Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd,yq;ifapy; csr;r%f Gj;jhf;fk;

Transcription

1 WorldShareBooks Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd,yq;ifapy; csr;r%f Gj;jhf;fk; Ny hw p v y ; r hhs ;] ;, PHD fk py h rk ur pq ;f, PHD lhnth]; fy;tp epwtd gjpg;g 1

2 Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd,yq;ifapy; csr;r%f Gj;jhf;fk; Nyhwp vy; rhhs;];, PHD lhnth]; fy;tp epwtd cjtpahsh gplk;> cstpay; jpizf;fsk; FLk;gk;>,UtH> jdpegh csr;rpfpr;ir (FCIP) epfo;r;rp kw;wk; PSYD fyhepjp epfo;r;rp OUR LADY OF THE LAKE UNIVERSITY, rhd; md;uhdpnah> mnkupf;fh U.S. FULBRIGHT SCHOLAR, gl;lf; fw;iffsf;fhd gplk;> nfhok;g gy;fiyf;fofk;>,yq;if ( ) fkpyh rkurpq;f, PHD fiyg;gplk;> nfhok;gg; gy;fiyf;fofk;>,yq;if rpnu~;l njhopy;el;g MNyhrfH> Mrpa epjpak;> nfhok;g>,yq;if U.S. FULBRIGHT SCHOLAR, nghj Rfhjhuj;jpw;fhd nkypkd; ghlrhiy> nfhyk;gpah gy;fiyf;fofk;> NYC, uz ;L lhnt h] ; cjt p ed;nfhilfs pd; (TAG) f Po;, e;j M a;tf;f epjpas pf;fg;gl;lj 2012/2014

3 Vw;Giu,yq;if FLk;g GdHtho;T epiyak; kw;wk; Mrpa epjpaj;jpd; mhg;gzpf;fg;gl;l CopaH kw;wk; jiyikj;jtj;jpw;f vkj ed;wpfis gfphe;j nfhs;fpd;nwhk;. Nkupad; ];Nuhd;ld;> mky;fh vjpuprpq;f> epuq;ryh NrhkRe;juk;> y`pu ngnuuh kw;wk; kp`pup nghdhd;nlh MfpNahUf;F tpnrl ed;wpfs;. gy tulq;fshf,e;j nraw;wpl;lj;jpw;f epjp toq;fpa lhnth]; fy;tp epwtdj;jpdhy;,e;j Ma;T rhj;jpag;gl;lj. mthfsila MjuTf;F vkj ed;wpfs;.,e;j tprhuizapy; fye;j nfhz;l csr;r%f gzpahshfsf;fk; vkj ed;wpfs;. Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;dh FLk;gq;fs; kw;wk; rkjhaq;fsf;f vt;thw cjttj vd;gj Fwpj;j cq;fsila ehshe;j gzpak;> cq;fsila MNyhridfSk; njhlhe;jk; vkj gzpia Gj;jhf;fj;Jld; Kd;ndLg;gjw;F Cf;fkspg;gitahf cs;sd. cq;fs; Kaw;rpapd; ngwkjpkpf;f gpujpgypg;ghf,e;j fw;if,uf;fk; vd ehk; ek;gfpd;nwhk;. Nyhwp vy;. rhhs;];. 2010Mk; Mz;L ehd; Kjd; Kjyhf,yq;if te;njd;. nfhok;g gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; mnkupf;fhtpd; rpnu~;l/ Gy;gpiul; Gyikg;guprpy; cjtpj;njhif vdf;f fpilj;jj (mq;fjhd; jw;nrayhf vd;dila,iz voj;jhsh> fyhepjp. fkpyh rkurpq;fit ehd; re;jpj;njd;). nfa;nuhtpy; xu tulk; trpj;jtpl;nl ehd;,yq;if te;njd;. nkhop> fhyepiy> tuyhw vd vfpg;ij tpl vy;yh tpjq;fspyk; KOikahf,yq;if khw;wkhdjhfk;. Aj;jk; epiwtile;j xu tulj;jpy; ehd;,yq;if te;njd;. vdpdk;>,yq;if Nkhjypy;,Ue;jJ vd vdf;fj; njupahj. MdhYk;> ehd;,yq;ifapy; re;jpj;j xt;nthutuk; vjpuhd mdgtj;ijna nfhz;bue;jdh. mthfsj ehl rkhjhdj;jpy;,ue;jj vd mthfsf;fj; njupahj. fle;j tulq;fspy;> jdpg;gl;l kw;wk; njhopy;rhh nraw;wpl;lq;fsf;fhf,yq;iff;f tp[ak; nra;j NghJ> kpl;rpf;fhd ehl;bd; Kaw;rpfspy; El;gkhd kw;wk; khwghlhd khw;wj;ij ehd; mtjhdpj;njd;. Kuz;ghl;by; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ehlfspy; csr;r%f gzpahshfsf;f mbf;fb gapw;rp toq;fk; FLk;gey rpfpr;irahsh vd;w tifapy;> Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dh eyd; kw;wk; Jd;gk; Nghd;w fijfs; vt;thw Nguk;Ngrg;gLfpd;wd vd;gjid mwpe;j nfhs;tjw;f ehd; MHtkhf,Ue;Njd;. me;j MHtNk,e;j fw;ifapd; Muk;gkhFk;.,Ug;gpDk;> ehl;bid kpsf;fl;bnaog;gypy; csey kw;wk; csr;r%f cjtpahd xu mk;rj;jpd; kpftk; Ez;zpa gfg;gha;thfnt,j cs;sj. Aj;jj;jpw;F Kd;dUk;> Aj;jj;jpd; NghJk;,yq;ifapd; tuyhw,e;j E}ypd; tpr;nry;iyf;f mg;ghw;gl;ljhfk;. 1 epiykhw;w jd;ikapy;,yq;if cs;sj. fsj;jpy; csr;r%f gzpahshfspd; Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd gzpia Rl;bf;fhl;b me;j epiykhw;w re;jhg;gj;jpy; xu re;jhggj;ij Mtzg;gLj;j,e;j fw;ifapy; ehk; Kaw;rpf;fpd;Nwhk;. fkpyh rkurpq;f: cz;ikapy; fyhepjp Nyhwp rhhs]; mthfis re;jpj;jik jw;nrayhdj. 2010,y; ehd; Kjypy; re;jpj;j NghJ nfhok;g gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd;> fiyg;gplj;jpd;> r%ftpay; jpizf;fsj;jpd; /Gy;gpiul; Gyikg;guprpy; ngw;wtuhf mth,ize;jhh. FLk;g rpfpr;irapy; mtuj gapw;rp kw;wk; Nkhjypy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ehlfspy; gapw;rp mspj;jypy; mtuj mdgtk; vd;gtw;wld;> gl;lf; fw;iffsf;fhd gplj;jpy; cstsj;jiz kw;wk; csr;r%f cjtp gl;lg;gpd; bg;nshkh kw;wk; Mrpa epjpaj;jpd; epfo;r;rpf;f mtuhy; cjtf; $bajhftpue;jj.,yq;ifapy; gy tulq;fshf NkhjYld; rk;ge;jg;gl;l cstpay; kdmoj;jk; Fwpj;J fw;fpd;nwd;. ehk; vkj,izg;ig Muk;gpj;j NghJ> ehlhdj Kuz;ghl;Lf;F gpd;duhd epiyikapy;,ue;jj. Aj;jk; epiwtile;jpue;jj. cstpay; Jd;gk; kw;wk; eyd; Fwpj;J Gjpa tplaq;fis fz;lwpa Ntz;bapUe;jJ. khwk; #oypy; jkj thbf;ifahshfsf;f csr;r%f gzpahshfs; vt;thw Mjutspj;jhHfs; vd;gj Fwpj;j rpwe;j Gupe;JzHtpidg; ngw;wf; nfhs;tjw;f,e;j fw;ifapd; re;jhg;gk; kpftk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. 1,yq;if Fwpj;J vojg;gl;l M tzq;fsf;f mjpf Nfs;tp cs;sj., e;j ehl;by; gy rpwe;jtw;iwf; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sj. vt;thwhapdk;> Aj;jk; kw;wk; Kuz;ghL> mdhj;jq;fs; kw;wk; kf;fs; njhifapd; csr;r%f eyid mjpfupg;gjw;fhd Kaw;rpfs; rk;ge;jkhd,yq;if Fwpj;j t psf;fkhd tuyhw;wpw;f thrfhfs; NrhkRe;juk;> B ( 2014),id thrpf;f Mw;Wg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdH. Scarred Communities: Psychosocial impact of man-made and natural disasters on Sri Lankan society. Sage: NY

4 Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd,yq;ifapy; csr;r%f Gj;jhf;fk; Nyhwp vy; rhhs;]; kw;wk; fkpyh rkurpq;f gjpg;gupik 2015 lhnth]; fy;tp epwtd gjpg;gfk; /WorldShare Books 2015, Nyhwp vy; rhhs;];> fkpyh rkurpq;f midj;j cupikfsk; nfhz;lj. midj;j cupikfsk; nfhz;lj.,e;j gjpg;gpd; ve;jnthu gfjpapy; kps;gjpf;fg;glnth my;yj ve;jnthu tbtj;jpyk; my;yj topapyk;>,yj;jpudpay; my;yj ve;jputpay;> mr;rg;gpujp cs;slq;fyhf> gjpg;ghsupd; voj;j %y mdkjpapd;wp gad;glj;jg;glf; $lhj. midj;j rk;gtq;fspyk;> nghuj;jkhd eghfs; kw;wk; epwtdq;fsf;f ed;wp njuptpf;fg;gltjid cwjp nra;tjw;f gjpg;ghrpupahfs; kw;wk; voj;jhshfs; midj;j Kaw;rpfisAk; Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sdH. VNjDk; tuk;g kpwy; epfo;e;jpug;gpd;> mj Fwpj;J njupe;jnfhs;tjw;f lhnth]; fy;tp epwtd gjpg;gfk; MtYld;,Ug;gJld;> E}ypd; vjphfhy gjpg;gpy; nghuj;jkhd Vw;Giufis ntspg;glj;j jahuhfts;sj. my;yj vd;w,yf;fj;jpy; tprhuizfs; lhnth]; fy;tp epwtd gjpg;gfj;jpw;f mwptpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. lhnth]; fy;tp epwtd gjpg;gfk; lhnth]; fy;tp epwtdj;jpd; mq;fk; rhf;upd; /Nghy;];> X`pNah> mnkupf;fh,-e}y; tbtk; khj;jpuk; WorldShare Book Nyhwp vy; rhhs;]; kw;wk; fkpyh rkurpq;ftpdhy;,yq;ifapy; Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd csr;r%f Gj;jhf;fk; (PDF gjpg;g 2015)

5 lhnth]; fy;tp epwtd gjpg;gfs; r%f fl;likg;g nfhs;if mgptpuj;jp kw;wk; cyf gadf;fhd Nehf;fq;fSf;fhd gapw;rpfs; vd;gtw;wf;f mhg;gzpf;fg;gl;l,yhgnehf;fw;w epwtdkhf lhnth]; fy;tp epwtdk; cs;sj. kf;fs; kj;jpapy; njhlhghly; cwtfspy; mhj;jk;> ngwkjp> kw;wk; eltbf;iff;fhd %yj;ij fl;likg;grhh nfhs;if kw;wk; gapw;rpahdj> fz;lwpfpd;wj. jhk; thok; cyfpdjk;> kf;fspdjk; eyid gutyhf;ftjw;f rhhg nraw;ghlfis NgZtjpy; vkj nguk; KjyPL mike;js;sj. gapw;rpapyk;> r%f fl;likg;gpyk; voe;jkhd Nfhl;ghl;bw;F lhnth]; fy;tp epwtd gjpg;gf;fs; gq;fspg;gfis toq;ffpd;wj. vkj E}y;fs; fy;tpahshfs;> gapw;rpahshfs;> khzthfs; kw;wk; MHtk; epiwe;j kf;fsf;fhf tbtikf;fg;glfpd;wd. nfhs;iffs;> vz;zf;fuf;fs; kw;wk; gads;s gapw;rpfis tpsf;fk; mwpkfq;fs;> NkNyhl;lkhd ghhitfis Focus Book Series toq;ffpd;wj. Tempo Book Series MdJ tpnrlkhf nghj kf;fs; kw;wk; gapw;rpahshfsf;fhdj. Nfhl;ghL kw;wk; gapw;rpapy; mz;ika mgptpuj;jpfs; njhlhgpy; Books for Professionals Series,yf;F itf;fk;. vkj,izaj;jpy;,ue;j Gj;jfq;fis PDF tbtpy;,ytrkhf jutpwf;fp nfhs;sk;,izaj;js Nritahf WorldShare Books cs;sj. jdpegh> FLk;g> epwtd> rkjha kw;wk; r%f khw;wj;jpw;f mf;fiw nfhz;l r%f tpq;qhdpfs; kw;wk; gapw;rpahshfsf;f kpftk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jhf vkj Gj;jfq;fs; cs;sd. nfd;dj; n[. n[hn[d; jiyth> gzpg;ghsh rig lhnth]; fy;tp epwtdk; lhnth]; fy;tp epwtd gzpg;ghshfs; rig `hhypd; md;lhrd; Nkup n[hn[d; fpd;dp ngy;ld; rhhs;]; n~a;yh nkf;nek; nuhdhy;l; nrnda;y; ryp nrd; N[hH[; Nltpl; $g;ghiulh> nfsut N[d; ntl;fpd;];> nfsut nuhghl; nfhl;lh lahdh tpl;dp> vkupl;lh nfd;dj; n[hn[d; lhd; Ty;g; Professional Series Editor,w;fhd E}y;fs;: nfd;dj; n[hn[d; lhnth]; fy;tp epwtdk; Tempo Series Editor: Nkup n[hn[d; Focus Book Series Editors: `hhypd; md;lhrd; WorldShare Books Senior Editors: nfd;dj; n[hn[d;> lhd; Ty;g;> kw;wk; Nkup n[hn[d; epiwntw;wg; gzpg;ghsh: Nlhd; Nlhy; lhnth]; fy;tp epwtdk; kw;wk; r%f fl;likg;g Fwpj;j jfty;fsf;f:

6 Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd,yq;ifapy; csr;r%f Gj;jhf;fk; Kd;Diu,e;j nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;lJld;> cseyg; gzpahshfspw;fhd gapw;rpfspy; rhhg Gupe;JzHTfis Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd ehl vt;thw cs;slf;ffpd;wj vd;gjid csr;r%f nraw;wpl;lk; vt;thw toq;ffpd;wj vd;gjid Mtzg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. kdpjnea csey #o;epiyapy; njhopy;el;g cjtpf;f> Jd;gj;jpd; murpay;> r%f kw;wk; nghushjhu fhuzpfs; Fwpj;j mjpfupj;j nraw;ghl;l tpopg;gzht mtrpakhf,uf;fpd;wj. kdpjnea #o;epiynahd;wpy; kdmoj;jj;jpy; epiyj;jpug;gthfspd; mhj;jk; kw;wk; fl;likg;gpd; jdpg;gl;l kw;wk; fyhrhu Kiwfspd; $UzHitAk; mj NfhUfpd;wJ.,jdhy;> FLk;g GdHtho;T epiyaj;jpd; (,J,yq;ifapy; cs;s xu mur rhhgw;w epwtdk;) csr;r%f gzpahshfsk;> CopaHfSk; jkj csr;r%f epfo;r;rpfspy; Jd;gj;jpd; rhhg Gupe;JzHit vt;thw gad;glj;jfpd;wd vd;gj Fwpj;J mthfspd; nraw;wpl;lk; ftdk; nryj;jfpd;wj. 2009Mk; Mz;by; rptpy; Aj;jk; epiwtf;f te;jtld;> 30 tulq;fs; epbj;j Kuz;ghl;bypUe;J ehlhdj epiykhw;wk; fhz;gjpy; rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaog;gk; Kaw;rpfis,e;j Fwpf;Nfhs; milahsg;glj;jfpd;wj.

7 cs;slf;fk; I. mj;jpahak; xd;w: fw;iff;fhd mwpkfk; P. 9 II. mj;jpahak;,uz;l: Kiwfs; P. 20 III. mj;jpahak; %d;w: jut kw;wk; gfg;gha;t nraw;ghl;il Kd;itj;jy; P. 35 IV. mj;jpahak; ehd;f: fye;jiuahly; P. 73 V. mj;jpahak; Ie;J: csr;r%f mzfkiwfspy; Gj;jhf;fk; kw;wk; Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd,yq;ifapy; ey;ypzf;fj;jpw;fhd gapw;rp Kd;Ndhf;fpr; nry;yy; P. 82

8 ehd; xu cstsj;jizahsuhf PSWthf,Ug;gjpy; vd; kpnj vdf;f kpfe;j nguikahf,uf;fpd;wj. Vnddpy;>,yq;ifapy; vkj kf;fs; 30 tulq;fshf Aj;jj;ij vjphnfhz;l> midj;ijak;,oe;jdh vd;gj cq;fsf;fj; njupak;. mthfs; gy;ntw tplaq;fis vjphnfhz;ldh. jw;nghj mthfs; jkj tho;f;ifia kpsf;fl;bnaog;gfpd;wdh. mthfs; jkj tho;f;ifia kpsf;fl;bnaog;gfpd;w Ntisapy;> mthfsf;f cstsj;jizak;> MjuTk; Njitahf,Uf;fyhk;. me;j MjuNt vd;dhy; toq;fg;glfpd;wj. cjtpehbfsf;f me;j Mjutpid toq;ftjpy; ehd; kfpo;r;rpahf,uf;fpd;nwd;. cstsj;jizahsuhf> PSWthf,Ug;gjpy; vd; kpnj vdf;f kpfe;j nguikahf,uf;fpd;wj. mj;jpahak; xd;w: fw;iff;fhd mwpkfk; jdpeghfs;> jk;gjpfs; kw;wk; FLk;gj;jpdUld; jkj cstsj;jiz nraw;ghl;by; fyhrhu upjpahf nghuj;jkhd mhj;j KiwfisAk;> fl;likg;gf;fisak;,yq;ifapy; Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd #o;epiyapy; csr;r%f gzpahshfs; (PSW) vt;thw fuj;jpay;glj;jfpd;wdh> gad;glj;jfpd;wdh kw;wk; gpunahfpf;fpd;wdh vd;gj Fwpj;J rpwe;j Gupe;JzHit ngwtnj,e;j nraw;wpl;lj;jpd;,yf;fhfk; (rkurpq;f> 2009).,aw;ifahd Kd;Djhuzj;jpdhy; ngwg;gl;l gz;grhh tprhuizia,e;j Ma;T,q;F Kd;itj;Js;sJ (ypq;fd; kw;wk; fgh> 1985). Aj;jj;jpd; nfhluj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lthfsf;f Neub Nrit toq;fk; csr;r%f gzpahshfspd; Neub mdgtq;fis Gupe;J nfhs;tj njhlhgpy;,yf;f itf;fg;gl;l> MrpupaHfs; kw;wk; nfhok;gpd;,uz;l gq;fhsh epwtdq;fsf;f,ilapyhd xj;jiog;gld;,e;j Ma;T tbtikf;fg;gl;l> Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;L> gfg;gha;t nra;ag;gl;lj. Mq;fpyk;> jkpo; kw;wk; rpq;fs nkhopfspy; midtuk; mzff;$ba trjpald; WorldShare book,y;,e;j Mtzj;ij ntspapltjd; %yk;> PSWtpdupd; gzpahdj NkhjYf;Fg; gpd;duhd ehl;by; csr;r%f jpwd;fs;> Mw;wy;fs; kw;wk; gapw;rp Fwpj;j cs;slf;f mwptpid gutyhf;ftjk;> toq;ftjkhfk;. PSWtpdupd; gzpfis Rl;bf;fhl;Ltjd; %yk;> NkhjYf;Fg; gpd;duhd ehl;l kps;fl;likg;gpy; fs Kaw;rpfis gue;jst rkjhaj;jpw;f tpsf;f ehk; vjphghhf;fpd;nwhk;.,e;jg; gzpia typawj;jtjd; %yk;>,e;jg; gfjpapy; ntspaf mgptpuj;jp cjtpia fz;fhzpj;j>,e;jg; gfjp NkYk; tpidj;jpwd; kpf;fjhf> ntspg;gilahdjhf> fsj;jpy; gapw;rpf;f nghuj;jkhdjhf khwk; vd ehk; ek;gfpd;nwhk;. lhnth]; fy;tp epwtdk; jkj gpujhd,yf;f Fwpj;J ftdk; nryj;jk; mnjntis>,e;j nraw;wpl;lkhdj lhnth]; fy;tp epwtdj;jpd; gzpapd; mbg;gilapy; gutyhf;fg;glfpd;wj. gpd;tuk; tplaq;fspy; lhnth]; fy;tp epwtdk; mhg;gzpg;gld; cs;sj: (1)) r%fj;jpd; midj;j mk;rq;fspy; Mf;fg;g+Htkhd> ghuhl;lj;jf;f kw;wk; xj;jiog;g kpf;f nraw;ghlfis Kd;dpWj;Jk; vz;zq;fisak;> gapw;rpfisak; Muha;jy;> tpuj;jp nra;jy; kw;wk; gug;gjy;. (2) GyikrhH rkjhaq;fs; kw;wk; r%f gapw;rpahshfsf;f,ilapyhd,ilkfj;jpy; gzpahw;wy;. (3) GyikrhH Ma;Tfs; kw;wk; njhopy;rhh eilkiwfs; xutuf;f xuth tsg;glj;jk; topfis tpuj;jp nra;jy;.,yq;if r%fj;jpy; csr;r%f gapw;rpfspd; jw;nghija #o;epiyapy; epfok; gapw;rpfis,e;j nraw;ghl Ma;T nra;fpd;wj. Kuz;ghl;bd; gpd;dh

9 rkjhaq;fsf;f cjttjw;f Jd;gk; kw;wk; Fzkhjypd; rhhg Gupe;JzHT vt;thw gad;glj;jg;gl;lj vd;gjid fw;f ehk; tpuk;gfpd;nwhk;. Njhw;wg;ghl;bid Gupe;Jnfhs;tjw;F r%f fl;likg;g vz;zf;fu xd;wpid ehk; vlf;fpd;nwhk;. mjhtj> cyif tpsf;ftjw;fk;> Gupe;Jnfhs;tjw;Fk; kf;fsf;f gy topfs; cs;sd vd ehk; fujfpd;nwhk;. mhj;jj;ij RUf;Fjy; my;yj Fiwj;jy; vd;gjw;fg; gjpyhf>,e;j fuj;jf;fspd; rpf;fy; jd;ik Fwpj;J,e;j Ma;T Kiw ftdk; nryj;jfpd;wj (fpnu];nty;> 2009). Nkyjpfkhf>,e;j Ma;tpid Kd;ndLg;gjw;fhd vkj vz;zf;fuf;fs; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sy; jfty; ngwyf;f cs;shhe;j a+fj;jpw;f,iae;jjhf cs;sj ($g;gh iulh kw;wk; tpl;dp> 2005). epwtdq;fs;> thj;jfk; kw;wk; jiyikj;jtj;jpw;f mbf;fb gpunahfpf;fg;glk; jhf;fk; kw;wk; Kiwapayhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy; jfty; ngwy; cs;sj.,q;f> ehk; me;j Gupe;JzHit vlj;j> Kuz;ghl;Lf;F gpd;duhd ehl;by; csey kw;wk; csr;r%f cjtp gzpfspy; gpunahfpf;fpd;nwhk;.,e;jg; gzpfis Kd;ndLg;gjw;F,yq;ifapy; csr;r%f Nritfis toq;ftjpy; mthfsj mdgtq;fis gfphe;j nfhs;tjw;f vl;lg;glhj kw;wk; nropg;ghd tsq;fis PSWtpdH nfhz;buf;fpd;wdh vd ehk; ek;gfpd;nwhk;. Vida,NjNghd;w re;jhg;gq;fspy;> Kuz;ghl;L jpht kw;wk; NkhjYf;Fg; gpd;duhd Gduikg;Gf;fhd Vw;fdNt jahupf;fg;gl;l #j;jpuq;fsld; cyf ty;ydhfsf;f gjpyhf> #o;epiyfis jzpf;fk;> jphtfis toq;fk;> kw;wk; gfg;gha;t nra;ak; kw;wk; jkj mdgtq;fis nfhz;l tuk; r%fq;fs; kw;wk; fyhrhuq;fsld; gzpahw;wk; Gupe;JzHitf; nfhz;l kf;fs; vd;w Nka;aH (2003) $w;wf;f ehk;,zq;ffpd;nwhk;.,e;j gzpia ehk; Rl;bf;fhl;l tpuk;gfpd;nwhk;.,e;j,yf;f ekf;f mhj;jg;g+htkhdj. cahtukhd ehlfspy; csey kw;wk; csr;r%f gapw;rpfs; cuthfpd;wj vd;gj njhlhghd tuyhw;iw rkepiyg;glj;jtjw;fhd topahf mjid gq;fspf;f ehk; tpuk;gfpd;nwhk; (];Y];fp> 2004). Gj;jhf;fk; kw;wk; cseyk; kw;wk; csr;r%f MjuT cseyj;jpy; tpnrlg; gpupthf cseyk; kw;wk; csr;r%f MjuT (MHPSS) gapw;rp vd;gj cs;sj. jpwd;fs;-rhhe;j kw;wk; gapw;rp-rhhe;j> csey kw;wk; csr;r%f MjuT gapw;rpahdj kw;wk; elj;ju tukhd ehlfs; (LMICS) kw;wk; vspjpy; nehuq;ff; $ba> Nkhjypdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ehlfs; (FCS) Nghd;w csey kdpj ts MSik Fiwe;j ehlfspy; vq;fk; epiwe;js;sj. csey Nritfspd; xjf;fpl kw;wk; toq;fypid mjpfupg;gjw;fhd gpunahf> tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f kw;wk; gadwjp kpf;f topahftk; MHPSS gapw;rp cs;sj (gl;nly;> 2012). NkYk;> ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy; cs;sf Nkhjy; kw;wk; td;kiw vd;gd xu mq;fkhf,uf;fk; ehlfspy;> csr;r%f gapw;rp vd;gj xu njhlhr;rpahd Gj;jhf;f Njitahf,Uf;fpd;wJ vd vkj tprhuizapd; vjpht$wy; xd;w ntspg;glj;jfpd;wj. Kuz;ghl;Lf;Fg; gpd;duhd XH epiyapy; fsj;jpy;,af;ftpay; rthy; kpf;fjhfk;. Kuz;ghl;Lf;Fg; gpd;duhd epiyapy; csr;r%f gapw;rpapd; epiyngwk;> nghuj;jg;ghlk;,e;j,af;ftpayf;f $UzHit NfhUfpd;wd.,e;j,af;ftpay;fs; fsj;jpy; cs;s kf;fs;> fsj;jpy; gzpahw;wgthfs; mwpe;jpug;gjhftk;> ed;f tuntw;gjhftk; cs;sd.,e;j fw;ifapy; ehk;,yf;f itg;gjhf mthfsila Fuy;fs; cs;sd.,e;j tprhuizapy; Kuz;ghl;Lf;Fg; gpd;duhd ehnlhd;wpy; MHPSS vt;thw tbtikf;fg;gl;l> nraw;glj;jg;glfpd;wj vd;gj Fwpj;J vkj Gupe;JzHit gutyhf;f ehk; tpuk;gfpd;nwhk;.,e;j tifahd gzpfspd; Gj;jhf;f jd;ik Fwpj;J ehk; kpfe;j MHtj;Jld; cs;nshk;. gue;jstpy;> Rfhjhu guhkupg;gpy; Gj;jhf;fk; vd;gj> Nghl;b kpf;f epwtd fw;iff;f topelj;jk; Gj;jhf;f jd;ik kw;wk; Gj;jhf;fj;jpw;fhd,aYik Mfpa,uz;L topfspyk; vd tpsf;fg;glfpd;wj (lkhnah-nlhnu];> kw;wk; gyh.> 2010:

10 Nuh[H];> 1995 uhnke;jpuh> Nrhd;ah> vr;.v];.a kw;wk; /nghd;nlndhl;> 2012 Fwpg;gpl;lthW). tpnrlkhf Gj;jhf;fk; vd;gj Gjpa nghuis mwpkfg;glj;jtj> Gjpa re;ij xd;iw jpwg;gj> tpepnahfj;jpw;fhd Gjpa %yk; xd;iw ifg;gw;wy;> cw;gj;jpf;fhd Gjpa Kiw xd;iw mwpkfg;glj;jy; vd mhj;jg;glk; (];$k;gpl;lh> 1934). vt;thwhapdk;> jkj gzpnehf;fk; kw;wk;,yf;ffis Nehf;fpa gazj;jpy; epwtdk; vd;gj vt;thw khw;wj;jpid cs;thq;ffpd;wj kw;wk; ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy; me;j cs;thq;fy;fs; vt;thw gpunahfpf;fg;glfpd;wd vd;gjidak; Gj;jhf;fk; vd;gj Fwpf;fpd;wJ (lkd;nghh kw;wk; <td;> 1984> g. 393). Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd ehl;by; csr;r%f gzpahshfs; vt;thw nrayhw;wfpd;wdh vd;gjid ghhg;gjw;fhd gads;s fz;zhbiag; Nghy; Gj;jhf;fk; cs;sj. Gj;jhf;fr; #o;epiyapy; Gj;jhf;fk; vd;gj tpidj;jpwid gutyhf;fk; nraw;ghl;bd; ve;jnthu mgptpuj;jpiaak; Fwpf;Fk; (n[f;a];> 2011). NkhjYf;Fg; gpd;duhd #o;epiyapy; PSWtpdH gzp nra;tjw;f fl;lisaspf;fg;gl;bug;gj gpujpgypg;g kw;wk; khw;wj;jpw;fhd cs;thq;fyhfk;:,yq;ifapy;> khw;wk; vd;gj MAj Kuz;ghL vd;gjpy;,ue;j> NkhjYf;F gpd;duhd epiy vd;gjw;f #o;epiy khw;wk; mike;js;sj. NkhjYf;Fg; gpd;duhd ehlfspy; csr;r%f gzpahshfs; cz;ikapy;> rf;fuj;ij kpscuthf;ftj,y;iy. vt;thwhapdk;> mthfs; GupAk; flik ftdk; nryj;jtjw;f jfe;jj. Vnddpy;> mthfs; gzpahw;w Ntz;ba rf;fuk; NtWgl;lJ. mthfsj #o;epiy jdpj;jtkhdj. xu tifapy; mj Gj;jhf;fj;ij NfhUfpd;wJ.,e;j fw;ifapy;> jkj cjtpehbfsf;f cjttjw;f vz;zq;fis csr;r%f cjtp toq;fdh vt;thw cuthf;ffpd;wdh kw;wk; Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd,yq;ifapy; kf;fs; njhif xd;wld; me;j vz;zq;fis gapw;rpapy; gpunahfpf;fpd;wdh vd;gjid Gupe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd xu topahf Gj;jhf;f jd;ik cs;sj. nghjthf> jhk; Mw;Wk; gzpapy; ftdk; nryj;jhjpug;gjw;f my;yj rfpf;f itg;gjw;f Kuz;ghl;Lr; #o;epiyfspy; Gj;jhf;fj;Jld;,Ug;gjid tplj;j,e;j epwtdq;fsf;f NtW njupt,ug;gjpy;iy (rkurpq;f> 2014). tpsf;fg;gl;ls;s jutfs; NkhjYf;Fg; gpd;duhd ehnlhd;wpy; csr;r%f gzpapy; Gj;jhf;fg; gapw;rpfs; Fwpj;j vz;zq;fis Nrfupg;gjw;Fk;> cuthf;ftjw;fk; gad;glj;jg;glk; vd ehk; ek;gfpd;nwhk;.,e;j Gj;jhf;fq;fs; rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaog;gy; kw;wk; Kuz;ghl;Lj; jphtpid Nehf;fp Mjpf;fk; nryj;jf; $Lk; vd ehk; ek;gfpd;nwhk;. NkYk;> NkhjYf;Fg; gpd;duhd epiyapy; Gduikg;Gr; nraw;ghl;bd; Nghjhd csr;r%f eydpd; gue;j mk;rq;fs; Fwpj;J ftdk; nryj;jtjw;fg; gjpyhf> Nkw;fj;ijagLj;jg;gl;l csey ghuk;gupa vz;zq;fsf;f ntspna xuth vt;thw gzpahw;w KbAk; vd fhl;ltjw;f ehk; vjphghhf;fpd;nwhk;. cz;ikapy;> Gj;jhf;fr; nraw;ghl;il ftdf;fiwthf gutyhf;fk; NkhjYf;Fg; gpd;duhd #o;epiyapd; mjpj #o;epiyahf,ug;gjhf ehk; ek;gfpd;nwhk;.,yq;ifapy; elg;g csr;r%f gapw;rpapd; gpunahfk; njhlhgpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nryj;jp> fsj;jpy; cz;ikahd fsg;gzpapy; Ma;T gapw;rpfs; kw;wk; tprhuizia cs;slf;ftjw;f nlhy;> kw;wk; gyupd; (2011) Nfhupf;ifia,e;j gzp milahsg;glj;jfpd;wj.,e;j voj;jhshfisg; nghwj;jtiuapy;> murhq;f mikr;rf;fs;> Ma;thsHfs;> mur rhhgw;w epwtdq;fs;> Rfhjhug; gzpahshfs;> ghjpf;fg;gl;l jdpeghfs; my;yj ghjfhtyhfs; kw;wk; rkjhaq;fsf;f kj;jpapy; xoq;fpdq;fsf;f,ilapyhd kw;wk; gy;kiw xj;jiog;gf;fsf;fk;> cwjpahd gq;fhspj;jtk; vd;gtw;iw mt;thwhd mzfkiw cs;slf;f Ntz;Lk; (nlhy; kw;wk; gyh.> 2011> g. 98).

11 ,e;j fw;if Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd,yq;ifapy; csr;r%f gzpahshfshy; gad;glj;jg;glk; csr;r%f gapw;rp cghaq;fis rpwg;ghf Gupe;J nfhs;tjw;f gz;grhh Ma;tpid tbtikf;ftk;> Kd;ndLf;fTk; ehk; njupt nra;njhk;. ehl;bd; tlf;f kw;wk; fpof;f gpuhe;jpaq;fs; KOtjpYk; gy;ntw gfjpfspy; epakpf;fg;gl;l 13 csr;r%f gzpahshfs; cs;slq;fyhf gpujhd gq;fgw;wdhfs;,ue;jdh etk;gupy; nfhok;gpy;,yf;ff; FO NeHfhzy;fs; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;ld. tpnrl njhdpg;nghul;fs; kw;wk; tbtq;fis fz;lnfhs;tjw;f NeHfhzy;fs; kw;wk; gz;grhh FwpaPL Kiwfis gjptnra;jy; cs;slq;fyhf KiwrhH jut gfg;gha;thdj> 2013Mk; Mz;L [dtup khjk; Kjy; nrg;uk;gh tiu eilngw;wj etk;gupy;> gfg;gha;tpd; Kjd;ik KbTfs;> NeHfhzypd; tiffsk;> njhdpg;nghul;fsk;> nfhok;gpy;,lk;ngw;w fuj;juq;f xd;wpy; gq;fgw;wdhfsf;fk;> Vida Ma;T gq;fjhuhfsf;fk; rkhg;gpf;fg;gl;ld.,e;j mikg;gpy; ehkk;> cwg;gpdhfsk; rupghhj;jjld;> vkj gfg;gha;tpid GJg;gpj;Njhk;. fw;ifia jkpo; kw;wk; rpq;fsj;jpy; gpurupg;gjw;fk; gq;fjhuhfshy;> me;j re;jhg;gj;jpy; gupe;jiuf;fg;gl;lj. me;j Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf voj;jhrpupah epjpapid Nfhup ngw;wf; nfhz;ldh. nfhok;gpy; eilngw;w $l;lj;ijj; njhlhe;j> jut Fwpj;j Nkyjpf njsptpw;fhf,uz;lhtj gbepiy gfg;gha;t g+hj;jp nra;ag;gl;lj. me;j Kaw;rpfspd; tpisthfnt,e;j gzp cuthfpas;sj. Kuz;ghl;Lf;Fg; gpd;duhd murpy; #o;epiyfs; (1) jptpukhd kw;wk; epz;l fhy Kuz;ghl;bdhy; my;yywk;> (2) IDA rk;ge;jg;gl;l ghjpg;gf;f topnfhypa FWfpa fhy> Mdhy; mjpf nrwpthd Kuz;ghl;il mdgtpj;j> (3) my;yj> Kd;dhs;,iwik nfhz;l mikg;gpy; td;kiw Njhd;wpajd; Clhf cuthd Gjpa,iwik nfhz;l ehlhf,uf;fk; ehlfis Kuz;ghl;Lf;Fg; gpd;duhd ehlfs; vd rhtnjr mgptpuj;jpf;fhd mikg;g (cyf tq;fp) Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. 2009Mk; Mz;by;>,yq;ifapy; 20 tul gpuptpidthj Kuz;ghL cwjpahf murhq;fg; gilapduhy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lJ. Kuz;ghl;Lf;Fg; gpd;duhd fhyg;gfjpapy; ehlhdj nghushjhu nroikiaak;> ntspehl;l Neub KjyPl;by; mjpfupg;gpidak; mdgtpf;fpd;wj. Gjpa tpjpfs;> Gjpa cl;fl;likg;g tufpd;wd. mj;jld;> nkjthf Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; tuifak; mjpfupf;fpd;wj. vt;thwhapdk;>,e;j,yq;ifapy;,lk;ngw;w,e;j Kuz;ghlhdJ jdpeghfs;> FLk;gk; kw;wk; rkjha tho;f;ifapy; vz;zw;w tpistfis Vw;gLj;jpr; nrd;ws;sj. FLk;gq;fs; kw;wk; rpwthfspd; gyte;jkhd,lg;ngaht> rpj;jputijapd; tpistfs;> cly; cwg;gf;fis,oj;jy;> gpioj;jpug;nghupd; khw;wkile;j tho;thjhuq;fs;> kw;wk; fhzhky; Nghjy; my;yj FLk;g cwg;gpdhfs;,y;yhj Nghjy; vd;gd,tw;wpy; rpy tpistfshfk;. NkYk;> Kuz;ghl;bd; NghJk;> mjd; gpd;duk; kf;fs; njhlhr;rpahf Xuplj;jpy;,Ue;J kw;nwhu,lj;jf;fr; nrd;wikapdhy;>,yq;ifapy; jw;nghj khw;wkile;j rdj;njhif guk;gy; cs;sj. cjhuzkhd> tlf;f Nghd;w> r%f MjuT Kiwik gpupj;j toq;fg;gl;l,lq;fspy; rkjhaq;fspy; ngz;fs; jiyikapyhd FLk;gq;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfupj;js;sj. gpuhe;jpaj;jpy;,uhzt tpuhfspd; kw;wk;,uhztkakhf;fypd; mjpfupj;j gpurd;dk; fhuzkhf> ghypay; kw;wk; ghy;epiyrhh td;kiwfs; Kuz;ghl;bd; tpisthf cs;sd (rkurpq;f> 2014). rkjhaj;jpw;fs; GdHtho;T kw;wk; kps;xuq;fpizg;g vd;gd Vida Kf;fpa tplaq;fspy; cs;slq;ffpd;wd.

