TYPE REGION P-w: DOBRZYN-OLSZTYN LAKE DISTRICTS

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1 ACTA PALAEOBOTANCA 29 (2) : 85-93, 1989 BOZENA NOR YSKEWCZ & MAGDALENA RALSKA-JASEWCZOWA TYPE REGON P-w: DOBRZYN-OLSZTYN LAKE DSTRCTS Locaton: longtude l8 1'-2 5'E, lattude 52 35'-54 25'N. Alttude: m a.s.l. C 1 mate: temperate lowland clmate, transtonal between marne (W) and boreocontnental (NE) nfluences. Mean January temperatures C, mean July temperatures l6. -l8. C, mean annual temperatures 6. (NE)-7.4 C (SW). Westerly wnds prevalng, easterles less frequent. Annual ranfall 512 (SW)-6 mm (NE); growng season days. Geology: Cretaceous marls and lmestones and Mo/Plocene slts, sands and clays. covered wth Quaternary tlls and sands 6-2 m thck. Topography: young moranc landscape formed mostly by Poznan and Pomeranan stages of Vstulan glacaton. Parallel W-E ranges of moranc rdges and hlls and moranc plateaus dssected by perpendcular or oblque systems of subglacal channel lakes, frequent eskers, kames, and glacal kettles. So 1 s: orgnatng from clays and fuvo-glacal sands: brown sols, or degraded leached brown sols, podsols, and the poorest rusty sols on tops of sandy hlls. Gley and marsh sols n depressons. Vegetaton: many plants dstrbuton lmts run through the area of Olsztyn Lake Dstrct, ncludng such western plants as Fagus sylvatca, Acer pseudoplatanus, and such boreal speces as Pcea abes, Salx /apponum, Chamaedaphne ca/yculata. The most common forest communtes are Tlo-Carpnetum on more fertle sols, Pno-Quercetum on more sandy acdc sols, and pne forests on poorest sands. n the western part beech forests are wdespread. Around the lakes and along the rvers varous types of carrs ( Carc elongatae-alnetum, Crcaeo-Alnetum, Fraxno-Ulmetum) occur. Small stands of Potentllo a/bae-quercetum grow n Brodnca regon. Pcea abes occurs n NE part of the area as an admxture to dfferent forest types, not formng any ndvdual communty. The undraned waterlogged depressons are occuped by varours bog and, fen communtes. Populaton: 115/km 2 (SW)- 54/km 2 (NE). Land use: rye, barley, potatoes, are the most common crops, wheat and sugarbeet also n SW part. The natural vegetaton s largely destroyed by man. The forests ncludng plantatons cover up to 3 % of the area n NE part. The woodland management favours confers (pne, spruce), and beech. Torun vovodeshp Wloclawek vovodeshp cultvated land 69.% 73.% forests 17.7% 15.7% other 13.3 % 11.3 %

86 ST KLN LAKE P-24..,....,... "....s ",..., " <:.., <:- " - Q. :::; E t: "., <: = ;;;:., "... " - cs s "- ( " St '----+-+--.--j8 St '---l-----l-11.-----47 St -f---t-+---.

2 86 ST KLN LAKE P-24..,....,... "....s ",..., " <:.., <:- " - Q. :::; E t: "., <: = ;;;:., "... " - cs s "- ( " St ' j8 St '---l-----l St -f---t anal B NorySl<ewe> Fg. 1. The smplfed pollen dagram from the Lake Stekln 2 reference stes from SW part (Dobrzyr and Brodnca Lake Dstrcts), and 1 reference ste from NE part (Olsztyn Lake Dstrct) are presented. Reference ste P-24: Stekln Lake (N oryskewcz 1982, Marcnak 1987). Stuaton: 19 '7" longtude, 52 56'8" lattude. Alttude: 73.7 m a.s.l. Age range: 116- B.P.; 1 14 C date. 8 local pollen zones and 8 subzones (Fg. 1): St la, St 1 b - Betula-Pnus-Junperus St 2 St Pnus-Junperus-NAP Betula St 4 - Pnus-Betula-Corylus St 5 - Corylus-Alnus-Quercus St 6 - Quercus-Tla-Ulmus St 7 - Pnus-Quercus-Corylus St 8a, St 8b, St 8c, St 8d, St 8e, St 8f - Pnus-Carpnus-NAP Reference ste P-25: Stra:ym Lake (Norysk.ewcz 1987; Newarowsk 1987; Lankauf 1987; Rozansk 1987; Borska 1987; Bldzk 1987). Stutaon: 19 27'4"E longtude, 53 2'N lattude.

