Baseline water quality analyses of Madera Creek, Madera Canyon

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1 Baseline water quality analyses of Madera Creek, Madera Canyon Item Type Thesis-Reproduction (electronic); text Authors Morse, Darwin Woodson. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 20/08/ :14:42 Link to Item

2 BASELINE WATER QUALITY ANALYSES OF MADERA CREEK, MADERA CANYON by Darwin Woodson Morse III A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the SCHOOL OF RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE WITH A MAJOR IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1979

3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the. author. SIGNED: _oruzf,,24/ AOR.6 77T: APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below:.000.1z Laif#0i1n1. /, 77 - S K. BRICKLER Date Asso ate Professor of Renewable Natural Resources

4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author would like to express that this study constitutes an extensive team approach to water quality research within Madera Canyon. The research and conclusive results would not have been completed or as thorough without the assistance of the co-researchers. The author would like to express deepest gratitude to the following individuals and agencies: Dr. Stanley K. Brickler, who provided guidance, leadership and invaluable assistance in the attainment of my personal and professional goals. Dr. Robert Wagle and Dr. Jon Rodiek for their serving as members of the oral examination committee. Dr. William Matter and Dr. Robert Phillips for their technical assistance and review of the thesis. John Gaines and Dr. David Marx whose expertise and assistance aided me in the statistical and computer analysis of the research data. Coronado National Forest Service for the funding they provided for the research. Brock Tunnicliff and David Sharrow for their valuable assistance and inputs into the research study iii

5 iv The School of Renewable Natural Resources, University of Arizona, for supplying equipment and laboratory facilities. Debby Meirs who completed all the illustrations for the thesis. Norma Emptage for typing this manuscript. My parents, Mr. and Mrs. D. W. Morse, Jr., whose moral support and guidance helped me realize my own capabilities.

6 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS LIST OF TABLES ABSTRACT 1. RESEARCH INTRODUCTION Page viii xi xii 1 Problem Statement 5 Purpose Statement 6 Research Objectives 7 Scope of Research 7 Study Site Description 8 Legal Boundary 8 Vegetative Zones 8 Intermediate Zone 8 Woodland Zone 8 Chaparral Zone 8 Riparian Zone 9 Soil Setting 9 Climate 10 Wildlife 10 General Use 11 Sample Site Designations METHODS 14 Water Quality Parameters 14 Field Procedures 15 Sampling Design 15 Field Sample Collection 16 Time Series Sample Data 17 Laboratory Procedures DATA PRESENTATION 21 Climatic and Physical Data 21 Precipitation 21 Air and Water Temperature 22 Streamf low 24 Suspended Solids 24

7 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS--Continued Page Recreational Use 28 Chemical Data 28 Nitrate-Nitrogen 28 Orthophosphate 31 ph 31 Biological Data 32 Oxygen Demand 32 Bacteria 32 Surface Water 34 Seasonal Bacterial Variation 39 Time Series 45 Holiday Sampling 49 Bacterial Ratios 54 Bottom Sediments 54 Stir Samples STATISTICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 60 Statistical Results 60 Analysis of Variance 61 Surface Water Fecal Coliform and Fecal Streptococcus 61 Bottom Sediment Fecal Conform 61 Correlations 63 Discussion 65 Climatic and Physical Data 65 Precipitation and Stream Flow 65 Air and Water Temperatures 65 Suspended Solids 66 Recreational User Patterns 66 Chemical Data 68 Nitrate-Nitrogen and Orthophosphate. 68 Biological Data 70 Dissolved Oxygen 70 Biochemical Oxygen Demand 70 Bacteria 71 Station Holiday Samples 73 Fecal Coliform/Fecal Streptococcus Ratios 73 Bottom Sediments and Stir Samples. 74 Final Comment 75

8 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS--Continued Page 5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND MANAGEMENT DATIONS RECOMMEN- 77 Summary 77 The Research 78 Findings and Their Importance 78 Conclusions 80 Management Recommendations 82 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 85

9 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Regional Location, Madera Canyon 2 2. Madera Creek Watershed, Coronado National Forest 4 3. Location of Sample Stations, Madera Creek Study Area Total Monthly Precipitation Recorded at Madera Canyon and Florida Ranger Station from January 1978 Through December Mean Monthly Air and Water Temperatures on Madera Creek Mean Monthly Stream Flow for Madera Creek Taken at Station Annual Mean Suspended Solids Values by Station ph, Nitrate-Nitrogen and Orthophosphate Mean Monthly Values Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Dissolved Oxygen Annual Log Means at Stations 2, 4, 5, 9, 11, and la Fecal Coliform and Fecal Streptococcus Monthly Log Means Fecal Coliform and Fecal Streptococcus Annual Log Means by Station Annual Log Mean Bacteria Concentrations for Weekends and Weekdays, by Station Monthly Log Mean Fecal Coliform Concentrations, Madera Creek Stations Grouped into Five Segments Monthly Log Mean Fecal Streptococcus Concentrations, Madera Creek, Stations Grouped into Five Segments 42 viii

10 ix LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS--(Continued) Figure Page 15. Monthly Log Mean Fecal Coliform and Fecal Streptococcus Concentrations at Station Fecal Coliform and Fecal Streptococcus Monthly Loa Means for Weekends and Weekdays at Station Seasonal Log Mean Bacteria Concentrations by Station Fecal Coliform: Time Series Sampling at Stations 5, 9, 11, and 13, October 15, Fecal Streptococcus: Time Series Sampling at Stations 5, 9, 11, and 13, October 15, Holiday Sampling Scheme--Memorial Day, 4th of July, Labor Day; Log Mean Fecal Coliform and Fecal Streptococcus Concentrations by Station Monthly Log Mean Fecal Coliform Concentrations and Mean Monthly Air and Water Temperatures Monthly Log Mean Bacterial Concentrations and Mean Monthly Stream Flow Monthly Log Mean Fecal Coliform and Fecal Streptococcus Concentrations and Mean Monthly Flow Fecal Coliform/Fecal Streptococcus Ratio: Annual Mean Ratios by Station Bottom Sediment: Monthly Log Mean Fecal Coliform Concentrations Measured at Stations 5, 9, 11, and Monthly Log Mean Fecal Coliform Concentration Comparisons for Bottom Sediments and Surface Water 58

