine beech forest (Anemono trifoliae-fagetum), in a doline spruce forest on glacial material (Laburno alpini-piceetum) and in a riparian grey willow and spruce stand (Lamio orvalae-salicetum eleagni). The most fascinating is the new locality outside the Alps, in the Gorjanci Hills, where it was discovered in a montane beech forest twenty years ago (1994) by Jože Kosec and for which we made a phytosociological record (relevé) in the spring of Although there is only a single specimen of the rattlesnake fern in this beech stand (Jože Kosec detected two specimens on only one occasion), this locality represents a very important site in terms of phytogeography as it is one of the southernmost localities in the European part if its distribution area in general, with the exception of a few localities in Romania. Rothmaler (1991:10) mentions Hungary and Romania as the only European countries where this fern is found that are situated to the south of Slovenia. The only locality known in Hungary is at Kunfehértó (Bács-Kiskun county, south Hungary), where it grows in an oak-ash-helm gallery forest transforming into Anthrisco cerefolii-robinetum. It is presumed that Botrychium virginianum was not part of the ancient Hungarian flora. It was probably introduced to this site in the 19th century, at the time of establishment of forest plantations (Csiky 1997). In Romania, this species is found in the Carpathians, with the southernmost locality in the town Moldova Nouă (at the border with Serbia), near the Danube (Gafta, in litt., Witkowski et al. 2003). The rattlesnake fern is not known in the countries of former Yugoslavia, with the exception of Slovenia (Mayer & Horvatić 1967: , Nikolić 2014 : Flora Croatica Database, botanic.hr/fcd/, as of ), nor is it known in the Apennine Peninsula (Marchetti 2004: 120, Aeschimann et al. 2004: 64). The article will provide a detailed description of the new locality in the Gorjanci Hills and compare its site by means of a vegetation table with one of the new localities in the Julian Alps. 2 METHODS The localities and sites of Botrychium virginianum were studied according to the standard Central-European methods (Ehrendorfer & Hamann 1965, Jalas & Suominen 1967, Braun-Blanquet 1964). The relevés were entered into the FloVegSi database (Seliškar & al. 2003). This database was used to make the distribution map (Figure 2). The relevés made on the two new localities (in the Možnica Valley and in the Gorjanci) were arranged in Table 1. The nomenclature source for the names of vascular plants is the Mala flora Slovenije (Martinčič et al. 2007), and Martinčič (2003) for mosses. The nomenclature source for the names of syntaxa are Šilc & Čarni (2012), with the exception of the name of the class Querco-Fagetea Braun-Blanquet et Vlieger in Vlieger FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 55/2 2014

3 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Overview of new localities of Botrychium virginianum in Slovenia and northeastern Italy 0158/4 (UTM 33TWL37) Slovenia: Dolenjska/Lower Carniola, Gorjanci, Rute above Orehovec, 515 m a.s.l. (Figure 1), montane beech forest (Lamio orvalae-fagetum). Det. J. Kosec, for the first time in spring 1994, the phytosociological record (relevé No. 2 in Table 1) on this locality was made by Dakskobler & J. Kosec, , authors' photographs. 9447/4 (UTM 33TUM95) Italy: Friuli Venezia Giulia, Province of Udine, Tarvisio /Trbiž, Boscoverde/ Zeleni gozd, the right bank above the Ziljica gorge/t. Slizza/Gailitz, at the bridge across the Ziljica/Slizza, along the tourist trail to the gorge, 770 m a.s.l., mixed forest (Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris, Acer pseudoplatanus, Ulmus glabra, Fagus sylvatica) on the site of the association Anemono trifoliae-fagetum. Det. I. Dakskobler, , author's photographs, new locality in northeastern Italy (comp. Bona et al. 2005: 168). 9549/1 (UTM 33TVM14) Slovenia: Gorenjska/Upper Carniola, Julian Alps, Upper Sava Valley, Smrajka, Glava, 1175 m a.s.l., clearing along the trail in an Alpine beech forest (Anemono trifoliae-fagetum), near the hunting lodge. Det. I. Dakskobler & A. Rozman, , authors' photographs. 9648/1 (UTM 33TUM93) Slovenia: Primorska/Littoral, Julian Alps, Trenta Valley, Zapoden, 960 m a.s.l., spruce forest (Laburno alpini-piceetum) on the left bank of the Suhi potok. Det. I. Dakskobler, , author's record, new locality in the existing quadrant. 