Map 13 SECTION C: WAIKATO S EAST COAST MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL AREAS. Wainuiototo Bay. Whangapoua Harbour Islands. Te Rehutae Point

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1 139 Wainuiototo Bay Te Rehutae Point Whangapoua Harbour Islands Whangapoua Harbour Islands 0 1 km SECTION C: WAIKATO S EAST COAST MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL AREAS Map 13 Legend Extent of Coastal Environment Coastal Terrestrial Area 8: Whangapoua Whangapoua Coastal Natural Character Ratings: Level 4 High Very High

2 140 Opito COASTAL TERRESTRIAL AREA 9: km

3 141 Coastal Characteristics, Coastal Environment Extent and Coastal Context Area This Coastal Terrestrial Area comprises the Kuaotunu peninsula which extends eastwards from the central Coromandel Ranges. This Coastal Terrestrial Area includes the Ohinau Island group, situated offshore of the eastern tip of the Peninsula. Its northern and eastern beaches and shores are mostly modified and the most accessible, whilst its southern shores are more remote and contain this Coastal Terrestrial Area s greatest concentration of indigenous flora, protected by the Coromandel Forest Park. Key coastal characteristics include: highly modified and farmed coastal fringe at the northern and eastern coasts; areas of manuka/ kanuka vegetation populate the southern extents; small coastal bach settlements are located adjacent to white sandy beaches at the western to northeastern sides, which extend alongside the Te-Rerenga-Kuaotunu Road; the Coromandel Forest Park Coastline which is inaccessible by road where sequences of native bush from hilltop to coast thrive; Ohinau Island group comprising many small scattered rock stacks with three larger islands cliffed islands; Motukoruenga Island, Ohinau Island and Flat Island. The inland coastal context comprises of large areas of exotic forestry, with patches of pasture and native forest. State Highway 25 winds its way south, through the hills of the western side of the peninsula to the developed coastal settlement of Whitianga, on Mercury Bay. Abiotic The Opito Coastal Terrestrial Area encompasses the entire Kuaotunu Peninsula of steep and very steep topography rising to 311 metres above sea level at Waitaia. Numerous offshore islets and rocks are also associated with this Coastal Terrestrial Area. There are numerous watercourses that drain this rugged peninsula which in turn have created alluvial deposits around the river mouths. Notable alluvial flats within this undulating terrain include the area close to Kuaotunu and that of Otama. Formed of ancient volcanic activity, this Coastal Terrestrial Area retains many noted Geopreservation Sites. The Waitaia Ridge sinter; Otama abandoned beach ridges; East Otama basalt; Opito Point basalts and Tahanga Basalt prehistoric quarry, which all celebrate the peninsulas active and dynamic past. Many of these sites are have been modified through human occupation of the area. Above: Kuaotunu Beach SECTION C: WAIKATO S EAST COAST MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL AREAS

4 142 There are extensive, very steep rocky coastal faces along the southern side of the peninsula that are largely unmodified. There are also lower elevation rocky headlands northeast of Kuaotunu, at the northern and eastern extents of Opito Bay and either side of Humbug Bay with near-shore islands. These landforms are relatively unmodified however have highly modified land cover. Offshore, Geopreservation Sites include the Hole in the Wall at Needle Rock and the Ohinau Island columnar rhyolite. Again, the principal focus is centred on the areas volcanic past. Above: North Island Brown Kiwi (Photograph: Department of Conservation) Main Image: Exotic forestry above Matapaua Bay Watercourses are either steep and short off the ridgelines or long and meandering across valley floors. Wetlands would have originally been associated with these poorly drained river valleys, but these areas are now extensively drained and the watercourses channelized. Road modifies water movement and wetlands in some places and some stream channels are modified. Biotic Land cover analysis: The total land area of the Opito Coastal Terrestrial Area is 5,435ha. This includes almost 54ha of islands. Of this, 42% of the land cover is indigenous shrubland, 26% is rural production land, 16% is exotic treeland and 12% is indigenous forest. Of the remainder, almost 2% is artificial surfaces and there are very small areas (<1% each) of bare surfaces, indigenous wetlands and waterbodies, in aggregate covering only 0.6%. There is no exotic scrub or mangroves. The total indigenous land cover is 55%. There is a higher proportion of indigenous forest compared with native shrubland comprising the indigenous cover. This vegetation cover is the dominant cover of the south-western quarter of the peninsula. The very steep stream catchments on the southern side but less steep river valleys sloping down to flat valley floors on the northern and eastern sides, resulting in more productive land use around Kuaotunu, Rings Beach and Opito Bay. As a result substantial land drainage and stream channelization in the river valleys with limited riparian cover exist on the northern side of this peninsula. Fauna in the area is significant with roosting and breeding sites for migratory birds and small populations of threatened wildlife, including the NZ dotterel and variable oyster catcher. North Island Brown Kiwi are managed under Project Kiwi in the Coromandel Forest Park. Extensive areas under formal protection in Conservation Areas, Forest Park and QEII covenants

