WA DRUG ABUSE STRATEGY OFFICE & COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL BRANCH

Transcription

1 WA DRUG ABUSE STRATEGY OFFICE & COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL BRANCH Statistical Bulletin Number 14, July 21 DISTRIBUTION OF NEEDLES & SYRINGES WESTERN AUSTRALIA, 17-2 Introduction This Bulletin provides an analysis of trends in the number of needles and syringes (N&S) distributed in Western Australia (WA) to injecting drug users (IDUs) from 17 to 2. This data is an update of an earlier publication, Statistical Bulletin Number 7 (March 19) which covered the period up to 19. This analysis has been undertaken by the WA Drug Abuse Strategy Office in conjunction with the Communicable Disease Control Branch of the Health Department of WA (HDWA), who are responsible for the ongoing maintenance and development of the Needle and Syringe Database. The HDWA s Public Health Division has overall responsibility for the management of the State s N&S distribution program. After the establishment of needle and syringe programs (NSPs) in this State in March 17, the emphasis in the first phase was to improve access by IDUs to sterile injection equipment. There was also a strong emphasis in this phase on distributing educational materials to IDUs to increase knowledge of high risk practices associated with the spread of blood borne viruses (BBVs). A key role was also played by the WA AIDS Council (WAAC) in preventing transmission of BBVs in IDUs through both fixed and mobile needle and syringe exchange programs (NSEPs). Though WAAC ceased to provide N&S from its office after it relocated to West Perth, it continued to operate a mobile NSEP. A pilot and licensed mobile NSEP was operated in Bunbury from October 19 to March 19 by the South West Population Health Unit, with assistance from the WA Substances Users Association (WASUA). At the end of 2 WAAC was the State s only licensed operator of a mobile NSEP. (It is to be noted that a mobile NSEP operated by WASUA commenced in Bunbury in June 21.) The second phase involved the assumption of a major role by many of the State s community pharmacies by selling 5 N&S in a Fitpack, with a safe disposal container. Fitpacks included educational messages which were revised from time to time. To foster the development of improved access to N&S, pharmacists initially received a subsidy so Fitpacks could be sold at a reduced cost. This subsidy was subsequently withdrawn in July 12. Since then IDUs in this State have paid the full market price for Fitpacks in pharmacies, includes mark-ups for wholesalers and retailers. (The prices of Fitpacks vary from pharmacy to pharmacy.) Fees are applied on a cost recovery basis if there is no exchange of N&S and other injecting equipment provided through fixed and mobile NSEPs. However, N&S are provided at no cost if exchanged. (Rural and regional hospitals, which operate after hours, provide N&S at no charge.) List of contents Introduction...1 State Overview...2 Table 1: Annual totals of N&S by outlet, Table 2: Quarterly totals of N&S by major outlets, Regional Trends...4 Table 3: Annual totals for selected country areas, Figures 2-12: Quarterly totals for selected country areas, Table 4: Quarterly totals for continued on page 2 selected country areas, Perth Metropolitan Area...1 Table 5: N&S by outlet, Table 6: N&S by postcode, metro area, Figure 13: Rate ratio of N&S, metro area, Description of Postcode Localities...12 This publication is available online at This publication was jointly published by the WA Drug Abuse Strategy Office and the Communicable Disease Control Branch. It was edited by Greg Swensen and Jude Bevan (HDWA) with assistance of Susan Jones at the WA Drug Abuse Strategy Office. Page - 1

