University of Florida Department of Tourism, Recreation and Sport Management

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1 University of Florida Department of Tourism, Recreation and Sport Management Global Ecotourism and Sustainable Development LEI 6325 Section XXX Spring 2019 Instructor Dr. Angelica Almeyda Zambrano Room 240A, Florida Gym Building Phone # (352) ; aalmeyda@ufl.edu Office Hours: Mondays 10:00 11:30 am and by appointment. Course Information Credits: 3 Meeting location: 225 Florida Gym Building Meeting times: Wednesday: 10:40 1:40 pm Required Books Brundtland, G., Khalid, M., Agnelli, S., Al-Athel, S., Chidzero, B., Fadika, L.,... & Singh, M. (1987). Our common future (\'brundtland report\'). Fennell, D. (2015). Ecotourism (4 th Edition). New York: Routledge. Honey, M. (2008). Ecotourism and Sustainable Development: Who Owns Paradise? (2 nd Edition). Washington, D.C.: Island. Matson, P., Clark W.C., & Andersson K. (2016) Pursuing Sustainability: A guide to the science and Practice. Princeton University Press. Weaver, D. (Ed.). (2001). The Encyclopedia of Ecotourism. New York: CABI. (E-book will be provided). Required study cases available for purchased at Abdelal, R., & Koelble, T. (2008). Londolozi: Towards a Sustainable Business Model and Ecological Integrity in Southern Africa. Harvard Business School. Comin, D., Gopaldas, R., & Rehder, D. (2012). Inkaterra. Harvard Business School. Perez, F. (2003). Posada Amazonas. Social Enterprise Knowledge Network. William Barnett, W., Budde, E., & Durham, W. (2010). The Wild Salmon Center. Case No. SI45. Stanford Graduate School of Business. Wang, S., Siguaw, J., & Simpson, P. (2005). Morgan s Rock Hacienda and Ecolodge. Richard Ivey School of Business. The University of Western Ontario. Young, A., Nicholas, T., Corsun, D., & Loth, D. (2014). The Road to Tortuguero. Case Research Journal, 34(3), Required study cases that will be available at canvas Borges, M., & Richardson, S. (2006). Ecotourism in extractive reserves in Brazil. In Herremans, I. (ed.), Cases in Sustainable Tourism (pp ). Binghamton, NY: Haworth. Cater, C. (2011). Community involvement in trekking tourism - Indonesia. In Garrod, B. & Fyall, A. (eds.), Contemporary Cases in Tourism (pp ). Oxford, UK: Good fellow Publishers. Dawson, M., & Jamal, T. (2006). Costa Rica: Banana plantations or ecotourism? In Herremans, I. (ed.), Cases in Sustainable Tourism (pp ). Binghamton, NY: Haworth. Hershcovis, S. (2006). CAMPFIRE: A sustainable use of wildlife resources? In Herremans, I. (ed.), Cases in Sustainable Tourism (pp ). Binghamton, NY: Haworth. 1

2 Reid, R. (2006). A journey to define sustainability: Waterton Lakes National Park, Canada. In Herremans, I. (ed.), Cases in Sustainable Tourism (pp ). Binghamton, NY: Haworth. Additional readings as assigned on a weekly basis will be available on the course website (see Outline of Topics). Course Description This course is designed to provide an understanding of the concepts of sustainable development and ecotourism and their relationship. Theory, practice, and issues in sustainable development will be addressed. Theory, practice, history, terminology and issues on ecotourism planning and management will be examined. Additionally, basic survey of ecotourism components: motives and behaviors of tourists, natural resources as attractions and destinations, social and resource responsibility and establishing policies and principles for sustainability will be discussed. Course Objectives Upon successful completion of this course students will be able to: 1. Understand the goals of sustainable development in terms of inclusive human well-being and how their relationship to tourism. 2. Define ecotourism and recognize how it relates to generic tourism. 3. Analyze the sustainable development of natural resource attractions and the demand for recreation and tourism opportunities. 4. Identify the social and ecological impacts of ecotourism. 5. Understand the codes of conduct, eco-labeling/certification processes in ecotourism 6. Describe basic planning and management guidelines for ecotourism development. Class Policies 1. Requirements for class attendance and make-up exams, assignments, and other work in this course are consistent with university policies that can be found at: 2. Assignments must be typed and should follow the American Psychological Association format. Please see 3. Late assignments will not be accepted. 