The level and hydrogeological fate of some POPs in several Croatian, Bosnian & Herzegovina and Kosovo areas as a consequence of war damages

Transcription

1 Partner No: 013 Scientific team: Geological survey Sarajevo, Ustanička 11, Ilidža, Bosnia and Herzegovina Team leader: Neven Miošić, BSc, hydrogeologist Participating scientists: Dr Hazim Hrvatović, geologist, Emina Brkić, BSc, geologist Contractual links to other partners: None Objectives: 1) Determining the hydrogeological fate of PCBs and other POPs compounds in the most threatened areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina polluted with the POPs. Special emphasis will be paid for the sensitive karstic media of these areas. 2) To sample soil and sediments from the sites thought polluted with PCBs and to analyse themselves on its content. 3) To perform the atmospheric monitoring samples with POPs in several sites, which are in surroundings to the ground argumentative contaminated with POPs in Bosnia and Herzegovina to establish real data about level of contamination of this very important part of human ecosphere. Work plan: Work package 2 The level and hydrogeological fate of some POPs in several Croatian, Bosnian & Herzegovina and Kosovo areas as a consequence of war damages Much better understanding the hydrogeological fate of PCBs and other POPs compounds in the most jeopardized locations in Bosnia and Herzegovina polluted with the POPs. Special emphasis will be paid to the sensitive and easy vulnerable karst systems i. e. surface and groundwater, soil, aquatic sediments, flora and fauna. Geological and hydrogeological recognition in the fieldwork will be carried out with collecting relevant data of geological, structural and hydrogeological features (permeability, hydrogeological function of rock masses, hydraulic properties, productivity of aquifers, hydrochemical characteristics of accumulations of ground waters) will be presented on the map. Analysis of scanograms and satellite images will provide information about lithological, structural, morphological, vegetation and urbanizing setting of the area. Hazard identification will be performed partly in co-operation with local authorities and partly by interview responsible persons in most present relevant industrial facilities. Person-months required: 15 Work package 4 The level and atmospheric transportation of some POPs in Croatian, Bosnian & Herzegovina, and FR Yugoslavian areas as consequence of war damages POPs will be monitored in the atmospheric samples from several sites which are close to the ground and thought to be contaminated with POPs. The air passive sampling campaign in Bosnia was performed by Masaryk University in the cooperation with Geological survey Sarajevo in July 2004 in defined 10 locations by Geological survey Sarajevo according to instructions of RECETOX institute. The exact locations of samplings were chosen by collaborating partners (based on results from the first year of work) during the visit of Prof. Holoubek in Croatia and B&H in March and April Person-months required: 1 Deliverable title Delivery date Data about ground or other part of ecosystem significantly polluted with investigated POPs especially with PCBs 35 Data about level of POPs in the atmospheric samples collected from several ground sites proved contaminated with significant higher level of PCBs. 30 Final report 36

2 Research activities and progress during the third reporting period: Work package 2. Hydrogeological characteristics of holokarstic Lika and Bihać regions The sources of pollution are ex military facilities in airport Udbina, karstic poljas in Lika, military relays in Croatian and Bosnian mountains, waste depositories round Bihać and particularly ex airport Željava. Infiltration waters of spacious karstic terrains on the left side of the Una river round poljas Krbavsko, Prijeboj, Koreničko and from mountain massive Plješevica in Croatia discharge on springs from Klokot to Dobrenica in Bihać polje. Karstic areas round Bihać in Bosnia and Herzegovina have also discharge in cited springs. Diffusive and concentrated sinking and circulation of ground waters to one and frequently to more springs in hypsometric lower levels in canyon of Una river valley is the basic hydrogeological characteristic of this terrain. All waters from this region have the direction of ground water flows toward Una valley, what is proved by numerous tracer tests in various sinkholes of karstic poljas. Concentrated and disperse recharge of springs in Bihać valley from numerous karstic poljas in Lika and Bihać terrain is the main characteristic of ground water circulation. The tracer tests of sinking waters by dying were performed in terrains of Lika and Bihać area, which proved concentrated and fast groundwater connections from karstic poljas in Lika and round Bihać with numerous strong karstic springs in Una river valley round Bihać (Table 1., Figure 1.) Very dangerous pollutant of groundwater is sinkhole Željava in Croatia, which has served as liquid waste deposit site of ex Yugoslav Army and the connection of this hole was proved with water supply springs for Bihać as they are Klokot 1, Klokot 2, Privilica, Žegar and others. There are other numerous groundwater channels which have function of privileged groundwater flows toward springs. It is important to say the all surface and groundwater from larger area of airport Željava function as sinkholes and appear in cited springs. From this it is evident fast, direct and negative influence of the airport to groundwater i.e. to all springs, specially to spring Klokot, which is one of the greatest springs in BiH with Q min = 3 m 3 /s.