5 143 Experiential Settlements on this peninsula are focused in the lower lying plains associated with the bays of Kuaotunu, Kuaotunu West and Opito Bay. Associated with these areas is the rural farmland and orchards that line the valleys and lower slopes. Human modification is apparent along with the recreational activity associated with water based recreation. Boat access is gained from Kuaotunu West and Opito. The central range contains the kiwi sanctuary and is dominated with native bush cover providing a sense of naturalness. Some productive forestry is interspersed with linear shapes and road access that is visually apparent. A strong sense of naturalness is gained from Sandy Bay to Waitaia Bay where access is limited and native bush cover dominates the hill slopes right to the coastal edge. Above: Opito Point SECTION C: WAIKATO S EAST COAST MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL AREAS Rating at Level 3 Degree of Natural Character Natural Character Attributes Abiotic Biotic Experiential Very High High Moderate to High Moderate Moderate to Low Low Very Low Overall Natural Character Rating ModerateHigh

6 144 Coastal Terrestrial Area 9: Opito Specific Characteristics at Level 4 These are mapped with reference to Map 14 Area Rating Key Values Additional Comments Motuhua Point and Otama Beach High Long, shallow headland, steep weathered seacliffs with rock platforms below. Manuka/ Kanuka with interspersed wilding pines. Some abiotic modification evident including Black Jack Road. Otama Beach barrier dune with associated saltmarsh Limited modification at Otama Beach holding high levels of perceived naturalness Incorporates Black Jack point at 212masl. Majority of the headland landform is incorporated in Black Jack Scenic Reserve. Otama Sand Dunes Recreation Reserve and backed by Conservation area around Otama River. Offshore Islands Very High Abiotically unmodified and noted for their Geopreservation site status, including: the Hole in the Wall at Needle Rock and the Ohinau Island columnar rhyolite. Ohinau and smaller surrounding islands are an important wildlife habitat and breeding site for birds. Larger islands feature unmodified native forest and shurbland. Waitaia High Unbroken sequence of native shrubland with pockets of bush from Waitaha Peak and associated ridges seaward to a steep, short coastline. Largely inaccessible, isolated sandy beaches at the head of small Bays. High experiential values. Comprises 10 islands: Sunk Rock; Motukoruenga Island; Needle Rock; Ohinau Island; Ohinauiti Island; Flat Island; Old Man Rock; Black Rocks; Whale Rock and Danger Rocks. Ohinau Island is owned by Ngati Hei. Excludes Rabbit Island due to pastoral modification on that island. Naturalness increases due to grouping of islands. Large area under DOC management including Horseshoe Bay Scenic Reserve and Coromandel State Forest Park. Access via walking tracks only. Some evidence of wilding pines.

7 145 Motuhua Point and Otama Beach Waitaia Offshore Islands Offshore Islands SECTION C: WAIKATO S EAST COAST MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL AREAS Map 14 Legend Extent of Coastal Environment Coastal Terrestrial Area 9: Opito Opito Coastal Natural Character Ratings: Level 4 High Very High 0 2 km