2 In the third phase other intitiatives were implemented to improve the utilisation of sterile injection equipment by specific risk groups. This included the trial by WAAC of a vending machine from 11 to 19 at its former premises in Northbridge. A vending machine was established in July 19 in the grounds of the Central Drug Unit in East Perth. This operated until June 19 when it was closed due to recurrent problems because of unreliability and vandalism. Another initiative was the establishment of a mobile NSEP under the auspices of the Derbarl Yerrigan Medical Service (DYMS), formerly Perth Aboriginal Medical Service. This operated at a number of different sites in the metropolitan area, from July 19 to June 19. The establishment of a fixed site NSEP commenced operation in November 19, operated in Northbridge by the WA Substance Users Association (WASUA). This program provides a range of other services including peer education about BBVs and outreach services to IDUs in the inner city area and adjacent suburbs. This is the State s only licensed fixed site NSEP. The range of products containing N&S and sterile injecting equipment now includes the FitpackPLUS and SharpzKitz. State Overview A total of 18,532,16 new N&S were distributed in this State from March 17 to December 2 (Table 1). Overall, about nine out of 1 of all N&S distributed were through chemists and NSEPs. The total number of N&S distributed by outlet were: pharmacies - 12,1114,254 (65.4%); NSEP mobile (WAAC, DYMS) - 4,38,238 (23.2%); NSEP fixed (WASUA) - 1,6,675 (5.4%); hospital - 534, (2.9%); vending machine - 417,211 (2.2%); community health centre - 68,65 (.4%); nursing post - 4,23 (.1%); and other - 77,823 (.4%). continued on page 4 Table 1: Annual totals of needles and syringes distributed by all types of outlet, 17-2 Year Chemist NSEP NSEP Vending Hospital Community Nursing Other Total mobile fixed machine health post centre 17 23, 6, , 18 59,38 12, , ,26 42, , , , , ,82 444,225-2,385 2,56 1, 2-845, ,15 349,86-1,92 7, , ,25 372,234-5,491 3, ,244,6 19 1,132,44 322,3-63,535 39,5 6,65 1,25 1,25 1,568, ,57, ,671-61,3 35, 3, 5 2,27 1,529,6 19 5, ,75-45, 4,275 4,5 25 4,29 1,4, ,239, ,57 1,81 83,34 8,18 3,8-8,5 1,8,8 19 1,568, , ,565 7, 82,46 9,5-12,65 2,37, ,849,47 478,6 32,82 37,59,465 15,7 1,5 17,21 2,817, ,135, ,11 519, ,145 23,5 5 32,242 3,28,677 Total 12,114,254 4,38,238 1,6, , , 68,65 4,23 77,823 18,532,16 Figure 1: Quarterly totals of needles and syringes distributed by major outlet, , 6, 5, 4, Other NSEPs Chemist 3, 2, 1, Page - 2

3 Table 2: Quarterly totals of needles and syringes distributed by major outlet, 17-2 Year Qtr NSEPs Chemist Other Total , ,67 3 3, 4,8-7,8 4 3, 8,24-11, , 3,43-6,43 2 3, 14,22-17,22 3 3, 15,19-18,19 4 3, 26,54-29, , 28,21-31,21 2 3, 21,37-24, ,587 3,5-47,87 4 2,61 4,18-6, ,61 6, , ,117 64, - 11, ,8 14,7-147,5 4 67,41 19,75-177, ,5,53-189, , 88,21 1,4 191, ,677 18,78 1, 235, ,18 1, , , ,16 2, 212, ,72 18, 1,75 191, ,179,15 2,5 18, , 16,84 1,6 1, ,39 155,5 1,62 237,5 2, , , ,21 223, ,1 4, ,83 2,15 352, , ,55 2,95 346,8 2 69, ,48 22,3 354, ,686 31,62 34, , ,5 34,79 34,84 44, ,5 34,75 27,82 448, , ,92 31,63 381, ,9 246,6 17, , , ,885 25, , ,318 25,355 16,1 319, ,7 29,45 19,65 333, , ,815 24, , ,55 36,225 35,26 473, ,613 28,36 33,6 435, , ,515 4,8 411, ,64 334,5 42,27 55, , ,515 58,56 54, , ,825 43, , , ,365 45,31 543, ,6 366,35 33,15 58,3 4 19,36 459,336 54,25 73, ,41 415,619 37,66 667, 2 184, ,914 45, , ,6 456,2 38,55 6,9 4 1,6 548,512 47,51 7, ,44 4,22 43,52 731,2 2 29,4 559,586 47, , ,5 57,362 51, , , ,745 6, ,577 Page - 3