3 Figure 1. Map of sinkholes dying tests in Lika and Bihać area, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina 1: Arkovac Brišovac MiriæŠtropina Prijeboj Željava izvorište Klokot Vedro polje Vuèjak Slatka voda Jasikovac Krbava Vidrovac Ponor izvorište Privilica Žegar Dobrenica

4 Table1. Tracer tests of groundwater in Lika and Bihać area Dying test site, Altitude m a. s. l. Sinkhole of river Jaruga, Krbavsko polje RH Date of dying test ( ) Site of appearance of tracer Klokot I Altitude Distance of sinkhole spring, - spring (km) m a. s. l. Duration of traveling of tracer (h) Fictive velocit y of tracer (cm/s) Type of connec tion ,65 Strong Hydrolo State o water Medium waters Hydraulic gradient 0, Sinkhole Prijeboj RH 690 Sinkhole Željava- BiH 340 Sinkhole Vučijak- BiH 340 Sinkhole of river Korenica - RH (10 14 h) (10-13h) (10-17 h) Klokot I ,47 Strong 0,039 Klokot II ,74 Medium 0,039 Arkovac , ,08 Weak Brišovac , ,99 Weak Žegar , ,22 Medium Privilica , Medium 0,024 Low Krbava - RH ,47 Strong waters 0,0022 Jasikovac ,48 Strong 0,0028 RH Mirić Štropina-RH 620 3,5 48 1,97 Medium 0,02 Slatka Voda - RH 655 8,3 70 3,24 Strong Klokot I 218 6, ,09 Strong 0,018 Klokot II 213 6, ,40 Strong Privilica , ,57 Strong 0,0074 Žegar , ,719 Strong VedroPolje (warm spring) * 219 9, ,57 Strong Medium waters Arkovac 290 3,5 26 3,76 Strong Briševac 277 3, ,78 Weak Klokot I 218 4,5 15 6,48 Strong 0,027 Klokot II 213 4,4 15 5,60 Strong Pećina - Weak 250 1, ,41 Vedro Polje Privilica 238 4, ,44 Weak 0,022 Žegar 270 2, ,78 Weak Panjak 215 1, ,347 Strong High 0,083 Mlakać* , ,36 Weak waters 0,073 Jošik , ,63 Weak 0,034 Ilijića Vrelo ,95 Weak 0,056 Brišovac ,2 Weak 0,0062 Arkovac ,8 Weak 0,0051 Bistrica- Weak Gata ,6 0,004 Klokot I ,47 Strong 0,037 Klokot II ,47 Strong Privilica ,78 Strong Medium 0,032 Dobrenica ,78 Strong waters Ilijića Vrelo ,97 Medium 0.04 Pećina ,97 Medium 0.038

5 PCBs results of surface soil samples collected in 2003 and 2004 in B&H All analyses of PCBs in soil samples were performed in Rudjer Boskovic Institute Zagreb (Partner 005). We have recognized the most significant sources of pollution of PCBs as they are Jelah, Šikulje etc. and defined their characteristics. All capacitors in ETS represent local pollutions from which there was not far dissemination of pyralene in the space, what we proved in Jelah. - We performed soil samplings on PCBs content round possible flowing paths from ETS Jelah for the purpose of examination of reach of pollution with PCBs from capacitors in electrical transformer station Jelah. Great values of PCBs are limited round the west side of ETS (sample No 57), where the capacitors were situated and there are not any dissipation out of sampling sites in This fact denotes the oil from capacitors was leaked in the soil and it is remained here until now i.e. the oil is not run off far from capacitors. West, NW and SW from ETS (No 57) in the length of 15 m there is no remarkable values of PCBs, while east of ETS in samples 80 and 81 there are increased content of PCBs, what indicate the field of pollution is extended in this sense. This fact is strange because the greatest content of PCBs was registered west of ETS (No 57), where capacitors were situated and east of ETS (No 58) was a little value of PCBs. It is difficult to imagine, taking into consideration the configuration of terrain and possible paths of circulation of groundwater, that the pollution in site 80 and 81 has origin from western side (No 57) but it exists till now nonregistered additional pollution in eastern side of ETS also, but it is of local stretching too as this one (sample 57) on the west side of ETS building. - There are in tunnel Željava the most amount of PCBs (No ppm) from samples in 2004., what denotes the oil spilling with pyralene were from facilities inside of tunnel and not from outside. The level of PCBs in 2004 is less than this one sampled in (No ppm PCBs) outside of tunnel. One can conclude there is need for further sampling of soil in deeper tunnels and rooms of this underground facility. The low levels of PCBs in airplane runway PS 5 (No 107, 108) of 4.3 and 2.6 ppm PCBs show the dispersion of PCBs in larger area of this karstic massive and possibility of pollution of the most significant above quoted water-supply karstic springs. PCBs have origin from interior of tunnels and it is logic by going away from its, PCBs is decreased