11 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS--(Continued) Figure Page 27. Monthly Log Mean Fecal Coliform Concentration Comparisons for Bottom Sediments, Stir Samples (Represents Two Sample Periods) and Surface Water at Stations 5, 9, 11 and 14 59

12 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Visitor Day Use in Madera Canyon, Monthly Log Mean Ranges and Annual Log Mean Values for Fecal Coliform and Fecal Streptococcus Concentrations, Madera Creek, Grouped into Five Segments Results of the Analysis of Variance Test with Mean Log Fecal Coliform Concentrations (Fecal Coliform 0 = 0.01) as Determined by the Treatments: Season (Winter-Spring, Summer, Fall- Winter), Day of the Week (Sunday, Wednesday), and Stream Segments (1 Through 5) Results of the Analysis of Variance Test with Mean Log Fecal Streptococcus Concentrations (Fecal Streptococcus 0 = 0.01) as. Determined by the Treatments Season (Winter-Spring, Summer, Fall-Winter), Day of the Week (Sunday, Wednesday), and Stream Segments (1 Through 5) Results of the Analysis of Variance Test with Mean Log Fecal Conform Concentrations in Bottom Sediments (Fecal Coliform 0 = 0.01) as Determined by the Treatments Season (Winter-Spring, Summer, Fall-Winter), Day of the Week (Sunday, Wednesday), and Stream Segments (1 Through 5) Pearson Correlation Two Tail Test of Significance Delineating the Relationship between Selected Parameters Within Madera Creek Sample Period when Fecal Coliform Concentrations Exceeded 200 Colonies per 100 ml, Surface Water and Bottom Sediments 69 xi

13 ABSTRACT Madera Canyon Recreation Area, located forty-five miles south of Tucson, Arizona, lies within the Santa Rita Mountains of the Coronado National Forest. The Canyon has second home development and various recreational activities occurring in close proximity to Madera Creek, the only water resource in the Canyon. A water quality sampling program was designed to establish a baseline water quality profile of Madera Creek. A sampling program was conducted from January 1978 through December 1978 which measured various climatic, physical, biological, and chemical parameters. Fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus organisms were monitored bi-weekly and observed as indicator organisms of human and animal sources of contamination. Data analysis showed that the water quality status of Madera Creek met recreational standards for partial and full body contact; however, the stream did not exhibit characteristics of a natural mountain stream. While second homes may have had some impact on the water resource, recreational use patterns were identified as a possible major contributor of contamination in Madera Creek. xii

14 CHAPTER 1 RESEARCH INTRODUCTION Madera Canyon, within the Santa Rita Mountains, Nogales Ranger District, Coronado National Forest, is located forty-five miles soulth of Tucson, Arizona (Figure 1). The canyon's resources are used extensively for recreational endeavors by individuals from Tucson and the surrounding communities in Pima and Santa Cruz Counties (Environmental Statement, Coronado National Forest, 1974). Madera Canyon is a composite of intensive day use, second home, and overnight facilities and receives some one hundred thousand visitor-days per year. Madera Canyon, varying in elevation from 4,000 feet at the Coronado National Forest boundary to 9,453 feet at Mt. Wrightson, has a wide concave configuration and northern aspect. The northern aspect, vegetation, and elevation provide an environment which attracts many visitors seeking recreational pursuits. Several vegetation types within the canyon include: riparian, associated with the streams; oakwoodland and manzanita-brushland at intermediate elevations; and ponderosa pine at the higher elevations. Precipitation occurring mostly as later summer convective storms and 1

15 2 SAGUARO NATIONAL MONUMENT r--9 NR.-u i LI T. --t, MOUNTAIN PAW---1 PAPAGO r INDIAN - RESERVATION! a._ Figure 1. Regional Location, Madera Canyon.

16 3 winter frontal systems is sufficient to support Madera Creek as an interrupted perennial stream which is fed by intermittent tributaries. Flow in Madera Creek and its tributaries is attributed to natural springs, rainfall, and snow melt within the canyon. During summer dry periods sections of Madera Creek and tributaries flow underground reemerging for short distances throughout the main creek corridor. Madera Canyon Recreation Area is the southern portion of Madera watershed, which drains a 5.2 square mile area. Five miles of interconnecting streams meander through the narrow corridors, with streamside picnicking, wading and camping occurring along the reach (see Figure 2). Two Forest Service picnic areas, one campground and numerous trailheads to backcountry sites are located within Madera Canyon. Seventy permanent and seasonal homes and one lodge with thirteen rental cabins are all located within the canyon. Sixteen of the seventy homes are located on private land and the remaining fifty-four are under a permit system on Forest Service land. The lodge and homes follow the riparian corridor and border on each side of the stream. Current use of these homes has followed a growing trend of year-long residence, rather than seasonal occupancy. Commercial mining, timber production and grazing are not permitted in Madera Canyon. The canyon is one of few

17 4 1 MADERA CANYON ROAD MADERA PICNIC.,,_BOG SPRINGS GROUND CAMPGROUND SANTA RITA /LODGE S _,--- IRON CAP PATENT N SUZIE LODE. /. PATENT 7'4 \ \ ( ) ROUND -UP 7\./. ROUND t PICNIC G k \n MILES 1 ((z _...%.,......"..." Figure 2. Madera Creek Watershed, Coronado National Forest.