4 Continued from page 2 From 17 to 11 the number of N&S increased each year reaching a total of 845,19 in 11 (Table 1, page 2). In the following year there was a decrease of 8%, when a total of 779,276 N&S were distributed. From 12 to 19 the number of N&S doubled to a total of 1,58,318 in 19. From 19 to 19 there was a decline of 48,468 (3%) in the number of N&S distributed. Since 19 there has been a period of steady growth in the number of N&S, with an increase of 1,676,827 distributed by the end of 2, an overall increase of 29%. The trends in the number of N&S distributed in this State each quarter show that since the March quarter 12 an increasing number of N&S were sold through chemists (Figure 1, page 2; Table 2, page 3). Trends in Regional Centres An analysis was undertaken of the number of N&S distributed in the 11 major regional centres outside the Perth metropolitan area (Table 3, page 5). It should be noted that some of this data may be unreliable in some areas as in some areas N&S were not readily obtainable at all times. Therefore, IDUs may have purchased N&S from other regional centres where supplies were more available. The number of N&S distributed over the eight year period, was as follows: Kalgoorlie-Boulder (postcodes ) - 667,675; Mandurah (postcode 621) - 352,613; Bunbury (postcode 623) - 255,52; Geraldton (postcode 653) - 22,137; Busselton-Margaret River (postcodes ) - 115,37; Port Hedland (postcodes ) -,45; Esperance (postcode 645) - 59,1; Albany (postcode 633) - 58,116; Carnarvon (postcode 671) - 56,33; Broome (postcode 6725) - 47,; and Karratha (postcode 6714) - 32,64. From 19-2 the greatest number of N&S were distributed in the Kalgoorlie-Boulder area (postcodes ). Over the period 19 to 2 there were differences in the rate of increase in the number of N&S distributed in each region as follows: 8 times in the Port Hedland area; 6 times in the Bunbury area; 5 times in the Albany and Esperance area; 4 times in the Busselton-Margaret River area; 3 times in the Kalgoorlie-Boulder, Mandurah, Broome and Karratha areas; and 2 times for the Geraldton and Carnarvon areas. A more detailed analysis of trends in these regional centres is shown in Figures 2 to 12 (pages 5 to 8) and Table 4 (page 9). The recent jump in amphetamine abuse has probably contributed to some of the recent fluctuations in sales of N&S in a number of regional areas. There has been a 312% rise in the annual number of psychostimulant calls from 19 to 2 received by ADIS (see Statistical Bulletin No. 13) and a jump of % in the annual number of seizures of amphetamines by the WA Police (see Statistical Bulletin No. 12). Kalgoorlie-Boulder From 19 to 19 the number of N&S distributed each quarter steadily increased from just over 7, in the March quarter 19 to about 22,5 in the December quarter 19 (Figure 2, page 5). There was a marked increase to just over 27,5 N&S in the March quarter 19. Since early 19 to the end of 2 the number of N&S distributed have remained relatively stable with about 25, distributed per quarter. Mandurah From 19 to early 19 about 4, to 5, N&S were distributed each quarter (Figure 3, page 5). The number of N&S distributed in Mandurah nearly doubled from the March quarter 19, to just under 12, N&S in the June quarter 19. Distribution of N&S in this region remained relatively stable with about 12,5 distributed each quarter until the March quarter 2. It can be seen there has been a period of marked growth over the year 2, reaching 25, N&S by the December quarter. Bunbury