9647/2 (UTM 33TUM93) Slovenia: Primorska/Littoral, Julian Alps, Log Pod Mangartom, settlement of Možnica, on the right bank of the Možnica (Nemčlja) at the confluence with the Koritnica, 510 m a.s.l., mixed riparian stand (Lamio orvalae- -Salicetum eleagni) relevé No. 1 in Table 1. Leg. & det. I. Dakskobler, , herbarium LJS and author's photographs. 9653/3 (UTM 33TVM63) Slovenia: Gorenjska/Upper Carniola, Kamnik Alps, Kamniška Bistrica, Vukčeva lesa, 680 m a.s.l., montane beech forest (Lamio orvalae-fagetum). Det. I. Dakskobler & A. Rozman, , authors' record and photographs, new locality in the existing quadrant (see also Robič 2003). Based on these new localities we made a distribution map for the studied species in Slovenia (Figure 2). 3.2 Description of the new locality in the Gorjanci and comparison with the new locality in the Julian Alps (the Možnica Valley) In the recent period, the flora and vegetation of the Gorjanci was discussed by Wraber (1992), Seliškar (1992) and above all by Accetto (2002, 2003). Those beech and maple-european ash forests that represent potential sites of the rattlesnake fern were researched mainly by Ž. Košir (1979, 2007, 2009), Accetto (ibid.), Marinček & Marinšek (2003) and P. Košir (2005). The proportion of frigophilous boreal and circumboreal species in the flora of the Gorjanci is about 9% and the proportion of Alpine species is about 1% (Accetto 2003: 324). Accetto (ibid.) mentions the following as the species that frequently occur in the Slovenian Alps and grow individually also in the Gorjanci Hills: Figure 1: Locality of Botrychium virginianum in the Gorjanci Hills Slika 1: Nahajališče virginijske mladomesečine na Gorjancih FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 55/

4 Cypripedium calceolus, Rhododendron hirsutum, Cotoneaster tomentosus, Silene hayekiana, Aster bellidiastrum, Ranunculus platanifolius, Saxifraga paniculata, Clematis alpina and Arabis alpina, to which we can add also Saxifraga cuneifolia. The climatic conditions in the Gorjanci are slightly different from those in the Alps. They differ especially in terms of the mean annual precipitation volume (around 1,500 to 1,600 mm), which is below the average in the Alps, where it usually exceeds 2000 mm. Even the mean annual temperature at the approximately same elevation is slightly higher in the Gorjanci (Zupančič 1998, Cegnar 1998). Nevertheless, the slopes of the Gorjanci face north or northwest and the predominant aspect is shady, which is favourable also for the more hygro- and frigophilous species. These include the rattlesnake fern. The montane beech forest under the Gorjanci and the riparian grey willow and spruce stand in the Julian Alps (Table 1) have 15 species in common and their floristic similarity (Sørensen 1948) is only 20%, which confirms that in Slovenia Botrychium virginianum can grow in very different plant communities. The stand under the Gorjanci grows on mixed, dolomite-marl bedrock and on eutric brown soils. It is currently classified into the syntaxon Lamio orvalae-fagetum var. geogr. Dentaria polyphylla Košir We classified the beech forest in the Kamniška Bistrica Valley, where we found the rattlesnake fern, into the same association, but into a different geographical variant, var. geogr. Dentaria pentaphyllos Marinček Even though the new locality of the studied rattlesnake fern is geographically a considerable distance away from its other localities known so far in Slovenia (Figure 2), the site conditions in the Gorjanci Hills are still favourable for its growth. Its potential sites in these hills are also on the alluvium along larger streams and on colluvium in noble hardwood stands. As a rare (R) species Botrychium virginianum is included in The Red List of Rare and Endangered Vascular Plants of Slovenia (Anon. 2002). There are many localities in the Julian Alps, where its populations can also be quite abundant. At the outfall of the Možnica (Nemčlja) into the Koritnica at the village of Log pod Mangartom we listed a total of about 20 specimens. The species is much more endangered in the Gorjanci. For now, only one locality is known, with only a single specimen of the rattlesnake fern that has only the sterile frond. The forest stand is near a road. It was recently Figure 2: Distribution of Botrychium virginianum in Slovenia Slika 2: Razširjenost vrste Botrychium virginianum v Sloveniji 64 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 55/2 2014