18 5 natural water-based recreation areas in southern Arizona; as a result recreation is the single most important use of the resource. Quality of recreational experiences in Madera Canyon is largely dependent on a clean natural state of the environment. Problem Statement Madera Canyon comprises a complex system of second home recreational use and various day use activities which include picnicking, birdwatching, camping, hiking and hunting. All of these activities potentially impact the natural water quality condition of Madera Creek. Growing populations in southern Arizona have caused significant increases in recreational use of Madera Canyon since the construction of the first summer homes in Coronado National Forest recreation data show that within the past six years visitor-days have fluctuated between 82,000 in 1972 to 118,000 in Forest Service estimates the largest percentage of user-days are attributed to summer homes, and that the length of stay in summer homes has increased considerably within the past five years. At present over fifty percent of the fifty-four homes located on Forest Service land are currently used on a year-long basis. In the past the homes situated within Madera Canyon had pit toilets for sewage disposal; these have gradually

19 6 been replaced by septic tank/leach field or cesspool systems. Forest Service sewage facilities in camping and picnic areas are sealed vault toilets which are pumped periodically. The situation in Madera Canyon is indigenous to many second home recreational areas in the Southwest, i.e., development in close proximity to natural water bodies with little or not natural buffer zones, and on soils too shallow to adequately treat sewage. In Madera Canyon the location of most of the second homes is within the riparian vegetation zone and adjacent to the stream channel. Picnic activities in the Canyon have significantly increased over the past few years. Dogs and other domestic animals associated with these picnic areas and second home developments can act as a source of contaminants. Contamination of surface waters results when storm runoff flushes animal fecal material from soil to receiving streams. An intensive study of the existing water quality status of Madera Creek has not previously been conducted. Research objectives were therefore formulated to determine the quality of water within Madera Creek. Purpose Statement The purpose of this study is to assess the baseline water quality status of Madera creek and to serve as a reference for future research.

20 7 Research Objectives Objectives: 1. Analyze bacterial concentrations of surface water and bottom sediments in Madera Creek, thus providing a benchmark for future analyses. 2. Implement a research design for evaluating the effects of second home and recreational use on water quality. 3. Evaluate the relationship between bacterial concentrations of surface water and bottom sediments and selected chemical and physical parameters. 4. Identify water quality problem areas within Madera Canyon and develop recommendations that will assist in the recreational management of the water resource. Scope of Research Data collected for this research constitute a baseline water quality study measuring selected climatic, physical, chemical and biological parameters. Representative sampling stations were selected along the 2-mile main corridor of Madera Creek and its tributaries. Location of the sampling stations were selected so as to monitor water quality parameters in areas of potentially intensive and light use recreational activity. This baseline water quality study thus provides the Forest Service with data to assist management decisions regarding continued recreational use and development within Madera Canyon Recreational Area.

21 8 Study Site Description The study area in this section delineates the legal boundary, vegetative zones, soil setting, climate, wildlife, general use and sample site designations. Legal Boundary Madera Canyon is located in Sections 35 and 36, Township 19 south, Range 14 east; Section 1, 2, 11, and 12, Township 20 south, Range 14 east. Access to the canyon is via Interstate 19 and the Madera Canyon Road. Vegetative Zones Differences in elevation divide the canyon into various vegetative zones. USDA Forest Service has identified vegetative zones with Region 3 of the National Forest System lands. According to the Forest Service vegetative zone classifications Madera Canyon contains the following: intermediate woodland, chaparral, and riparian. Intermediate Zone. This zone is a mixture of subalpine and pinyon juniper vegetation, and is located along the mountain ridge bordering Madera Canyon. Woodland Zone. The predominant vegetation in this zone is pinyon juniper and is found along the upper portions of the mountain sides. Chaparral Zone. Chaparral vegetation thrives within this zone and is characterized by large continuous stands

22 9 of shrubs and stunted trees, and is situated along the lower mountain sides adjacent to the riparian zone. Riparian Zone. This zone is comprised of vegetation types requiring large amounts of water and is therefore rlocated along the stream channels in Madera Canyon. Predominant vegetation within the use areas of Madera Canyon are: emory oak (Quercus emoiui), Alligator Juniper (Juniperus deppeana), Arizona sycamore (Platanus recemosa), Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), Manzanita (Arctostaphytos pungens), and cottonwood (Populus Fremontii). Soil Setting Soils in the study area and along the creek are divided into two types, stony alluvium and the Barkerville- Gaddes Complex. Stony alluvium is found on slopes of 0-20% which are a mixture of alluvial soils and boulders in drainage areas. Barkerville-Gaddes Complex appears on slopes of 10-30% and are generally shallow soils. Second home developments, picnic, and camping sites are located upon the Barkerville-Gaddes Complex. Roads and housing developments remove vegetative cover and infiltration capacities from the soil complex. These soils tend to have high erosional problems due to the concentrated upslope water runoff. Madera Creek meanders through the Barkerville-Gaddes Complex and bedrock. Gentle slopes are uncharacteristic of the

23 1 0 creek's reach. The soil complex adjacent to Madera Creek, the road, and intensive use areas, has high sensitivity to man's use and low capabilities to produce vegetation. Associated with man's impact, soils in these areas have become compacted decreasing infiltration capacities and increasing runoff into adjacent streams. Climate Climate in Madera Canyon is mild year around with average summer temperatures of 70 F, which is usually 15 cooler than the surrounding desert valley. Winter season has a 50 F average temperature and is preceeded and followed by cool mild fall and spring seasons, The canyon receives a usual annual total precipitation of 30 inches with characteristic rainfall during summer months and snow in higher elevations during the winter months. Wildlife Fauna is one of the major natural features which attracts visitors to Madera Canyon from all locations of the country. Some of the animals which inhabit the study area include mule deer, javelina, coyotes, squirrels, racoons, badgers, skunks, porcupines, rabbits, and black bears. Over 175 species of birds also inhabit the canyon, making it a popular area for bird watchers.

