A Historical Survey of Indonesia s Maritime Boundary Agreements

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1 A Historical Survey of Indonesia s Maritime Boundary Agreements I Made Andi Arsana, Ph.D Department of Geodetic Engineering Universitas Gadjah Mada Jointly organised by: Castan Centre for Human Rights, the School of Social Sciences at Monash University & Swinburne University of Technology Symposium on Maritime Boundaries in the Timor Sea: Perspectives in International Law Melbourne, 15 February 2016

2 A story from the Malacca Strait 7 April 2011 I Made Andi Arsana 2011 I Made Andi Arsana 2011!"#$%&"'(%)"'*+$($,-"./,0"

3 Outline!(%1(&+)$"$(%"2/&"3$4"15"2/&"6&$" #$*)78&"91(&"15":;*)+%)<71("$(%"%&=)8)2$71("!(%1(&+)$"$(%")2+"2&("(&)>/?1;*+" #$*)78&"?1;(%$*)&+" D1(<=;%)(>"E&8$*F+""

4 Indonesia and the Law of the Sea

5 International Negotiation

6 Maritime Zone of Jurisdiction pursuant to UNCLOS This presentation was developed by I Made Andi Arsana (madeandi@ugm.ac.id) For the Government of Somalia and was presented before the Somali President, C&**)21*)$=" Prime Minister 6&$" and Speaker of the Parliament G$+&=)(&+" KI"#" NNO" IJJ"#" D1(7(&(2$=" 6/&=5" '*2,"PQ"!"#$%&"'(%)"'*+$($"HIJKLM"

7 Normal Baselines and Maritime Limits Sea Land R/S"%1"S1;"4$(2"21"2$F&"2/)+"1TU"R/$2"S1;"$*&"%1)(>")+"$"<*)8&"$(%";(&2/)<$=" "!"#$%&"'(%)"'*+$($"H<M"IJKL"

8 Straight baselines and maritime limits Circle at A Sea X X A Land Animation by Arsana & Schofield, 2014 Tech

9 G$+&=)(&+"" An Archipelagic State s maritime zones pursuant to UNCLOS 3CN"'" NNO" D1(7>;1;+"O1(&"!"#$!(2&*($=" 4$2&*+" NNO" 3CN"G" W" '*</)A&=$>)<"" 4$2&*+" HLVM" NNO" %#&'$ NNO" (&)*#+,&$-.$(/0#&#$1$!23,4"5'6$7897$

10 Imagine, a small State in the middle of the ocean. Alone State A!"#$%&"'(%)"'*+$($"H<M"IJKL"

11 But!.!"#$%&"'(%)"'*+$($"H<M"IJKL"""

$Principles & Methods of Maritime Boundary Delimitation This presentation 62$2&"'" 62$2&"D" was developed by I Made Andi Arsana NNOXD6"?1;(%$*S"" B1AA1+)2&B" H'*2,"PYXZL"[\D3]6M" (madeandi@ugm.ac.$

12 Principles & Methods of Maritime Boundary Delimitation This presentation 62$2&"'" 62$2&"D" was developed by I Made Andi Arsana NNOXD6"?1;(%$*S"" B1AA1+)2&B" H'*2,"PYXZL"[\D3]6M" (madeandi@ugm.ac.id) 62$2&"G" For the Government of Somalia C6"?1;(%$*S" and was presented B$%:$<&(2B" H'*2,"K^"[\D3]6M" before the Somali President, Prime Minister and Speaker of the Parliament D6"?1;(%$*S"" B1AA1+)2&B" H'*2,"ZL"[\D3]6M" 6;?8)@&%"21"[\"D3D6"" 51*"*&<188&(%$71(" NNOXD6"?1;(%$*S" B$%:$<&(2B" H'*2"PYXZL"[\D3]6M" 62$2&"'" 62$2&"G" ;,<$<,$02#5"6$=,/$)55>0</#+?"$@>/@,0"0$,&5.$$ 62$2&"0" D6"?1;(%$*S"" B1AA1+)2&B" H'*2,"ZL"[\D3]6M" (/0#&#6$789:$

13 Indonesia and ten neighbours India Thailand Malaysia EEZ Philippines!"#$%&"'(%)"'*+$($""_"8$%&$(%)`;>8,$<,)%" Palau Singapore Malaysia EEZ EEZ Archipelagic waters Archipelagic Baselines Territorial Sea Timor Leste EEZ Unilateral Limits (no agreement with neighbours required) Agreed bilateral boundaries Indonesia s unilateral claims (agreement with neighbours required) Australia R/S"%1"S1;"4$(2"21"2$F&"2/)+"1TU"R/$2"S1;"$*&"%1)(>")+"$"<*)8&"$(%";(&2/)<$=" "!"#$%&"'(%)"'*+$($"H<M"IJKL"