5 thinned and a chute set up. We propose that this stand be separated as an eco cell in the sense defined by the Rules on Forest Protection (Anon. 2009, Hudoklin et al. 2011). Forest management there should be tailored to foster the preservation of the rare species. This means that there should be no developments in this area, neither with new forest chutes nor through extensive cutting. The eco cell allows for cutting of individual trees, selective or gradual group cutting outside the vegetation season, in late autumn and in winter. 4 CONCLUSIONS According to the existing knowledge the new locality of Botrychium virginianum in the Gorjanci Hills in southern Slovenia is, except for one locality in Hungary, the southernmost locality of this Euro-Siberian Northern-American fern in Central Europe. Further to the south of Europe are only some localities in Romania. In the Gorjanci Hills there is only a single specimen growing in the montane beech forest (Lamio orvalae-fagetum) at the elevation of about 500 m. As a rare species the rattlesnake fern is included in the Slovenian Red List and the new locality is geographically very far away from the other localities known in both the Julian and Kamnik-Savinja Alps. We therefore propose that foresters treat the forest stand in Rute above Orehovec as an eco cell and tailor its management to the guidelines for its protection. The new localities in the Julian Alps (one was found also in northeastern Italy near Tarvisio/Trbiž) are less threatened, which is also due to the fact that the populations of this species there are, at least sporadically, more abundant. 5 POVZETEK 5.1 Uvod Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. je evrosibirsko-severnoameriška vrsta, ki je v Alpah značilna predvsem za prodišča in loge sive jelše, gozdove plemenitih listavcev, gorske bukove gozdove in redkeje subalpinske smrekove in smrekovo-bukove gozdove (Aeschimann et al. 2004: 64, Fischer et al. 2008: 234). Na podlagi filogenetskih analiz družine Ophioglossaceae (Hauk et al. 2003) je virginijsko mladomesečino (rattlesnake fern) mogoče uvrstiti tudi v rod Botrypus, kot vrsto Botrypus virginianus (L.) Holub. Virginijska mladomesečina je v jugovzhodnih Alpah razmeroma redka, kar kažejo tudi podatki za avstrijsko Koroško (Franz 1991, Hartl et al. 1992: 103) in severovzhodno Italijo (Poldini 2002: 80, Marchetti 2004: 120, Gobo & Poldini 2005: 68, Bona et al. 2005: 79 80, 168). O razširjenosti in rastiščih te praprotnice v Sloveniji smo pisali pred leti (Dakskobler 2003, Dakskobler et al. 2009: 77 78) in tudi objavili njeno arealno karto. Do zdaj smo poznali samo njena nahajališča v Julijskih in Kamniško-Savinjskih Alpah (Martinčič 2007: 89), z izjemo podatka za kvadrant 9563/4 (subpanonsko fitogeografsko območje, Podravje), ki so ga objavili Jogan et al. (2001: 64). Ta podatek je zmoten in ne temelji na konkretnem nahajališču (Bačič, in litt.). V zadnjih letih smo v Kamniško-Savinjskih in predvsem v Julijskih Alpah odkrili še nekaj novih nahajališč, na zanjo tipičnih rastiščih. Eno. že v znanem kvadrantu v Kamniški Bistrici, je v gorskem bukovem gozdu (Lamio orvalae-fagetum), nova nahajališča v Julijskih Alpah pa so v alpskem bukovem gozdu (Anemono trifoliae-fagetum), v dolinskem smrekovem gozdu na ledeniškem gradivu (Laburno alpini-piceetum) in v logu sive vrbe in smreke (Lamio orvalae-salicetum eleagni). Presenetljivo je novo nahajališče zunaj Alp, na Gorjancih, kjer jo je v gorskem bukovem gozdu pred okoli dvajsetimi leti (1994) našel Jože Kosec in smo ga fitocenološko popisali spomladi Čeprav v tem bukovju uspeva en sam primerek virginijske mladomesečine (le enkrat je Jože Kosec opazil dva primerka), je to nahajališče v fitogeografskem smislu zelo pomembno, saj je to eno izmed najbolj južnih nahajališč v evropskem delu areala sploh. Bolj južno so le nekatera nahajališča v Romuniji. Rothmaler (1991: 10) med evropskimi državami, kjer raste ta praprotnica in so deloma bolj južno od Slovenije, omenja le Madžarsko in Romunijo. Na Madžarskem poznajo le eno nahajališče, pri kraju Kunfehértó (županija Bács-Kiskun, južna Madžarska), kjer raste na rastišču hrastovo-jesenovo- -brestovega gozda, ki ga zdaj prerašča robinija. Domnevajo, da je ta praprot na to rastišče prišla v 19. stoletju, v času snovanja gozdnih nasadov (Csiky 1997). V Romuniji ta vrsta raste v Karpatih, najjužneje pri kraju Moldova Nouă (ob meji s Srbijo), že blizu Donave (Gafta, in litt., Witkowski et al. 2003). V državah nek- FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 55/

