2013 Exam Study Guide

Transcription

1 2013 Exam Study Guide As described in your syllabus, this test will consist of forty five equally weighted multiple choice and short answer questions. The following pages should be viewed as a guide from which you should study. It does not cover every item we will test you on, but does cover about 90%. In order to succeed on this test, we suggest you re-read the three scientific articles assigned and study chapters 1, 2, 3, and 5 from the Martha Honey book. Use the questions below as a general study guide --- cross reference these materials with the more descript analyses provided in your readings. Emery, M., & Flora, C. (2006). Spiraling Up: Mapping Community Transformation with Community Capitals Framework. Community Development, 37, Why did the NRFC call for a collaborative strategic proposal? What was the HTC s four part strategy to address poverty? What are the seven components of community capital. What does each reflect? What is the theory of cumulative causation? How did VCDEC experience an immediate return on its investments? What two significant impacts were the results of using the Community Capitals Framework? Ekins, P. (1997) Making development sustainable. In: M. Redclift & G. Woodgate (eds.) The International Handbook of Environmental Sociology. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. What is the Ehrlich equation and what does each letter represent? What did the Brundtland definition of sustainable development fail to make a distinction of? According to Daily, what is the difference between growth and development? What are the four different concepts of growth and what are their characteristics? What are the two most important components for development to occur? What must countries in the South do to achieve sustainable development? Berkes, Fikret Community-Based Conservation in a Globalized World. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(39): According to Berkes, what has Community-Based Conservation ignored?? What are the three levels of biodiversity ownership? Why is conservation a complex systems problem? What are two phases that Community-Based Conservation has undergone? What are some services (name at least 5) that successful conservation-development projects provide? What is the basic idea behind deliberation? What two characteristics do Commons share and how can they aid conservation?

2 Martha Honey CHAPTER ONE What happened to the Golden toad in Monteverde? Early travelers traveled for what reasons? The industrial revolution had what effect on the development of tourism? Has tourism to the THIRD WORLD increased or decreased over the past 50 years? What is MASS TOURISM? What are the four S s of tourism? What are some negative effects that tourism can have on an area? Know how tourism specifically ecotourism could? fund conservation promote scientific research protect fragile and pristine ecosystems benefit rural communities promote development in poor countries enhance ecological and cultural sensitivity instill environmental awareness and social consciousness satisfy and educate the discriminating tourist Build world peace Does tourism help countries earn foreign exchange? What is foreign exchange? Why do some people claim that ecotourism can be less expensive to develop than traditional tourism? (e.i. infrastructure, social impacts, economic benefits) What are some negative environmental impacts of tourism? What are some positive environmental impacts of tourism/ecotourism? What are some negative social impacts of tourism? What are some positive social impacts of tourism? Ecotourism has its historic roots from what four sources? In a short answer question describe the preservationist approach. Why is the United States model for national parks not necessarily the best approach for conserving land in other parts of the world? What types of conflicts have arisen? What percent of the earth s surface is currently under protection? What is the Stakeholder theory? What human activities are threatening to destroy the world s tropical forests? What do the following acronyms stand for USAID, UNEP, and GEF? According to your readings how have these organizations been involved in Tourism and Ecotourism?

3 Tourism development must be looked at in the context of the global economy including free trade- and the penetration of foreign capital --Why? Ecotourism can have either positive or negative effects? (True or False) explain? Travel is easier today than it was 50 years ago, name some reasons why? What are different forms of Tourism? What types of jobs are available in the tourism industry? In our readings author Martha Honey states that the tourism industry more than any other, depends on a clean environment? Do you believe this statement is true? Why or why not? KNOW THE SEVEN KEY COMPONENTS THAT MARTHA HONEY INCORPORATES INTO HER DEFINITION OF ECOTOURISM. CHAPTER TWO What effects can economic globalization (which has been facilitated by international trade agreements) have on tourism development in third world countries? Why might free trade, globalization, and government deregulation hinder the travel industry in third world countries from promoting environmentally friendly tourism development? What is meant by self-regulation? What is the WTTC? What was the Quebec Declaration? What was the Blueprint for New Tourism? Is the tourism industry complex? What travel businesses exist in the country of departure? What travel businesses exist in the host country? What role do governments play in supporting the travel industry/ tourism development? What role do international banks play in supporting tourism development? What role do NGO s play in supporting ecotourism development? Why do firms from industrialized countries tend to dominate the tourism marketplace? What are the four main economic agents of international tourism? What are the five different types of investment, employed by international hotels chains in foreign countries? What affect do these arrangements have on small locally owned hotels, lodges, etc? What is the role of an outbound tour operator? What is the role on an inbound tour operator? What is a Fam Tour?

4 Do articles and guidebooks written by travel writers always paint a true of a destination? What is ISO 14001? What are some sustainability concerns that have been addressed about cruise ship tourism? What award did John and Karen Lewis receive in 2005? CHAPTER THREE Where is Maho Bay Camps and Harmony Resorts located? In 1993 how much money did Maho Bay take in? Does Maho Bay hire local people? Why or why Not? (explore the issue) Does Maho Bay fund community projects? What is the difference between green tourism and ecotourism? What materials were used to build the Harmony resort? Why is it difficult to quantify, with scientific certainty, the growth in the number of ecotourists? What is the typical profile of an ecotourist? (age, income, family status, education, ect) What does FIT stand for? (explain) What does an outbound tour operator do? What are Conde Nast Travelers seven golden rules? According to Karen Ziffer what are the four categories that ecotour operators fall into? How is Wildland Adventures affiliated with the Traveler s Conservation Trust? What type of projects does the Traveler s Conservation Trust work on? Where does the Traveler s Conservation Trust get its money from? Name Five Nonprofit organizations that offer nature, adventure, study, and service tours to their members? What are the main purposes of the tours offered by nonprofit organizations? What has the WWF done in the Annapurna Conservation Area Project in Nepal? How does the $3.75 departure fee in Belize help fund conservation? What is CI s Travel and Leisure Group? What is the Greening of the World Bank document about? What s going on at the Bwindi? What is CAMPFIRE? What is fortress conservation? What do you think of first contact tourism?

5 What is CAFTA? What is Leakage? Does, most of the money tourists spend to go on vacation reach the local communities which they visit? Explian the boom and bust cycle of tourism development which has occurred in St. Croix? What does this book say the ICT-- green band system indicate about a hotel? CHAPTER FIVE: Costa Rica contains what percentage of the world s biodiversity? Aside from National Park s what other factors have helped make Costa Rica s tourism industry successful? What is the Peace with Nature Initiative? What do tourists do in Costa Rica? What type of incentives has the Costa Rican government provided to tourism businesses? What organization funded the Costa Rican Investment and Trade Development Board? What percentage of Costa Rica s foreign exchange earnings comes from tourism? What is Papagayo? What is the Costa Rica CST program? How many species of insect are in Costa Rica? How did the severe financial crisis of the 1980 s (the debt crisis) affect the Costa Rican park system? What did the World Bank, USAID, and the IMF force the Costa Rican government to do to park funding? What is a debt-for-nature swap? Manuel Antonio national park has over 200,000 visitors per year, is this good or bad for tourism development in the area? What strategy did Dan Janzen employ to help promote the restoration and conservation in Guanacaste National Park? Why do tourists visit Tortuguero National Park? What is the primary tourism attraction in Monteverde? What are COOPRENA, ACTUAR, AND ACEPESA? What is CANAECO? USE THE STUDY GUIDE