4. Attendance will be taken throughout the semester. If a student misses two or more class periods, their respective grade will drop 1 letter. If 3 or more misses are recorded, then the grade will be an automatic E. 5. Students are required to stay the entire duration of the class period and be on time. 6. All mobile devices should be turned off and kept away during the class period. 7. If a student has a need for special test taking or note taking accommodations due to a disability, it is their responsibility to let the instructor know as soon as possible. Course Requirements This seminar-oriented class will be based upon student participation & discussion, case analysis, guest speakers, and other supplementary materials. For each class period, there will be discussion leaders (group of two students) who will be responsible for leading the class discussion on assigned readings. Based on the week s topic, the discussion leaders will prepare a brief analysis/synopsis and stimulate class discussion. The discussion leaders may elect to lay more emphasis on certain assigned readings; however, need to integrate all the readings. Analysis should draw attention to the importance of the topic, the conceptual/theoretical orientation of the article/s, and ideas or concepts that seem to be controversial and subsequently fosters discussion. It is required for the weekly leaders to meet with the instructor to discuss the readings prior to the day of the class. 2

3 Readings will be assigned throughout the semester and it is important to keep up with the assigned readings to enhance your understanding of the course content. Additionally, based on the readings, each student is required to formulate three or more questions to be used for discussion. The questions must be typed and submitted to the instructor at the end of the class period. Each student is expected to share in discussion and express ideas and opinions relevant to the topic during the course. Participation in class is highly encouraged to facilitate ideas and concepts as numerous group and individual case study analysis, presentations and research papers will be used. The class participation grade is based on responses, ideas and informed opinions expressed by the student in class. Assignments Assignments (in /out-of-class) will be given during the semester. Exams will not be administered, except for the final which will be a comprehensive research paper and presentation. 1. Country Specific or Site Visit Presentations Each student will be responsible for either presenting a country specific (option 1) or a site visit (option 2) case study in class. Country Specific Presentations (Option 1) In Honey s (2008) book (chapters 4-9), six country specific cases are outlined (Galapagos, Costa Rica, Tanzania, Zanzibar, Kenya, South Africa), which can be used and supplemented by other sources. However, for each country, an analysis based on a case study should also be included. Additional countries may be assigned based on students choice. Site Visit Presentations (Option 2) Students will have the option of self-selection and site visit to an ecotourism destination. Identify information about the destination and/or attraction; the role the service provider plays in the tourism industry, and the types and number of tourists it serves. Include other information that may be pertinent to the course. Since true domestic ecotourism sites in the region are somewhat hard to find, criteria will not be strictly applied. Preference is to target private enterprise based attractions, however, government operated sites would be acceptable based on clear rationale. The site need to be approved by the instructor. The proposed site does not have to be based in Florida, however, a site visit is required. For either option, each designated presenter will give a 20-minute presentation (handouts would be useful for the class to follow. Then, the presenter will lead an interactive dialogue with the class about the major points, pros, cons, weaknesses, and conclusions. Based on the research and respective presentation, students are required to write a paper (about 10 pages, double-spaced). Overall, students will be graded by the quality and thoroughness of the article(s) summary, use of additional sources, presentation, quality of group discussion and the respective paper. 2. Case Analysis Cases will be analyzed in teams (2-3 members) and will be responsible for the following: Analyze two case studies and deliver oral presentations and written analysis which is to submitted on the day of the presentation. Oral presentation is limited to 20 minutes. All team members must participate in the presentation. Written analysis is limited to 6 double-spaced typewritten pages, excluding appendices which are limited to 4 pages. An update of the case since it was written. New information can be accessed through various mediums, such as the internet and other publication outlets. 3