8 146 Whitianga COASTAL TERRESTRIAL AREA 10: km

9 147 Coastal Characteristics, Coastal Environment Extent and Coastal Context Area This Coastal Terrestrial Area is centred on the Whitianga Harbour and surrounding land to Mercury Bay. It includes the peninsulas largest town, Whitianga, as well as many well known and picturesque destinations including the white sand beaches of Mercury Bay and Hahei Beach and the coastal rock formation Cathedral Cove. Key coastal characteristics include: undulating low modified coastal foothills; large scale and open rolling hill farmland; small coastal plains and small vegetated peninsulas extending into estuarine harbours; round, cliffed headlands and numerous small bays; offshore islands and islets, including Mahurangi Island (Goat Island); settlements of Whitianga and the large bach settlements of Cooks Beach and Hahei Beach; Waiwawa and Whenuakite Rivers drain into the larger Whitianga Harbour; Purangi River drains the Purangi Estuary behind the township of Cooks Beach; protected areas of native vegetation at Kaitoke on the eastern side of the Whitianga Harbour, at the coastal bush at Cathedral Cove and the Mahurangi Island Group off Hahei Beach. Beyond this Coastal Terrestrial Area, the Coastal Context land consists of lower elevation headlands and ridgelines with extensive low-lying river valleys in the land systems extending south and east from the principal ridges of the Coromandel Ranges. To the north, the more elevated and steep land is predominantly covered in indigenous shrubland. To the west and south, the land is predominantly rural production land with some plantation forestry. Abiotic The Whitianga Coastal Terrestrial Area forms part of the Whitianga Group of Late Miocene Early Pleistocene age of volcanic rocks and associated features. It includes many of the Coromandel s most recognisable landforms, including Cathedral Cove and the volcanic remnants associated either end of Hahei Beach. Offshore, there are many small volcanic islands, islets and semisubmerged rock reefs. Central to this Coastal Terrestrial Area is Whitianga Harbour, one of the largest harbours on the peninsula. The topography is reasonably flat, due principally to the build-up of alluvial deposits of the radiating catchment that drains into the harbour. The largest rivers are the Whangamaroro and Waiwawa. Beyond the flats of the harbour edge are the undulating low foothills of the inland Coromandel Range, the highest of which reaches 316 metres above sea level directly west of Whitianga. The spectacular coastal arch, isolated stack (Te Horo Rock) and impressive cliffs of white ignimbrite at Cathedral Cove cumulatively read as an extremely well defined set of landforms Above: Hereheretaura Point at the southern part of Hahei Beach SECTION C: WAIKATO S EAST COAST MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL AREAS

10 148 Above: Whitianga and Whitianga Harbour of scientific and educational value. Formed from volcanic eruptions approximately eight million years ago, these features are etched into the psyche of New Zealanders. Other Geopreservation Sites include the Whitianga Ferry Landing ignimbrites; Maramaratotara Bay coastal features; the Whitianga (Shakespeare Cliff) ignimbrite with clastic dikes, the Hahei rhyolite dome; the Wigmore rhyolite dome and the Big Bay blowhole. Dune systems have been generally modified by settlement and mall rocky headlands between the sandy bays are often present, with a relatively flat gradient off the beaches. Watercourses either steep and short off the ridgelines or long and meandering across valley floors. Artificial waterways have been constructed into the low-lying land immediately west of Whitianga for a marina. Extensive wetlands and saltmarshes would originally have existed in the poorly drained flatgradient river valleys, many now drained and modified by road development Biotic Land cover analysis: The total land area of the Whitianga Coastal Terrestrial Area is 9,101ha. This includes 31ha of islands. Of this, almost 57% of the land cover is rural production land, 17% is indigenous shrubland, 8% is artificial surfaces, almost 8% is exotic treeland and 6% is indigenous forest. Of the remainder, almost 2% is exotic scrub and there are very small areas (<1% each) of bare surfaces, mangroves, indigenous wetlands and waterbodies, in aggregate covering only 1.5%. The total indigenous land cover is 25%. Extensive rural production land dominates the land cover with some plantation forestry on rolling to steep land around the Harbour. Pockets of indigenous shrubland exist around the margins of Whitianga Harbour and Purangi Estuary, with more intact indigenous forest outcrops found around the coastal edges of Cathedral Cove and Hahei. Steep catchments in the Coastal Context Zone dropping to the very flat gradient and low elevation land around the harbour with wetlands and saltmarsh more common throughout the plains area of Whitianga Harbour. However much of the wetlands and indigenous cover has been lost to extensive land drainage, infill and stream modification including at the harbour margins Public conservation is minimal with larger areas around the Whitianga Harbour and QEII covenants along the coastal edge of Cooks Bay.

11 149 Experiential Much of this Coastal Terrestrial Area retains high levels of modification, notably around the Whitianga, Cooks Beach, Cathedral Cove and Hahei Beach areas. These are popular holiday and residential spots, where often large numbers of people are present, notably during the summer months. Due to the popularity of these areas, remote-like characteristics are difficult to come by. Boat access is gained into Mercury Bay from Ohuka Beach and into the harbour from several locations along the urban edge of Whitianga. Boat access is also obtained from Cooks Beach and Hahei Beach. Pockets of native bush extend along the steeper coastal edges, where access is difficult and limited. Within the harbour, the adjacent land is mostly modified with areas of once cut-over land regenerating. Access to much of this Coastal Terrestrial Area is reasonably easy, which reduces wildness and remote values. The offshore islands and rocks hold the highest degree of perceived naturalness, due to their lack of modification and relative isolation. Above: Wharekaho SECTION C: WAIKATO S EAST COAST MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL AREAS Rating at Level 3 Degree of Natural Character Natural Character Attributes Abiotic Biotic Experiential Very High High Moderate to High Moderate Moderate to Low Low Very Low Overall Natural Character Rating Moderate