6 danje Jugoslavije virginijske mladomesečine razen v Sloveniji ne poznajo (Mayer & Horvatić 1967: , Nikolić 2014 : Flora Croatica Database, hirc.botanic.hr/fcd/, stanje ), prav tako ne na Apeninskem polotoku (Marchetti 2004: 120, Aeschimann et al. 2004: 64). V članku bomo novo nahajališče na Gorjancih podrobno opisali in njegovo rastišče z vegetacijsko tabelo primerjali z enim izmed novih nahajališč v Julijskih Alpah. 5.2 Metode Nahajališča virginijske mladomesečine smo preučili po standardnih srednjeevropskih metodah (Ehrendorfer & Hamann 1965, Jalas & Suominen 1967), enako njena rastišča (Braun-Blanquet 1964). Popise smo vnesli v bazo FloVegSi (Seliškar et al. 2003). S pomočjo te podatkovne baze smo izdelali tudi arealno karto (slika 2). Fitocenološka popisa na dveh novih nahajališčih (v dolini Možnice in na Gorjancih) smo uredili v preglednico 1. Nomenklaturni vir za imena praprotnic in semenk je Mala flora Slovenije (Martinčič et al. 2007), za mahove pa Martinčič (2003). Nomenklaturni vir za imena sintaksonov sta Šilc & Čarni (2012), razen za ime razreda Querco-Fagetea Braun- -Blanquet et Vlieger in Vlieger Rezultati in razprava Pregled novih nahajališč vrste Botrychium virginianum v Sloveniji in severovzhodni Italiji 0158/4 (UTM 33TWL37) Slovenija: Dolenjska, Gorjanci, Rute nad Orehovcem, 515 m nm. v. (slika 1), gorski bukov gozd (Lamio orvalae-fagetum). Det. J. Kosec, prvič pomladi 1994, fitocenološki popis nahajališča I. Dakskobler & J. Kosec, , fotografije avtorjev, popis št. 2 v preglednici /4 (UTM 33TUM95) Italija: Furlanija Julijska krajina, provinca Udine (Videmska provinca), Tarvisio /Trbiž, Boscoverde/Zeleni gozd, desni breg nad sotesko Ziljice / T. Slizza / Gailitz, pri mostu čez Ziljico, ob turistični poti v sotesko, 770 m nm. v., mešan gozd (Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris, Acer pseudoplatanus, Ulmus glabra, Fagus sylvatica) na rastišču asociacije Anemono trifoliae-fagetum. Det. I. Dakskobler, , avtorjev popis in fotografije, novo nahajališče v severovzhodni Italiji (prim. Bona et al. 2005: 168). 9549/1 (UTM 33TVM14) Slovenija: Gorenjska, Julijske Alpe, Zgornja Savska dolina, Smrajka, Glava, 1175 m nm. v., jasa ob stezi v alpskem bukovem gozdu (Anemono trifoliae-fagetum), blizu lovske koče. Det. I. Dakskobler & A. Rozman, , popis in fotografije avtorjev. 9648/1 (UTM 33TUM93) Slovenija: Primorska, Julijske Alpe, Trenta, Zadnja Trenta, Zapoden, 960 m nm. v., smrekov gozd (Laburno alpini-piceetum) na levem bregu Suhega potoka. Det. I. Dakskobler, , avtorjev popis, novo nahajališče v že znanem kvadrantu. 9647/2 (UTM 33TUM93) Slovenija: Primorska, Julijske Alpe, Log pod Mangartom, zaselek Možnica, na desnem bregu Možnice (Nemčlje) pri sotočju s Koritnico, 510 m nm. v., mešan log (Lamio orvalae- -Salicetum eleagni) popis št. 1 v preglednici 1. Leg. & det. I. Dakskobler, , herbarij LJS in avtorjeve fotografije. 9653/3 (UTM 33TVM63) Slovenija: Gorenjska, Kamniške Alpe, Kamniška Bistrica, Vukčeva lesa, 680 m nm. v., gorski bukov gozd (Lamio orvalae- -Fagetum). Det. I. Dakskobler & A. Rozman, , popis in fotografije avtorjev, novo nahajališče v že znanem kvadrantu (glej tudi Robič 2003). Na podlagi teh novih nahajališč smo izdelali zemljevid razširjenosti obravnavane vrste v Sloveniji (slika 2) Opis novega nahajališča na Gorjancih in primerjava z novim nahajališčem v Julijskih Alpah (dolina Možnice) O flori in vegetaciji Gorjancev so v novejšem času pisali Wraber (1992), Seliškar (1992), predvsem pa Accetto (2002, 2003). Tamkajšnje bukove in javorovo- -jesenove gozdove, ki so potencialna rastišča virginijske mladomesečine, so raziskovali predvsem Ž. Košir (1979, 2007, 2009), Accetto (ibid.), Marinček & Marinšek (2003) in P. Košir (2005). Delež hladnoljubnih boraelnih in cirkumborealnih vrst v flori Gorjancev je okoli 9 %, delež alpskih vrst pa okoli 1 % (Accetto 2003: 324). Med vrstami, ki so v Sloveniji pogoste v Alpah in posamično