The Fukushima nuclear accident
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1 European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to ITRE on the Fukushima nuclear accident 12/07/ Brussels 1 The Fukushima nuclear accident What happened? Consequences? JRC involvement? Marc Noël Joint Research Center Institute for Energy Marc.NOEL@ec.europa.eu
2 European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to ITRE on the Fukushima nuclear accident 12/07/ Brussels 2 What happened at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant on 11 March 2011? Initiating event : magnitude 9,0 earthquake
3 NPP affected by the earthquake European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to ITRE on the Fukushima nuclear accident 12/07/ Brussels 3
4 Tsunami generated by the earthquake European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to ITRE on the Fukushima nuclear accident 12/07/ Brussels 4
5 Many significant aftershocks European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to ITRE on the Fukushima nuclear accident 12/07/ Brussels 5
6 The Fukushima Daiichi site European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to ITRE on the Fukushima nuclear accident 12/07/ Brussels 6 Source: AREVA.
7 European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to ITRE on the Fukushima nuclear accident 12/07/ Brussels 7
8 Shared spent fuel storage European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to ITRE on the Fukushima nuclear accident 12/07/ Brussels 8 Before / after tsunami Tank displaced? Many structures facing the bay are destroyed Missing tanks
9 European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to ITRE on the Fukushima nuclear accident 12/07/ Brussels 9
10 European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to ITRE on the Fukushima nuclear accident 12/07/ Brussels 10
11 «GE Mark I»design European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to ITRE on the Fukushima nuclear accident 12/07/ Brussels 11
12 Event sequence (1) European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to ITRE on the Fukushima nuclear accident 12/07/ Brussels 12 Diesel generators start. Plant is in a stable state.
13 Event sequence (2) European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to ITRE on the Fukushima nuclear accident 12/07/ Brussels 13 Reactors 1-3 are cut-off from any kind of heat removal.
14 Event sequence (5) European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to ITRE on the Fukushima nuclear accident 12/07/ Brussels 14 Core starts to be exposed
15 Event sequence (6) European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to ITRE on the Fukushima nuclear accident 12/07/ Brussels 15 Cladding temperature rises At 900 C: balooning, cladding breaking At 1200 C: exothermic reaction Zr+2H2O ZrO2+2H2 At 1800 C: melting of fuel cladding and steel structures. At 2500 C: breaking of the fuel rods, debris bed inside the core. Pressure increase inside containment up to 8b->venting Supply of seawater to the reactor stops the core melt >900 C >1200 C >2500 C H2 H2 N2
16 Event sequence Units 1&3 European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to ITRE on the Fukushima nuclear accident 12/07/ Brussels 16
17 Service floor (top of the reactor building) European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to ITRE on the Fukushima nuclear accident 12/07/ Brussels 17
18 Event sequence Unit 2 European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to ITRE on the Fukushima nuclear accident 12/07/ Brussels 18
19 After the Hydrogen detonations European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to ITRE on the Fukushima nuclear accident 12/07/ Brussels 19
20 European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to ITRE on the Fukushima nuclear accident 12/07/ Brussels 20 After the Hydrogen detonations Unit 4 Unit 3
21 Fuel storage issue? (units 1 to 4) European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to ITRE on the Fukushima nuclear accident 12/07/ Brussels 21 Unit 4: a visual inspection by remote controlled camera has shown no significant damage to the spent fuel pond. Unit 3: Fuel stored in the pond not visible beneath a mass of steel beams, concrete, dust and rebar from the explosive destruction of the reactor building roof. Concrete dust appeared thick on the surface of flat objects and specks of dust were circulating in the warm water of the pond. [WNN]
22 European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to ITRE on the Fukushima nuclear accident 12/07/ Brussels 22 Example of recovery actions (1)
23 European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to ITRE on the Fukushima nuclear accident 12/07/ Brussels 23 Example of recovery actions (2)
24 Water spray SFP4 using mobile truck European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to ITRE on the Fukushima nuclear accident 12/07/ Brussels 24 Temporary shelter (unit1, in project) Example of recovery actions (3)
25 Summary of the situation European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to ITRE on the Fukushima nuclear accident 12/07/ Brussels 25 Unit Core and fuel integrity (loaded fuel assemblies) Reactor Pressure Vessel Integrity Damaged most part Damage and leakage estimated Damaged most part Damage and leakage estimated Damaged most part Damage and leakage estimated No fuel in the reactor Not Damaged Not Damaged Not Damaged Not Damaged Not Damaged Containment Integrity Damage and leakage estimated Damage and leakage suspected Damage and leakage suspected Not Damaged Not Damaged Not Damaged Reactor building integrity Severely Damaged Slightly Damaged Severely Damaged Severely Damaged Vent hole opened on the rooftop for avoiding hydrogen explosion Water injection to core Continuing (Freshwater) Continuing (Freshwater) Continuing (Freshwater) Not necessary Not necessary Not necessary Water injection to Containment Vessel Feed water Feed water (planned) Feed water (planned) Not necessary Not necessary Not necessary Fuel integrity in the spent fuel pool (Stored fuel assemblies) Unknown (292) Unknown (587) Damage suspected (514) Damage suspected (1331) Not damaged (946) Not damaged (876) Electric power supply off-site grid available off-site grid available off-site grid available off-site grid available off-site grid available off-site grid available
26 What are the radiological consequences? European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to ITRE on the Fukushima nuclear accident 12/07/ Brussels 26
27 European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to ITRE on the Fukushima nuclear accident 12/07/ Brussels 27
28 European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to ITRE on the Fukushima nuclear accident 12/07/ Brussels 28 11/03: evacuation inside 3km. 12/03 (increase RCV pressure venting): evacuation inside 10km. 13/03 unit1): evacuation inside 20km ( residents) + iodine prophylaxis. 25 detected contaminated and decontaminated. 15/03: sheltering 30km + no fly zone. 31/03: significant radioactivity level detected in a village at 40km CIPR recommends to take protective measures when the yearly estimated dose is > msv. Based on local monitoring, extension of the evacuation zone decided. The new evacuation zone match +- the 20mSv yearly dose zone.