12 Nkhjypdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l Njrq;fspy; rthy; kpf;f epiyikfis /ghkh> tpd;fh> kw;wk; nta;d;];nla;d; (2010) MfpNahH gpd;tukhw tpsf;ffpd;wdh. fhakiljyf;f Nkyjpfkhf> rl;l xoq;f> Rfhjhu guhkupg;g> kw;wk; fy;tp Kiwik Nghd;w r%fj;ij epiyj;jpuf;fr; nra;ak; cl;fl;likg;g kw;wk; epwtdq;fis Aj;jq;fSk;> td;kiwak; mopf;fpd;wd. td;kiwahdj FLk;g cwg;gpdhfis,oe;jpuf;ff; $ba jg;gpapug;gthfsf;f> jkj tho;thjhuj;ij njhlhthjw;fhd topfs; VJk;,y;yhjtHfSf;F> my;yj cly; cwg;g,og;g> cuf;fiyjy;>,lg;ngauy;> rpj;jputij> flj;jy;> ghypay; td;kiw> Ngh~hf;fpd;ik kw;wk; Neha; vd;gtw;iw vjphnfhs;gthfsf;f epz;l fhy ngsjpf> r%f kw;wk; cstpay; tpistfsf;fk; fhuzkhfpd;wj (g. 98).,e;j epz;l fhy> ngsjpf> r%f kw;wk; cstpay; tpistfns,yq;ifapy; jg;gpapug;gthfspy; csey kw;wk; csr;r%f nraw;wpg; gzpfis Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wJ. MHPSS nraw;wpl;lq;fs; nehbe;j Nghd> Kuz;ghl;lhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l murfspy; toq;fg;glfpd;wj. Vnddpy;> rhtnjr rl;lj;jpd; tpisthf midtuf;fk; cupj;jhdj vd ghhf;fg;glk; nghj Rfhjhuk; kw;wk; eydpd; xu mq;fkhf csr;r%fj; Njitfs; cs;sd (fpwah> /gpupd;kd;> nuhgpd;rd;> kw;wk; tpy;k;];`h];l;> 2007). Kuz;ghl;lhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l Njrq;fspd; epiyikfs;> gpui[fspd;; csey kw;wk; csr;r%f MjuT Njitfis Mgj;jpy; js;stplfpd;wd. csey Nritfspd; mjpfupj;j gadwjp kw;wk; toq;fjy; vd;gd> ];jpuj;jd;ik kw;wk; ghjfhg;gf;f Nkyjpkhf ehl;bd; xl;lnkhj;j nghushjhu Mw;wYf;Fk; gadspf;fk;,ayik nfhz;ljhfk; (md;upkp`h[h> rpd;ahgfpakd;> Njtuh[d;> 2011). mtw;wpd; khwglk; jd;ik fhuzkhf> mt;thwhd epiyikfspy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l kw;wk; nghuj;jkhd Njitfis milahsk; fhz;gj rthy; kpf;fjhf,uf;fyhk; (gl;dp[p> ntd; xk;knud; kw;wk; runrndh> 2005). Kuz;ghl;Lf;Fg; gpd;duhd Njrj;jpy; mur rhhgw;w epwtdq;fspd; tfpghfk; nt];l;ghypa Afj;jpy;> Njrq;fspd; mjpfhukhdj Gwf;fhuzpfshy; Nfs;tpf;Fl;gLj;jg;glhJ. gpuhe;jpa vy;iyapd; jd;ikapd; mbg;gilapy;> me;j vy;iyfis fhg;gnj ghjfhg;ghfk;.,ug;gpdk;,d;w mjpfupj;j mstpy; Njrq;fis mr;rwj;jk; Kuz;ghl;L tiffs;> vy;iynahd;wpd; NeHikj;jpwid ghjfhg;gjpyk; NtWgl;lJ.,e;j Afj;jpy;> gz;ghlrhuh mr;rwj;jy;fs; %ykhd rthy;fis re;jpf;fpd;wd (nkj;a];> 1997).,e;j gz;ghl rhuhj mr;rwj;jy;fs; nghjthf Njrj;jpw;Fs;shd tplaq;fshfk;. ghjfhg;g vd;gj jdpj;j,iwikiag; ghjfhj;jy; vd;w ghuk;gupa ghhitia fhf;fpd;wj. mur rhhgw;w epwtdq;fs; vd;gj Gjpa Njhw;wg;ghL my;y. 200 tulq;fsf;f Nkyhf rhtnjr rl;lk; kw;wk; epwtdq;fis tpuj;jp nra;tjpy; mit Kf;fpa gq;fpid tfpj;js;sd (fhhd;]; kw;wk; kpd;q;];l;> 2010> g. 231). 2 xl;lnkhj;jkhf> mur rhhgw;w epwtdq;fspd; fl;lisfsk;> epgzj;jtkk; gue;j gl;lj. NkhjYf;Fg; gpd;duhd murpy; kpftk; Kf;fpakhd,ilntspia mur rhhgw;w epwtdq;fs; epug;gfpd;wd. murpdhy; nra;a Kbahj tplaq;fis mthfshy; nra;a KbAk;. cjhuzkhf> murfshy; nra;a Kbahj my;yj nra;ahj epgzj;jtk; kw;wk; Nritfis mtw;why; toq;f KbAk;. 3 2 Vida nghwg;gf;fspd; kj;jpapy;> mur rhhgw;w epwtdq;fs; murhq;fq;fs; kw;wk; IGO Mfpa,uz;bdJk; nfhs;iffisak;> elj;ijiaak; khw;w vjphghhf;fk; kw;wk; khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F rhtnjr rl;lq;fspy; khw;wq;fis cs;thq;fk; (fhhd;]; kw;wk; kpd;f;];l;> 2010 g. 226). 3 nkj;a]; (1997) tpsf;ftj Nghy Gjpa epge;jidfs; kw;wk; re;jhg;gq;fsf;f gpujpgypg;gjw;f murhq;fq;fis tpl mur rhhgw;w epwtdq;fs; Jupjkhdit. gy nghj Nritfis toq;ftjpy; murhq;fj;ij tpl rpwg;ghf nraw;gl KbAk; (g.63). fhhd;]; kw;wk; kpd;f;];l; (2010) MfpNahUf;F mika> rpy mrhjhuzkhd rk;gtq;fspy;> mur rhhgw;w epwtdq;fspd; murpd; gq;fpid

13 mur rhhgw;w epwtdq;fshtd: (1),yFtpy; ghjpg;gf;f,yf;fhfk; kf;fs; njhifapd; my;yj gpujhd gpur;rpidfspd; gpujpepjpj;jtj;ij ngwk; Mw;wy;> (2) gue;j kw;wk; Mokhd mst epgzj;jtkk;> mzfk; trjpak;:> kw;wk; (3) jkj Njrq;fis fle;j kw;wk; epwtdq;fsf;f,ilapyhd xj;jiog;gpd; nefpo;thd epwtdj; jd;ik> vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;buf;fk;. kuj;jtnkh> fy;tpnah my;yj kdpjneankh>,tw;wpy; mur rhhgw;w epwtdq;fspd; epgzj;jtj;jpd; epiyahd,ug;g kw;wk; NjHr;rp vd;gd mur rhhgw;w epwtdq;fsf;fk;> murf;fk;,ilapyhd gzpahw;wk; cwtpid Ntz;b epw;fpd;wd. mur rhhgw;w epwtdj;jpd; Kd;dpiyapy; NtWghl;Lld; nraw;gltjw;f mur kpj moj;jk; gpunahfpf;fg;glfpd;wj. mnjntis> Ml;rpKiwapd; murpaiyak; mur rhhgw;w epwtdq;fs; Gwf;fzpf;f KbahJ. mt;thw nra;tj mthfsj nghwg;gf;fspy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jyhk;. r%f fl;likg;grhh vz;zf;futpy;> mur rhhgw;w epwtdq;fs; Vida topapy; mzf Kbahj jfty; kw;wk; vz;zq;fis gupkhw;wtjd; mbg;gilapy; Kf;fpakhd gq;fpid tfpf;fpd;wd (fhhd]; kw;wk; kpd;f;];l;> 2010> g. 252). murfis tpl gadwjp kpf;f tifapy; nghj kf;fis mur rhhgw;w epwtdq;fshy; mbf;fb mzp jpul;l KbAk;. 4 rkjhaq;fspy; csr;r%f Rfhjhuk; kw;wk; eyid Kd;dpWj;JtJ rhhe;j>,j kpftk; Kf;fpakhdJ. NkYk;> mur rhhgw;w epwtdq;fspd; jdpj;jtkhd epwtd Gj;jhf;fk;> mbf;fb vy;iyfs; fle;jk;> rhtnjr epwtdq;fs; kw;wk; NtW mur rhhgw;w epwtdq;fsld;,ize;jk;> nraw;gltjld;> cs;kiwik kw;wk; ehl fle;jjhftk; cs;sj.,ug;gpdk;> murhq;fq;fis tpl mjpfhu gbepiyfs; Fiwe;j tifapy; nraw;gl Kaw;rpf;fpd;wJ (nkj;a];> 1997). Nkyjpfkhf> jkj gug;giu my;yj Njrq;fle;j gq;fhspj;jtq;fs;> fsj;jpy; kf;fspd; mdgtq;fs;> mur vl;ltjpy; rpf;fiy vjphnfhs;sk; tplaq;fs; Clhf mur rhhgw;w epwtdq;fis mbf;fb mzf KbAk;. mur rhhgw;w epwtd Ma;T gq;fhsh: FLk;g GdHtho;T epiyak; (FRC) nfhok;gpy; jiyikafj;ijf; nfhz;ls;s mur rhhgw;w epwtdkhd FLk;g GdHtho;T epiyaj;jpd; (FRC) gzpnehf;fkhdj>,yq;ifapy; kdmjphr;rpia jlg;gjw;f MjuT ehly; kw;wk; gupe;j NgRk; mnjntis> kdmjphr;rpapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lthfsf;f KOikahd rpfpr;ir kw;wk; guhkupg;gpid toq;fjy; vd;gjhfk;. kd mjphr;rpapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lthfs; kw;wk;,yq;ifapy; kd mjphr;rpia jtphg;gjid Nehf;fp gzpahw;wgthfsf;fhd GdHtho;tspj;jy; vd;w,yf;if Nehf;fp mur rhhgw;w epwtdq;fs; kw;wk; murhq;f epwtdq;fsld;,ize;j FRC nraw;glfpd;wj. cz;ikapy;>,yq;ifapy; kdmjphr;rpapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lthfsf;f Mjutspj;jy; kw;wk; gupe;j NgrNy> 1991Mk; Mz;by; Muk;gpj;jJ Kjy; gpujhd mf;fiwahf,ue;jj. Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd,yq;ifapy;> kd mjphr;rpapd; GdHtho;T kw;wk; jtphg;g Nehf;fpajhf FRC,d;,yf;F khwpaj. xg;gw;w tuyhw;wpidak; FRC nfhz;ls;sj. 1991Mk; Mz;by; fyhepjp mdh Nlhd;dp kw;wk; fyhepjp uhjpfh FkhuRthkp MfpNahuhy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. vlf;fpd;wd. gadw;w my;yj Coy; epiwe;j murhq;fk; nra;ahj Nritfis toq;ftj my;yj Njhy;tpaile;j murf;fg; gjpyhf Nrit toq;ftjhf,uf;fyhk; (g. 224). 4 gz;ghl;lupjpahf mur-rhh nraw;ghl;lhshfs; tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f tifapy; kf;fis mzpj;jpul;ltjw;f,izaj;ij cyf rptpy; r%fk; gad;glj;jpa Ntfj;jpy; mjphr;rp nfhz;lj (fhhd;]; kw;wk; kpd;f;];l;> 2010> g 220).