4 Although each team will be responsible for two written and oral presentations, all students are required to read and come prepared to class on the day of the case presentation and submit a 1-2 page brief summary in bullet form (core business problem, symptoms, contributing factors, evaluation of strategies/tactics/ outcomes, alternative strategies, recommendations). Students will be graded by the quality and thoroughness of the article(s) summary, use of additional sources, the quality of discussion and the respective paper. More details about the case analysis will be communicated in class. The five cases related to sustainable tourism will be analyzed collectively in class and will be led by the weekly discussion leaders. Each assigned case study needs to be read prior to class to facilitate team decision making analysis. More details will be communicated in class. 3. Final Research Paper (Due: April 16th) Each student is required to submit a research paper based on an in-depth examination of an ecotourism subject. The topic may be based on one of the major topics covered in class. However, each student is required to get prior approval of the topic from the instructor by submitting an outline (1-2 pages) for the proposed paper. There is a final deadline (March 12 th ) with respect to topic approval but an early start is highly recommended. Each student is expected to make a 20-minute presentation of their paper and respond to questions for 5 minutes during the last two class periods. Also, if needed, presentations may be also scheduled during the formal exam period. As a guideline, graduate students are expected to complete a minimum of 18 pages (excludes title page and references) with references from journal articles. Paper must be typed (1 inch margins), double-spaced pages in length and should at least include the following sections: I. Introduction Importance of study to topic Direction of the research paper Objective ( problem statement ) II. III. IV. Related Literature Review Theoretical foundation Synthesis of literature review Case Study or Methods and Results Discussion and Conclusion Comparison of results/analysis with the literature Answers to so what questions Identification of further research areas V. References 4

5 Evaluation Class Participation Weekly questions & discussion 50 Discussion leader 10 Country/Site Analysis (Option 1 or 2) Paper 50 Presentation 10 Case Analysis #1 Paper 50 Presentation 10 Case Analysis #2 Paper 50 Presentation 10 Final Research Paper 100 Presentation 10 TOTAL POINTS 350 Grading Scale The following grading scale will be used to determine end-of-semester performance. A = 93% & above; A- = 90% to 92.99%; B+ = 87% to 89.99%; B = 83% to 86.99%; B- = 80% to 82.99% C+ = 77% to 79.99%; C = 73% to 76.99%; C- = 70% to 72.99% D+ = 67% to 69.99%; D = 63% to 66.99%; D- = 60% to 62.99%; E = Below 60% Honor Code Policy All students are expected to uphold the Honor Code: We, the members of the University of Florida community, pledge to hold ourselves and our peers to the highest standards of honesty and integrity. The following pledge will be either required or implied on all work: On my honor, I have neither given nor received unauthorized aid in doing this assignment It is the duty of the student to abide by all rules set forth in the UF Undergraduate Catalog. Students are responsible for reporting any circumstances, which may facilitate academic dishonesty. University Policy on Academic Misconduct Academic honesty and integrity are fundamental values of the University community. Students should be sure that they understand the UF Student Honor Code at University Policy on Accommodating Students with Disabilities Students requesting accommodation for disabilities must first register with the Dean of Students Office ( The Dean of Students Office will provide documentation to the student who must then provide this documentation to the instructor when requesting accommodation. You must submit this documentation prior to submitting assignments or taking the quizzes or exams. Accommodations are not retroactive; therefore, students should contact the office as soon as possible in the term for which they are seeking accommodations. 5