in soil. Fewer amounts of PCBs in tunnel in 2004 from this one in soil ahead of itself in 2003 make misunderstanding. One can conclude there are sites with greater contents of PCBs in tunnel than it has sample with 105 ppm from We can say there is a need for other samplings in deeper rooms of tunnel as also in terrain outside to solve this question. Higher content of PCBs was not registered in soil sample downstream of spring Klokot 1, although surficial waters of this spring overflow surface of terrain during higher water levels. We do not know what happened with PCBs during turbulence of high waters from spring Klokot1. If there was PCBs in waters of Klokot 1, the question is if this pollutant could infiltrate through soil and stay in it or the stream flows of Klokot 1 carried away PCBs farther downstream. The surface of soil is in higher hypsometries than Klokot flows during minimum and middle levels of waters and then there is no recharge of this part of soil from Klokot 1. We cannot conclude on no existing of PCBs in waters of Klokot 1 from present data, because of little number of samples, but the result of sediments in Klokot 1, which had not PCBs in 2004, indicates the possibilities there is not PCBs in Klokot 1. Another question is what happened with PCBs, which is not carried away by waters in tunnel Željava, but it is remaining in these rooms. - Compensation batteries in ETS Požarnica east of Tuzla are probably the cause of high level of PCBs in soil (No 76) in this location. - PCBs in soil samples round damaged and destroyed ex military relays in high Bosnian mountains Bjelašnica, Jahorina, Trebević have not remarkable levels of PCBs. - All other surface soil samples had not significant amounts of PCBs. PCBs results of sediments and fishes samples collected in 2003 and 2004 in B&H All analyses of PCBs in sediment samples were performed in Rudjer Boskovic Institute Zagreb (Partner 005) and Institute of public health Maribor (Partner 008). Important data of PCBs content and comparison of results of investigation in 2003 and 2004 are presented below. - River Klokot is left tributary of Una river, Miljacka and Zujevina are tributaries of Bosna river; Oskova is tributary of Gostilja river and this one as also Jala are tributaries of Spreča river- right tributary of Bosna river, Tešanjka flows to Usora river, which is left tributary of Bosna river. All these rivers belong to Sava river basin and Black sea divide area. From the results of content of PCBs we can conclude the followings: - Higher PCBs content in Željava originate from destroyed and mined facilities in tunnels in object Klek of mountain massive Plješevica from which the pyralene can infiltrate through karstic rock masses and then appear in strong karstic springs round Bihać (Klokot 1, Klokot 2, Privilica, Žegar, Pećina, Panjak, Vedro polje springs, Arkovac, Bistrica - Gata, which was proved by dying test performed 1987.) and after that to Una river. Pyralene

6 can also originates from karstic poljas in Lika region, particularly from military facilities in former military airport Udbina and appear in cited springs and finally in Una river again. - One must put the question from where is high level of PCBs only in spring sediments of Klokot 2 and in the same time this fact is not registered in spring Klokot 1 as not also on Privilica spring - Bihać. Soil sample ahead of Tunnel 1 Željava has high PCBs content now and dying test were proved, among others, groundwater connections from sinkhole in Željava toward all cited springs. Can one say the waters carried away PCBs only from Klokot 1, but from Klokot 2 it exists less possibility of taking away of PCBs, because this water occurs in basin in slow flow conditions? Spilling of oil with PCBs happened in 1992 and sampling sediments are recent i.e. contemporary, very young, it signifies the existence of present-day traveling from pollution site, which basically originate from the time of destruction ETS in It exists contemporary traveling of pollution what is proved by speed of tracer. Spring Klokot 1 is far 0.15 km from Klokot 2 and has much greater yield than Klokot 2, it is placed nearer and in the same side to sinkhole Željava and however in its sediments there is no PCBs, the fictive velocities toward Klokot 1 are 5.1 cm/s and to Klokot 2 similar 4.4 cm/s, diagrams of out flowing of tracer are the same, the recharge area for