24 General Use 11 Primary use of the study area is for recreational pursuits; however, limited and contained grazing by U. S. Forest Service horses did occur in the lower section of Madera Canyon. The horse corral was located approximately a half-mile above the Proctor Ranch Road adjacent to Madera Creek. Forest Service horses were kept in the area of the corral with access to the creek and were permitted to range approximately three-quarters of a mile along the stream's reach. At the end of July 1978 the corral and horses were permanently removed from the area. Sample Site Designations Selected water sampling stations represent a comprehensive water quality profile of Madera Creek. U. S. Geological Survey maps of study area, on-sight investigations, user patterns and preliminary water quality sampling have been utilized to determine the locations of the water quality sampling stations. Fourteen sampling stations (Figure 3) have been identified within the reach of Madera Creek. Sampling stations for this study include: Station 1. South Fork Madera Creek, 1/2 mile above Round-up picnic area. Station 2. South Fork Madera, adjacent to Round-up picnic parking area.

25 12 e ' MADERA \ PICNIC GROUND SANTA RITA LODGE 10 BOG SPRINGS CAMPGROUND A I inch = 1/4 mil e Figure 3. Location of Sample Stations, Madera Creek Study Area.

26 13 Station 3. North Fork Madera Creek, 1/2 mile above Mt. Wrightson trail head. Station 4. North Fork Madera Creek, 10 yards above the Suzie Lode patented land. Station 5. Madera Creek, at bridge immediately below the Sizie Lode patented land. Station 6. Madera Creek, adjacent to USFS second home permit #10. Station 7. Madera Creek, 10 yards above Iron Cap patented land. Station 8. Richardson permit tributary, at confluence with Madera Creek. Station 9. Madera Creek, 50 yards below Iron Cap patented land. Station 10. Madera Creek, 50 yards above Santa Rita Lodge area. Station 11. Madera Creek, 50 yards below Santa Rita Lodge area. Station 12. Madera Creek, 20 yards above the Madera picnic ground. Station 13. Madera Creek, 50 yards below the Madera picnic ground. Station 14. Madera Creek, adjacent to old location of Forest Service horse corral.

27 CHAPTER 2 METHODS Section III outlines water quality parameters and discusses techniques and methodologies used in field and laboratory procedures. Water Quality Parameters Specific water quality parameters were selected for analysis of Madera Creek. Fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus bacterial concentrations, indicator organisms of recent fecal contaminations by warm blooded animals, received special attention. The following selected parameters and respective measures, represent a water quality profile of Madera Creek: (1) Surface water, fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus (2) Bottom sediment, fecal coliform (3) Surface water stir-samples, fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus (4) Nitrate-nitrogen (5) Orthophosphate (6) ph (7) Biochemical oxygen demand

28 (8) Dissolved oxygen 15 (9) Suspended solids (10) Stream flow (11) Water temperature (12) Air temperature Field Procedures Field procedures outline (1) sampling design, (2) field sample collection, and (3) time series sampling technique. Sampling Design Bacterial samples were collected, transported and processed within the 8 hour time limitation as outlined by Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (1975). Recreational use patterns varied throughout the week, therefore a Sunday-Wednesday twice-a-month sampling schedule was implemented with sampling conducted between 0930 and 1230 hours. Sunday samples were collected so as to obtain water quality data at periods of potentially high recreational activity; Wednesday samples represented periods of potentially low activity. Three holiday samples, Memorial Day, July 4th, and Labor Day were also collected throughout the summer months. Collection of samples began at Station 14 and proceeded upstream terminating at Station 1. This

29 16 reverse order procedure was used so as not to disturb bottom sediments and introduce the possibility of higher bacterial concentrations in downstream surface water. Field Sample Collection Time, air, and water temperatures were recorded in the field for each sampling station and dated. Weather conditions were recorded for each sampling date. Water samples for ph and suspended solids were collected in 600 ml nalgene bottles at each station for laboratory analysis. Stream flow was measured at a natural bed rock flume at station 13; each sampling period stream width, velocity, and average depth were recorded. Calculations of stream flow were obtained from the relationship Q = AV where Q is discharge (cf s), A is cross-sectional area (F+ 2 ), and V is velocity ( F+/ Sec). Surface water samples were collected in 500 ml whirlpaks and transported on ice to the laboratory for bacterial analysis. Bottom sediments were analyzed for bacterial concentrations once each month at Stations, 5, 9, 11, and 14. A 50 ml plastic syringe with an enlarged tip was used to collect sediments. Using a scooping technique, the upper two inches of sediments were collected and placed in whirlpaks for transport on ice to the laboratory. Stir samples were added to the study on 18 October 1978 and were collected once a month concurrent with bottom sediments. Collection sequence for bacterial sampling was as follows: surface

30 17 water, bottom sediments and then stir samples. This sequence was developed so as not to affect the normal distribution of bacterial concentrations in surface waters and bottom sediments. A three foot, 4 inch dowel rod was used to vigorously stir bottom sediments; once surface waters were mudded, forming a sediment cloud, samples were collected and transported on ice to the laboratory for analysis. Nitrate-nitrogen and orthophosphate samples were collected at Stations 3, 10, and 14 in 600 ml nalgene bottles and transported to the laboratory for analysis. Dissolved oxygen (D.0.) and biochemical oxygen demand (B.O.D.) were fixed in the field as outlined in the the Hatch Chemical Corporation (1971) maneal. D.O. and B.O.D. were measureed twice a month at Stations 2, 4, 5, 9, 11, and 14. Precipitation was recorded at the Florida Ranger Station approximately three miles east of Madera Canyon. Additional precipitation data were obtained from a permanent resident in Madera Canyon. Time Series Sample Data On 15 October 1978 a twelve hour time series sampling design was conducted to determine variations in diurnal bacterial concentrations in Madera Creek. Surface water samples were collected at Stations 5, 9, 11, and 13 every two hours beginning at 0600 hours and ending at 1800 hours. Stream flow was also recorded concurrent with surface water