14 mjd; gpd;dh ngz;fsf;f vjpuhd td;kiw njhlhghd I.ehtpd; tpnrl gpujpepjpahf fyhepjp uhjpfh FkhuRthkp nghwg;ngw;whh. gpd;dh> rpwthfs; kw;wk; MAj Kuz;ghl;bw;fhd I.eh nrayhsh ehafj;jpd; fpohd tpnrl gpujpepjpahftk; gjtp tfpj;jhh. FRC,d; fl;lis kpftk; Kf;fpakhdJ.,Ug;gpDk;>,yq;ifapy; kf;fs; njhif kw;wk; rkjhaq;fs; kj;jpapy; kdmjphr;rpapd; tpistfs; ghjpf;fpd;wj vd;gj njhlhghd gue;j> KiwrhH ghhitia nfhz;ls;s mur rhhgw;w epwtdkhf cs;sj.,yq;ifahfs; midtuf;fk;>,yq;ifapy; my;yj ntspehl;by; td;kiw kw;wk; my;yj jptpukhd moj;jj;jpdhy; cly;upjpahf kw;wk; cstpay; upjpahf ghjpf;fg;gl;ljd; tpisthf,d;wk; Jd;GWk;>,yq;ifapy; my;yj ntspehl;by; (kw;wk;) jq;fpapug;gthfs; kw;wk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l,yq;ifahfsf;f neuf;fkhd cwtpdhfs;> td;kiw kw;wk; my;yj jptpukhd moj;jj;jpdhy; Vw;gl;l cly;rhh kw;wk; cstpay; fhaq;fspw;f cl;gl;lthfis jkj,dk; my;yj kjk;> jkj ghy; my;yj ghy;epiy> jkj taj my;yj r%f epiy my;yj jkj murpay; MHtq;fs; gw;wpa ghugl;rkpd;wp NritfisAk;> MjutpidAk; FRC toq;ffpd;wj. FRC,dhy; Nritaspf;fg;gl;l kf;fs;njhifahdj> MAj Kuz;ghL> NghH epwj;jk; kw;wk; Rdhkp Nghd;w,aw;if mdhj;jq;fspd; NghJ,yq;ifapd; khwk; epiyikfis gpujpgypf;fpd;wj. 2010Mk; Mz;by;> gy mur rhhgw;w epwtdq;fs;,yq;ifia tpl;lr; nrd;wd.,j FRC,d; gzpapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mst ghjpg;gpid Vw;gLj;jpaJ. me;j re;jhg;gj;jpy;> TAF epjpajtpald; jkj VTTP (kd mjphr;rpapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lthfsf;fhd rpfpr;ir) nraw;wpl;lj;jpid FRC Muk;gpj;jJ ,w;fhd RESIST epfo;r;rpapd; njhlhr;rpahf VTTP mike;jj. kd mjphr;rpapd; tpistfs; kw;wk; re;jhg;gq;fis Fiwg;gjid RESIST,yf;F itj;jpue;jj. kdmjphr;rpapy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l,yq;ifahfsf;fhd FRC,d; MjuT>,yq;ifapy; MAj Kuz;ghL kw;wk; cs;sf td;kiwapd; #o;epiy njhlhgpy; ngukst,yf;f jpuk;gpaj. cjhuzkhf> kf;fs; tpljiy Kd;dzpapd; (JVP) fpshr;rpapd; fhuzkhf FRC Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. mjd; fle;j,uz;l jrhg;jq;fspy;> MAj Kuz;ghl;by; ghjpf;fg;gl;lthfsf;fhd GdHtho;T Fwpj;j FRC,d;,yf;F khw;wkilahj cs;sj.,e;j epfo;r;rpfs; njhlhgpy; rkjhaq;fspy; KOikahd guhkupg;g kw;wk; mjpfupj;j tpopg;gzht toq;fjy; mjd;,yf;ffspy; xd;whfk;. gpukpf;fj;jf;f tifapy;> ehl;by; nguk; #o;epiy njhlhgpy; FRC njhlhe;jk; mf;fiwald; cs;sj. fle;j tulq;fspy; kpftk; rpf;fyhd khwk; #o;epiyfs; KOtjpYk;> kf;fs; njhifapd; NjitfSf;fhd Nritfis mthfs; cs;thq;fpf; nfhz;ldh. cjhuzkhf> 1995Mk; Mz;by;> jkj,yf;ffspy;,d If;fpaj;ij milahsg;glj;jtj njhlhghd kpftk; ntspg;gilahd Fwpg;Gjtpia cs;slf;fpajhf FRC,d; gzpnehf;f mwpf;if mike;jpue;jj. 2008Mk; Mz;by;> rpj;jputijapy;,ue;j jg;gpnahh kw;wk; flk; kdmjphr;rpapy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lthfs; njhlhgpy; tpnrl ftdk; nryj;jpapue;jj. jkj tuyhw KOtjpYk;> Fwpg;ghf,yq;if KOtjidAk; cs;slf;fpajhf FRC,d; gzp gpuhe;jpaq;fs; mike;jpue;jj. mj;jld;> TAF, UNHCR, DRC (EU), CIDA, NORAD, UNVFVT, UNICEF, IRCT, DANIDA, CARE International, kw;wk; USAID Nghd;wd cs;slq;fyhf gy;ntw rhtnjr epwtdq;fspdhy; FRC,w;F epjpajtp mspf;fg;gl;lj. 2011Mk; Mz;L Kjy;> FRC,d;,yf;F Fwpg;ghf fpof;f gpuhe;jpak; (mk;ghiw> kl;lf;fsg;g kw;wk; jpunfhzkiy)> tlf;f gpuhe;jpak; (aho;g;ghzk;> fpspnehr;rp> guj;jpj;jiw> kd;dhh> ttdpah kw;wk; Ky;iyj;jPT)> kw;wk; tlkj;jpa gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; mduhjguk; njhlhgpy; mike;jpue;jj.

15 mj;jpahak;,uz;l: Kiwfs; cyfshtpa jj;jttpay; gpuptfsf;f,ilapy;> tprhuizfsf;fhd cghaq;fs; kw;wk; tpnrl jut Nrfupf;Fk; Kiwfspy; Ma;T tbtk;> Ma;tpid Kd;ndLg;gjw;fhd jpl;lk; my;yj gpnuuiz epfok; (fpnu];nty;> 2009). gz;grhh mzfkiwfs; fl;likg;grhh cyf ghhitia nfhz;buf;f Kaw;rpf;Fk;. mj;jld;> gq;fgw;wy; my;yj mtjhdpg;g cs;slq;fyhf,dtiutpay; tbtj;ijf; nfhz;buf;fyhk;. mt;thwhd mzfkiwapd;,yf;fhdj> gq;fgw;wdhfspd; ghhitfspy;,ue;j Njhw;wg;ghL xd;wpd; mhj;jq;fis cuthf;fk; (g. 16> fpnu];nty;> 2009). Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd ehl;by;> Aj;jj;jpdhy; mjpfk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ehl;bd; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; Kuz;ghl;bd; gpd;dh mdgtpj;j jdpeghfsld;> FOf;fSld; kw;wk; FLk;gq;fSld; gzpahw;wk; jkj mzfkiwia PSW vt;thw tpsf;fth vd;gjid Rl;bf;fhl;LtJk;> Mtzg;gLj;JtJNk,e;j nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; Fwpf;NfhshFk;. Ma;tpid Kd;ndLg;gjw;F>,e;j nraw;wpl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;l nfhok;gpid jiyikafkhf nfhz;l nraw;glk; mur rhhgw;w epwtdkhd FLk;g GdHtho;T epiyaj;jpd; ephthfj;jpy;,ue;j kdpj tplag;gug;g mdkjpf;f rkkhd cjtp ngwg;gl;lj. NeHfhzy;fis gjpt nra;tjw;f> cs;slf;fj;ij gfg;gha;t nra;tjw;f kw;wk; Ma;T KbTfis gpurupj;j ntspapltjw;fhd mdkjpahdj mur rhhgw;w epwtdj;jpdhy; toq;fg;gl;ljld;> nraw;wpl;lj;jpy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l midj;j gq;fjhuhfspdjk; gpujpepjpfshy; ifnaoj;jplg;gl;lj. Ma;T Nfs;tpf;fhd xu,aw;ifrhh mzfkiw Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd,yq;ifapy; rkjhaq;fsf;f cjttjw;f mthfspd; Kaw;rpfspy; csr;r%f gzpahshfshy; gad;glj;jg;gl;l tpnrl cghaq;fspy; vkj MHtj;Jld;>,e;j nraw;wpl;lj;ij topelj;jk; Ma;T Nfs;tpfs; mike;jd. Kuz;ghl;bw;Fg; gpd;duhd fhyg;gfjpapy; rhhg mzfkiwfs; vt;thw gad;glj;jg;gl;l vd;gjidak;> ehl;bd; gue;j murpay; kw;wk; nghushjhu fhuzpfspd; mjd; rhhg Fwpj;Jk; Rl;bf;fhl;Ltjw;F ehk; MHtk; nfhz;bue;njhk;. Kf;fpakhf> jkj ehbfsld; gzpahw;wtjw;f vt;thwhd cghaq;fis gad;glj;jpdh? jhk; Guptjw;F gapw;wg;gl;l tplaj;jpw;fk;> mkhtpy; mthfs; nra;j tplaj;jpw;fk;,ilapy; NtWghL cs;sjh? kf;fs; njhifaldhd mthfsj gzpapy;,ue;j mthfs; vjid fw;wf; nfhz;ldh? vd ehk; Nfs;tpnaOg;g tpuk;gpndhk;. mthfsila nraw;ghl Fwpj;J Nfl;ly; kw;wk; mj rhhe;j mthfspd; tpsf;fj;jpw;f nrtpklj;jypd; %yk; mj Fwpj;J Gupe;J nfhs;tjw;f ehk; tpuk;gpndhk;.,e;j Nfs;tpfSf;F gjpyspg;gjw;f Nrfupf;fg;gl;l jutfis fpufpj;jf; nfhs;tjw;fk;> njhfg;ghf;ftjw;fk; kw;wk; kps;fuj;jiktpw;fk; (NkhH];> 1994) ehk; njupt nra;j Kiwfs; cjtpd.,e;j nraw;wpl;lj;jpw;f ehk; vlj;jf; nfhz;l Ma;T mzfkiwahdj>,aw;ifahd tprhuizapd; Cfq;fspy;,Ue;J mwpe;j nfhs;sg;gl;ld (ypq;fd; kw;wk; $gh> 1985).,aw;ifahd tprhuizapd; NghJ> Vw;fdNt cs;s fw;gpj nfhs;ifia cwjp nra;tjpyk; ghhf;f> kf;fspd; mhj;jq;fs; kw;wk; mdgtq;fis Ma;thsH guprpypg;ghh. nraw;ghl xd;wpid Gupe;J nfhs;tj njhlhgpy; vkj Nfs;tpfs; mike;jpue;jd. cwjp nra;ag;glk; my;yj kwf;fg;glk; fw;gpj nfhs;if xd;wy;y me;j nraw;ghl. mj fpufpj;jf; nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mj Gupe;J nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.,e;j fpufpj;jf; nfhs;siy rphglj;jtj Njhw;wg;ghL xd;wpd; jbg;ghd tpsf;fj;jpd; %yk; Neuyhk; (fphl;~;> 1973). epfo;tfspw;f cs;shd my;yj cs;spug;gthfshy; tpsf;fq;fs; ed;f mspf;fg;gl;ld. PSW vt;thw mjid tpsf;ffpd;whh? Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd,yq;ifapy;> jkj cjtpehbfsld; PSW,d; rpwg;ghd nraw;ghl;il ed;f Gupe;J nfhs;tjpnyna vkj nraw;ghl;bd; MHtk;,Ue;jJ.