6 UF Writing Studio The UF Writing Studio is a campus resource available for students wanting to become better writers. Students have the opportunity to work one-on-one with a consultant on issues specific to their own particular development. To get more information or schedule and appointment visit: Counseling and Wellness Center Phone , website and the University Police Department: or for emergencies. U Matter, We Care The U Matter, We Care initiative is committed to creating a culture of care on our campus by encouraging members of our community to look out for one another and to reach out for help if a member of our community is in need. If you or a friend is in distress, please contact umatter@ufl.edu. A nighttime and weekend crisis counselor is available by phone at Teaching Evaluations Students are expected to provide feedback on the quality of instruction in this course by completing online evaluations at Evaluations are typically open during the last two or three weeks of the semester, but students will be given specific times when they are open. Summary results of these assessments are available to students at COURSE CALENDER* Week Date Topics Assignments 1 1/8 Introduction: Outline, Requirements and Expectations 2 1/15 Sustainable Development Concepts and Framework Readings 3 1/22 Tourism and Sustainable Development Readings 4 1/29 Ecotourism: Concept & Issues Readings 5 2/5 Natural Resources, Conservation and Parks Readings 6 2/12 Conservation Finance Readings 7 2/19 Ecotourism and Local Communities Readings 8 2/26 Ecotourism: Social and Ecological Impacts Readings 9 3/5 Spring Break (no class) 10 3/12 Economics and the Business of Ecotourism Readings, Research Paper outline 11 3/19 Ecotourism Planning & Management Readings 12 3/26 Ecotourism and Certification Readings 13 4/2 Ecotourism Development: International and U.S. Readings Perspectives 14 4/9 Ecotourism in the US and Florida Readings Research Paper Presentations 15 4/16 Future of Ecotourism Readings, Research Paper Presentations Research Paper *The course schedule is tentative and subject to modifications. It is the student s responsibility to keep track of changes announced in class such as guest speakers, presentation days, etc. 6

7 Readings per week 2. Sustainable Development Concepts and Framework Brundtland, G., Khalid, M., Agnelli, S., Al-Athel, S., Chidzero, B., Fadika, L.,... & Singh, M. (1987). Common Concerns (Part I). Our common future (\'brundtland report\'). Matson, P., Clark W.C., & Andersson K. (2016). Pursuing Sustainability (chapter 1), A framework for sustainability analysis (chapter 2) and Dynamics of Social Environmental Systems (chapter 3). Pursuing Sustainability: A guide to the science and Practice. Princeton University Press. 3. Tourism & Sustainable Development McCool, S. (2015). The changing meanings of sustainable tourism. In McCool. S, & Bosak, K. (eds.), Reframing Sustainable Tourism, (pp.13-32). New York, NY: Springer. Murphy, P., & Price, G. (2005). Tourism and sustainable development. In Theobald, W. (ed.), Global Tourism (3 rd edition), (pp ). Burlington, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann/Elsevier. Nicholas, L., Thapa, B., & Ko, Y. (2009). Residents perspectives of a World Heritage Site: An analysis of the Pitons Management Area, St. Lucia. Annals of Tourism Research, 36(3), Nicholas, L., & Thapa, B. (2010). Visitor perspectives on sustainable tourism development in the Pitons Management Area, St. Lucia. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 12(5), WTO/UNEP. (2005). Making Tourism More Sustainable: A Guide for Policy Makers (chapters 1-2). Paris/Madrid: WTO/UNEP. Fennell, D. (2015). Sustainability (chapter 4). Ecotourism. New York: Routledge. 4. Ecotourism: Concept & Issues Blamey, R. (2001). Principles of Ecotourism. In Weaver D.B. (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Ecotourism (pp. 5-22). New York: CABI Publishing. Honey, M. (2008). Ecotourism and Sustainable Development: Who Owns Paradise? (chapters 1, 3). Washington, D.C.: Island Press. Wood, M. (2002). Ecotourism: Principles, Practices & Policies for Sustainability (pp. 7-32). Burlington, VT: The International Ecotourism Society. Drumm, A., & Moore, A. (2005): An Introduction to Ecotourism Planning (pp. 1-56). Arlington, VA: Nature Conservancy. Fennell, D. (2015). The nature of tourism (chapter 1), and ecotourists (chapter 2). Ecotourism. New York: Routledge. 