From 19 to early 19 about 4, to 5, N&S were distributed (Figure 4, page 6). Since the June quarter 19 there has been a steady growth in the quarterly total of N&S distributed, reaching just under 2, by the June quarter 2. Further investigation is required to determine whether the drop that has occurred in the last two quarters of 2 could be due to local drug market trends. Geraldton From 19 to mid 19 the number of N&S remained relatively constant with about 4, distributed per quarter (Figure 5, page 6). There has been a growth in the number of N&S distributed each quarter since the beginning of 19 increasing to more than 16, by the December quarter 2. Busselton-Margaret River There were low levels of N&S distributed from 19 to mid 19, with about 1,5 to 2, N&S per quarter (Figure 6, page 6). Over the two year period up to mid 19 about 3,5 N&S were distributed each quarter. Since the December quarter 19 about 5, N&S have been distributed each quarter. Port Hedland Relatively few N&S were distributed each quarter from 19 until mid 19, increasing to about 1,5 N&S up to the September quarter 19 (Figure 7, page 7). A sharp jump occurred in the December quarter 19, with a total of more than 7, N&S distributed. Over the 3 year period from 19 to 2 the number of N&S remained relatively stable, with about 4, N&S distributed per quarter. Albany There were relatively few N&S distributed from 19 to early 19, fluctuating around 5 to 6 N&S per quarter (Figure 8, page 7). However, since mid 19 the number of N&S have increased markedly and reached more than 6,5 in the September quarter 2. continued on page 9 Page - 4

5 Table 3: Annual totals of needles and syringes, selected country areas, 19-2 Locality Postcode Kalgoorlie-Boulder ,375 77,59 59,31 64,71 18,415 14,63 12,19 118,536 Geraldton ,83 3,33 18,745 19,635 18,22 23,4 35,625 52,254 Mandurah ,215 29,8 32,675 34, 44,285 53,95 62,9 72,738 Busselton-Margaret River ,555 1,27 8,82 1,2 15,25 22,92 23,229 2,1 Bunbury 623 7,85 25,61 18,855 21,45 31,84 45,22 61,769 43,673 Carnarvon 671 3,7 5,5 2, 6,8 7,2 11,6 11,139 8,5 Broome ,27 4,56 3,545 3,74 4,22 6,4 1,54 11,715 Esperance 645 2,5 3,28 4, 5,1 6,865 1,915 1,2 14,922 Albany 633 4,625 7,85 3,9 3,12 2, 4,719 7,7 24,37 Karratha ,68 3,14 3,51 4,13 2,11 3,78 7,864 5,85 Port Hedland ,36 4, 13,615 12,525 13,15 17,375 15,8 19,655 Figure 2: Quarterly totals of needles and syringes distributed, Kalgoorlie-Boulder postcode area, , 3, 25, 2, 15, 1, 5, Figure 3: Quarterly totals of needles and syringes distributed, Mandurah postcode area, , 25, 2, 15, 1, 5, Page - 5

6 Figure 4: Quarterly totals of needles and syringes distributed, Bunbury postcode area, , 2, 15, 1, 5, Figure 5: Quarterly totals of needles and syringes distributed, Geraldton postcode area, , 16, 14, 12, 1, 8, 6, 4, 2, Figure 6: Quarterly totals of needles and syringes distributed, Busselton-Margaret River postcode area, , 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, Page - 6

7 Figure 7: Quarterly totals of needles and syringes distributed, Port Hedland postcode area, , 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, Figure 8: Quarterly totals of needles and syringes distributed, Albany postcode area, , 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, Figure 9: Quarterly totals of needles and syringes distributed, Carnarvon postcode area, ,5 4, 3,5 3, 2,5 2, 1,5 1, 5 Page - 7

8 Figure 1: Quarterly totals of needles and syringes distributed, Broome postcode area, , 3,5 3, 2,5 2, 1,5 1, 5 Figure 11: Quarterly totals of needles and syringes distributed, Esperance postcode area, , 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, Figure 12: Quarterly totals of needles and syringes distributed, Karratha postcode area, , 2,5 2, 1,5 1, 5 Page - 8