both springs are the same, proved groundwater connections reach both springs from each dying sinkhole, river water flow cannot carry away PCBs only from Klokot 1. In the other words, there is not reason for lack of PCBs in spring sediments also in Klokot 1 from hydrogeological standpoint. One can say that it exists groundwater connection from now active source of pollution with PCBs in the drainage area (it is in Željava tunnels what is proved by soil sample analysis) only toward Klokot 2, it means that privileged water communication paths exist from the present pollution site exclusively to spring Klokot 2 in the hydrologic conditions which governed in the sampling time If the pollution comes from Udbina too, one cannot explain why there is PCBs in sediments in Klokot 2 only. High concentration of PCBs in tunnel 4 is present now and this fact shows the pollution of sediments in Klokot 2 is derived from this and other tunnels in Željava. From 1992 when it was destroying of facilities with PCBs it exists probably pollution to present time because during each year exists cyclic and the same elements of groundwater hydraulics. The question is does it exist appearance of PCBs in Klokot 2 in all hydrologic conditions or only in particular periods of hydrologic year. The youth of sediments in Klokot 1 is possibly reason of lack of PCBs in itself and in the same time sediment in Klokot 2 is older in hydrogeological point of view and it has been the possibility of accumulation of PCBs in longer periods of time. We can conclude the existence of complicated paths of circulations of groundwater is the cause of such result. The consequence of high level of PCBs in Klokot 2 can be negative in practical sense, because it may impact to use of fishes as human food, which are bringing up in fishpond in this spring. In the same time the lack of PCBs in Klokot 1 has positive and happy effect because its waters serve as main water-supply source to cca 50,000 inhabitants of municipality of Bihać. In this case there is contemporary traveling of pollutants, less content of PCBs after fishpond in Klokot 2 (No 103) indicates accumulation of PCBs in sediments in basin because of nonflowing of this sediment. Sample m downstream of fishpond (Klokot 2) contains both waters (Klokot 1+ Klokot 2) shows something higher level of PCBs than it is in Klokot 1 and Klokot 1+2 this increase is connected to waters of Klokot 2. This fact points out to irregularity of space oscillations of PCBs in sediments of Klokot 2. PCBs level downstream in river Klokot 1+2 (No 106) is the same as it is in Klokot 1 upstream of mouth of Klokot 2, what indicates the sediments of Klokot 1 are practically without PCBs. - On the other side very low content of PCBs in sediments of Una river upstream (No 6) and downstream (No 7) of Bihać, denotes there are neither income of PCBs upstream of Bihać nor from the same town. River Una is clean with regard to pollution of PCBs, but the sample site in Ćetića mlin UN 2 (No 7) is situated upstream of the mouth of river Klokot (the PCBs pollution comes by this river from military relays on high mountain Plješevica, the former waste Bihać depository Vučjak, and former military airport Željava, may be also from Lika karstic poljas - Koreničko polje, Prijeboj and Krbavsko polje in Croatia these ground connections were proved by dying tests) to Una river. - Samples of fishes in fishpond of spring Klokot 2 in 2004 have similar low contents, until sample No 59/2003 has something increased PCBs. The sampling of sediments in fishpond in Klokot 2 was not permitted to us and we took the sample in 2004 out of fishpond on the out flowing pipe from the basin, this sediment is younger than this one taken in 2003 in fishpond. The less level of PCBs in sediments in 2004 related to this one in 2003 is the result of hydrogeological conditions in recharge area of river Klokot. This datum correlates well by fewer contents in fishes in 2004 related to 2003 too. - River Miljacka in the centre of Sarajevo has high values of PCBs in 2003 but not in These values were manifold less. The sample 15 was taken 5 m upstream of Vrbanja most, sample 98 is 5m downstream of this bridge and sample 99 is 30 m upstream of the same bridge; all samples are on the left side of the Miljacka river. The sediments precipitated in 2003 were carried out after sampling in 2003 by the river Miljacka and in 2004.