5. Natural Resources, Conservation and Parks Fennell, D. (2015). Conservation (chapter 5). Ecotourism. New York: Routledge. Brandon, K. & Wells, M. (1992). Planning for people and parks: Design dilemmas. World Development, 20(4): Salafsky, N., & Wollenberg, E. (2000). Linking livelihoods and conservation: A conceptual framework and scale for assessing the integration of human needs and biodiversity. World Development, 28(8), Naughton-Treves, L., Holland, M., & Brandon, K. (2005). The role of protected areas in conserving biodiversity and sustaining local livelihoods. Annual Review of Environmental and Resources, 30: Mulongoy, K., & Chape, S. (2004). Protected Areas and Biodiversity: An Overview of Key Issues. Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP. Eagles, P., McCool, S., & Haynes, C. (2002). Sustainable Tourism in Protected Areas: Guidelines for Planning and Management (chapters 1-3). Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. 6. Conservation Finance Eagles, P. (2009). Governance of recreation and tourism partnerships in parks and protected areas. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 17(2),

8 Font, X., Cochrane, J., & Tapper, R. (2004). Tourism for Protected Area Financing: Understanding Tourism Revenues for Effective Management Plans. The Netherlands: WWF-Netherlands. Spergel, B. (2001). Raising Revenues for Protected Areas: A Menu of Options. Washington, DC: WWF Center for Conservation Finance. Eagles, P. (2002). Trends in park tourism: Economics, finance and management. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 10(2): Eagles, P., McCool, S., & Haynes, C. (2002). Sustainable Tourism in Protected Areas: Guidelines for Planning and Management. The economics of tourism in protected areas (chapters 8-9). Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Thapa, B. (2000). The Relationship between debt-for-nature swaps and protected area tourism: A plausible strategy for Developing countries. In McCool, S., Cole, D., Borrie, W. & O Loughlin, J. (eds.), Proceedings of the 1999 Wilderness Science in a Time of Change Conference (pp ). Rocky Mountain Research Station, US Department of Agriculture. 7. Ecotourism & Local Communities Moswete, N., & Thapa, B. (2015). Factors that influence residents support for community-based ecotourism development in Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, Botswana. Journal of Ecotourism, 14(2-3), Holladay, P., & Powell, R. (2013). Resident perceptions of social ecological resilience and the sustainability of community-based tourism development in the Commonwealth of Dominica. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(8), Stem, C., Lassoie, J., Lee, D., Deshler, D., & Schelhas, J. (2003). Community participation in ecotourism benefits: The link to conservation practices and perspectives. Society and Natural Resources, 16, Scheyvens, R. (1999). Ecotourism and the empowerment of local communities. Tourism Management, 20, Wood, M. (2002). Ecotourism: Principles, Practices & Policies for Sustainability (page 33-56). Burlington, VT: The International Ecotourism Society. Goodwin, H. (2003). Local community involvement in tourism around national parks: Opportunities and constraints. In Luck, M. & Kirstges, T. (eds.), Global Ecotourism Policies and Case Studies (pp ). Clevedon, UK: Channel View. 8. Social & Ecological Impacts Nyaupane, G., & Thapa, B. (2004). Evaluation of ecotourism: A comparative assessment in the Annapurna Conservation Area Project, Nepal. Journal of Ecotourism, 3(1), Koens, J., Dieperink, C., & Miranda, M. (2009). Ecotourism as a development strategy: Experiences from Costa Rica. Environment, Development, & Sustainability, 11, Stronza, A., & Pêgas, F. (2008). Ecotourism and conservation: Two cases from Brazil and Peru. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 13, Wearing, S. (2001). Exploring socio-cultural impacts on local communities. In Weaver D. (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Ecotourism (pp ). New York: CABI. Fennell, D. (2015). The social-cultural and ecological impacts of ecotourism (chapter 8). Ecotourism. New York: Routledge. Almeyda Zambrano, A. M., Broadbent, E. N., & Durham, W. H. (2010). Social and environmental effects of ecotourism in the Osa Peninsula of Costa Rica: the Lapa Rios case. Journal of Ecotourism, 9(1), Spring Break 10. Economics & The Business of Ecotourism Honey, M. (2008). The world travel industry and ecotourism today. Ecotourism and Sustainable Development: Who Owns Paradise? (pp ). Washington, D.C.: Island Press. Lindberg, K. (2001). Economic impacts. In Weaver D. (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Ecotourism (pp ). New York: CABI. 8