14 Java, Christmas Island and Australia!"#$%&"'(%)"'*+$($,-"./,0"

15 Settled Maritime Boundaries!"#$%&"'(%)"'*+$($,-"./,0"

16 !(%1(&+)$B#$=$S+)$Ba)&2($8BC/$)=$(%B!(%)$" Ina-My Ina-Viet Ina-Tha 1971, 1971, 1975, 1978 Ina-Ind 1974, 1977, 1978!"#$%&"'(%)"'*+$($"H<M"IJKK" ](=S"+&$?&%-"(12"4$2&*"<1=;8(b" R/S"%1"S1;"4$(2"21"2$F&"2/)+"1TU"R/$2"S1;"$*&"%1)(>")+"$"<*)8&"$(%";(&2/)<$=" "!"#$%&"'(%)"'*+$($"H<M"IJKK"

17 Indonesia-Australia-Timor Leste Seabed delimitation (Ina-Aus) 1970s Indonesia E12&"!+=$(%+" '+/81*&"!+=$(%+" Official claim by the British (1878) D$*7&*"!+=$(%" 1700s " Indonesians #1["G1c"HKdPYM" came to fish 2*$%)71($="e+/)(>"*)>/2+" G*14+&"!+=$(%" Australia!"#$%&"'(%)"'*+$($"H<M"IJKL"

18 Non coincident lines for EEZ and CS: Not unprecedented! ';+2*$=)$"!(%1(&+)$" F" fg"1*>$()+8+"4/)</-"$2"2/&" /$*h&+2$?=&"+2$>&-"&)2/&*"$*&" )881?)=&"1("1*";(%&*"2/&"+&$?&%"1*" $*&";($?=&"21"81h&"&c<&A2")("!"#$%&"'(%)"'*+$($"H<M"IJKK" <1(+2$(2"A/S+)<$="<1(2$<2"4)2/"2/&" +&$?&%"1*"+;?+1)=i" H3]6D-"'*2,"PP"HYMM" NNO"G1;(%$*S"H4$2&*M" H+)>(&%")("KddPM" ';+2*$=)$"!(%1(&+)$"" 6&$?&%"?1;(%$*S" H+)>(&%")(KdPJ$(M" R/S"%1"S1;"4$(2"21"2$F&"2/)+"1TU"R/$2"S1;"$*&"%1)(>")+"$"<*)8&"$(%";(&2/)<$=" "!"#$%&"'(%)"'*+$($"H<M"IJKL"

19 Indonesia-Philippines 23 May 2014 A 20 year negotiation Two Archipelagic States Archipelagic Baselines Philippines H&5.$IIJ6$$ &,<$$ K,&+&"&<#5$!3"5=$ Indonesia!"#$%&"'(%)"'*+$($,-"./,0"

20 Indonesia-Philippines Y" ^" Q" E.j"IIY,IIK,^JZ"F8 I " I" L" K" E!j"IIY,LQZ-ZYY"F8 I "

Indonesia-Singapore P6 P7 P8 1C 1B 1A P1 P3 P4 P5 P2 25 March 1973 10

21 Indonesia-Singapore P6 P7 P8 1C 1B 1A P1 P3 P4 P5 P2 25 March March September 2014 I Made Andi Arsana 2014!"#$%&"'(%)"'*+$($,-"./,0"

22 Pending Maritime Boundaries

23 .&(%)(>"NNO"?1;(%$*)&+"4/&*&"D1(7(&(2$="6/&=5"?1;(%$*)&+"&c)+2+" k" I Made Andi Arsana 2011 I Made Andi Arsana 2011!"#$%&"'(%)"'*+$($,-"./,0"

24 .&(%)(>"NNO"?1;(%$*)&+"4/&*&"D1(7(&(2$="6/&=5"?1;(%$*)&+"&c)+2+" #$=$S+)$" F" L,>$#/"$<3"$,&"$M3,$ "&<"/$,>/$M#<"/N$ m1;"$*&"&(2&*)(>"1;*"!(%1(&+)$l+"a*1a1+$=" #$=$S+)$l+"A*1A1+$="15" 4$2&*b" 15"NNO"G1;(%$*S" NNO"G1;(%$*S"!(%1(&+)$"!"#$%&"'(%)"'*+$($"H<M"IJKK" 6&$?&%"?1;(%$*S" H+)>(&%")("KdQdM" R/S"%1"S1;"4$(2"21"2$F&"2/)+"1TU"R/$2"S1;"$*&"%1)(>")+"$"<*)8&"$(%";(&2/)<$=" "!"#$%&"'(%)"'*+$($"H<M"IJKL"

Proposing a 3D EEZ Delimitation [?] #$=$S+)$" State B s proposal State A s proposal of EEZ Boundary of EEZ Boundary '"<18A*18)+&%" 1A71(U"!(%1(&+)$" F" # Equidistance Practicality reason!