3 Alttude: 71 m a.s.l. Age range: B.P.; 1 local pollen zones and 4 subzones (Fg. 2) Sm 1 - Sm 2 - Pnus-Betula Junperus-Artemsa Sm 3 - Pnus-Betula Sm 4 - Sm 5 - Pnus-Betula-Corylus Corylus-Alnus-Quercus Sm 5a - Sm 5b - domnant Cory/us domnant A/nus Sm 6 - Quercus-Corylus Sm 7 - Pnus-Carpnus Sm 7a - Corylus-Quercus-Tla Sm 7b - Alnus-Quercus Sm 8 - Carpnus-Quercus-Alnus-Fagus Sm 9 - Pnus-Fagus Sm 1 - Pnus Reference ste P-26: Woryty (Pawlkowsk et al. 1982; Cdla et al. 1978; Marcnak 1979; Szeroczynska 1985). ---m- - <::.5TRAZYM LAKE P-25 :., <:: :!: " 87.. ;g ]1..!;! l l::' " - :;, :;;; a. " 1 ]1 t- E " " e. 5- " <>.. - ().s '<( <>.. Q <3 ::;.!: <::>- <3 1.:: <:!-.J "".!;., "" UOaP,...,...- za Y. Fg. 2. The smplfed polbn dagram from the Lake Stra:ym

4 8S Woryty P n: D,., >- m " >. 8. c,., c: :;! : ;jj l' 3 " 5. 'E- " E f u cu."! al c " ;= : < c a a. c <( u. u z N Cf_ W-11 NAP-Pn.. m 1 W-1 1' 2 3 Ca -Ou-Bet W-9 NAP- Bet-Pn -Ca 2!}< 3 4 W-8 Cor-Qu-A XJ(l W-7 6 U -T -Ou-Al W-6 Al -U -T1- Pn W-5 Cor -Pn-U W-4 Bet-Pn-Pop W-3 NAP-Ju -Sal Pn -Ju W-1 Pn -llet ana M Ralsko-Jasewczowo ' 1C 11CXJ(. 12Cl Fg. 3. The smplfed pollen dagram from the extnct lake at Woryty Stuaton: 212' E longtude, 5345' N lattude. Alttude: 15 m a.s.1. Age range: ca B.P.; 2 14 C dates. An extnct overgrown lake composed of 2 parts 25 ha and 5.5 ha n area, max. sedment depth ca m, evdence of ancent n- and outflow. The ste was the subject of complex palaeoecologcal studes, ncludng chemcal mneralogcal Cladocera, Rhzopoda, Datomae, plant macrofossl analyses. 11 regonal pollen assemblage zones (Fg. 3): W B.P. Pnus-Betula W B.P. Pnus-Junperus W B.P. NAP-Junperus-Salx W B.P. Betula-Pnus-Popu/us W B.P. Corylus-Pnus-Ulmus W B.P. Alnus-Pnus-U/mus-Tla

7 8 w 9 w 1 W loa w lob W loc w 11 69-55 B.P. Ulmus-Tla-Quercus 55-34 B.P. Corylus-Quercus 34-23 B.P. NAP-Betula-Pnus-Carpnus 23-1 B.P. Carpnus-Quercus-Betula 1- B.P. NAP-Pnus DSCUSSON Regonal vegetaton (Fgs.