31 18 collection at Station 13 throughout the sampling day. A field laboratory was set up near the Santa Rita Lodge; fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus concentrations were processed and incubated. Millipore Membrane Filter (MF) technique was used as a standard procedure for processing the samples. Laboratory Procedures Transit time from the field to the University of Arizona, School of Renewable Natural Resources water quality laboratory was two hours. All water quality parameters were processed in the laboratory according to the procedures outlined in Standard Methods (1975). Millipore Membrane Filter (MF) technique was used for the analysis of fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus concentrations in surface waters. Fecal coliforms were cultured with ME-C both on Millipore HC filters and incubated in a water bath at 44.5 C ± 0.2 C for 24 hours. Fecal streptococci were cultured with M-Enterococcus Agar on HA Millipore filters and incubated in dry heat at 35 C ± 5 for 48 hours. Ten ml, 50 ml, and 100 ml test samples were processed for surface water (MF) bacterial analysis. Stir samples were analyzed for fecal coliform (MF) and fecal streptococcus (MF) using 1 ml and 50 ml test samples. Both surface water and stir sample plates were counted at the end of the incubation

32 19 period for indicator organism members and recorded in a laboratory notebook. The Most Probable Number (MPN) technique, Standard Methods (1975), enumerates fecal coliforms in bottom sediments. Bottom sediments were placed in sterile 250 ml graduated cylinders and allowed to settle for 20 minutes. In preparation for MPN analysis a method used by Van Donsel and Geldreich (1971), Motschall (1976), and McKee (1977) to - enume- rate fecal coliforms in bottom sediments was implemented. A volume of supernatant and sediment was measured and a oneto-one mixture of sediment and sterile buffer water was formed, with the supernatant as a portion of the added buffer. The sediment and water was transferred to a wide mount sterile 600 ml glass bottle; the mixture was vigorously shaken. Ten ml, 1 ml, 1/10 ml, and 1/100 ml, were the usual dilutions tested. Lauryl Tryptose broth fermentation tubes (presumptive test for coliform group) were inoculated with the dilution samples;ec Medium and Brilliant Green Bile broth fermentation tubes were inoculated with positive (gas production) Lauryl Tryptose broth tubes. Postive tubes with Brilliant Green bile broth confirmed the presence of the coliform group and positive EC Medium tubes indicated the Presence of fecal coliform. A Fisher Accumet ph meter was used to determine ph values. B.O.D. and D.O. were determined by the Winkler

33 20 method, Standard Methods (1975). Chemical parameters of nitrate-nitrogen and orthophosphate were also tested by procedures outlined in Standard Methods (1975).

34 CHAPTER 3 DATA PRESENTATION Climatic, physical, chemical, and biological data are presented in this section; these data provide an overview of the 1978 water quality research program in Madera Canyon. Climatic data are presented as monthly mean air temperatures and monthly total precipitation values. Physical data such as water temperatures, streamflow, and suspended solids are reviewed as monthly or annual mean values. Recreational use figures for Madera Canyon during the past 6 years are shown as visitor use days. Chemical data are expressed in annual. means. Biological data which includes biochemical oxygen demand and dissolved oxygen are represented as annual means; bacterial concentration of fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus for surface waters and fecal coliform for bottom sediments are presented in detail. A comparative analysis of climatic and physical factors with bacterial parameters is also examined. Climatic and Physical Data Precipitation Precipitation events for Madera Canyon occurred mostly during two seasons: December through March and July through 21

35 22 August. Daily precipitation rates were recorded at the Florida Ranger Station and at a private residence in Madera Canyon. Figure 4 represents the monthly total precipitation values at Madera Canyon and the Florida Ranger Station. Within Madera Canyon precipitation amounts varied from 0.24 inches in April to 8.26 inches during July. USDA Forest Service records show precipitation varied from 0.15 inches during April to 5.09 inches in July, and reflected the same trend of seasonal precipitation profile as Madera Canyon. Total precipitation for 1978 in Madera Canyon was inches which consistutes a wetter year than average (average precipitation =30 inches). Weather conditions ranged from heavy convective summer thunderstorms to frequent snowfall in the winter months. Summer storms were intense and produced high runoff events, causing a flushing effect on the watershed. Kunkle and Neiman (1967) found a flushing of bacteria from a watershed into receiving streams following rainstorm events. Intense rainstorms did occur in Madera Canyon during July, August, and September. Air and Water Temperature Climatic variations in seasonal air and water temperatures set the framework for recreational participation in Madera Canyon, especially water-based activities. Air and water temperatures were recorded at each sample station

36 23 I0 8 0 p I\ _.0\I \\ // IL\----.X...o \ o- A %0 t I / A I 1 I...A...A I (I) 2 / I w / I I 0 (..) I / \ / z _ I / 0 I I t /I 0.8 I / I l / / 0.4 \ / \ I 0.2 I/ 0 0 MADERA CANYON A A FLORIDA RANGER STATION 0.1 JAN FEB MR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC Figure 4. Total Monthly Precipitation Recorded at Madera Canyon and Florida Ranger Station from January 1978 through December 1978.

37 24 and monthly mean temperatures for Madera Canyon were calculated (see Figure 5). Mean air temperatures varied from 3.6 C in January to 24.3 C in September. Monthly mean water temperatures in Madera Creek ranged from 5.4 C during February to 19.5 C for July. Bacterial survival rates can in part be attributed to environmental influences such as water temperature. Cool water temperatures enhance the longevity of the bacteria indicator organisms in the water environment. However, as water temperatures rise they may also reflect increases in recreational water-based activities as evidenced through increased bacterial concentrations. Streamflow Streamflow for Madera Creek was recorded at Station 13 where flow was continuous throughout the year. Some portions of the surface stream above Station 13 were periodically dry and flow was underground. There was no flow at sample Stations 8 and 11 during parts of the months of June and July. Flow ranged from 4.45 cubic feet per second (C.F.S.) during March to 0.03 C.F.S. during July. A peak flow event of 10 C.F.S. was observed in December,!see Figure 6). Suspended Solids Suspended solids increased slightly in the downstream direction (see Figure 7); however, exceptions to this trend

38 Z1)- 0 w20 n 0/ cc z A A...,46,A 0 n / t 0 de / A / A \ \ cc < w \ 1() w / / A A \,& 1 \ 8 6 4/ 0 /NA o--0n 0 // \ 0-0 AIR TEMPERATURE A A WATER TEMPERATURE I JAN FEB MR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC Figure 5. Mean Monthly Air and Water Temperatures on Madera Creek.