25 Proposing a 3D EEZ Delimitation [?] #$=$S+)$" State B s proposal State A s proposal of EEZ Boundary of EEZ Boundary '"<18A*18)+&%" 1A71(U"!(%1(&+)$" F" # Equidistance Practicality reason!"#$%&"'(%)"'*+$($"h<m"ijkk".1++)?=&u" " $ 6&$?&%"?1;(%$*S" H+)>(&%")("KdQdM" A,/$)55>0</#+?"$@>/@,0"0$,&5.$ R/S"%1"S1;"4$(2"21"2$F&"2/)+"1TU"R/$2"S1;"$*&"%1)(>")+"$"<*)8&"$(%";(&2/)<$=" "!"#$%&"'(%)"'*+$($"H<M"IJKL" C3"$?)0>#5)0#+,&$',"0$&,<$/"D"2<$<3"$/"#5$E",0@#+#5$0"F&E$,=$G&',&"0)#$#&'$O#5#.0)#$

Two different proposals & a negotiated line [?

26 Two different proposals & a negotiated line [?] k" I Made Andi Arsana &$?&%"?1;(%$*S"HKdQdM" EEZ (Indonesia s proposal EEZ (Malaysia s proposal.1++)?=&"(&>17$2&%"=)(&"nuo" R/S"%1"S1;"4$(2"21"2$F&"2/)+"1TU"R/$2"S1;"$*&"%1)(>")+"$"<*)8&"$(%";(&2/)<$=" "!"#$%&"'(%)"'*+$($"H<M"IJKK"

27 Indonesia and the complexity of the SCS (&#5.0)0$#&'$(&)*#+,&$-.$G$O#'"$(&')$(/0#&#$ Cambodia Vietnam South China Sea Spratly Islands Philippines " E&$==S?"!>5>$!"#" 6)(>$A1*&" #$=$S+)$"!(%1(&+)$"

28 "!(%1(&+)$BC)81*"3&+2&"" #$*)78&"G1;(%$*)&+"

29 A matter of life or death? #$*)"'=F$7*)j"f+;<<&++"1*"5$)=;*&"15"8$*)78&" %&=)8)2$71("(&>17$71(+-"&+A&<)$==S"2/1+&" 51*"N$+2"C)81*i"H]c5$8"IJJYM"" ".*&+)%&(2"q$($($"r;+8$1j"R)2/1;2"$<<&++" 21"C)81*"6&$"*&+1;*<&+j"f4&"4)=="&(%";A"?&)(>":;+2"1(&"81*&"5$)=&%"62$2&i"" "

30 26 Aug Sept 15 Recent Development Joint communiqué between President Joko Widodo and PM Rui Maria de Araujo First Consultation Meeting, Dilli Second Consultation Meeting, Surabaya First technical meeting Oct 15 G$+&%"1("[\D3]6" Nc</$(>&"15"?$+&A1)(2+" $(%"?$+&=)(&+" Rr6"KdZY"51*">&1%&7<" %$2;8"./$+&+"15"%&=)8)2$71(" A*1<&++"$>*&&%" First quarter of 2016

31 Indonesia s Archipelagic Baselines and zones to delimit C)81*".,".$(2$*".,"G$2&F" s&a,"'=1*" R&+2"C)81*" H!(%1(&+)$M" C0"KKL'" C0"KKY ]&<<;++)" HN$+2"C)81*M" C0"KKL" C0"KKY'" 0)=)" HN$+2"C)81*M" C0"KKI'".,"'2$;*1".,"R&2$*" 0" 50" 100" Nautical Miles" C)81*"6&$ C0"KKI" C0"KKK".,"t$<1.,"3&7".,"#1$ C0"KKJ' C0"KKJ" Legend.,"3$F1* C0"KJd".,"#&$78)$*$(>" Maritime zones to delimit: 1. Territorial Sea 2. EEZ 3. Continental Shelf '<2"YX.*AXKdQJ".."LZXIJJI.."LPXIJJZ" R/S"%1"S1;"4$(2"21"2$F&"2/)+"1TU"R/$2"S1;"$*&"%1)(>")+"$"<*)8&"$(%";(&2/)<$=" "!"#$%&"'(%)"'*+$($"H<M"IJKK"