29 European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to ITRE on the Fukushima nuclear accident 12/07/ Brussels 29
30 European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to ITRE on the Fukushima nuclear accident 12/07/ Brussels 30 blabla
31 European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to ITRE on the Fukushima nuclear accident 12/07/ Brussels 31
32 Example of food bans European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to ITRE on the Fukushima nuclear accident 12/07/ Brussels 32
33 European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to ITRE on the Fukushima nuclear accident 12/07/ Brussels 33
34 European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to ITRE on the Fukushima nuclear accident 12/07/ Brussels 34
35 High Level EC Task Force for the follow-up of the EU answer to the nuclear accident in Japan European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to ITRE on the Fukushima nuclear accident 12/07/ Brussels 35 Created on 30/05/2011 (SEC(2011) 706) Main objectives : To oversee the implementation of the stress tests, with a view to reporting on the process to the next European Council meeting of 9/12/2011. To analyse the radiation protection measures taken so far and propose corrective measures if needed. Membership: Chair: the DG of DG ENER. Vice-Chair: the DG of DG JRC ENER, JRC, SANCO, TAXUD, MOVE, RTD, DEVCO, SG, others Key milestones: KoM of the High Level EC Task Force on 08/06/ Sep: national progress reports from the national Regulators sent to EC 15 Nov: EC viewpoint on the process draft report for the European Council 9 Dec: European Council End of 2011: final national reports opening the door for the peer reviews 30 April 2012: completion of peer reviews. June 2012: consolidated EC report to the Council.
36 EU NPP safety assessments: JRC role? European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to ITRE on the Fukushima nuclear accident 12/07/ Brussels 36 Main role: support to the EC High Level Task Force (expertise in nuclear safety) The European Clearinghouse on Operational Experience Feedback for NPP The European Clearinghouse for NPP OEF : a centralized initiative aiming at strenghtening OEF in the EU, to the benefit of the participating EU Safety Authorities, in close collaboration with and their Technical Support Organisations (TSOs).
37 Organisation European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to ITRE on the Fukushima nuclear accident 12/07/ Brussels 37 EU Safety Authorities Members Finland Hungary Lithuania The Netherlands Romania Slovenia Switzerland Observers Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic France Germany Slovakia Spain Sweden United Kingdom OEF Clearinghouse Centralized Office (JRC) Coordination & Communication Technical & Scientific work OE knowledge repository Main deliverables: -Topical reports - Quarterly reports on events - Improved draft IRS reports International Community IAEA OECD-NEA EU Technical Support Organizations IRSN, GRS Bel-V + Areva
38 Role of the JRC in the EU NPP «stress tests» European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to ITRE on the Fukushima nuclear accident 12/07/ Brussels 38 Expertise of the JRC in the field: JRC has a long tradition of providing technical support in nuclear safety (TACIS-INSC, PHARE-IPA, EURATOM art for new NPPs, OSART missions, design review in Ukraine, ) JRC has expertise on the different types of power reactors being operated in the EU (PWR including VVERs, BWRs, CANDU,...). Through the European Clearinghouse, JRC has the expertise of the analysis of nuclear events and accidents. In full cooperation with the EUMS nuclear Safety Authorities and TSOs. The JRC has expertise in the assessment of seismic and flooding hazards.
39 Role of the JRC in the EU NPP «stress tests» European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to ITRE on the Fukushima nuclear accident 12/07/ Brussels 39 JRC gives its full support to the stress tests JRC has contributed to the definition of the scope and methodology for the stress tests and will further contribute to: the definition of common criteria the peer-reviews. (reminder: 1 peer review team per EU MS operating NPP; 7 experts per team: 6 from MS safety authorities + 1 from EC-JRC). JRC will collect all the national reports for the EC JRC will contribute to the report of the EC to the European Council (see conclusions of the European Council of 24-25th March 2011) The JRC can/will support any international safety and risk analysis in neighboring countries, in partnership with the IAEA.
40 European Clearinghouse on OE Presentation to ITRE on the Fukushima nuclear accident 12/07/ Brussels 40 SOURCES: GRS, IRSN, TEPCO, NISA, MEXT, AREVA, ASN, IAEA, VGB, US-NRC,JAIF.
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