39 26 I Q Onl JAN FEB MR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC Figure 6. Mean Monthly Stream Flow for Madera Creek Taken at Station 13.

40 I t i I 1 I I II STATIONS Figure 7. Annual Mean Suspended Solids Values by Station.

41 28 were Stations 2 and 7, which displayed values of 9.1 mg/1 and 9.2 mg/1, respectively. Vegetation density and coarse soil characteristics on the upper watershed minimized suspended solid occurrences at Stations 1 (6.6 mg/1), 3 (6.0 mg/1),and 8 (6.6 mg/1). Recreational Use Observation of recreation activities during the research period showed use patterns of Madera Canyon watershed to be highest during the months of May through September. Holidays and weekends throughout this period received intensive recreational use. Most of the activity within Madera Canyon was centered around the two picnic areas and the second home developments. Visitor use of the canyon within the past six years has fluctuated from a low of 85,300 visitor days during 1976 to a high of 118,100 visitor days for 1978 (see Table 1). Chemical Data Nitrate-nitrogen, orthophosphate, and ph were selected chemical parameters collected at Stations 3, 10, and 14, representing a water quality chemical profile of the upper, middle, and lower reaches of Madera Creek (see Figure 8). Nitrate-Nitrogen The most abundant form of nitrogen in nature is nitrate-nitrogen. Should concentrations of nitrate-nitrogen

42 rr 0 cr) n".1-1--) 4-) -H rd O tn EH -H 0 0 kr) tf) Ur) q) CO 01 0 CO 29 O U] Cd rd 1) CO L.r) I-fl cn 4-) 4-) trl. X X X Cd rci -H rti Cr) 0 N CO cd co rd c0 cl -H cd (24 0 r-i r-i,--1 E.- 4 E c.f) 1.4 HE 0 Cr) C) C) (1) $-4 tn r I ef) CO 0 0 Cd ) W 4-) EE kr) H l.0 1/4.0 N N 4O (1:1 Cc) ce) ce) rh N N ri c) I -H g 01 rci 'Tt'.4) k.0 01 CO O I CO I Cel k() a) Ln Ln N H O P-I n H H H 171 U 0 rd -H S-4 Z P-1 Cd al H -P 4-) -H -H rd rd 04 cn tri O $.4 HC) Cs) O a: 4.) 0 7:) 3 çx4 k.0 NW f--1 0 tri rd C) -H -H g H N Ln Ln co cs) -H -P 14.4 Cd r Cd Cd 0 0 Cf) k.0 r-- (JD cr 4-1 H-1 -H u) -P 0 rti $.4 kk 0 U] C) -H $.4 C.) rd O H Q.) C.) ni 4-1 E 0 F ce) c-- co kr) k.0 Ce) (N) H...-, k.0 CO r--i CD C" ). cr kr)nu],--1 r") r-i r-1 r--ih O)N N.71. 1/4.0 k.0 (NCrk 0 ) ri ri cl-, l.0 I.41 0 N N.4J 4-) -k-) z:!" VI 1" 71' Crl kl, k.0 Cc) Cf) HC) a) a),z 4_1 cr) -, Cc) n n n Q.) -Q Cd ce) -zr Ln kr) N CO Nr- r- C--- r - (-- C-'al al a) a1 a1 r-i r-i r-4t--i r--i r-i

43 30 u.1 Il p H 0 ORTHOPHOSPHATE A A NITRATE - NITROGEN A o/ / / \ r / \ Al \ 0\ \ / A D / 0 t 0.01 JAN FEB MR APR MAY JN JL AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC Figure 8. ph, Nitrate-Nitrogen and Orthophosphate Mean Monthly Values.

44 31 exceed 0.3 m1/1 excessive growth of aquatic plants and algae may occur (cited in MacKenthun 1969, p. 20). Monthly mean values of nitrate-nitrogen ranged from 0.2 mg/1 during April to during August. Large quantities of algae growth are not observed within Madera Creek. Orthophosphate Phosphorus is another element which can promote excessive growth of algae plants. Natural waters exhibit a range of phosphorus values of 0.01 mg/1 to 0.04 mg/1 (Hutchinson 1957). Inorganic orthophosphate is found in aqueous solution and of the total phosphorus in sewage effluent 70 to 90 percent is in the orthophosphate * form (American Water Works Assl.n. 1970). Large algae blooms may occur when phosphorus exceeds 0.1 mg/1 (MacKenthun 1969). Annual mean values of orthophosphate within Madera Creek are well below the 0.1 mg/1 level and ranged from mg/1 during April to 0.08 mg/1 during January. ph Most natural waters exhibit ph values between 6 and 9 (Stumm and Morgan 1970). The ph measures ranged from 7.1 to 7.9 in Madera Creek. * Orthophosphate (PO -3 mg/1) = 3 x Phosphorus (mg/1) 4

45 Biological Data 32 Oxygen Demand Biochemical oxygen demand (B.O.D.) and dissolved oxygen were measured at 6 sample locations. B.O.D. values ranged from an annual mean of 0.32 mg/1 at Station 9 to 1.12 mg/1 at Station 14. Dissolved oxygen levels in Madera Creek varied by only 1.1 mg/1 with the extreme individual values being 8.0 mg/1 at Station 5 and 9.1 mg/1 at Station 14 (see Figure 9). Bacteria Fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus were the primary descriptive parameters selected in this research to assess the baseline water quality status of Madera Creek. Bacterial importance has been reflected in the detail of data presentation. Bacterial concentrations consistently exhibited wide variation in the data throughout the analysis. Variations in the natural distributions required that measures of central tendency be expressed as log means rather than arithmetic means (Kittrell 1969). Log transformations of bacterial data further required that values of zero be treated as 0.01 in the descriptive statistical analysis. Reference should be made that extreme individual values of bacterial concentrations varied greatly from log means.