12 150 Coastal Terrestrial Area 10: Whitianga Specific Characteristics at Level 4 These are mapped with reference to Map 15 Area Rating Key Values Additional Comments Mahurangi Island Group Very High Offshore Islands and rocks, retain very high levels of naturalness due to their lack of abiotic and biotic modification. Windswept and eroded offshore island group. Exposed rocky shores and headlands and associated islets and semisubmerged reefs. Comprises 10 islands: Te Karaka Island; Mahurangi Island (Goat Island); Te Tio Island; Okorotere Island; Waikaranga Island; Motueka Island (Pigeon Island); Poikeke Island; Moturoa Island (Tower Island); Motukorure Island (Centre Island) and Mahungarape Island (Round Island). Naturalness is amplified by grouping. Eastern Whitianga Harbour High Regenerating harbourside hills, largely manuka kanuka with some wilding pines. Forms immediate south eastern backdrop to township of Whitianga, therefore has high experiential values. Majority of Kaitoke Scenic Reserve included and QEII lands in the northernmost part Cathedral Cove High Spectacular coastal arch, isolated stack (Te Horo Rock) and impressive cliffs of white ignimbrite at Cathedral Cove. Ribbon of indigenous bush skirts the steep coastal fringe. Includes vegetated hill west of Haihei. High experiential values due to the bush lined white sands and recognisable landforms of Te Horo Rock and Cathedral Cove. Some modification evident, including track and car parking area. Very popular beach which reduces experiential naturalness Whitianga Harbour Islands High Small, low-lying islands within the harbour covered with indigenous vegetation. Abiotically and biotically, unmodified Refer to Coastal Marine Area C for further description of this estuary Te Pupuha Point High Forest clad island and peninsula with dramatic cliffs and rocky shores. Abiotically, unmodified; Includes small area of modification on point and track Part of Te Pupuha Recreation Reserve High experiential values due to remote-like qualities and limited modification

13 151 Eastern Whitianga Harbour Mahurangi Island Group Cathedral Cove Te Pupuha Point Mahurangi Island Group Cathedral Cove Te Pupuha Point SECTION C: WAIKATO S EAST COAST MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL AREAS Whitianga Harbour Islands Map 15 Legend Extent of Coastal Environment Coastal Terrestrial Area 10: Whitianga Whitianga Coastal Natural Character Ratings: Level 4 High Very High 0 2 km

14 152 Hot Water Beach COASTAL TERRESTRIAL AREA 11: km

15 153 Coastal Characteristics, Coastal Environment Extent and Coastal Context Area This Coastal Terrestrial Area includes the broad northerly located sandy bay of Hot Water Beach and a steep and rocky coastline further south. The land use around the beach is highly modified pastoral plains, while further south, the more rugged terrain is more remote in character, backed by kanuka/manuka coastal hills which are sparsely inhabited. Key coastal characteristics include: popular natural hot water springs at Hot Water Beach; inaccessibility to the central rugged coastline; gently sloping ridgelines tending eastwards; small stony beaches with rocky, exposed sea cliffs with rock platforms; short, steep streams draining the narrow gullies; manuka/ kanuka which extends from the tops of ridgelines to the coast in some areas, two small vegetated islands, Castle Island approximately 6km off Hot Water Beach and Waipapa Island, 400m off the rugged mid-section of the coast. Beyond the coastal environment, the coastal context land rises into the Coromandel Ranges to the southwest and the Whenuakite River valley to the north-west, the former predominantly covered in indigenous shrubland and forest within the conservation land, managed by the Department of Conservation and the latter predominantly in rural production land and plantation forestry. Abiotic The Hot Water Beach Coastal Terrestrial Area includes rhyolitic and dacitic volcanic rocks and landforms that characterise this coastline, rising to 277 metres above sea level at Tapuaetahi. Comprising predominantly of volcanic material that erupted from massive calderas around eight million years ago, the rocks have been sculpted both tectonically and through fluvial, climatic and marine forces to create a unique area that comprises probably the Coromandel s best know Geopreservation Site: the popular Orua Hot Springs (or Hot Water Beach). This one of the very few hot springs at sea level in New Zealand. This Coastal Terrestrial Area is rocky, with sides and small catchments, where many of the watercourses are ephemeral and typically steep and short. Some small river valleys extend inland Above: Hills south of the settlement of Hot Water Beach SECTION C: WAIKATO S EAST COAST MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL AREAS