16 Aj;jj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; njhifald; fsj;jpy; jkj gzpia mthfs; vt;thw tpsf;fth?,e;j,yf;fpid vl;ltjw;f fw;if xd;iw tbtikj;jy; kw;wk; Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;yyf;f> fuj;jpay; rhhe;j $UzHthd kw;wk; rpf;fyhd njhlhgfs; gw;wp tpsf;fkhd jfty;fis toq;fk; Ma;T Kiwfs; mtrpakhfk;.,ug;gpdk;> Ma;T MHtk; kw;wk; fw;ifapd; mikg;gf;f nghue;jk; tifapy; tpnrl NeHfhzy; Kiwfisg; gad;glj;jk; gz;grhh tprhuiz cuthf;fg;gl;lj. vkj gpujhd jfty; Nrfupf;Fk; Kiwahd Mokhd,yf;Ff; FO kw;wk; jdpegh NeHfhzy;fis ehk; gad;glj;jpndhk;. vt;thwhapdk;> gq;fgw;wdh mtjhdpg;gpd; mk;rq;fs;> fsg;gzpapy; Mo;e;j <LghL>,dtiutpay; kw;wk; ghuhl;lk; tprhuiz vd;gdtk; xu ghfj;ij tfpj;jd. gue;j mbg;gilapy;> Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd,yq;ifapd; #o;epiyapd; csr;r%f eyd; njhlhgpy;,yf;f itf;fk; njhlhgrhh fz;nzhl;lk;> Gj;jhf;f gapw;rpfspy;,ue;jhd Gupe;JzHtpYk; ehk; MHtkhf cs;nshk;.,ug;gpdk;> gq;fjhuhfs; kw;wk; ehl;bw;fs; PSW,d; gzpf;f Neubahf Mjutspg;gtHfSld; Kf;Nfhz KiwfSk; gad;glj;jg;gl;ld.,e;j nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; %d;w tul fhyg;gfjpapyk;,yq;iff;f cs;ns kw;wk; ntspna voj;jhrpupahfsf;f,ilapyhd xj;jiog;g> kw;wk; gq;fgw;wpa xt;nthu gq;fhsh epwtdj;jpdjk; CopaH cwg;gpdhfsld; njhluk; ciuahly; vd;gd,jpy; cs;slq;fpd. gz;grhh Ma;T kf;fs; jkj nrhe;j mdgtq;fspd; epgzhfs; vd;gnj gz;grhh Ma;tpd; gpujhd fujnfhshfk;. mdgtkhdj Ma;Tf; Nfs;tpapd; Nehf;fk; kw;wk;,yf;fpw;f ngukstpy; nghuj;jkhdj vd,e;j Kiwapd; Ma;thsHfs;,e;j Kiwapid njuptnra;fpd;wdh. NkYk;>,aw;ifrhH Njhw;wg;ghl;by; gz;grhh tprhuizapy; Ma;thsupd; Nehf;Fepiy vg;nghjk; xg;gpl rhhe;jjhfk;. Kd;$l;ba jphkhd khjpupfs;> fujnfhs;fis my;yj Nfhl;ghLfis kjpg;gpl nra;tjw;f jutfis Nrfupg;gjpYk; ghhf;f> jutpd; KiwapypUe;J fuj;jf;fs;> cs;splfs; kw;wk; Gupe;JzHTfis tpuj;jp nra;tjw;f Ma;thsH Kaw;rp nra;fpd;whh (nla;yh kw;wk; Nghf;ld;> 1984). cz;ikfs; my;yj fhuzq;fs; mbg;gilapy; gz;grhh Ma;thsHfs; mhj;jq;fspy; ftdk; nryj;jtjpy;iy. fw;ifapd; gq;fgw;wehfs; njhlhgpnyna Ma;thsHfs; mjpf MHtkhf,Ug;gH. gq;fgw;wdhfspd; vz;zf;funt Gupe;Jnfhs;tjw;F kpftk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.,e;j Kiwapy; Ma;T vd;gj> nraw;ghl;bd; futpahf Ma;thsH khwfpd;whh. fz;lwpag;gl;l tplakhdj> #o;epiy rhhe;jjhfk;. mj;jld;> Ma;thsH kw;wk; Ma;T gq;fgw;wdhfshy; gu];guk; mj tbtikf;fg;glfpd;wj (ypq;fd; kw;wk; $gh> 1985> g. 37). mtru tbtk;,e;j ghuk;gupaj;jpy; gz;grhh tbtk; vd;gj mtru tbtkhfk;. Ma;T tprhuiz fl;likf;fg;gl;l> Kd;$l;bNa tbtk; jahupf;fg;glk;: vt;thwhapdk;> Njhw;wg;ghL Fwpj;J mth NkYk; fw;fk; NghJ tbtj;ij etpdg;glj;jtjpy; Ma;thsH nrsfupakhf,uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. tbtkhdj fl;likf;fg;gl;ljhftk;> tshtjhftk;,uf;fk;. jut mikg;gld; Ma;thsH,izAk; NghJ tsuk; nraw;ghl tbtikf;fg;glk;. mj;jld;> kf;fs; jutfis toq;fth. v.fh.> gq;fgw;wdhfs; (ypq;fd; kw;wk; $gh> 1985).,e;j ghuk;gupaj;jpy; Ma;thdJ Roy;epiy nraw;ghlhfk;: tbtj;ij mwptjw;f Nfs;tpfs; kw;wk; jut vd;gd mika Ntz;Lk;. mj;jld;> nraw;ghl;bd; jputj;jd;ikia kjpf;ff; $ba tifapy; tbtkhdj nefpo;thdjhf,uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ehk; gad;glj;jpa Kiwfis ehk; fpno fye;jiuahlnthk;. mj;jld;> Ma;T tprhuizia

17 tbtikg;gjw;f> eilkiwg;glj;jtjw;f ehk; Kd;ndLj;j xj;jiog;g Kaw;rpfis tpsf;fnthk;. jut Nrfupj;jy; Kiwfs;,yf;Ff; FOf;fs; kw;wk;,dtiugpay; NeHfhzy;fs; jut Nrfupg;gpd; gpujhd Kiwahf,yf;Ff; FO fye;jiuahly;fs; cs;sd. ciuahlypd; tpnrl jiyg;gfs; njhlhgpy; rpwpa FOf;fSldhd NeHfhzy;fs;,yf;F FOf;fshFk; (Ngl;ld;> 2002). voe;jkhd NeHfhzy;fs; my;yj xjf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; njhifald;,it Fwpg;ghf gads;sjhf,uf;fk;. mj;jld;> rpwghd;ik,d rkjhaq;fsld; gue;jstpy; gad;glj;jg;glfpd;wd (N`> fpk;> gplf; kw;wk; ml;fpd;];> 2008). jfty; Nrfupg;gjw;F ngwkjp kpf;f topahf,yf;ff; FOf;fs; cs;sd. r%f tiyaikg;gf;fs; kw;wk; rf njhlhgfis cuthf;fk; mnjntis> xutuf;f xuth vz;zq;fis kw;wk; fuj;jf;fis gfphe;j nfhs;tjw;fhd re;jhg;gk; gq;fgw;wdhfsf;f cz;l (Na kw;wk; gyh.> 2008).,e;j rk;gtj;jpy;> NeHfhzy;fs; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l NghJ> PSW midtuf;fk; xutiu xuth njupahj. Ml;NrHg;G epiyapd; gpd;dh gy Gjpa CopaHfs;,izj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;ldh> Fwpg;gpl;l kw;wk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f PSW FOtpdH midtuk; xd;whf,ue;j Kjy; re;jhg;gk;,jthfk;.,ug;gpdk;>,yf;ff; FOf;fSld; nrytplg;gl;l NeukhdJ mthfsj Gjpa kw;wk; mgptpuj;jpaile;j tuk; mgptpuj;jp rf njhlhgfsld; gpd;dp gpize;js;sj. KjyhtJ voj;jhrpupapdhy;,yf;ff; FOf;fs; Mq;fpyj;jpy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;ld. mj;jld;> mnjneuj;jpy; jkpo; nkhopapy; nkhopngahf;fg;gl;ld. cz;ikahd NeHfhzy;fspd; NghJ jkpo; NgRk; gq;fgw;wdhfspd; gjpy;fs; Mq;fpyj;jpw;F nkhopngahf;fg;gl;ld. jkpopy;,ue;j Mq;fpyj;jpw;F tha;%yk; nkhopngahf;fg;gl;l gjpy;fspd; %y jutpy;,ue;j efy; jahupf;fg;gl;lj.,dtiutpayk; (];gpul;yp> 1979) tprhuiz nraw;ghl;by; nry;thf;f nryj;jpaj.,e;j fw;ifapy; jut Nrfupg;gpd; gpujhd %ykhf,yf;ff; FOf;fis ehk; gad;glj;jpndhk;: vt;thwhapdk;> gy;ntw,dtiutpay; NeHfhzy;fSld;,jid ehk; Gyg;gLj;jpNdhk;.,dtiutpay; NeHfhzy;fs; jpwe;j gfpuq;fkhdit> fl;likf;fg;glhjit kw;wk; jftypd; KOikahd mgptpuj;jpia vl;ltjw;f xnukhjpupahd Nfs;tpfis jpahfk; nra;git (tp];> 1994> g.3).,dtiutpay; vd;gj xu Kiw. Mdhy;> r%f fl;likg;gthjk; kw;wk; ghuhl;lk; tprhuizald; njhlhr;rpahf xu Ma;T epiyapd; Fztpay;ghFk;. ];gpul;yp (1979) $WtJ Nghy> jhk; gzpahw;wk; kf;fsld; Fwpg;gpl;l epiyg;ghl xd;wpid,dtiutpayhshfs; cs;thq;fth. nrhy;yhyk;> nrayhyk;> kpujthd topapy; kw;wk; Neub Mtzq;fspy;> mthfs; cq;fs; ghhitapy;,ue;j cyif Gupe;J nfhs;s ehd; tpuk;gfpd;nwd;. cq;fsf;f vd;d njupak; vd;gjid cq;fsf;f vt;thw njupak; vd;gjd; %ynk mwpe;j nfhs;s ehd; tpuk;gfpd;nwd;. cq;fs; fhyzpfis mzpe;j> epq;fs; czhe;j nfhs;sk; tifapnyna cq;fs; czhtfis> epq;fs; tpsf;fk; tifapnyna tplaq;fis tpsf;ftjw;f cq;fs; mdgtq;fspd; mhj;jq;fs; Gupe;J nfhs;s ehd; tpuk;gfpd;nwd;. (g. 24). fw;ifapd; mtru tbtj;jpd; tpisthf,dtiutpay; NeHfhzy;fs; cs;sd. gq;fgw;wdhfs; jkj gzpia vt;thw Kd;ndLf;fpd;wdH vd;gj Fwpj;J mhj;jks;s jfty;fis NkYk; Gupe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd gads;s xu topahf mit cs;sd.,e;j fw;ifapy;>,yf;ff; FOtpy; Ma;T Nfs;tpf;F rk;ge;jg;gl;l fuj;jf;fis gq;fgw;wdhfs; toq;fpajd; gpd;dh> Neuj;jpw;F Vw;w my;yj,ufrpaj; jd;ik rhuhj> NkYk;,yf;Ff; FOtpy; fye;jiuahba jdpeghfspd; NeHfhzy;fs;,izj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