46 " Cc 2 cn 2 < (.0 46, /.8= \ \ - 0 -J A E n,,6,4 1nIP A DISSOLVED OXYGEN A A BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND JAN FEB MR APR MAY UN JL AUG ST OCT NOV DEC Figure 9. Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Dissolved Oxygen Annual Log Means at Stations 2, 4, 5, 9, 11, and 14.

47 34 Fifty sample days were conducted within the 1978 sample year, consistuting analysis of 1400 bacterial water samples. Highest bacterial counts were recorded during the summer months, corresponding with peak recreational activities. Surface Water. Surface water samples were obtained for bacterial analyses within a time and location framework. Station annual log means and stream monthly log means did not exceed 200 fecal coliforms per 100 ml, which constitutes recreation primary contact standards as adopted by the Arizona Department of Health Services. Bacterial monthly log means varied from a low of 1 fecal coliform per 100 ml during March to a high of 56 fecal coliforms per 100 ml during August. Fecal streptococcus ranged from a low of 3/100 ml during February to a high of 175/100 ml during August (see Figure 10). Annual log means were calculated for each sample station; variations in fecal coliform values ranged from 1/100 ml at Stations 1 and 2 to 30/100 ml at Station 12; fecal streptococcus values ranged from 4/100 ml at Station 8 to 116/100 ml at Station 14 (see Figure 11). Stations 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8, located on tributaries to Madera Creek, all reflected fecal coliform counts in the range of 1/100 ml to 6/100 ml. With two exceptions bacteria counts increased in the downstream direction within the main corridor of Madera Creek (Stations 5 through 14, excluding 8).

48 / o 0_ 20 / C( \\ / / \ )/1 / \.\ \ \ 0 lis -St,0 \ FECAL STREPTOCOCCUS ---O FECAL COUFORM / I I I JAN FEB MR APR MAY JN JL AUG ST OCT NOV DEC Figure 10. Fecal Coliform and Fecal Streptococcus Monthly Log Means.

49 FECAL STREPTOCOCCUS 100 FECAL COL1FORM 80 o / 0 e 60 \o 1 / _J o 2 40 o 1 1 I / I t, _ It / e i / 12n41,e a ,t/ a/ iig 'i i 0 /w i 1 e 1 i \ I/ I i 1 I / I i / 1 I \ 1 I i I I.tt 11 0 O STATIONS Figure 11. Fecal Coliform and Fecal Streptococcus Annual Log Means by Station.

50 37 A comparative analysis was made with weekend and weekday sample periods. Data showed that bacterial concentrations intravaried between weekends and weekdays with no distinct pattern reflecting consistently high or low counts (see Figure 12). Weekend annual log means of fecal coliform ranged from 1/100 ml at Stations 1 and 3 to 35/100 ml at Station 12. Weekday variations of fecal coliform were 1/100 ml at Stations 1 and 4 to 41/100 ml at Station 7. Fecal streptococcus ranged from 5/100 ml at Station 5 to 97/100 ml at Station 14 for weekend log means; weekday log means varied from 7/100 ml at Station 11 to 120/100 ml at Station 14. For purposes of statistical comparison Madera Creek watershed is divided into five geographic segments. Division of the watershed are determined by tributaries and main corridor locations, sample station locations, recreational user patterns and second home developments. Watershed segment divisions are as follows: Segment 1 includes the upper watershed South Fork, Stations 1 and 2; segment 2 includes the upper watershed North Fork, Stations 3 and 4; segment 3 includes the upper corridor of Madera Creek, Stations 5 through 7; segment 4 includes the tributary which enters Madera Creek just below the Iron Cap Patent at Station 8; and segment 5 includes the lower corridor of Madera Creek, Stations 9 through 14. Monthly log mean values for each

51 FECAL STREPTOCOCCUS-WEEKENDS 0-6 FECAL STREPTOCOCCUS-WEEKDAYS FECAL COL1FORM- WEEKENDS 100 FECAL COL1FORM-WEEKDAYS o 40 m 20 a 0 1 b l o 0?/, Is Figure 12. Annual Log Mean Bacteria Concentrations for Weekends and Weekdays, by Station.

52 39 segment are referenced in Table 2; graphic comparisons are made in Figures 13 and 14. Data show segment 3 to have the highest bacterial concentrations. Special attention was given to Station 13 in data analysis as the sample point was located just below an intensively used picnic area where considerable water play was observed. Bacterial concentrations at Station 13 showed considerable fluctuation in data analysis. Fecal coliform monthly log means ranged from 1/100 ml during March to 233/100 ml during June and 260/100 ml during July. Fecal streptococcus varied from 2/100 ml during March to 1503/100 ml during July (see Figure 15). A yearly cyclic trend for bacterial concentration at Station 13 followed the same pattern as the entire stream, i.e., peak concentrations during the summer months followed by much lower counts during the winter; however, the variation of bacterial populations was much more extreme at Station 13. Weekend and weekday bacterial counts fluctuated greatly for Station 13, but no distinct difference in weekday and weekend bacterial concentrations was observed (see Figure 16). Seasonal Bacterial Variation The sampling year was divided into three seasons. Seasonal delineation was determined by climatic conditions and visitor use period and were as follows: Winter-spring

53 40 17r1 11: cri 1' C.1) > 0 -H -P cri cri (1) 4-) V C'l LC) in CO CO 1/ ri r-i - CV,---1 CV 1 1.t 1,i' Cr) ts) CD O 0 g0 g g U U) C.) 0 U cn S--)4 Ci) Q.) CL) C)k E z:)-) 4-) trl cr) Q.) ai co ni (I) > ri (1) -H CL) ET n-1 oo N,-1 ko (v),. i r -) c:-.), i. i r O cric: ZD-w t7) ( \I r--1 O C) rti T.I k k g g 4 4 mlcri -P 4-) 0 incs O 0 k.--i en U co CI) cnci)co ri CV roc:,ci trs g H4J44--) ) -H -P -,-1 g 4-)g -P g -P c: -i g 4--) (1) al a) ml C) cri Q.) al Q.) cri 4-)E 4-)E -1-)E.4- E 4-J t:si tr) tp-) CO (71 CII Cr) Ci) t-11 CO Cll (ll CD (1) (ll Ci] U.) Cn Cl)Ca 1'