16 154 behind the volcanic headlands at Tairua and Hot Water Beach. Wetlands would have originally been associated with these poorly drained river valleys, but are now drained. Landforms are relatively unmodified except in valley floors. There are steep to very steep rocky coastal faces with rocky outcrops and reefs. In some places roads truncate the slope to gain access to the sea. Beaches tend to be sandy. Biotic Land cover analysis: The total land area of the Hot Water Beach Coastal Terrestrial Area is 2,326ha. This includes 3.8ha of islands. Of this, 55% of the land cover is indigenous shrubland, 23% is rural production land and 16% is indigenous forest, Of the remainder, almost 4% is exotic treeland and there are very small areas (<1% each) of artificial surfaces, bare surfaces and waterbodies, in aggregate covering only 1.7%. There is no exotic scrub, mangroves or indigenous wetlands. The total indigenous land cover is 72%. Extensive indigenous forest/shrubland and extensive riparian cover except in the river valleys Rural production land dominates the northern extent of this area where the land is accessible and rolling country. Pockets of indigenous cover exist along the coastal edge and notably the Hot Water Beach Dunelands. Some modification of dune systems at Hot Water Beach has occurred and rear dune wetlands drained. However indigenous coastal forest extends right to the dunes at Te Karo Bay and Otara Bay. Generally steep catchments and incised stream gullies dominate the land form south of Hot Water Beach, supporting indigenous shrubland regeneration. Further south toward Te Ororoa Point the vegetation cover becomes dense and connects to Coromandel Forest Park conservation land. North Island Brown Kiwi are present in increasing numbers in the Whenuakite area and these provide a population to migrate landward and recolonize indigenous shrubland in the Coastal Context Zone. Below: Rugged and remote coastline south of Hot Water Beach Formal protection of larger areas of shrubland and forest in Forest Park and QEII covenants

17 155 Experiential Much of this Coastal Terrestrial Area is relatively isolated, rocky and remote with access restricted to only a few points in the north and south. Of those, the most popular is Hot Water Beach in the north where access is provided by Hot Water Beach Road. A small settlement is nestled at the southern end of the beach. During the summer, this beach becomes extremely busy, eroding remote-like qualities. The beach holds higher experiential values to the north, away from the modifications and people to the south. Road access is provided to the southern half of this Coastal Terrestrial via Sailors Grave Road and Pumpkin Hill Road. Walking access is available by the Lynch Stream Track, which leads people through a community-based kiwi restoration project. High perceived naturalness values are present where modifications are low, which include part of the dramatic Orua Bay cliffs and those to the south around Tapuaetahi and Lynch Stream. Rating at Level 3 Natural Character Attributes Degree of Natural Character Abiotic Biotic Experiential Very High High Moderate to High Moderate Moderate to Low Low Very Low SECTION C: WAIKATO S EAST COAST MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL AREAS Overall Natural Character Rating Moderate to High Below: Waipapa Island

18 156 Coastal Terrestrial Area 11: Hot Water Beach Specific Characteristics at Level 4 These are mapped with reference to Map 16 Area Rating Key Values Additional Comments Hot Water Beach High Geothermal hot springs at the southern end of Hot Water Beach. Hot Water beach has a largely intact dune system featuring a large area of spinifex. Virtually no abiotic or biotic modifications. Very popular beach due to the hot springs and surf break. Hot Water Beach dune system is a DOC recreation reserve. Lynch Stream Very High Wildness and remote experiential values along the rocky and indigenous bush-clad coastline. Exposed rocky cliffs, shores and beaches Exceptional vegetation sequence from ridge to shore Tapuaetahi High Although patchy, regrowth vegetation retains high levels of natural character. Areas of development to the north and south of this area are excluded. Includes the Lynch Walking Track. Which along with several other smaller tracks, form the only access to this coastline. Comprised mainly of Coromandel State Forest Park (notably southern sections) and an area of QEII land in Otara Bay. Excludes areas of pasture Occasional track evident. Numerous QEII covenants occupy this area Isolated and remote coastal area Orua Bay Cliffs High Narrow, cliffed headlands with rocky shores, semi submerged reefs and rock outcrops protrude from the mainland. Abiotically, unmodified. Excludes modified pasture beyond High experiential values due to low levels of modification. Sailors Grave High Indigenous vegetation with limited modification High experiential values due to low levels of modification. Includes Sailors Grave Road and the sporadically located house. Forms small part of DOC land.