7 This river brought along the new sediments on this bank from which we took the samples in 2004 on the other locations than it was in Consequently, we cannot check now in 2004 the sampling site from 2003 because these sediments are taken away in 2004 and The sediments sampling in 2003 were carried away by the Miljacka river and we cannot know are there on these sites in 2004 increased anomaly of PCBs. We do not know also would it be on the sites in 2004 the state as it was in 2003 or as it is in 2004 if they were sampled in One can pose the question is the area with increased values of PCBs limited only round location 15 and only in One can conclude subsequent bringing and precipitation of Miljacka river sediments and after sampling in 2003 cause the increasing of PCBs in The new sediments have a great less levels of PCBs, at the same time there is less possibility of existing of space-limited anomaly in 2003 and It seams the decrease of PCBs in sediments during elapsed time in Miljacka river Sarajevo. The origin of this content of PCBs in 2003 may be connected with damaged and destroyed military facilities in relays in recharge areas in mountains Trebević (Debelo brdo) and Jahorina and in damaged capacitors in Sarajevo upstream of Marijin Dvor. - Increased levels of PCBs sampled in in sediments of rivers Gostilja, Oskova, Jala and Spreča we tried to explain in Annual report for 2003/2004. In 2004 samples in the opposite in sediments of these rivers were registered uniform low amounts of PCBs round 17.5 ppb in all locations. These sediments are younger than they sampled in 2003 which were denudated and carried out after sampling in 2003 by stream waters flow. Generally, the reasons for such situation are caused by natural conditions and changes in recharge area of these rivers. Interpretation of such data is similar to those as for Miljacka in the above text. New sediments in 2004 are conditioned by different hydrologic and hydrogeological circumstances, which were completely various related to those conditions in Concrete reasons for this phenomenon i. e. the explanation based on hydrogeological characteristics one cannot explain now. Certainly, a little number of samples makes impossible real conclusion, it exists very complicate ways of explanation of PCBs contents in sediments. - The high level of PCBs in river sediments of Zujevina Blažuj is the consequence of bringing of PCBs from damaged, bombed and destroyed industrial and military facilities with capacitors filled by pyralene in the recharge area in the war in the terrains of Blažuj, Hadžići, mined facilities in mountains Bjelašnica and Igman. Samples 61, 62 and 63 in sites upstream and downstream of Hadžići will show validity of the above opinion. There are neither of PCBs upstream of Kamenjače in the course of Zujevina river nor in the spring of Žunovnica and in the opposite in Kamenjače exists remarkable value of PCBs, what means the pollution comes from the area between Blažuj and Kamenjače. - In Žutulje downstream of Jelah was registered increased level of PCBs, but upstream in Kalošević in the same river - Usora there is not PCBs. PCBs is transported by the river and the dynamics of surface waters can be the cause of these findings. Namely, the fast water of river Usora in Kalošević carried away PCBs toward Žutulje where it is the calm course of flow of river in which probably happened depositing of PCBs. - In sediments of numerous strong karstic springs like Buna, Bunica, Bijela, Boračko jezero, springs of river Bosna, Žunovnica (the watersheds of these springs are in high mountains) were not registered increased contents of PCBs what means there were not comings of PCBs from high mountains with damaged military relays with pyralene as they are Velež, Borašnica, Bjelašnica, Igman, Jahorina. One does not know was the pyralene spilt out or it was not come yet to springs or finally the fast stream flows in springs were carried away PCBs. Although these relays are generally situated in watersheds areas of springs, however it is not possible the existence of groundwater connections from every point of terrain toward springs. We must stress above quoted considerations about reasons of higher concentrations of PCBs in sediments especially are not definitive