54 41 A A SEGMENT! (STATIONS Ia2) o--o SEGMENT 2 (STATIONS 34) 0-0 SEGMENT 3 (STATIONS 5-7) A SEGMENT 4 (STATION 8) / x SEGMENT 5 (STATIONS 9-14) / \ \.. 60 / / \ 0 '-.0 0 \ 0 \!I1! o 401 A \. AI\ Z n \ / O 8 1 i' n / m \ 1 If o.. \ / I x. _ O s n / i.. /... \1 Cr 0 / to/.. w i... Iii a_ III ; /. o \ '..._ lm o. C,) \.1, w Io /: - itf \ / 1 0 -J \ ' / D O \ / 1 : C.) 4 \ : 'l 4L.. / t. IV :..A \ I ' % / 3.\ / : 0. A g t. / % D 1 i. /.it o 6)}.-A I, A IL11 JAN FEB MR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC Figure 13. Monthly Log Mean Fecal Coliform Concentrations, Madera Creek Stations Grouped into Five Segments.

55 A3 \O"'" / \. A j IN / t... \o, 40/ / \ Y NZ:. 100 \ -..., / \ % 1, e 1 v V..j 60,.1 l. 0 A N /: / : V A o il 0 40 / 4 / >_ \A" \ i!. \\ P 0 : : / \.. 0 \ \.. :..?! :. :*/ 0:- - CI cr w a. 0 / so \ -.. / : c.) t 0 \ /I 8 gi. : 1 \./ I 1 n/.4 I 0. A A SEGMENT I (STATIONS 1a2) t. /.. : o--o SEGMENT 2 (STATIONS 34) 11. n / A I. : 0-0 SEGMENT 3 (STATIONS 5-7) : A. A SEGMENT 4 (STATION 8) SEGMENT 5 (STATIONS 9-14) JAN FEB MR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC Figure 14. Monthly Log Mean Fecal Streptococcus Concentrations, Madera Creek, Stations Grouped into Five Segments.

56 43.o... -o \ 0 FECAL COL I FORM JAN FEB MR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC Figure 15. Monthly Log Mean Fecal Coliform and Fecal Streptococcus Concentrations at Station 13.

57 FECAL STREPTOCOCCUS FECAL COLIFORM I / 0 / -.1 / / /1 / 11 it ax w / / 0 I I 1 0 e/ I 11 I I I i t / I 1 1 to 0 / 1 I 1 1 I \ i I / I I /'I 1 1 / -`,4)-- I. ti f II II STATIONS Figure 16. Fecal Coliform and Fecal Streptococcus Monthly Log Means for Weekends and Weekdays at Station 13.

58 45 (January through April), summer (May through September), and fall-winter (October through December). Bacterial trends in Madera Creek changed within the three seasons (see Figure 17). Data analysis showed the summer season profile exhibiting highest bacterial concentrations throughout the stream. The winter-spring season profile showed bacterial counts at their lowest value. Within each season the trend showed, with minor exceptions, bacterial concentration increased in the downstream direction, and the upper reaches of the watershed reflected lower bacterial counts than those found in the main corridor of the stream. Time Series On Sunday, October 15, 1978, selected sample stations of Madera Creek were intensively sampled throughout a twelvehour period. Samples were gathered at Stations 5, 9, 11, and 13 every two hours beginning at 0600 hours and ending at 1800 hours. Station 13 reflected the widest variation in fecal coliform counts ranging from a maximum of 114/100 ml at 0600 hours to a low of 8/100 ml at 1200 hours; Stations 5, 9, and 11 did not exhibit such wide range in bacterial concentrations (see Figure 18). Fecal streptococcus concentrations at all stations were 3 to 4 times higher than the fecal conform bacterial counts (see Figure 19).

59 FECAL STREPTOCOCCUS 60 FECAL COLIFORM FECAL STREPTOCOCCUS FECAL C0LIFORP4 -J A 00 /\ 2 Cc 0-0 / \ 7 If) / a. I \O 1 0 o / m I ovi O t.j, 10 / / I 0 \ I '0 I 2 Il O 8 -I o - 0 I O 1-1 U 6- /, / 1 I 1 i. _ 1 II I o' 1 1, 1 I. \ I I I, O1 I 4 - i 0 -- CI)I II / i I I 4 N I I/ i I / 0jI I I I IlI gt,, / I I r %/ WINTER -SPRING I t I t I II 1 I I I I, I II i2 i3 14 I 8 - STATIONS 6- I o _ (i',,0 80,0\ - / i s -0-0 s.0...0/ / o 2 20 o. cn t 0 6 _, I i / \ l I 0 0 IV' It I I I / II /t l I,. / l i 1 I 7...`fr 0 1 I t, I l 0 I 1]! _ 0 17 \ FECAL STREP TOCOCCuS 4 FECAL COL1FORM II SUMMER I 161 I 1 I STATIONS 2 FALL-WINTER I 1 1 1III STATIONS Figure 17. Seasonal Log Mean Bacteria Concentrations by Station.

60 J 2 40 o nn 1nn /NM 0,, A... Z 0 ' --A 0,g.. - ND '.././ o. / A. 2 - & MOW ONI=1, o p, S. / / \ \o,.. \ / s<> 4 2 A -6, STATION STATION 9 13 STATION II 0 0 STATION TI ME OF DAY Figure 18. Fecal Coliform: Time Series Sampling at Stations 5, 9, 11, and 13, October 15, 1978.

61 n / \\\ 200 \ 1:1 % A / A A \ CI. A \ /.(> \ 0 ' a... N '.. g / 0 \ 40 / A 20 Pm. A --A STATION STATION 9 O STATION II 0 0 STATION TIME OF DAY 1 Figure 19. Fecal Streptococcus: Time Series Sampling at Stations 5, 9, 11, and 13, October 15, 1978.