9 Continued from page 4 Carnarvon Small numbers of N&S were distributed from 19 to early 19, then increased from mid 19. Overall, between 19 and 2 there has been a fluctuating pattern of the number of N&S distributed, which may be related to seasonal factors affecting the size of the injecting drug using population (Figure 9, page 7). Broome From 19 to mid 19 few N&S were distributed, then increased (Figure 1, page 8). From the September quarter 19 to the September quarter 19, about 1, N&S were distributed. N&S then increased to about 2,5 per quarter and by the December quarter 2 reached just under 3,5. Esperance Very few N&S were distributed from 19 to mid 19, then increased slightly (Figure 11, page 8). About 2,7 were distributed per quarter between mid 19 and the September quarter 2, reaching just under 5,5 in the December quarter 2. Karratha Overall, there has been a fluctuating pattern of N&S distributed (Figure 12, page 8). Few N&S were distributed up to mid 19, then increased moderately, with peaks occurring in the September quarters 19 and 2. Table 4: Quarterly totals of needles and syringes, selected country areas, 19-2 Kalgoorlie- Mandurah Bunbury Geraldton Busselton- Port Hedland Albany Carnarvon Broome Esperance Karratha Boulder Margaret River Qtr 1 7,1 4,225 1,2 4, Qtr 2 7,345 5,375 1,555 5,365 1, , Qtr 3 7,885 5,37 1,53 5,9 1, ,555 1,425 1, Qtr 4 1,45 7,245 2,8 6,3 1, , ,5 75 Total 32,375 22,215 7,85 21,83 4,555 2,36 4,625 3,7 3,27 2,5 1,68 19 Qtr 1 16,5 8,25 7,23 8,31 2, ,91 1,55 1, Qtr 2 18,79 6,915 6,6 5,815 2, ,39 1, Qtr 3 16,72 7,285 6,75 1,665 2,89 1,58 2,635 1,4 1,44 5 1,25 Qtr 4 25,58 7,575 4, 5,54 2,39 2,17 1,15 1,3 1, Total 77,59 29,8 25,61 3,33 1,27 4,47 7,85 5,5 4,56 3,28 3,14 19 Qtr 1 15,81 8,32 5,875 5,11 1,89 2,31 1, ,19 81 Qtr 2 11,87 8,775 5,55 4,42 3,1 2, Qtr 3 13,485 7,57 3,425 4,43 1,79 2, Qtr 4 18,145 8,1 4,5 4,785 2,4 1,44 1, Total 59,31 32,675 18,855 18,745 8,82 8,55 3,9 2, 2,1 3,45 2, Qtr 1 12,9 4,5 3,715 3,5 2,8 2, ,27 65 Qtr 2 11,88 6, 4,44 5,11 2,335 1, , Qtr 3 16,5 8,86 4, 5,515 2,885 3, 3 2,31 1,56 Qtr 4 22,85 14,235 8,325 5,415 2,72 4,5 1,565 1,35 1,14 1,92 1,21 Total 64,71 34, 21,45 19,635 1,2 12,525 3,12 6,8 3,14 5,1 4,13 19 Qtr 1 18, 6,685 5,48 4,29 3,2 2, ,31 1,2 1,2 42 Qtr 2 27,85 11,845 6,59 4,6 3,135 1, , ,43 6 Qtr 3 28,925 12,4 8,745 5,225 4,655 1, ,6 1,5 2,25 27 Qtr 4 32,67 13,355 11,25 4,1 4,35 7,13 1, ,42 2,21 82 Total 18,415 44,285 31,84 18,22 15,25 13,15 2, 7,2 4,22 6,865 2,11 19 Qtr 1 25,36 1,7 1,485 4,44 5,41 4,1 1,33 1,66 1, 85 Qtr 2 25, 13,785 11,25 6,47 4,815 4, ,31 1,915 3,47 39 Qtr 3 25,56 12, 1,35 7,25 4,175 3,91 5 4,8 1,49 1,5 1,65 Qtr 4 27,75 16,48 13,36 5,383 8,52 4,725 2,24 2,6 2,5 3,57 1,475 Total 14,63 53,95 45,22 23,4 22,92 17,375 4,719 11,6 6,4 1,915 3,78 19 Qtr 1 19,846 2,63 13,442 7,421 5,189 1, ,517 2,84 1,769 2,2 Qtr 2 23,7 13,7 15,244 8,38 5,138 5,125 1,26 2,278 2,745 2,624 1,116 Qtr 3 29,585 13,9 15,921 9,412 5,57 4, 2,153 3,572 2,65 3,65 2,852 Qtr 4 28,885 14,475 17,162 1,754 7,332 4,75 3,358 3,772 2,35 2,84 1,61 Total 12,19 62,9 61,769 35,625 23,229 15,8 7,7 11,139 1,54 1,2 7,864 2 Qtr 1 26,178 12,356 18,167 12,77 5,172 5, 4,887 2,836 2,28 2,713 7 Qtr 2 29,74 15,47 19,256 13,658 5,44 5, 6,483 2,11 3,3 3,887 8 Qtr 3 33,311 19,7 3,641 1,349 3,6 4,28 6, ,775 2,91 2,66 Qtr 4 29,3 24,5 2,69 16,17 6,6 5,375 6,46 3,562 3,36 5,412 1,454 Total 118,536 72,738 43,673 52,254 2,1 19,655 24,37 8,5 11,715 14,922 5,85 Page - 9