9 Tapper, R., & Cochrane, J. (2005). Forging links between protected areas and the tourism sector: How tourism can benefit conservation. Paris, France: UNEP. Drum, A., Moore, A., Soles, A., Patterson, C. & Terborgh, J. (2004). The Business of Ecotourism: Development and Management (pages ). Arlington, VA: Nature Conservancy. Fennell, D. (2015). Economic impacts and management of ecotourism (chapter 9). Ecotourism. New York: Routledge. 11. Ecotourism Planning & Management McCool, S. (2015). Tourism in protected areas: Frameworks for working through the challenges in an era of change, complexity and uncertainty. In McCool. S, & Bosak, K. (eds.), Reframing Sustainable Tourism, (pp ). New York, NY: Springer. Wight, P. (1998). Tools for sustainability analysis in planning and managing tourism and recreation in the destination. In Hall, M. & Lew, A. (eds.), Sustainable Tourism: A Geographical Perspective (pp ). New York: Longman. Drumm, A., & Moore, A. (2005): An Introduction to Ecotourism Planning (pp ). Arlington, VA: Nature Conservancy. Fennell, D. (2015). Development, governance and policy (chapter 10) and Programme planning (chapter 11). Ecotourism. New York: Routledge. 12. Ecotourism and Certification Bricker, K., & Schultz, J. (2011). Sustainable tourism in the USA: A comparative look at the Global Sustainable Tourism Criteria. Tourism Recreation Research, 36(3), Buckley, R. (2002). Tourism ecolabels. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1): Sasidharan, V., Sirikaya, E. & Kerstetter, D. (2002). Developing countries and tourism ecolabels. Tourism Management, 23: Bien, A. (2002). Environmental certification for tourism in Central America: CST and other programs. In Honey, M. (ed.), Ecotourism and Certification: Setting Standards in Practice (pp ). Washington, D.C.: Island Press. Honey, M. & Stewart, E. (2002). The evolution of green standards for tourism. In Honey, M. (ed.), Ecotourism and Certification: Setting Standards in Practice (pp ). Washington, D.C.: Island Press. Koeman, A., Worboys, G., DeLacy, T., Scott, A. & Lipman, G. (2002). Green globe: A global environmental certification program for travel and tourism. In Honey, M. (Ed.). Ecotourism and Certification: Setting Standards in Practice (pp ). Washington, D.C.: Island Press. 13. Ecotourism Development: International Perspectives Buckley, R. (2003). Test cases. Case Studies in Ecotourism (pp ). Cambridge, MA: CABI Publishing. Honey, M. (2008). Ecotourism and Sustainable Development: Who Owns Paradise? (chapters 4-9). Washington, D.C.: Island Press. Nature Conservancy (2007). Tourism, Protected Areas and Communities: Case studies and lessons learned from the Parks in Peril Program ( ). South America Conservation Region, External Affairs Technical Publication No. 1. Arlington, VA: Nature Conservancy. 14. Ecotourism in the US and Florida Cusick, J., McClure, B., & Cox, L. (2010). Representations of ecotourism in the Hawaiian Islands: A content analysis of local media. Journal of Ecotourism, 9(1), Stein, T., Clark, J., & Rickards J. (2003). Assessing nature s role in ecotourism development in Florida: Perspectives of tourism professionals and government decision makers. Journal of Ecotourism, 2(3), Pinto, A. (2000) Ecotourism Case Studies in the US, Burlington, VT: The International Ecotourism Society. Honey, M. (2008). Ecotourism in the United States. Ecotourism and Sustainable Development: Who Owns Paradise? (pp ). Washington, D.C.: Island Press. 9

10 15. Future of Ecotourism Scott, D., & Gössling, S. (2015). What could the next 40 years hold for global tourism? Tourism Recreation Research, 40(3), Weaver, D., & Lawton, L. (2007). Twenty years on: The state of contemporary ecotourism research. Tourism Management, 28, Fennell, D., & Weaver, D. (2008). The ecotourism concept and tourism-conservation symbiosis. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 13(14): Fennell, D. (2015). Conclusion (chapter 12). Ecotourism. New York: Routledge. 10