An empirically based approach to defining wildland firefighter safety and survival zone separation distances

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "An empirically based approach to defining wildland firefighter safety and survival zone separation distances"

Brittney Singleton
5 years ago
Views:

1 Supplementary material An empirically based approach to defining wildland firefighter safety and survival zone separation distances Wesley G. Page A,B and Bret W. Butler A,B A USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire, Fuel and Smoke Program, 5775 Highway 10 W, Missoula, MT 59808, USA. B Corresponding authors. rwesleygpage@fs.fed.us; bwbutler@fs.fed.us Page 1 of 11

2 Table S1. Descriptive information for each of the entrapment cases used to conduct the analysis. Name Year Month Day Time State Unit # Entrapped Fire shelter deployment Fatalities Injuries (includes fatalities) Vehicles Buildings Fuel Model Fuel Type 30-mile WA Okanogan NF 6 Yes Yes Yes No No 10 Timber 30-mile WA Okanogan NF 10 Yes No No No No 10 Timber A-bar AZ Coronado NF 3 Yes No No Yes Yes 1 Grass Alabaugh SD Black Hills NF 2 Yes No Yes Yes No 2/9 Grass Angora CA South Lake Tahoe 2 Yes No No No No 9 Timber Battlement Creek CO Grand Junction BLM 4 No Yes Yes No No 5/6 Brush Beaver CA Klamath NF 3 Yes No Yes Yes No TU5 Timber Bell Valley CA San Diego 1 No Yes Yes No No 5/6 Brush Blackwater WY Shoshone NF 51 No Yes Yes No No 10 Timber Bluecut CA San Bernardino NF 1 Yes No Yes Yes No 4 Brush Boyd FL Taylor 2 Yes No Yes No No 9 Timber Brewer MT Custer NF 18 Yes No Yes Yes No 9 Timber Butte ID Salmon NF 43 Yes No No Yes No 10 Timber Butte ID Salmon NF 30 Yes No No No No 10 Timber California CA Riverside 4 No No Yes No No 2 Brush Page 2 of 11

3 Creek MT Lewis and Clark NF 107 Yes No No Yes No 10 Timber Creek MT Lewis and Clark NF 22 Yes No Yes No No 10 Timber Cedar CA Cleveland NF 4 No Yes Yes No No 4 Brush Cedar Mountain GA Chattahoochea NF 1 Yes Yes Yes No No 6 Timber Charles Taylor Road NC Bertie 1 No No Yes No No SH8 Grass Cinco de Mayo FL Collier 1 Yes No No Yes No 7 Timber Clover WY Yellowstone NP 3 Yes No No No No 10 Timber Coal SD Black Hills NF 1 No No Yes Yes No 9/2 Timber Concow CA Butte 3 Yes No Yes No No 4 Brush Cramer ID Crank CA Salmon- Challis NF Lassen/Modoc RU 2 No Yes Yes No No 9 Timber 25 Yes No Yes Yes No 10 Timber Decker CA Cleveland NF 2 No No No Yes No 4 Brush Decker CA Cleveland NF 5 No Yes Yes No No 4 Brush Dude AZ Tonto NF 11 Yes Yes Yes No No 10 Timber Eagle CA Eagle CA Lassen/Modoc RU Lassen/Modoc RU 7 Yes No No No No 9 Timber 6 Yes No No No No 6 Brush Page 3 of 11

4 Esperanza CA Riverside 5 No Yes Yes Yes Yes 4 Brush Fire OR Malheur NF 20 Yes No No No No 10 Timber Gentille FL Lake 1 Yes No Yes Yes No 7 Brush Hamm CA Stanislaus NF 20 Yes No No Yes No TU5 Timber Harris CA - 4 No No Yes No No SH7 Brush Hochderffer AZ Coconino NF 21 Yes No Yes No No 10 Timber Holloway OR Winnemucca BLM 1 Yes No Yes No No 4 Brush Hull Mountain 1 Hull Mountain OR Medford 1 No Yes Yes No No 9 Timber OR Medford 1 No No No No No 9 Timber Hyde CA Riverside 1 Yes No Yes No No 4 Brush Inaja CA Cleveland NF 11 No Yes Yes No No 4 Brush Jackson CA Sacramento 1 No No Yes No No 1/3 Brush Lake Mountain ID Salmon NF 46 Yes No No Yes No 10 Timber Lauder CA Willits City 5 Yes Yes Yes No No TU5 Timber Loop CA Angeles NF 10 No Yes Yes No No 4 Brush Mann Gulch MT Helena NF 1 No No Yes No No 1/3 Grass Marre CA Los Padres NF 15 Yes No No Yes Yes 9 Timber Muddy Creek OR Clarno, OR 3 No No No Yes No GR2 Grass Page 4 of 11