and exact conclusions. Namely, it is possible the different levels of PCBs are stipulated by hydrodynamic conditions of movements of waters, regime of precipitation of sediments, their size and characteristics of grains, age and the speed of creating, the distance from source of pollution and in which conditions of aquatic water systems does happen the precipitation, migration and transportation of PCBs. It would be necessary to carry out adequate investigations, to determine geological and hydrogeological characteristics of cover and bedrock, filtrational properties of cover and bedrock, hydrogeological functions, hydraulic mechanism of movement of ground and surficial waters, depth to groundwater, thickness of water horizon, drainage area, residence time of waters, velocities of ground and surficial waters, to perform boring of drill holes and taking samples of sediments through the depth of terrain and in this way to contour the dissemination of PCB as vertically and also horizontally in the space. The corresponding deliverable 5, milestone 2 and expected results were achieved. Deliverable 5: Data about suspicious sources of POPs pollution on various sites in continental Croatia, Bosnia & Herzegovina and Kosovo. Milestone 2: Data collection and POPs monitoring in soil and water environment of Croatia, Bosnia & Herzegovina and Kosovo endangered with war wastes. Expected results Functional, correlational or other species relationships between level of PCBs in soil and on the other side in sediment and fish samples are expected.

8 Work package 4. Choosing and setting locations on air sampling with PCBs content Sites for air sampling on PCBs content were collected in some interesting areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina after consideration of the results of soil and sediments samplings in zones of military relays in high mountains and other sites with PCBs spilling in BiH under supervision and with the help of Partners No. 001 and No Selected locations for air sampling on PCBs content according to analyses of PCBs content in soil and other data are the followings: 1) ETS Tuzla Center, 2) BKC, Firemen house Tuzla, 3) Monitoring station 3 Bukinje Tuzla, 4) Meteorological station Trnovac - Tuzla, 5) Salt mine Tušanj Tuzla, 6) Vogošća Sarajevo, 7) Federal meteorological Institute Bardakčije - Sarajevo, 8) Standard«factory - Sarajevo, 9) HM Tenax company Vlakovo - Sarajevo, 10) Federal meteorological station Ivan sedlo Sarajevo. The analyzing of these samples is performing now in Recetox institute in Brno (Partner No. 001). Passive air sampling campaign was begun July 14 th 2004 by setting stations by turns as was written above. In Tuzla stations are marked from TUP 1 to TUP 5 and in Sarajevo from SAP 6 to SAP 10. The air sampling campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina was performed in cooperation by Masaryk University CZR and Geological survey BiH in May in above mentioned 10 sites. In this period of investigation we continued taking of passive air samplings with beginning in July This campaign was performed by Geological survey Sarajevo and it is finished December All samples of air and samplers were delivered to Partner No 005 in December We sent to Recetox institute in Brno the coordinates and altitudes of 10 air sampling sites, meteorological data (average daily temperatures for stations Ivan Sedlo, Sarajevo - Butmir airport, Sarajevo Bjelave and Tuzla, number of days with precipitation for the same stations, number of days with inversion for stations Sarajevo Bjelave and Sarajevo - Butmir airport). Meteorological data were got by goodness of Federal meteorological institute Sarajevo. The corresponding deliverable 16 and milestone 4 and expected results were partially achieved. Deliverable 16: Data about level of POPs in the atmospheric samples collected from several ground sites proved contaminated with significant higher level of PCBs. Milestone 4: Real danger of POPs sources on atmosphere and the health of local residents of highly contaminated area. Expected results Besides that threat for local people, estimation the real possibilities that under suitable meteorological conditions, these chemicals can be transported across borders over large distances is also very useful.