19 157 Orua Bay Cliffs Hot Water Beach Tapuaetahi SECTION C: WAIKATO S EAST COAST MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL AREAS Lynch Stream Legend 0 1 km Extent of Coastal Environment Coastal Terrestrial Area 11: Hot Water Beach Hot Water Beach Coastal Natural Character Ratings: Level 4 High Very High Sailors Grave Map 16

20 158 Tairua COASTAL TERRESTRIAL AREA 12: km

21 159 Coastal Characteristics, Coastal Environment Extent and Coastal Context Area This Coastal Terrestrial Area extends from the township of Tairua in the north and extends to Whangamata in the south. The Coastal Terrestrial Area includes the harbours of Pauanui in the north and Whangamata in the south and is generally modified for farming and commercial forestry use, although some large areas are protected for conservation purposes. Coastal characteristics include: eastern facing hill country interspersed with small gullies, short streams and shallow indented rocky bays at the coast; generally a highly modified and easily accessible coastline, with planted in exotic forestry, patches of manuka/kanuka and pasture; long white sandy beaches; settlements of Tairua, Pauanui, Opoutere and Whangamata; Tairua River and Harbour; Wharekawa River and Harbour; Whangamata Harbour; small vegetated offshore islands groups including Shoe and Slipper Islands and the small group off the coast by Whangamata. Beyond the coastal environment, the coastal context extends westwards slowly gaining in elevation to the rugged, forest clad Coromandel Range. Abiotic The Tairua Coastal Terrestrial Area forms part of the Whitianga Group of Late Miocene Early Pleistocene age of volcanic rocks and associated features. The Paku rhyolite dome (located at the northern entrance to Tairua Harbour) and perlite locality includes exposures of a multi stage eruptive complex. It is mostly modified due to housing and roads however forms as a significant local feature in this part of the Coastal Terrestrial Area. The topography is steep, rising to 387 metres above sea level at Pauanui, however there are large areas of alluvial deposits and coastal sands, which, like other Coastal Terrestrial Areas support the main areas of settlement. Immediately south of this are the Geopreservation Sites of Pauanui barrier spit (a superb example of a large barrier spit) and Pauanui eroded columnar jointing, an example of progression of different stages of erosion of a columnar jointed lava flow. Further inland and adjacent to the Tairua Harbour is the Woody Hill Forest rhyolite, a well exposed volcanic neck and dike system. To the south is the modified Whangamata cuspate foreland that contains the whole township. Offshore are the Geopreservation sites of Slipper Island boulder barrier and the Slipper Island scoria cone. Of the numerous small islands off Whangamata, Whenuakura Island has a large collapsed blow hole which has formed a small beach inside the island. Tairua Harbour is a barrier enclosed river estuary, 6 km2 in area, 51 per cent of which is intertidal. Above: Houses dominate Paku and is part of the settlement of Tairua SECTION C: WAIKATO S EAST COAST MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL AREAS

22 160 Above: Shoe Island (Motuhoa) It is sheltered from the sea by the Pauanui sand spit and Paku Mountain. Sediment has built up over time creating sand banks, especially at low tide. Modification to this catchment has to varying extents altered natural patterns and processes, resulting in sedimentation issues and increased erosion in some places. Other key harbours in this Coastal Terrestrial Area include Wharekawa Harbour and Whangamata Harbour. Biotic Land cover analysis: The total land area of the Tairua Coastal Terrestrial Area is 8,030ha. This includes 288ha of islands. Of this, almost 42% of the land cover is exotic treeland, 20% is rural production land, 14% is artificial surfaces, 11% is indigenous shrubland and 10% is indigenous forest. Of the remainder, almost 1% is indigenous wetland and there are very small areas (<1% each) of bare surfaces, exotic scrub, mangroves and waterbodies, in aggregate covering only 1.3%. The total indigenous land cover is 22%. The indigenous land cover is mainly concentrated in the area of the Coromandel Forest Park that extends into the Area and the Pauanui Conservation Area that extends around the headland south of Pauanui. There are also small areas of QEII covenants and scenic reserves. Otherwise the Area is dominated by plantation forestry on most rolling to steep land and rural production land generally located on the flatter more accessible land in the river valleys. Where it exists, the fringe of coastal forest on the steep rocky faces from Tairua to Ohui and from Ruahiwihiwi Point to Whangamata, are very narrow and highly modified. Although most waterways comprise short, steep catchments, they discharge into the larger Tairua and Wharekawa Rivers and the Tairua, Wharekawa and Whangamata Harbours. Most waterway and wetland habitat is associated with the harbours and their associated plains with high groundwater and flat poorly drained soils. Moderate areas of mangrove and saltmarsh vegetation remain but are much reduced from the historic extent and natural sequences to freshwater wetlands and riparian forest have been lost. The same is true of Slipper Island which has been subject to extensive drainage. Channel modification, land drainage and infilling are common to facilitate both rural production and settlement. There are artificial waterways at Pauanui. There is extensive modification of dune systems at Whangamata and Pauanui and the few remnants of coastal forest vegetation that would originally have existed are highly modified.