5 Nuttall AZ Coronado NF 12 Yes No No No No 10/5 Timber Old Topanga CA Los Angeles 4 Yes No Yes Yes No 4 Brush Panther CA Klamath NF 1 Yes Yes Yes No No TU5 Timber Paper CA Stanislaus NF 15 Yes No No No No TU5 Timber Pechanga CA Pepper Hill PA Riverside Cameron 4 No No Yes No Yes 4 Brush 5 No No No No No 9 Timber Price UT BLM, NW of Price 2 Yes No No No No 2/6 Brush Reserve AZ Santa Rita 3 Yes No No Yes No 1/2 Grass Road U TX Moore 1 No Yes Yes No No GR2/GS2 Grass Romero CA Salt ID Santiago CA Santa Barbara Salmon- Challis NF Orange 2 No No Yes Yes No 4 Brush 4 Yes No No No No TU4 Timber 12 Yes No No No No SH2/SH5 Brush Shelly NM Gila NF 41 Yes No Yes Yes No 9 Timber South CO Grand Junction BLM 12 Yes Yes Yes No No 4/6 Brush South CO Grand Junction BLM 8 Yes No No Yes No 4/6 Brush Storm Creek MT Gallatin NF 48 Yes No No No No 10 Timber Tarkio MT Lolo NF 3 Yes No No Yes No 10 Timber Page 5 of 11

6 Toolbox OR Fremont NF 20 Yes No Yes No No 2/6 Brush Valley CA Lake 4 Yes No Yes No Yes TU5 Timber Virginia Lake WA BIA, Colville Res. 2 Yes No Yes Yes No 2/6 Timber Virginia Lake WA BIA, Colville Res. 2 No No No Yes No 2/6 Timber West Mountain UT Uinta NF 1 Yes No No No No 2 Grass Yarnell Hill AZ Yavapai 19 Yes Yes Yes No No SH5 Brush Page 6 of 11

7 Table S2. Additional fire environment related information for each of the entrapment cases used to conduct the analysis Abbreviations: fuel height (FH), fuel load (FL), Remote Automatic Weather Stations (RAWS), air temperature (AT), relative humidity (RH), eyelevel wind speed (WS), fuel moisture (FM), rate of spread (ROS), and separation distance (SD) Name Year FH (m) FL (kg m -2 ) Slope (%) Weather Source AT ( C) RH (%) WS (m s -1 ) 1-h FM (%) 10-h FM (%) Live FM (%) ROS (m min -1 ) Flame height (m) SD (m) 30-mile On-site < mile On-site < A-bar Alabaugh On-site Angora Forecast Battlement Creek On-site Beaver Bell Valley On-site Blackwater On-site Bluecut RAWS Boyd On-site Brewer On-site Butte On-site Page 7 of 11

8 Butte On-site California On-site Creek 1 Creek On-site On-site Cedar RAWS Cedar Mountain RAWS > Charles Taylor Road RAWS Cinco de Mayo On-site Clover On-site Coal RAWS Concow RAWS Cramer RAWS Crank On-site Decker On-site Decker On-site Page 8 of 11

9 Dude On-site Eagle On-site Eagle On-site Esperanza On-site Fire On-site Gentille On-site Hamm On-site Harris RAWS Hochderffer RAWS Holloway On-site Hull Mountain On-site Hull Mountain On-site Hyde On-site Inaja On-site Jackson RAWS Page 9 of 11

10 Lake Mountain On-site Lauder On-site Loop On-site Mann Gulch On-site Marre On-site Muddy Creek Nuttall RAWS Old Topanga On-site Panther On-site Paper On-site Pechanga On-site Pepper Hill Price RAWS Reserve On-site Road U Forecast Romero On-site Salt RAWS Page 10 of 11

11 Santiago RAWS Shelly South On-site South On-site Storm Creek On-site Tarkio Forecast Toolbox Valley RAWS Virginia Lake 1 Virginia Lake 2 West Mountain On-site < On-site < On-site Yarnell Hill RAWS Page 11 of 11

Beta Radiation in the United States Following the Fukushima Disaster. by Bobby1

Beta Radiation in the United States Following the Fukushima Disaster by Bobby1 This is a statistical study of beta radiation in the United States following the Fukushima nuclear disaster. Its purpose is