32 Territorial Sea Delimitation UNCLOS Art. 15 n,,,o"f(&)2/&*"15"2/&"241"62$2&+")+"&(72=&%-"5$)=)(>" $>*&&8&(2"?&24&&("2/&8"21"2/&"<1(2*$*S-"21" &c2&(%")2+"2&**)21*)$="+&$"?&s1(%"2/&"8&%)$(" =)(&"&h&*s"a1)(2"15"4/)</")+"&u;)%)+2$(2"5*18" 2/&"(&$*&+2"A1)(2+"1("2/&"?$+&=)(&+"5*18" 4/)</"2/&"?*&$%2/"15"2/&"2&**)21*)$="+&$+"15" &$</"15"2/&"241"62$2&+")+"8&$+;*&%,i"n,,,o"

33 EEZ Delimitation UNCLOS, Art. 74 "fc/&"%&=)8)2$71("15"&c<=;+)h&"&<1(18)<"91(&"?&24&&("62$2&+"4)2/"1aa1+)2&"1*"$%:$<&(2" <1$+2+"+/$=="?&"&T&<2&%"?S"$>*&&8&(2"1("2/&"?$+)+"15")(2&*($71($="=$4-"$+"*&5&**&%"21")(" '*7<=&"LZ"15"2/&"62$2;2&"15"2/&"!(2&*($71($=" D1;*2"15"t;+7<&-")("1*%&*"21"$</)&h&"$(" &u;)2$?=&"+1=;71(,i" CS Delimitation UNCLOS, Art. 83

34 The Three-stage Approach State B.*1h)+)1($="=)(&j"" &u;)%)+2$(<&" "'%:;+7(>" A*1h)+)1($="=)(&""" *&=&h$(2" <)*<;8+2$(<&+" State A C&+2"15"%)+A*1A1*71($=)2S" The Black Sea Case (Romania v Ukraine), 3 Februari 2009 " ICJ Bay of Bengal (Bangladesh v Myanmar), 14 March 2012 " ITLOS

35 Issues in Indonesia-Timor Leste Maritime Boundaries K, 3$(%"?1;(%$*)&+"/$h&"S&2"21"?&"e()+/&%"HdZV-"$<<1*%)(>" 21"2/&"!(%1(&+)$("#)()+2*S"15"v1*&)>("'T$)*+-"IJK^M" I, w14";*>&(2u"" H*&+1;*<&+-"+1h&*&)>(2S"1*"+1h&*&)>("*)>/2+-"(1(B 2*$%)71($=")++;&+M" L,!+")2"$+";*>&(2"$+"';+2*$=)$BC)81*"3&+2&U"H=)5&"1*"%&$2/M" " R/S"%1"S1;"4$(2"21"2$F&"2/)+"1TU"R/$2"S1;"$*&"%1)(>")+"$"<*)8&"$(%";(&2/)<$=" "!"#$%&"'(%)"'*+$($"H<M"IJKJ"

36 Delimitation option: Indonesia v Timor Leste Wetar Strait Ombai Strait TIMOR LESTE P. Batek Oecussi Timor sea Median or equidistance line with normal baselines INDONESIA Indonesia s archipelagic baselines Median or equidistance line with archipelagic baselines R/S"%1"S1;"4$(2"21"2$F&"2/)+"1TU"R/$2"S1;"$*&"%1)(>")+"$"<*)8&"$(%";(&2/)<$=" "!"#$%&"'(%)"'*+$($"H<M"IJKY"

37 Batek Island C$F&("5*18"r11>=&"N$*2/"

38 Options for Lateral Boundaries!23,4"5'$#&'$(/0#&#6$788P$

39 Delimitation option: Indonesia v Timor Leste (RI) G$F1+;*2$($=-"IJKJ" $ $=-"IJKJ BIG, 2015

40 Concluding Remarks!(%1(&+)$"/$+"2&("(&)>/?1;*+"21"%&$="4)2/"51*" 8$*)78&"?1;(%$*S"%&=)8)2$71(" Kd"$>*&&8&(2+-"K"S&2"21"*$75S" '=="$>*&&8&(2+"?S"(&>17$71(" 8$($>&8&(2"51==14+" R)2/"C)81*"3&+2&-"(1"$>*&&8&(2"S&2,"\&>17$71(")+" 1("A*1>*&++,"

41 THANK YOU

37 th Annual Conference on the Law of the Sea and Ocean Policy Seoul, 1-3 May Cooperation in the Straits of Malacca & Singapore

37 th Annual Conference on the Law of the Sea and Ocean Policy Seoul, 1-3 May 2013 Cooperation in the Straits of Malacca & Singapore Leonardo Bernard Research Fellow Centre for International Law, NUS Outline