rastejo tudi na Gorjancih, Accetto (ibid.) omenja naslednje: Cypripedium calceolus, Rhododendron hirsutum, Cotoneaster tomentosus, Silene hayekiana, Aster bellidiastrum, Ranunculus platanifolius, Saxifraga paniculata, Clematis alpina in Arabis alpina, tem lahko prištejemo tudi vrsto Saxifraga cuneifolia. Podnebne razmere v Gorjancih so nekoliko drugačne od tistih v Alpah. Predvsem je manjša povprečna letna množina padavin (okoli 1500 do 1600 mm), v Alpah je navadno nad 2000 mm. Tudi povprečna letna temperatura na približno isti nadmorski višini je na Gorjancih nekoliko višja (Zupančič 1998, Cegnar 66 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 55/2 2014

7 1998). Kljub temu so pobočja Gorjancev obrnjena proti severu oz. severozahodu, prevladujoča lega je osojna, kar je ugodno tudi za bolj vlago- in hladnoljubne vrste. Mednje štejemo tudi virginijsko mladomesečino. Gorski bukov gozd pod Gorjanci in log sive vrbe in smreke v Julijskih Alpah (preglednica 1) imata 15 skupnih vrst, floristična podobnost (Sørensen 1948) med njima je le 20 %, kar potrjuje, da vrsta Botrychium virginianum v Sloveniji lahko raste v precej različnih rastlinskih združbah. Sestoj pod Gorjanci uspeva na mešani, dolomitno-lapornati podlagi in na evtričnih rjavih tleh. Za zdaj ga uvrščamo v sintakson Lamio orvalae-fagetum var. geogr. Dentaria polyphylla Košir V isto asociacijo, a v drugo geografsko varianto, var. geogr. Dentaria pentaphyllos Marinček 1995, smo uvrstili bukov gozd, kjer smo našli virginijsko mladomesečino v dolini Kamniške Bistrice. Čeprav je novo nahajališče preučevane praprotnice geografsko precej oddaljeno od njenih ostalih do zdaj znanih nahajališč v Sloveniji (slika 2), so rastiščne razmere na Gorjancih za njeno uspevanje še ugodne. Njena potencialna rastišča v tem hribovju so tudi na aluviju ob večjih potokih in na koluviju v sestojih plemenitih listavcev. Virginijska mladomesečina je kot redka (R) na Rdečem seznamu redkih in ogroženih praprotnic in semenk Slovenije (Anon. 2002). Nahajališč v Julijskih Alpah je precej, tam so tudi njene populacije ponekod precej številne. Ob izlivu Možnice (Nemčlje) v Koritnico pri Logu pod Mangartom smo našteli skupno okoli 20 primerkov. Ogroženost na Gorjancih je bistveno večja. Za zdaj poznamo le eno nahajališče, na njem raste en sam primerek mladomesečine s samo sterilnim delom lista. Gozdni sestoj je blizu ceste in so ga pred časom redčili in vanj speljali tudi vlako. Predlagamo, da se ta sestoj izloči kot ekocelica, v smislu, kot ga opredeljuje Pravilnik o varstvu gozdov (Anon. 2009, Hudoklin et al. 2011). Gospodarjenje v njem naj bo prilagojeno ohranitvi redke vrste. To pomeni, da naj v pasu dveh drevesnih višin od nahajališča ne bi posegali v prostor z gradnjo novih gozdnih vlak, prav tako ne z obsežnejšo sečnjo. Mogoč je posek posameznih dreves, prebiralna ali skupinsko postopna sečnja v času zunaj vegetacijske sezone, pozno jeseni in pozimi. 5.4 Zaključki Novo nahajališče vrste Botrychium virginianum na Gorjancih v južni Sloveniji je po zdajšnjem vedenju poleg nahajališča v južni Madžarski najbolj južno nahajališče te evrosibirsko-severnoameriške praproti v srednji Evropi. Bolj južno v Evropi so samo še nekatera nahajališča v Romuniji. Na Gorjancih en sam primerek raste v gorskem bukovem gozdu (Lamio orvalae- -Fagetum) na nadmorski višini okoli 500 m. Virginijska mladomesečina je v Sloveniji kot redka na Rdečem seznamu in novo nahajališče je geografsko zelo oddaljeno od ostalih znanih nahajališč v Julijskih in Kamniško-Savinjskih Alpah. Zato predlagamo, da gozdni sestoj v Rutah nad Orehovcem gozdarji obravnavajo kot ekocelico in v njem gospodarijo prilagojeno smernicam za njeno varovanje. Nova nahajališča v Julijskih Alpah (eno smo našli tudi v severovzhodni Italiji pri Trbižu /Tarvisio) so manj ogrožena, tudi za to, ker so tam populacije te redke vrste vsaj ponekod bolj številčne. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ZAHVALA Dr. Andrej Rozman took part in the field inventory. Doc. Dr. Tinka Bačič, Prof. Dr. Fabrizio Martini, Dr. Király Gergely and Prof. Dr. Dan Gafta helped us with the data on the distribution of the rattlesnake fern in Slovenia, Italy, Hungary and Romania. We are especially grateful to Prof. Dr. Dan Gafta for the information on its southernmost locality in Romania, and to Prof. Dr. Marko Accetto and Academician Dr. Mitja Zupančič for their corrections and supplements. Iztok Sajko prepared Figure 1 for print. English translation by Andreja Šalamon Verbič. REFERENCES LITERATURA Accetto, M., 2002: Nova spoznanja o rastlinstvu in rastju Gorjancev. Gozdarski vestnik (Ljubljana) 60 (4): Accetto, M., 2003: Zanimivosti rastlinstva in rastja Gorjancev ter Krakovskega gozda. In: Smrekar, A. (ed.): Vekov tek, Kostanjevica na Krki Zbornik ob 750. obletnici prve listinske omembe mesta, Kostanjevica na Krki: FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 55/