5 7 8 w 9 w 1 W loa w lob W loc w B.P. Ulmus-Tla-Quercus B.P. Corylus-Quercus B.P. NAP-Betula-Pnus-Carpnus 23-1 B.P. Carpnus-Quercus-Betula 1- B.P. NAP-Pnus DSCUSSON Regonal vegetaton (Fgs. 4,5): 1. The Allernd forests were open, composed manly of Pnus sylvestrs, wth the hgh contrbuton of Betula n SW part of the regon only. 2. The expanson of Junperus n the understorey of pne forests s recorded n NE part of the regon snce 11 3 B.P. 3. The vegetaton of Younger Dryas was of parkland type wth abundant shrub communtes formed by Junperus and Ephedra on drer places, and Betula nana and Salx on wetter grounds, and wth scattered groups of brch and pne. Well draned fertle habtats supported rch steppe-lke grasslands, and acdc sols - poor grass and sedge communtes wth dwarf shrubs (Empetrum, Arctostaphylos). 4. A rapd spread of brch woodland wth Populus and gradually ncreasng contrbuton of pne started snce ca. 1 1 B.P. 5. Snce ca. 92 B.P. Cory/us began to expand n the understorey of open brchpne forests and Ulmus appe:tred on fertle, more humd sols. 6. Between 89 and 83 B.P. both those speces became essental forests components, and other decduous trees, ncludng A/nus, appeared durng that tme. 7. The tme between 83 and 69 B.P. wtnessed a slow expanson of mxed decduous forests, and reducton of brch woodland, wth pne forests stll wdespread. The lake shores were occuped by alderwoods. 8. The mxed decduous forests reached ther maxmum development between 69 and 5 B. P., Tla beng ther domnant component n SW part of the regon. The pne forests were restrcted to poorest sandy sols and were encroached by Quercus. 9. Snce ca. 5 B.P. the partcpaton of Ulmus and less evdently of Tla started to declne, Cory/us spread n forest understorey and Quercus reached ts holocene maxmum development. The forests became more open, what mght have been connected wth Neolthc man actvtes. The dsturbance of ecologcal equlbrum enabled Carpnus to nvade the area. 1. Snce 34 B.P. a seres of ntensve human actvtes, ncludng large scale clearances, resulted n a change of natural vegetaton of the whole regon. The role of vrgn decduous forests wth hazel understorey was defntely reduced. The secondary brch woodlands spread n consequence of forests clearngs, and the next successonal stage of forest regeneraton was the development of hornbeamdomnated woodlands wth oak and small proportons of other decduous trees on fertle sols, and of pne-oak forests on poorer sols. 11. The subsequent settlement phases were followed by smlar cycles of forest regeneraton, the partcpaton of atlantc decduous trees beng more and more reduced, and brch, pne and anthropogenous herb communtes more and more wdespread as result of sol degradaton.

6 fypf REGO!l P w - Dobl zyr) Olsztyr Lal<e D1str 1cts SW par Regonal vegetaton -- Event _stratgraphy , j J.1ydro1ogy So11 t1umap ;! j 3 7!. ' ' \ \ ' ' ' \,, ;,,.,,,. " ' ' cr1eo. u " - E u ( c c evdence o ecosoon \ / 1) Seoo 2 f'1= lt4 SCXXJ '1.,. \ \ ' ' ; - rapc worm 11:: 12-==--- m 5 " 3 "} changes ot 1ake 11YOte1 1eve1 B Norysk1ew1cz, W N1evv1arowsk et al. Fg. 4. The event stratgraphy table for the southwestern part of the Dobrzyn-Olsztyn Lak< Dstrcts type regon