10 Perth Metropolitan Area Introduction As monthly records are maintained of the number of N&S ordered by each individual chemist, it is possible to collate the number of N&S by outlet and locality for each community based pharmacy. In early 19 the operator of the mobile NSEP, the WA AIDS Council, introduced separate recording of the number of N&S distributed at each of the sites at which the van operated on different days of the week. With the enhancements to the mobile NSEP data, it was possible to undertake an analysis of the total number of N&S distributed in the year 2 in the Perth metropolitan area based on postcode locality for all outlets. There are limitations in using postcode data to identify possible differences between localities in the utilisation of N&S by injecting drug users as in some areas chemists do not sell Table 5: Total N&S by type of outlet, metropolitan and country, 2 Type of outlet Metropolitan area Total distributed Chemist 1,84,327 Needle & syringe exchange program (mobile) 333,668 Needle & syringe exchange program (fixed) 519,489 Hospital 22,3 Other 1,5 Metropolitan sub total 2,717,284 Country areas 491,3 State total 3,28,677 N&S. This could mean that some areas could have apparently higher rates than some other areas because IDUs have come from adjacent suburbs to access the nearest local chemist that sold N&S as Fitpacks and SharpzKitz. Also chemists in some areas which charge lower prices for Fitpacks are likely to attract IDUs from areas where there are higher prices. There are other shortcomings in making inferences about underlying patterns of injecting drug use based on postcode data. For instance, some areas which have higher rates may have outlets which are on major transport routes for people living in outlying metropolitan areas. Another possible reason for distortion in data is that there is a small number of after hours pharmacies who sell N&S, most of whom are located close to the inner metropolitan area. (Up to the end of 2 there was only one 24 hour pharmacy in the metropolitan area, which was located in Mount Lawley.) Both the fixed and mobile NSEPs distribute very large numbers of N&S in the Perth inner city area. While this could be misinterpreted as indicating Northbridge is an area in which high levels of injecting drug use occurs, this does not necessarily indicate more prevalent injecting drug use by its residents. Indeed, the contrary may be the case, as Northbridge is the Perth metropolitan area s major late night entertainment district and has a concentration of night clubs and bars. It also contains a number of boarding houses, hostels and overnight shelters which are used by a transient population. The metropolitan area was broken up into 18 localities based on groups of adjacent postcode districts. Each locality contains the total number of N&S distributed in that geographical area. A postcode district may encompass more than one suburb. This does not mean that N&S were distributed from outlets in all suburbs listed. The suburbs within each locality are listed on page 12. Table 6: Distribution of N&S by postcode locality, Perth metropolitan area, 2 Locality Postcodes N&S Population Rate Rate ratio (19 ABS) per 1, Perth Inner City 6, ,568 14,281 Mount Lawley-Maylands ,6 31,581 65, Bicton-Fremantle , 26,692 45, Victoria Park-Redcliffe ,819 59,367 36, Leederville-Tuart Hill 66-67, , ,213 41,2 32, Dianella-Ballajura , ,7 134,649 21,5. Cannington-Gosnells , ,3,41 19, Kwinana-Safety Bay ,129 72,2 18, Balcatta-Craigie ,84 12,6 16,.76 Kelmscott-Byford , 621 8,234 54,145 14, Bayswater-Swan View , 669, ,538,314 12, Beaconsfield-Yangebup ,228 78,38 11, City Beach-Carine 615, , ,38 71,49 11, Applecross-Willagee , ,554,2 8, Mullaloo-Quinns Rock , , 635, 637, , ,19 81,6 6,21.27 South Perth-Rossmoyne 6148, ,9 5,27 5,9.27 Subiaco-Mosman Park , ,6 76,72 4, Kalamunda-Mahogany Creek , 676, ,622 28,339 4,454.2 Total metro 2,717,284 1,214,518 22, Page - 1