8 Aeschimann, D., K. Lauber, D. M. Moser & J.-P. Theurillat, 2004: Flora alpina. Bd. 1: Lycopodiaceae-Apiaceae. Haupt Verlag, Bern, Stuttgart, Wien, 1159 pp. Anonymus, 2002: Pravilnik o uvrstitvi ogroženih rastlinskih in živalskih vrst v rdeči seznam. Priloga 1: Rdeči seznam praprotnic in semenk (Pteridophyta & Spermatophyta). Ljubljana, Uradni list RS 82/2002. Anonymous, 2009: Pravilnik o varstvu gozdov. Uradni list RS 14/2009, Bona, E., F. Martini, H. Niklfeld & F. Prosser, 2005: Atlante corologico delle Pteridofite nell Italia nordorientale/distribution Atlas of the Pteridophytes of North-Eastern Italy. Museo Civico di Rovereto, Ed. Osiride, Rovereto, 239 pp. Braun-Blanquet, J., 1964: Pflanzensoziologie. Grundzüge der Vegetationskunde. 3. Auf., Springer Verlag, Wien New York, 865 pp. Cegnar T., 1998: Temperatura zraka. In: Fridl J., D. Kladnik, M. Orožen Adamič & D. Perko (eds.): Geografski atlas Slovenije. Država v prostoru in času. Ljubljana, Državna založba Slovenije: Csiky, J., 1997: A Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. fitocönológiai és ökológiai vizsgálata a kunfehértói holdrutás erdőben. Kitaibelia (Debrecen) 21: Dakskobler, I., 2003: Floristične novosti iz Posočja in sosednjih območij v zahodni Sloveniji III. Hladnikia (Ljubljana) 15 16: Dakskobler, I., B. Anderle & B. Vreš, 2009: Novosti v flori Julijskih Alp (severozahodna Slovenija). Folia biologica et geologica (Ljubljana) 50 (1): Ehrendorfer, F. & U. Hamann, 1965: Vorschläge zu einer floristischen Kartierung von Mitteleuropa. Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 78: Fischer M. A., W. Adler & K. Oswald, 2008: Exkursionsflora von Österreich, Liechtenstein und Südtirol. Land Oberösterreich, Biologiezentrum der OÖ Landesmuseen, Linz, 1392 pp. Franz, W. R., 1991: Neufunde der Virginischen Mondraute (Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw.) im Gailtal und ihr Gesellschaftsanschluss in Kärnten und Steiermark. Carinthia II (Klagenfurt) (181) 101: Gobbo, G. & L. Poldini, 2005: La diversità floristica del parco delle Prealpi Giulie. Atlante corologico. Università degli Studi di Trieste, Dipartimento di Biologia, Trieste, 364 pp. Hartl, H., G. Kniely, G. H. Leute, H. Niklfeld & M. Perko, 1992: Verbreitungsatlas der Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Kärntens. Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein für Kärnten, Klagenfurt, 451 pp. Hauk, W. D., C. R. Parks & M. W. Chase, 2003: Phylogenetic studies of Ophioglossaceae. Evidence from rbcl. And trnl-f plastid DNA sequences and morphology. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 28 (1): Hudoklin, A., M. Galičič & B. Bogovič, 2011: Ekocelice kot orodje ohranjanja ugodnega stanja v nižinskem gozdu Dobrava. Varstvo narave (Ljubljana) 25: Jalas, J. & J. Suominen, 1967: Mapping the distribution of Europaean vascular plants. Memoranda Soc. pro Fauna Flora Fennica 43: Jogan, N., T. Bačič, B. Frajman, I. Leskovar, D. Naglič, A. Podobnik, B. Rozman, S. Strgulc - Krajšek & B. Trčak, 2001: Gradivo za Atlas flore Slovenije. Center za kartografijo favne in flore, Miklavž na Dravskem polju. 443 pp. Košir, P., 2005: Maple forests of the montane belt in the western part of the Illyrian floral province. Hacquetia (Ljubljana) 4 (2): Košir, Ž., 1979: Ekološke, fitocenološke in gozdnogospodarske lastnosti Gorjancev v Sloveniji. Zbornik gozdarstva in lesarstva (Ljubljana) 17(1): Košir, Ž., 2007: Položaj gorskih bukovih gozdov v Sloveniji. Gozdarski vestnik (Ljubljana) 65 (9): Košir, Ž., 2009: Prispevek k poznavanju predinarskih gozdov plemenitih listavcev. Gozdarski vestnik 67 (5 6): in 283. Marchetti, D., 2004: Le Pteridofite d Italia. Atti Mus. Civ. Rovereto 19 (2003): Marinček, L. & A. Marinšek, 2003: Vegetacija pragozda Ravna gora. Hacquetia (Ljubljana) 2 (1): Martinčič, A., 2003: Seznam listnatih mahov (Bryopsida) Slovenije. Hacquetia (Ljubljana) 2 (1): Martinčič, A., 2007: Ophioglossaceae kačjejezikovke. In: A. Martinčič (ed.): Mala flora Slovenije. Ključ za določanje praprotnic in semenk. Tehniška založba Slovenije, četrta, dopolnjena in spremenjena izdaja, Ljubljana: Martinčič, A., Wraber, T., Jogan, N., Podobnik, A., Turk, B., Vreš, B., Ravnik, V., Frajman, B., Strgulc Krajšek, S., Trčak, B., Bačič, T., Fischer, M. A., Eler, K. & Surina, B. 2007: Mala flora Slovenije. Ključ za določanje praprotnic in semenk. Četrta, dopolnjena in spremenjena izdaja. Tehniška založba Slovenije, Ljubljana, 967 pp. 68 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 55/2 2014

9 Mayer, E. & I. Horvatić, 1967: Pteridophyta (Papratnjače). In: Horvatić, S. (ed.): Analitička flora Jugoslavije 1(1), Institut za botaniku Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Zagreb: Nikolić, T. (ur.), 2014: Flora Croatica Database ( Poldini, L. (s sodelovanjem G. Oriolo, M. Vidali) 2002: Nuovo Atlante corologico delle piante vascolari nel Friuli Venezia Giulia. Regione Autonoma Friuli Venezia Giulia, Azienda Parchi e Foreste Regionali & Universitá degli Studi di Trieste, Dipartimento di Biologia, Udine, 529 pp. Robič, D., 2003: Nekatere botanične zanimivosti iz Kamniške Bistrice. In: Kočar, T.: Kamniška Bistrica Bistriški gozd. Samozaložba, Ljubljana: Rothmaler, W., 1991: Botrychium Swartz. In: Tutin, T. G. et al. (eds.): Flora Europea. Second Edition. Volume 1, Psilotaceae to Plantanaceae. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 10. Seliškar, A., 1992: Vegetacija in flora Dolenjske. Dolenjski zbornik 1992, Seidlov zbornik. Dolenjska založba, Novo mesto: Seliškar, T., B. Vreš & A. Seliškar, 2003: FloVegSi 2.0. Fauna, Flora, Vegetation and Paleovegetation of Slovenia. Computer programme for arranging and analysis of biological data. Biološki inštitut ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana. Šilc, U. & A. Čarni, 2012: Conspectus of vegetation syntaxa in Slovenia. Hacquetia (Ljubljana) 11 (1): Sørensen, Th., 1948: A method of establishing groups of equal amplitude in plant sociology based on similarity of species content. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskaberns Selskab, Biologiske Skrifter (København) 5 (4): Witkowski, Z. J., W. Król & W. Solarz (eds.), 2003: Carpathian List of Endagered Species. WWW and Istitute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Vienna-Krakow, 64 pp. + Appendix. Wraber, T., 1992: Rumeni sleč, rastlinska dragocenost Dolenjske. Dolenjski zbornik 1992, Seidlov zbornik. Dolenjska založba, Novo mesto: Zupančič, B., 1998: Padavine. In: Fridl J., D. Kladnik, M. Orožen Adamič & D. Perko (eds.): Geografski atlas Slovenije. Država v prostoru in času. Ljubljana. Državna založba Slovenije: Figure 3 (Slika 3): Botrychium virginianum, Možnica, Log pod Mangartom. Photo /Foto: I. Dakskobler FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 55/

10 Figure 4 (Slika 4): Botrychium virginianum, Boscoverde/ Zeleni gozd, Tarviso/ Trbiž. Photo/Foto: I. Dakskobler Figure 5 (Slika 5): Botrychium virginianum, Gorjanci, Rute above Orehovec (Rute nad Orehovcem). Photo / Foto: I. Dakskobler 70 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 55/2 2014

11 Table 1: Two stand with Botrychium virginianum in northern and southern Slovenia Preglednica 1: Dva sestoja z vrsto Botrychium virginianum v severni in južni Sloveniji Author ov the Table (Avtor preglednice): I. Dakskobler Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 Database number of relevé (Delovna številka popisa) Elevation in m (Nadmorska višina v m) Aspect (Lega) 0 NW Slope in degrees (Nagib v stopinjah) 0 10 Parent material (Matična podlaga) Al D,L Soil (Tla) FL Eu Stoniness in % (Kamnitost v %) 0 5 Cover in % (Zastiranje v %) : Upper tree layer (Zgornja drevesna plast) E3b Lower tree layer (Spodnja drevesna plast) E3a 10 5 Shrub layer (Grmovna plast) E Herb layer (Zeliščna plast) E Moss layer (Mahovna plast) E Number of species (Število vrst) Relevé area (Velikost popisne ploskve) m Maxiumum tree diameter (Maksimalni prsni premer) cm Maximum tree height (Maksimalna drevesna višina) m Date of taking relevé (Datum popisa) 5/5/2014 5/22/2014 Locality (Nahajališče) Možnica-Koritnica Rute nad Orehovcem Quadrant (Kvadrant) 9647/2 0158/4 Coordinate GK Y (D-48) m Coordinate GK X (D-48) m SP Salicetea purpureae Pr. Salix eleagnos E AI Alnion incanae Rubus caesius E Listera ovata E Frangula alnus E2a +. 