7 91 9 TYPE REGON P-w -Olsztyn-Dobrzyn Lake Dstrcts, NE par! Regonal vegetaton!! Other b1ot 1c events Event strat 1graplly CLADXERA llhzopoda Lake development c 8 g 3 '! C::! ll. 1 c ' E J t f d;- cl,}. ;1 1nd1c lo11got auna Hydrology a E ::11mate f 'umar> mpact 2 o5 hst ' \VC,, t: ecale nn;: 1 tf Vt 8 E ' e heavy ar storms pnstu stur -,t Plant LOnc. r4;:-rea11 So Cl D ll >. 1-J 1 t r,, BCJOC 1..,." -.. t f ' oc [mx t arctc type- ---,- 1 f ::'o';;tnenta :OOC '---'L----J h gh M Ralska Jas1ew1czowa et al wate.eve Fg. 5. The event stratgraphy table for the north-eastern part of the Dobrzyn-Olsztyn Lake Dstrcts Hydrologcal events: 1. The meltng out of dead-ces nfllng the lake basns progressed effectvely snce the end of Allernd; the Allernd sedments are commonly peats, or shallowwater, half-telmatc muds. The meltng termnated usually between 1 and 9 B.P. 2. The evdence of a strong nflow to the W oryty lake followed by the lake shallow-

92 ng s recorded l-etween 85 and 8 B.P. (floodng of pra-glwa rver flowng nto the lake at that tme?). 3. There are proofs of low water levels between 65-6 B.P. and 5--4 B.P. n both Stra:ym and Woryty lakes (change of sedment, formaton of margnal peats).

8 92 ng s recorded l-etween 85 and 8 B.P. (floodng of pra-glwa rver flowng nto the lake at that tme?). 3. There are proofs of low water levels between 65-6 B.P. and 5--4 B.P. n both Stra:ym and Woryty lakes (change of sedment, formaton of margnal peats). 4. After 5 B.P. the natural hydrologcal processes at Woryty Lake were dsturbed by man actvtes connected wth the settlements n the mmedate lake vcnty. The drect reacton to the forest clearances n the lake surroundng was the ncrease of water level, and the followng stage was the rapd acceleraton of eutrophcaton processes and the ncrease oflake productvty. These processes progressng after the Lusatan settlement phase brought about the gradual overgrowng of the lake leadng fnally to ts extncton. 5. At lake Strazym, the maxmum water level was reached at the begnnng of Subatlantc (ca. 2 B.P.?). Clmate: 1. The trend of vegetatonal changes towards more open communtes snce ca B.P. (expanson of Junperus) s suggestve of a coolng, and of ncreasng contnentalty '. 2. A short temporary coolng of clmate s recorded n Woryty sedments around the mddle of Preboreal perod. 3. The analyss of stable oxygen sotope (18-) n calcareous sedments of Lake Strazym revealed the followng relatve temperature changes: a) a short perod of a mlder clmate wthn Younger Dryas; b) a rapd warmng snce ca. 1 B.P., correspondng to the rse of temperature by 8 C; c) a followng gradual warmng by 2-3 C progressng tll ca. 7 B.P.; d) a stablsed maxmum of temperatures between ca. 7 and 5 B.P.; e) a gradual slow coolng by 3--4 C tll ca. 3 B.P. 4. The pollen ndcators of clmatc optmum show warm summers snce ca. 85 B.P. (Vscum), and mld wnters between 7and 35 (3) B.P. (Hedera) n both SW and NE parts of the regon. Human mpact: 1. Snce ca B.P. - evdence of Mddle Neolthc penetratons n SW and NE parts of the area, at Woryty most probably of Funnel Beaker culture, wth the record ntermedate between classcal landnam A and B. 2. Dstnct traces of Late Neolthc, possbly Corded Ware Culture n the whole area snce ca. 41 B.P. - substantal clearngs, grazng, sngle traces of agrculture. 3. The Late Bronze/Halstatt Lusatan Culture expanded n the area before 3 B.P. Rather hgh populaton densty, close network of settlements, extensve clearngs resulted n the essental changes of natural vegetaton. The anmal breedng prevaled over agrculture, at least durng the older phases of Lusatan settlements. A detaled ca. 4-5 years record of Lusatan colonzaton cycle was found at Woryty, where the studed ste s stuated n the centre of settlement area excavated by archaeologsts n detal (D4browsk & Mogelncka - - Urban 1976, D::browsk 1981). 4. Drastc devastaton of forests durng the tme of Roman nfluences (snce ca. 2 B.P.). Agrculture prevalng - cultvaton of Secale, Cannabs (sngle traces of Vts!).