11 Overview In the year 2 a total of 3,28,677 N&S were distributed throughout the whole State, of which 2,717,284 (84.7%) were distributed within the Perth metropolitan area (Table 5). Just over two thirds (67.7%) of the N&S distributed in the Perth metropolitan area were through chemists, with 519,489 (19.1%) and 333,668 (12.3%) distributed through the fixed NSEP and the mobile NSEP respectively. In the year 2 a total of 655,568 N&S were distributed in the Perth inner city area, of which 14,832 (16.%) were through the van and 519,489 (79.2%) were through the fixed site NSEP. As it is likely many of these N&S would be used by people who lived in areas outside the Northbridge area, a rate has not been calculated for this locality (Table 6, page 1). Excluding the Perth inner city area, there were five localities in the Perth metropolitan area where more than a total of 15, N&S were distributed in the year 2 as follows: Dianella-Ballajura (29,7); Victoria Park-Redcliffe area (218,819); Mount Lawley-Maylands (27,6), Cannington-Gosnells (186,3); and Balcatta-Craigie (174,84). There were four localities where between 1, and 15, N&S were distributed in the year 2 as follows: Kwinana-Safety Bay (138,129); Leederville-Tuart Hill (137,213); Bayswater-Swan View (123,538); and Bicton-Fremantle (121,). To account for variations in the size of the population, crude rates have been calculated to compare each of the 18 metropolitan localities. The most recent postcode population data is from the 19 Census. It should be noted that since the 19 Census there has been growth in the population in some of the postcode districts, especially in outlying northern and southern areas of the Perth metropolitan area. There were two postcode districts in the southern fringe of the metropolitan area in which a total of 1,39 N&S were distributed. These and adjacent areas have been excluded from the metropolitan analysis as people living in these areas are much closer to the Mandurah regional centre than other regional areas in the southern metropolitan region. The exclusion of these areas has reduced the total population of the Perth metropolitan area which has been used as the denominator to calculate rates. The rates of N&S per 1, population distributed by locality is contained in Table 6 (page 1). This shows that the highest rate of 65,858 N&S per 1, population occurred in the Mount Lawley-Maylands locality. Some of the high rates for this locality could be due to the closure of the vending machine in mid 19. (In June 19 just over 7, N&S were distributed through the vending machine. Prior to its closure an average of 3, N&S per month were distributed by the Mount Lawley based 24 hour pharmacy, increasing to an average of 13,25 per month in the year 2.) The ranked rate ratios of localities compared to the metropolitan rate are shown in Figure 13 and identify localities in relation to the metropolitan rate (22,373 N&S per 1, population). continued on page 12 Figure 13: Rate ratio of distribution of N&S, Perth metropolitan area by postcode locality, 2 Mount Lawley-Maylands Bicton-Fremantle Victoria Park-Redcliffe Leederville-Tuart Hill Metro area Dianella-Ballajura Cannington-Gosnells Kwinana-Safety Bay Balcatta-Craigie Kelmscott-Byford Bayswater-Swan View Beaconsfield-Yangebup City Beach-Carine Applecross-Willagee Mullaloo-Quinns Rock South Perth-Rossmoyne Subiaco-Mosman Park Kalamunda-Mahogany Creek Rate ratio Page - 11