18 ek;gfj;jd;ik fw;ifahdj ek;gfkhdj vd;gjid cwjp nra;tjd; %yk; ek;gfj;jd;ikia vl;ltjw;f gz;grhh Ma;thsH xuth MHtj;Jld;,Ug;ghH (ypq;fd; kw;wk; $gh> 1985).,aw;ifahd tprhuizapy;> fw;ifapd; cwjpj;jd;ik> jq;fpapuj;jy;> ek;gfj;jd;ik kw;wk; gupkhw;wy; jd;ikia milahsk; fhz;gjd; %yk; Ma;thsH ek;gfj;jd;ikia cwjp nra;thh. KiwNa,e;j ehd;f fuj;jhf;fq;fsk; mstrhh fl;likg;ghd Fwpf;Nfhs;> njhlhr;rp (ek;gfk;)> cz;ikahd (ngwkjp) kw;wk; gpunahfj;jd;ik vd;gtw;wpw;f rkhe;jukhdjhfk; (ypq;fd; kw;wk; $gh> 1985). cwjpg;ghl;lj;jd;ik Gw cz;ik vd;w fuj;jpid cwjpg;ghl;lj; jd;ik kwf;fpd;wj. mj;jld;> khwhf> jutpd; Jy;ypaj;ij mj typawj;jfpd;wj. jut Nrfupj;jy;> gfg;gha;t nra;jy; kw;wk; Mtzg;gLj;jy; epiyfspy; Jy;ypaj;ij vt;thw milahsg;glj;jtj? fw;if KOtjpYk; cwjpg;ghl;lj; jd;ik milahsg;glj;jg;gl;ls;sj. vt;thwhapdk;> NeHfhzy; nraw;ghl;bd; NghJ> mj kpftk; Mjhug;g+Htkhf,Ue;jJ. NeHfhzy;fs;> Mq;fpyj;jpy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;L Mq;fpyk;> jkpo; kw;wk; rpq;fs nkhopapy; ruskhd,yq;ifauhy; nkhopg;ngahf;fg;gl;lj. mur rhhgw;w epwtdj;jpd; CopaH cwg;gpdhfspd; xutuhd> nkhopngahg;ghsh> gpu~hy; mthfs;> KjyhtJ MrpupaH kw;wk; Ke;ija gapw;rp epfo;r;rpfs;> mur rhhgw;w epwtd nraw;wpl;lq;fisr; NrHe;j PSW Mfpa,UtUf;Fk; gupr;rakhdthfs;. PSW,w;F gupr;rakhd nkhopngahg;ghsuld;,ize;j gzpahw;wk; nguk; nrhj;jhfk;.,e;j fw;ifapy;> cwjpg;ghl;lj; jd;ikahdj Ma;T tbtj;jld; mjpfst xj;jiog;gld;,ize;js;sj. FRCcld; ehd; (LLC) Vw;fdNt gzpahw;wpas;s NghjpYk;> vd;dila njhlhgfspy; gyh nfhok;gpy; NtW epwtdq;fspy; cs;sdh. mj;jld;> gpuhe;jpa> mur rhhgw;w kl;lq;fsf;f khwhf rhtnjr kl;lj;jpy; cs;sdh. cz;ikapy;> Ma;T nraw;wpl;lj;ij ehd; tbtikj;j NghJ>,e;j nraw;wpl;lj;jpy; gq;fjhuuhf,izg;gjw;f tpnrl mur rhhgw;w epwtdk; vjtk; vdj vz;zj;jpy;,uf;ftpy;iy. 2010Mk; Mz;L Kjy;> gy;ntw mur rhhgw;w epwtdq;fsld; ehd; gzpahw;wpas;nsd;. ehl;by; NkYk; gy mur rhhgw;w epwtdq;fs; cs;sd vd vdf;fj; njupak;. Ma;T gq;fjhuhfspd; xutuhd> TAFMdJ,yq;ifapy; gy;ntw mur rhhgw;w epwtdq;fsf;f Mjutspf;fpd;wJ. mthfs; toq;fk; MjuthdJ jkj gzpnehf;fk; kw;wk; nraw;wpl;lq;fis g+hj;jp nra;tjw;f Vw;ghLfs;rhH my;yj fl;likg;g rhh Mjutpy; FiwghL,Uf;ff; $ba epwtdq;fspd; njhluk; nraw;ghlfsf;f Kf;fpakhdJ (rkurpq;f> 2014). nraw;wpl;lkhdj ek;gfj;jd;ikia vl;ltjw;f> Fwpg;ghf cwjpg;ghl;ljd;ikf;f nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; xt;nthu gbepiyapyk;,aykhd tiuapy; gq;fjhuhfspid cs;slf;f Ntz;Lk; vd ehd; mwpe;j itj;jpue;njd;. gq;fgw;wk; epwtdj;jpw;f nraw;wpl;lj;jpw;f rhj;jpakhd gad;ghl cs;sjhftk; ehd; cwjpahf czhe;njd;. Kuz;ghl;by; caph jg;gpa FLk;gq;fSld; fsg;gzpapid PSW,dhy; vt;thw tpsf;fg;glfpd;wj kw;wk; eilkiwg;glj;jg;glfpd;wj vd;gjid Ma;tpd; jahupg;g ntspg;glj;jfpd;wj. MHPSS,y; gzpahw;wk; ve;jnthu epwtdj;jpw;fk; gads;sjhf,uf;fk;. cz;ikapy; mjd; ek;gpf;ifahd %isahf kw;wk; epwtd epidt rf;jpahftk;,uf;fk;.

19 jq;fpapuf;fk; jd;ik Jy;ypak; vd;gjpyk; ghhf;f fw;ifapd; njhlhr;rp jd;ikia jq;fpapuf;fk; jd;ik vd;gj tpsf;ffpd;wj. epiyapd;ikapd; fhuzpfs; kw;wk; khw;wj;ij J}z;ba Njhw;wg;ghL my;yj tbtj;jpd; fhuzpfs; vd,uz;bidak; Ma;thsHfs; ftdj;jpy; vlj;jf; nfhs;th? (ypq;fd; kw;wk; $gh> 1985> g. 299). xu tifapy; jq;fpapuf;fk; jd;ik vd;gjid> Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd,yq;ifapy; csr;r%f Gj;jhf;fj;jpd; Njhw;wg;ghl;bid fw;gjw;f ehk; cuthf;fpa xd;wpize;j nraw;ghlhftk;> nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; tbtj;jpid vt;thw fuj;jpayhf;ftj kw;wk; jpl;lkpltj vd;gj njhlhghdjhf ehk; milahsg;glj;jpndhk;. Ma;Tf;fhd epjpaspg;g njhlhgpy; lhnth]; fy;tp epwtdj;jpy;,ue;j KjyhtJ MrpupaH cwjpiag; ngw;w re;jhg;gj;jpy;> csr;r%fg; gzpahshfsf;fhd Ra-cjtp njhlhghd gapw;rp epfo;r;rp xd;wpid Kd;ndLg;gjw;fhf ehd; (LLC) nfhok;gpy;,ue;njd;. tprhuizia eilkiwg;glj;jtjw;f rhj;jpakhd gq;fhshfsld; $l;lj;ij xoq;f nra;tjw;f mjnt nghuj;jkhd re;jhg;gkhfk;. 2012Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; khjj;jpy;>,uz;lhtj voj;jhsuhd fyhepjp. rkurpq;f mthfisak;> me;j re;jhg;gj;jpy; TAF,y;(Mrpa kd;wk;) epfo;r;rpg; gzpg;ghsuhf flikahw;wpa %d;whtj rf CopaiuAk; ehd; re;jpj;njd;. nraw;wpl;lj;jpy; cs;s csr;r%f gzpahshfs; vt;thw jkj gzpia vt;thw tpsf;fth kw;wk; Kd;ndLg;gH vd;gjid Mtzg;gLj;Jtjw;F Ma;tpd;,yf;fpid ehk; fye;jiuahbndhk;. tprhuizf;fhd fhy mst Fwpj;J ehk; ftdk; nryj;jpndhk;. mj;jld;> ghuk;gupa,yq;ifapy; MHPSS cghaq;fs; njhlhgpy; ftdk; nryj;jk; rpy mur rhhgw;w epwtdq;fsf;f,j vt;thw gads;s Ma;T jahupg;ghf,uf;fk; vd;gj Fwpj;J fye;jiuahbndhk;. me;j re;jhg;gj;jpy; jhd; rhj;jpakhd gq;fhsuhf FRC gupe;jiuf;fg;gl;lj. epiwntw;wg; gzpg;ghsh y`pu ngnuuhtldhd re;jpg;gpd; gpd;dh> tprhuizapy; gq;fgw;wtjw;f FRC,zq;fpaJ. y`putldhd,e;j re;jpg;gpy;> NeHfhzy; nraw;ghl;bd; Vw;ghLfs; Fwpj;J ehk; fye;jiuahbndhk;.,yq;ifapd; tlf;f kw;wk; fpof;f gpuhe;jpaq;fspd; FRC PSW,dH cs;sdh: nfhok;gpy; FRC,d; jiyikafk;,ue;j NghjpYk;> mthfs; nfhok;gpy;,uf;ftpy;iy. xt;nthu tulj;jpd; etk;gh khjj;jpyk; PSW,w;F gapw;rp epfo;r;rp xd;wpid FRC toikahf xoq;f nra;ak;.,yf;ff; FOf;fis Kd;ndLg;gjw;F,uz;L ehl;fspid,izg;gjw;f ey;y juzk; vd MNyhrpf;fg;gl;lJ. cjtpfukhf> jkj fsq;fspy;,ue;j nfhok;gf;f gazpj;j> jq;fpapug;gjw;f FRC PSW,w;fhd nrytpid nryj;jtjw;f TAF,zq;fpaJ. cld;gbf;ifapd; xu mq;fkhf> PSW,w;F toq;ftjw;f mur rhhgw;w epwtdkhdj tpnrlkhf MHtk; nfhz;bue;j jiyg;g njhlhgpy; vt;tpj nrytk;,d;wp epz;l xu ehs; gapw;rpia toq;ftjw;f ehdk;,zq;fpndd;. ek;gfj;jd;ik %y gy;tif ajhhj;jq;fspd; ephkhzpg;gthfsf;f ek;gfkhd kpsikg;gf;fs; (Ma;thsuhy; mikf;fg;gl;l) Njhw;wg;ghLfs; gw;wpa gy;tif fl;likg;gf;fspd; gpujpepjpahf jutpid Ma;thsH vt;thw fhl;lfpd;whh vd;gjid fw;ifapd; ek;gfj;jd;ik vd;gj Fwpf;fpd;wJ (ypq;fd; kw;wk; $gh> 1985> g. 526).,e;j fw;ifapy; ek;gfj;jd;ikahdj epz;l fhy <Lghl;bdhy; gutyhf;fg;gl;ls;sj. KjyhtJ voj;jhsh Nyhup]; rhhs]pw;f> Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd,yq;ifapy; kw;wk; mjd; jdpj;jtkhd csey kw;wk; csr;r%f

20 MjuT tbtj;jpy; <Lgly; vd;gj> Neuj;jpidAk;>,yq;ifapy; trpg;gth kw;wk; MNyhrfH vd;w,uz;l tfpghfq;fisak; mspf;fpd;wj. /Gy;gpiul; Gyikg;guprpy; ngw;wtuhf tho;jyk;> gzpahw;wyk;> gpd;dh MNyhrfuhf my;yj gapw;rpahsuhf,uj;jy; vd;gj vd;id,e;j,lj;jpy; jf;f itj;jf; nfhs;sy;> kw;wk; gy tul tuyhw;wpf;f gofpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd Neuj;ij vdf;f toq;fpaj.,e;j fhyg;gfjpapy; gy;ntw JiwfisAk; NrHe;j gapw;rpahshfs;> Ma;thsHfs;> kw;wk; epgzhfsld; gy ciuahly;fis Kd;ndLg;gjw;F vdf;f,aykhf,ue;jj.,uz;lhtj voj;jhsh> fkpyh rkurpq;ftpw;f> cseykk;> csr;r%f MjuTk;> mtuj njhopy; tho;f;ifapy; kpftk; Kf;fpakhd mq;fkhf,ue;jj. nfhok;g gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; cstsj;jiz kw;wk; csr;r%f Mjutpy; gl;lg;gpd; bg;nshkh (PgD.CP) kw;wk; PgD.CP KJkhdp epfo;r;rp vd;gtw;wpd; xuq;fpizg;ghsuhftk;> fhj;jhthftk; mth cs;shh. jkj njhopy; tho;f;if KOtjpYk;,yFtpy; ghjpf;fg;glf; $ba kw;wk; Kuz;ghl;bdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ehlfspd; csr;r%f gupkhzq;fs; njhlhgpy; fkpyhtpd; gzp,yf;f itj;jpue;jj.,yq;ifapyk;> ntspnaak;,e;j gpupt Fwpj;J gzpahw;wpak;> vojpak; te;js;shh. ek;,utuf;fk;>,yq;ifapy; Kuz;ghl;bw;Fg; gpd;duhd kps;fl;likg;g fhyg;gfjpapy; fsj;jpy; cs;s PSW,id nrd;w re;jpj;jy; kw;wk; MHPSS,d; Vida gzpahshfs;> gapw;wdhfs; kw;wk; epgzhfsld; fye;jiuahlyhdj> cs;shhe;jjhf khj;jpuk;,ue;jf; $ba tprhuizapd; mk;rq;fis fz;lwptjw;f cjtpaj (ypq;fd; kw;wk; $gh> 1985> g. 308). Kf;fpakhd fhuzpfs; kw;wk; gpwo;thd epfo;tfs; vd,uz;bidak; milahsk; fhz;gjw;fhd kw;wk; kjpg;gpl nra;tjw;fhd topahf,e;j tif <LghL cs;sj (ypq;fd; kw;wk; $gh> 1985> g. 307). cjhuzkhf> jg;ghd fujnfhs; my;yj vjphkiwahd rk;gt gfg;gha;tfs; rfghb tpsf;fkspj;jy; kw;wk; cwg;gpdhfis rupghhj;jy; (gq;fgw;wy; cwjpglj;jy;) %ykhf Fiwf;fg;gl KbAk;. jut> gfg;gha;t tiffs;> ciutpsf;fq;fs; kw;wk; KbTfs; Fwpj;j gq;fjhuh FOf;fspd; cwg;gpdhfshy; cz;ikapy; Nrfupf;fg;gl;l jutfsld; gupnrhjpf;fg;glk; (ypq;fd; kw;wk; $gh> 1985> g. 310). ek;gfj;jd;ikia mjpfupf;fk; xu topahf>,yf;ff; FO fye;jiuahlypd; Kjd;ik gfg;gha;tfs; Ma;T gq;fhshfs; kw;wk; gq;fjhuhfsf;f 2013 etk;gupy; ifaspf;fg;gl;lj.,iz voj;jhshfs; vd;w tifapy; ekf;fpilapy; Muk;g gfg;gha;tfs; kw;wk; fye;jiuahly;fis fye;jiuahbajd; gpd;dh> gq;fgw;wdhfspd; gjpy;fis gupnrhjpg;gjw;fk;> mthfsj gpd;d}l;lq;fis,izj;jf; nfhs;tjw;fk;> mthfsila ciutpsf;fq;fis nrtpklg;gjw;fk;> mthfsila efy;fspy; jpuj;jq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk; nraykht xd;wpid ehd; (LLC) toq;fpndd;.,e;j re;jhg;gj;jpy; Nkyjpf NeHfhzy;fs; vjtk;,y;yhj NghjpYk;> gq;fgw;wdhfs; kw;wk; gq;fjhuhfsf;f,ilapy; Kiwrhuh fye;jiuahly;fs;,lk;ngw;wd. kps;fl;likf;fg;gl;l jutpd; gupnrhjidf;f,j kpftk; Kf;fpakhdjhf,Ue;jJ. Nkyjpfkhf> rkhg;gspf;ifapd; rpy ehl;fspd; gpd;dh> gpd;d}l;lj;ij nrtpklg;gjw;fk;>,wjp Ma;T mwpf;ifapd; tbtj;ij fye;jiuahltjw;fk; epiwntw;wg; gzpg;ghsh kw;wk; mtuj CopaUld; 2013Mk; Mz;L etk;gh khjk; 29Mk; jpfjp ehd; (LLC) re;jpj;njd;. KbTfs; Fwpj;J mthfs; kpfe;j MHtj;Jld;,Ue;jdH. PSW,d; gy fuj;jf;fis mwpe;j mthfs; Mr;rupak; nfhz;ldh.,e;j $l;lj;jpy;jhd; Mq;fpyj;jpw;F Nkyjpfkhf> Mtzj;ij jkpo; kw;wk; rpq;fsj;jpy; nkhopngahg;gjw;fhd Njitia ehk; fye;jiuahbndhk;.,e;j Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf,uz;lhtJ epjpnfhuy; fbjj;ij votjw;f ehd;,zq;fpndd;. Nkyjpfkhf> Ma;T gfg;gha;t kw;wk; mjd; epfo;trhh ntspapl Fwpj;j fye;jiuahly;fspy; vt;thw njhlhe;j,ug;gj vd;gj Fwpj;j jpl;lq;fis ehq;fs; tfj;njhk;.