9 PUBLICATIONS Refereed journals Čalić, V., Miošić, N., Cencič Kodba, Z., Picer, M., Picer, N., Rugova, A., Arbneshi, T Pollution of river sediments in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo with polychlorinated biphenyls. CD-ROM of Proceedings of 25 th International Symposium on Halogenated Environmental Organic Pollutants and Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)-DIOXIN. Toronto, Canada, August 21-26, Organohalogen compounds 67: (poster presentation) Picer N., Čalić V., Miošić N., Picer M., Kovač T., Cencič Kodba Z., Hodak Kobasić V., Hrvatović H. War waste and soil pollution in karstic area of Bosnia and Herzegovina with polychlorinated biphenyls. Water and us IX (43): (in Croatian) Picer, M., Kovač, T., Picer, N., Čalić, V., Miošić, N., Cencič Kodba, Z., Rugova, A War in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo, and PCBs hazards. CD-ROM of Proceedings of 25 th International Symposium on Halogenated Environmental Organic Pollutants and Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)- DIOXIN. Toronto, Canada, August 21-26, Organohalogen compounds 67: (poster presentation) Picer, N., Miošić, N., Hodak-Kobasić, V., Kovač, T., Čalić, V., Hrvatović, H War waste and pollution of karstic area of Bosnia and Herzegovina with PCBs, CD-ROM of Proceedings of 24 th International Symposium on Halogenated Environmental Organic Pollutants and POPs-DIOXIN. Berlin, Germany, September 6-10, Organohalogen compounds 66: (poster presentation) Published lectures Čalić, V., Miošić, N., Cencič Kodba, Z., Picer, M., Picer, N., Rugova, A., Arbneshi, T Pollution of river sediments in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo with polychlorinated biphenyls. Book of abstracts. 19 th Croatian meeting of chemists and chemical engineers, Opatija, April 24-27, 413. (poster presentation) Čalić, V., Miošić, N., Cencič Kodba, Z., Picer, M., Picer, N., Rugova, A., Arbneshi T Pollution of river sediments in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo with polychlorinated biphenyls. Proceedings of International conference on Environmental change and rational water use. Buenos Aires, Argentina, 29th August 1st September, 34. (poster presentation) Čalić, V., Picer, N., Picer, M., Miošić, N., Cencič Kodba, Z., Rugova, A Levels of POPs in soil and sediment of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo, Workshop of Croatian-Norwegian project: Mitigation of environmental consequences of the war in Croatia Risk assessment of hazardous chemical contamination, Zagreb, September, 19. Picer, N., Miošić, N., Picer, M., Hodak Kobasić, V., Kovač, T., Čalić, V., Hrvatović, H War waste and pollution of karstic area of B&H with PCBs, Proceedings, 8th International symposium Waste management. Zagreb, Croatia, November 17-19, (in Croatian) Picer, M., Picer, N., Kovač, T., Čalić, V., Miošić, N., Cencič Kodba, Z., Rugova, A War in some karstic area of former Yugoslavia, and PCB hazards to karst water system. Proceedings of International conference on Environmental change and rational water use. Buenos Aires, Argentina, 29th August 1st September, 25. Sent for publication Čalić, V., Picer, N., Miošić, N., Hodak Kobasić, V., Kovač, T., Picer, M., Hrvatović, H. War waste and the pollution of the karstic area of Bosnia and Herzegovina with PCBs. (paper Submitted in Chemosphere) Picer, M., Picer, N., Hodak Kobasić, V., Kovač, T., Čalić, V., Miošić, N., Cencič Kodba, Z., Rugova, A War in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo and PCBs hazards to water ecosystem. European conference on Industrial Pollution and Sustainable Development, Maribor, Slovenia, December (paper accepted)

10 Picer, M., Picer, N., Kovač, T., Hodak Kobasić, V., Čalić, V., Miošić, N., Cencič Kodba, Z., Rugova, A War in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Kosovo and Metohija, and PCBs hazards to karst water system. Proceedings of International conference and field seminar: Water resources and environmental problems in karst-cvijic. Belgrade and Kotor, Serbia and Montenegro, September (in press)