12 There were four localities above the metropolitan rate as follows: Mount Lawley-Maylands locality (2. times higher); Bicton-Fremantle locality (2.5 times higher); Victoria Park-Redcliffe locality (1.65 times higher); and Leederville-Tuart Hill locality (1.47 times higher). There were four localities which were just below the metropolitan rate as follows: Dianella-Ballajura (. times lower); Cannington-Gosnells (.87 times lower); Kwinana-Safety Bay (.81 times lower); and Balcatta-Craigie (.76 times lower). Description of Postcode Localities Perth Inner City 6, Perth CBD, Northbridge, East Perth, West Perth Mount Lawley-Maylands Mount Lawley, Menora, Coolbinia, Maylands, Inglewood, Bedford Bicton-Fremantle Bicton, Palmyra, East Fremantle, North Fremantle, Fremantle, Rottnest Island Victoria Park-Redcliffe Victoria Park, East Victoria Park, Carlisle, Bentley, Rivervale, Belmont, Redcliffe, Cloverdale, Welshpool, Kewdale, St James Leederville-Tuart Hill 66-67, , 66 Leederville, North Perth, Glendalough, Mount Hawthorn, Osborne Park, Tuart Hill, Joondanna, Yokine Dianella-Ballajura , Dianella, Nollamara, Mirrabooka, Balga, Westminster, Morley, Embleton, Noranda, Malaga, Beechboro, Girrawheen, Koondoola, Alexander Heights, Marangaroo, Ballajura, Whiteman, Cullacabardee Cannington-Gosnells , 6147 Wilson, Cannington, East Cannington, Kenwick, Wattle Grove, Beckenham, Queens Park, Thornlie, Maddington, Gosnells, Huntingdale, Langford, Lynwood Kwinana-Safety Bay Kwinana, Orelia, Parmelia, Calista, Rockingham, Safety Bay, Waikiki, Warnbro, Port Kennedy, Wellard, Leda, Baldivis Kelmscott-Byford , 621 Kelmscott, Armadale, Forrestdale, Byford, Westfield, Roleystone, Bedfordale, Karragullen, Wungong Bayswater-Swan View , 669, 684 Bayswater, Bassendean, Lockridge, Ashfield, Guildford, Henley Brook, West Swan, Middle Swan, Midland, Midvale, Stratton, Maida Vale, High Wycombe, Forrestfield, Greenmount, Swan View, Herne Hill, Helena Valley, Boya, Ellenbrook, Jane Brook, Bullsbrook Beaconsfield-Yangebup South Fremantle, Beaconsfield, Hamilton Hill, Hilton, Spearwood, Bibra Lake, Coolbellup, Yangebup, Coogee, Wattleup, Naval Base, Hope Valley, Henderson, Munster, Samson City Beach-Carine 615, , 629 City Beach, Karrinyup, Doubleview, Scarborough, North Beach, Carine, Trigg, Sorrento, Marmion, Waterman, Innaloo, Gwelup Applecross-Willagee , Bullcreek, Murdoch, Bateman, Applecross, Ardross, Mt Pleasant, Brentwood, Alfred Cove, Attadale, Booragoon, Myaree, Willetton, Melville, Winthrop, Willagee Mullaloo-Quinns Rock , , 635, 637, , 665 Joondalup, Currambine, Kinross, Ocean Reef, Heathridge, Edgewater, Beldon, Mullaloo, Iluka, Quinns Rock, Merriwa, Mindarie, Clarkson, Neerabup, Carramar, Wanneroo, Wangara, Landsdale, Yanchep, Two Rocks, Guilderton, Seabird, Ledge Point, Lancelin South Perth-Rossmoyne 6148, Shelley, Rossmoyne, Ferndale, Riverton, South Perth, Kensington, Como, Manning, Karawara, Salter Point, Waterford Subiaco-Mosman Park , 614 Subiaco, Nedlands, Crawley, Dalkeith, Peppermint Grove, Shenton Park, Claremont, Swanbourne, Cottesloe, Mosman Park, Wembley, Floreat Kalamunda-Mahogany Creek , 676, Kalamunda, Darlington, Glen Forest, Hovea, Mahogany Creek, Mundaring, Sawyers Valley, Walliston, Lesmurdie, Carmel, Bickley, Pickering Brook, Gooseberry Hill, Parkerville, Stoneville, Mount Helena, Gidgegannup Balcatta-Craigie Balcatta, Stirling, Hamersley, Duncraig, Greenwood, Warwick, Hillarys, Craigie, Kallaroo, Padbury, Kingsley, Woodvale Page - 12