23 161 Most riparian cover is provided by plantation forestry. Indigenous riparian vegetation is limited and highly modified, except where indigenous shrubland creates full cover on the ridgeline to the south of Pauanui. Aquatic macroinvertebrate communities are likely to be relatively diverse and comprised of sensitive species after plantation canopy closure is achieved, but will be affected by the increased light penetration and increased erosion induced by harvesting. In rural production areas, aquatic macroinvertebrate communities are likely to less diverse and be dominated by pollution-tolerant fauna. Whereas Slipper Island is almost entirely rural production land, Shoe (Motuhoa), Hauturu, Whenuakura, Rawengaiti, Penguin and Rabbit islands are fully vegetated with indigenous forest or shrubland cover. Tuatara roamed on Whenuakura Island until fairly recently. Experiential Boat access is gained into Tairua Harbour from a number of locations, including Tairua, Pauanui and from off Tangitarori Lane. Further south, boat access is also gained into Whangamata Harbour from Whangamata. Associated with these areas is the rural farmland and orchards that line the valleys and lower slopes. Human modification is apparent along with the recreational activity associated with water based recreation and the residential settlements of Tairua, Pauanui, Opoutere, Onemana and Whangamata. Between Tairua and Opoutere the coastline is dominated by native vegetation cover on steep terrain at the edge with the remainder dominated by pine forestry plantation and associated access. Access is limited and there is a strong sense of remoteness in this area at the coastal edge only. Offshore, the small group of remote and unmodified islands off Whangamata (Hauturu Island, Maukaha Rocks, Whenuakura Island and Rawengaiti Island) hold very high perceived naturalness values. It is possible to wade out to Hauturu Island at low tide and is a popular for rock-pool fossickers and kayakers. Rating at Level 3 SECTION C: WAIKATO S EAST COAST MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL AREAS Degree of Natural Character Natural Character Attributes Abiotic Biotic Experiential Very High High Moderate to High Moderate Moderate to Low Low Very Low Overall Natural Character Rating High

24 162 Coastal Terrestrial Area 12: Tairua Specific Characteristics at Level 4 These are mapped with reference to Map 17 Area Rating Key Values Additional Comments Motuhoa Shoe Island Very High Indigenous forest clad unmodified vegetation cover. Abiotically unmodified. Includes entire Island. Western Tairua Slopes High Large area of indigenous vegetation on the slopes directly west of Tairua. High experiential values; Provides vegetated western backdrop to Pauanui and Tairua. Excludes houses at lower elevations Forms part of the broader central indigenous vegetation cover of central peninsula Managed as part of Coromandel State Forest Park and includes Red Bridge Walk. Penguin & Rabbit Islands Very High Exposed Islands retaining intact indigenous vegetation. Abiotically unmodified. Very high experiential naturalness. Excludes modifed Slipper Island Naturalness amplified due to small grouping. Pakahakaha High Fringe of coastal forest on the steep rocky faces from Tairua to Ohui and from Ruahiwihiwi Point to Whangamata, hold high levels of abiotic and biotic naturalness. Excludes modified land further inland Islands off Whangamata Very High Indigenous forest clad and unmodified islands. Spectacular, unmodified blowhole on Whenuakura Island All islands collectively amplify experiential naturalness Comprises: Hauturu Island; Maukaha Rocks; Whenuakura Island and Rawengaiti Island. All four islands are part of the Whangamata Islands Wildlife Sanctuary. Pauanui High Pauanui Conservation Area Regenerating forest covered slopes with unmodified slopes. High levels of perceived naturalness Includes Pauanui Summit Walk, however excludes areas of settlement above Hikuai Settlement Road

25 163 Pakahakaha Level 4 Rating Pakahakaha Islands off Whangamata Group Level 4 Rating Islands off Whangamata Motuhoa Shoe Island Western Tairua Slopes Pauanui Penguin and Rabbit Islands SECTION C: WAIKATO S EAST COAST MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL AREAS Pakahakaha Islands off Whangamata Legend Extent of Coastal Environment Coastal Terrestrial Area 12: Tairua Tairua Coastal Natural Character Ratings: Level 4 High Very High Map km