9 5. After the phase of forest regeneraton durng the Mgraton Perod, the progressve processes of land management, deforestaton, degradaton of sols, contnuously snce Early Medeval (ca. 1 B.P.) tll recent tmes. 93 M. R. - J. - Polsh Academy of Scences, Wladyslaw Szafer nsttute of Botany, Department of Palaeobotany, ul. Lubcz 46, Krakow nstytut Botank m. W. Szafera, PAN B. N. - N. Coperncus Unversty, nsttute of Geography, ul. Fredry 6/8, 87-1 Torun REFERENCES Bh;;dzk L. A Cladoceran remans analyss n sedments of Lake Stra:ym (Brodnca Lake Dstrct). Acta Palaeobot., 27 (1): Bonska U Analyss of macrofossls n bottom deposts of Lake Strazym. Acta Palaeobot., 27 (1): Cd la A., Ralska-Jasewczowa M. & Stupncka E Paleobotancal and geochemcal nvestgatons of th.;; lacustrne deposts at Woryty near Olsztyn (NE Poland). Pol. Arch. Hydrobol., 25 (1-2): D:: browsk J. (ed.), Woryty - studum archeologczno-przyrodncze zespolu osadnczego kultury lu:yclej (summary: Woryty - an archaeologcal and naturalstc study of the settlement complex of Lusatan Culture). Pol. Bad. Archeol., 2. Ossolneum, Wroclaw. - & Mogelncka-Urban M Wynk prac wykopalskowychna stanowskach zespolu osadnczcgo kultury lu:yckej we ws Woryty, woj. Olsztyn (summary: Results of the excavatons of the stes of the Lusatan settlement complex at Woryty, Provnce of Olsztyn). Spraw. Archeol., 22: Lankauf K. R Results of physcal and chemcal studes on Lake Stra:ym deposts (Brodnca Lake Dstrct). Acta Palaeobot., 27 (1): Marcnak B Domnant Datoms from Late Glacal and Holocene lacustrne sedments n northern Poland. Nova Hedwga, Bh., 64: Datoms from the Holocene sedments of Lake Stekln (Dobrzyn Lake Dstrct). Acta Palaeobot., 27 (1): Noryskewcz B Lake Stckln - a reference ste for the Dobrzyn-Chelmno Lake Dstrct, N. Poland-report on palaeoecologcal studes for the GCP-Project No 158 B. Acta Palaeobot., 22 (): Hstory of vegetaton durng the Late-Glacal and Holocene n the Brodnca Lake Dstrct n the lght of pollen analyss of Lake Stra:ym deposts. Acta Palaeobot., 27 (1): Newarowsk W Development of Lake Stra:ym (Brodnca Lake Dstrct, Northern Poland) durng the Late-Glacal and Holocene. Acta Palaeobot., 27 (1): Pawlkowsk M., Ralska-Jasewczowa M., Schon born W., Stupncka E. & Szeroczynska K Woryty near Getrzwald, Olsztyn Lake Dstrct, NE Poland - vegetatonal hstory and lake development durng the last 12 years. Acta Pala ;obot., 22 (1): Rozansk K The 18 and 13 C sotope nvestgatons of carbonate sedments from the Lake Stra:ym. Acta Palaeobot., 27 (1): Szeroczynska K Cladocera jako wskank ekologczny w p6noczwartorzc;;dowych osadach jezornych Polsk P6lnocnej (summary: Cladocera as ecologcal ndcator n Late Quaternary lacustrne sedments, Northern Poland). Acta Palaeont. Pol., 3 (1-2): 3-69.

TYPE REGION P-x: MASURIAN GREAT LAKES DISTRICT

ACTA PALAEOBOTANICA 29 (2) : 95-100, 1989 MAGDALENA RALSKA-JASIEWICZOWA TYPE REGION P-x: MASURIAN GREAT LAKES DISTRICT Location: 21 0'-22 25'E longitude; 53 25'-54 23'N latitude. Altitude: 150-300 m a.s.1.