21 khw;wj;jf;f jd;ik jutpd; vkj kps;fl;likg;gpid khw;wj;jf;f jd;ik vd;gj Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. fw;ifapd; fpohd Njhw;wg;ghL kw;wk; mjid fw;gjw;f gad;glj;jg;gl;l Kiwfs; vd,uz;byk; ek;gfj;jd;ikia Ma;thsH vt;thw ntspg;glj;jfpd;whh (ypq;fd; kw;wk; $gh> 1985)? xu tifapy;> tprhuiz nraw;ghl;il Nkyk; ntspg;gilahdjhf khw;wk; xu topahf khw;wj;jf;f jd;ik vd;gjid Fwpg;gplyhk;. Njhw;wg;ghl;bd; cwjpahd tpsf;fk; vd;gjd; %yk; khw;wj;jf;f jd;ikia vl;lyhk; (fphl;];> 1973).,e;j fw;ifapy;> cwjpahd tpsf;fj;ij cuthf;fjyf;f,dtiutpay;> epz;lfhy <LghL kw;wk; Ma;thsupd; Ra tplaq;fspy; cwjpahd ftdk; vd;gtw;wpdhy; fsg;gzp> ehl;bd; epgzhfs; kw;wk; MNyhrfHfSld; rfghb tpsf;fkspj;jy;>,yf;f FO kw;wk; jdpegh NeHfhzy;fs; vd;gd vlj;jd. tprhuizapd; nraw;ghlfs; kw;wk; tpistfis mwptpg;gjw;f jkj nrhe;j mdgtq;fsk;> #o;epiyfsk; (jputkhd kw;wk; khwf; $ba) vt;thw Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F Ma;thsHfSf;F cjtfpd;wd vd;d gpujpgypg;g jd;ikia mjpfupg;gjw;f mdgtj;ij nraw;gltjw;f Ma;thsHfSf;F gpujpgypg;g kw;wk; Rakjpg;gPl;bid n[d;rpf; (2004) gupe;jiuf;fpd;whh (vjupq;ld;> 2006> g ). fsj;jpy; Ma;Tr; nraw;ghl gq;fgw;wdhfspd; tpsf;fk; NeHfhzy;fspy; gjpd;%d;w PSW,dH fye;jnfhz;ldh. mj;jld;> VO,yf;Ff; FO NeHfhzy;fs; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;ld. xt;nthu,yf;ff; FOTk; epsj;jpy; ruhrupahf 1.5 kzpj;jpahyq;fs; vlj;jd. nraw;wpl;lq;fs; midj;jk; epiwtile;j> mthfsj mur rhhgw;w epwtdq;fs; midj;jk; %lg;gl;ljd; gpd;dh> gy PSW,dH mur rhhgw;w epwtdj;jpw;f GjpatHfs;. vt;thwhapdk;> mthfs; mdgtkw;wthfs; vd;gjy;y mjd; mhj;jk;. MSF kw;wk; WorldVision cs;slq;fyhf,yq;ifapy; Kd;dH nraw;gl;l te;j Vida epwtdq;fspy; PSWMf gzpahw;wpathfs; gyh. 20 tulq;fs; Kjy; 2 khjq;fs; tiu vd mthfs; gy;ntw mdgtq;fisf; nfhz;bue;jdh. mthfs; midtuk; jkpohfs;. mthfsj Kjd; nkhop jkpohftk;,ue;jj. rpyh rpq;fsk; kw;wk; Mq;fpyk; njupe;jthfshftk;,ue;jdh. taj> njhopy; kw;wk; jdpg;gl;l mdgtj;jpy; mthfs; gue;jst NtWghl;bid gfphe;j nfhz;ldh. mj;jld;> K];yPk;> fpwp];jt kw;wk;,e;j kj gpd;gyj;ijf; nfhz;bue;jdh.,yq;ifapd;> fpspnehr;rpapy;,uz;l,lq;fs;> guj;jpj; Jiwapy;,uz;L,lq;fs;> kd;dhupy;,uz;l,lq;fs;> ttdpahtpy;,uz;l,lq;fs;> jpunfhzkiyapy; xu,lk;> kl;lf;fsg;gpy;,uz;l,lq;fs;> kw;wk; mk;ghiwapy;,uz;l,lq;fs; Mfpatw;wpy; PSWMf gq;fgw;wdhfs; gzpahw;wfpd;wdh. 26 taj Kjy; 52 tajf;f,ilg;gl;lthfshftk;>,ilg;gl;l taj 34MfTk;,Ue;jJ. PSW,y; Ie;J NgH Mz;fSk;> vl;l NgH ngz;fskhth.

22 jut gjpt nra;ak; eilkiwfs; Ma;T jut xypg;gjpt my;yj xspg;gjptpid nfhz;bug;gjw;fhd,zf;fg; gbtq;fs;> FRC,d; Copauhy; jkpof;f nkhopngahf;fg;gl;lj.,yf;ff; FOtpd; me;j re;jhg;gj;jpy; midj;j gq;fgw;wdhfshyk;,zf;fg; gbtq;fs; toq;fg;gl;l> ifnahg;gk; ngwg;gl;ld. PI vd;w tifapy;> mry; gbtq;fis

23 itj;jf; nfhz;l ehd; (LLC)> gpujpfis gq;fhshfsf;fk;> nfhok;gpy; cs;s FLk;g GdHtho;T epiyaj;jpw;fk; toq;fpndd;.,e;j re;jhg;gj;jpnyna IRB,w;F,izahf> Ma;Tf;fhd gu];gu,zf;fk; g+hj;jp nra;ag;gl;l> MrpupaHfs; kw;wk; mur rhhgw;w epwtdq;fspd; ephthfpfshy; ifnaoj;jplg;gl;lj. nfhok;gpy;,uz;l ehl;fs; NeHfhzy;fs; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;ld. nkf;gf; GNuhtpy; cs;s nkd;nghuisg; gad;glj;jp fzdpapy; midj;j NeHfhzy;fSk; xypg;gjpt nra;ag;gl;ld. NeHfhzy;fSf;F gy khjq;fsf;f Kd;dH>,yf;Ff; FOf;fis xoq;fikg;gjw;f nguk; Rw;W (];gpnul;yp> 1979) Nfs;tpfis voj;jhrpupahfs; fye;jiuahbajld;> kpsikj;jdh.,yf;ff; FOf;fis Kd;ndLg;gjw;F Kd;dH mur rhhgw;w epwtdj;jld;,e;j Nfs;tpfs; (fpos;s) gfphe;j nfhs;sg;gl;ld. vt;thwhapdk;> NeHfhzy;fis Kd;ndLg;gjw;F Neuk; te;j NghJ> ehk; jahupj;jpue;j Nfs;tpfs;> mnj topapy; kpfg; nghuj;jkhf,uf;ftpy;iy. Nfs;tpfs; tbtikf;fg;gl;l NghJ> NtWgl;l njhfjp mur rhhgw;w epwtdq;fsld; gzpahw;wpdh.,jdhy;> midj;j gq;fgw;wdhfshyk; Nfs;tpfSf;F gjpyspf;f Kbatpy;iy. gz;grhh Ma;tpy; mbf;fb NeHtjidg; Nghy> NeHfhzy; nraw;ghl KOtjpYk; Nfs;tpfspd; xoq;fpy; NtWghL,Ue;jJ.,e;j fw;ifapy;> PSW FOtpd; khw;wg;gl;l tbtj;jpy; gq;fgw;wdhfs; kw;wk; NeHfhz;gtHfs; kj;jpapy; njhlhgfshy; nry;thf;f nryj;jg;gl;bue;jd. NkYk;> VidNahiutpl rpy Nfs;tpfs; kpftk; cuthf;fk; nfhz;ljhf,ue;jd. Vida Nfs;tpfs; jdpegh NeHfhzypy; NkYk; Ma;Tf;Fj; Njitahd jutfis cuthf;fpd. ehk; cuthf;fpa Muk;g nguk; Rw;W Nfs;tpfs; gpd;tukhw:,yq;ifapd; elg;gr; #oypy; PSW vd;w tifapy; cq;fsila tfpghfj;ij cq;fshy; tpsf;f KbAkh? PSW vd;w tifapy; cq;fsila tfpghfj;jpy; epq;fs; gad;glj;jk; futpfs; / vz;zq;fs; / cghaq;fs; vit? PSW vd;w tifapy; cq;fsila tfpghfj;jpw;f ed;f cjtk; vd fz;lwpe;j epq;fs; gpunahfpf;fk; njhopy;el;g jpwd;fs; vit? vjid g+hj;jp nra;tjw;f,e;j jpwd;fs; cq;fsf;f cjtfpd;wd? cq;fsila cjtp ehbfsld; epq;fs; vd;d nra;fpd;wphfs; vd;gj PSWMf epq;fs; gapw;wg;gl;ljpy;,ue;j NtWgl;L cs;sjh? vt;thw? gzpiar; nra;tjw;f cjtpa> PSW vd;w tifapy; gzpapd; NghJ epq;fs; fw;wj vd;d? PSW vd;w tifapy; cq;fsila gzpapy; mjpfst Mr;rupak; jutj vd;d? PSW vd;w tifapy; cq;fsila gzpf;f cjtpajhf epq;fs; fz;lwpe;j VNjDk; cghaq;fis cq;fshy; tpsf;f KbAkh?,e;j cghaq;fis epq;fs; vt;thw fz;lwpe;jphfs;? Kuz;ghl;bw;F gpd;duhd ehlfspy;> Gjpjhf Muk;gpf;Fk;> PSW,w;F jkj gzpia nraw;tjw;f Njitahd rpwe;j jpwd;fs; gw;wp epq;fs; gupe;jiug;gj vd;d? gfg;gha;tf;fhd mzfkiw,e;j fw;ifapy;> Ma;T jj;jttpay;> tprhuiz cghaq;fs; kw;wk; Kiwapay; cghak; vd;gd Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd,yq;ifapy; cjtp ehbfsldhd jkj gzpia PSW vt;thw tpsf;fth vd;gjd; neuf;fk; kw;wk; caupajd;ikia ntspg;glj;jk; vd ehk; vz;zpa kpf rpwe;j topia nraw;glj;jpaj. gfg;gha;t nraw;ghl gy mlf;ffisf; nfhz;lj.,t;thwhd