1 AF Aremoni-Fagion Cyclamen purpurascens E Rhamnus fallax E2b 2. 1 Rhamnus fallax E2a +. 1 Anemone trifolia E Helleborus niger E Knautia drymeia E Vicia oroboides E Epimedium alpinum E Lamium orvala E Cardamine kitaibelii (Dentaria polyphylla) E Cardamine waldsteinii (Dentaria trifolia) E TA Tilio-Acerion Botrychium virginianum E1 1 r 2 Acer pseudoplatanus E3b. 1 1 Acer pseudoplatanus E Acer platanoides E3b. 1 1 Acer platanoides E2b +. 1 Acer platanoides E2a +. 1 Acer platanoides E Geranium robertianum E Phyllitis scolopendrium E Polystichum setiferum E Aruncus dioicus E Epipactis pontica E Euonymus latifolia E2a. + 1 Tilia platyphyllos E Ulmus glabra E Polystichum aculeatum E FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 55/

12 Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 Pr. FS Fagetalia sylvaticae Mercurialis perennis E Fagus sylvatica E3b Fagus sylvatica E3a. 1 1 Fagus sylvatica E2a Fagus sylvatica E Epipactis helleborine E Salvia glutinosa E Viola reichenbachiana E Daphne mezereum E2a 1. 1 Melica nutans E Cardamine impatiens E Galeobdolon flavidum E Galium laevigatum E Galium odoratum E Cardamine bulbifera E Paris quadrifolia E Polygonatum multiflorum E Symphytum tuberosum E Dryopteris filix-mas E Actaea spicata E Asarum europaeum subsp. europaeum E Carex sylvatica E Cephalanthera damasonium E Epipactis leptochila subsp. neglecta E Euphorbia amygdaloides E Galeobdolon montanum E Heracleum sphondylium E Leucojum vernum E Lilium martagon E Mycelis muralis E Neottia nidus-avis E Prunus avium E Pulmonaria officinalis E Ranunculus lanuginosus E Sanicula europaea E Tilia cordata E QP Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae Fraxinus ornus E Fraxinus ornus E2b 1. 1 Fraxinus ornus E2a 1. 1 Fraxinus ornus E Ostrya carpinifolia E Epipactis muelleri E Tamus communis E QR Quercetalia roboris Castanea sativa E Rubus hirtus E2a. + 1 Pteridium aquilinum E QF Querco-Fagetea Clematis vitalba E3a 1. 1 Clematis vitalba E2a Cruciata glabra E Moehringia trinervia E Platanthera bifolia E1 + r 2 Lonicera xylosteum E2b 2. 1 Viola riviniana E Corylus avellana E2b 1. 1 Hepatica nobilis E Carex digitata E Aegopodium podagraria E Anemone nemorosa E FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 55/2 2014

13 Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 Pr. Hedera helix E3a. r 1 Hedera helix E Platanthera chlorantha E Epipactis microphylla E Cephalanthera longifolia E1. r 1 Rosa arvensis E2a. r 1 VP Vaccinio-Piceetea Picea abies E3b 1. 1 Picea abies E2b 1. 1 Picea abies E2a Aposeris foetida E Oxalis acetosella E Solidago virgaurea E Luzula luzuloides E Luzula pilosa E Abies alba E1. r 1 EP Erico-Pinetea Carex alba E Cirsium erisithales E Rubus saxatilis E Cephalanthera rubra E RP Rhamno-Prunetea Berberis vulgaris E2b +. 1 Cornus sanguinea E2a. 1 1 Viburnum lantana E2a. + 1 MuA Mulgedio-Aconitetea Chaerophyllum hirsutum E Heracleum sphondylium subsp. montanum E Athyrium filix-femina E Aconitum lycoctonum E Doronicum austriacum E Milium effusum E Phyteuma ovatum E Senecio ovatus E EA Epilobietea angustifolii Eupatorium cannabinum E Fragaria vesca E Urtica dioica E Carex divulsa E MA Molinio-Arrhenatheretea Galium mollugo E Geranium phaeum E ES Elyno-Seslerietea Cardaminopsis halleri subsp. ovirensis E Festuca calva E Sesleria caerulea subsp. calcaria E AT Asplenieta trichomanis Moehringia muscosa E Polypodium vulgare E TR Thlaspietea rotundifolii Petasites paradoxus E Gymnocarpium robertianum E Geranium macrorrhizum E Orobanche flava E1 r. 1 ML Mosses (Mahovi) Plagiomnium undulatum E Climacium dendroides E Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus E Scleropodium purum E Ctenidium molluscum E Isothecium alopecuroides E Polytrichum formosum E FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 55/

14 Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 Pr. Schistidium apocarpum E Legend - Legenda Al Alluvium - aluvij D Dolomite - dolomit L Marl - laporovec Fl Fluvisols - obrečna tla Eu Eutric brown soil - evtrična rjava tla 74 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 55/2 2014

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