26 164 Whiritoa COASTAL TERRESTRIAL AREA 13: km

27 165 Coastal Characteristics, Coastal Environment Extent and Coastal Context Area Extending from the southern banks of the Otahu River at Whangamata in the north to the region s boundary with the Bay of Plenty, this Coastal Terrestrial Area occupies the southernmost extent of the Coromandel Peninsula s Eastern Coast. The coastline is relatively straight and in places rugged. Key coastal characteristics include: Gentle ridgelines and spurs that terminate at coastal cliffs; narrow, linear rocky beaches; small sandy embayments boarded by narrow rock outcrops; small areas of native forest that extend from the ridge summits to the coast at Homunga Bay and Otonga Point, near Whiritoa; pastoral farming; blocks of exotic forestry dotting the hillsides; regenerating scrub contained to gullies and hilltops; inaccessible coastline by vehicle; and a bach settlement located behind the white sandy Whiritoa Beach. Inland of this coastal environment, the coastal context contains pastoral farming land which extends on the elevated hill country and narrow valleys beyond the first coastal ridge. Further beyond this is the Coromandel Forest Park and Coromandel Range. Above: Southern part of Whiritoa SECTION C: WAIKATO S EAST COAST MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL AREAS

28 166 Above: Mataora Bay Abiotic The Whiritoa Coastal Terrestrial Area forms part of the Whitianga Group of Late Miocene Early Pleistocene age of volcanic rocks and activity. It includes steep and in places very steep terrain, rising to 324 metres above sea level just north of Homunga Bay, although areas of alluvial flats (notably around Whiritoa) are also evident. Most of these steep coastal faces drain directly to the coastal marine area. Of particular note is the Tunaiti caldera geology section, a well-exposed sequence of rhyolite domes and flows, deformed sediments andesite and dacite lava flows, ignimbrites and pyroclastic fall deposits, which are interpreted as a section across a caldera structure. Other Geopreservation Sites include the Whiritoa blowhole, which is considered the most spectacular active blowhole on the Coromandel Peninsula and Mataora Beach and abandoned beach ridges which is classified as an extremely well defined landform of scientific and educational value. The coastline is rocky, with steep impressive coastal cliffs and short beaches, many of which are unmodified. Rocky outcrops are particularly noticeable, especially in the northern part of this Coastal Terrestrial Area. Alluvial deposits are concentrated at the mouths of the numerous watercourses that drain this Coastal Terrestrial Area, the longest of which is the Ramarama Stream.

29 167 Biotic Land cover analysis: The total land area of the Whiritoa Coastal Terrestrial Area is 2,384ha. This includes 1.2ha of islands. Of this, 31% of the land cover is rural production land, 26% is exotic treeland and almost 15% is indigenous shrubland. 11% and 10% is indigenous forest. Of the remainder, 2% is artificial surfaces, 2% is exotic scrub and there are very small areas (<1% each) of bare surfaces, indigenous wetlands and waterbodies, in aggregate covering only 0.8%. There are no mangroves. The total indigenous land cover is 38%. The indigenous shrubland and forest cover is mainly concentrated on the headlands south of Whangamata (around Tunaiti and Opitoiti) and Whiritoa (around Te Keho) and the Orokawa Bay Scenic Reserve. These large patches frame the vegetation patterns in this Area. Elsewhere, the coastal forest and shrubland is generally present as very narrow/small, fragmented and highly modified vegetation. In between the large patches, land cover dominated by rural production and large patches of plantation forestry. Most waterways comprise short, steep catchments draining directly to the coast in narrow valleys. These Where the streams discharge at small beaches as at Whiritoa, Waimana Bay and Mataora Bay there is often a small area of saltmarsh modified by infilling and land drainage. Historic sequences to freshwater wetlands and coastal forest have been lost. Channel modification, land drainage and infilling are common to facilitate both rural production and settlement. There are artificial waterways at Pauanui. There is extensive modification of dune systems at most beaches due to settlement and rural production. All natural sequences from dunes to coastal forest have been lost and the very small areas with coastal forest adjacent to the beach are highly modified. Above: Rugged southern coastline. Pohutukawa coming into flower SECTION C: WAIKATO S EAST COAST MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL AREAS Riparian vegetation cover varies substantially through the area. Good riparian cover is provided in the three main patches of indigenous shrubland. However, where the land cover is rural production, most riparian vegetation has been removed. Where riparian cover is provided by plantation forestry, the extent and quality of cover will depend on harvest cycles. Likewise, aquatic macroinvertebrate communities will vary depending on land cover, with relatively diverse communities of sensitive species in permanent shrubland and after plantation canopy closure is achieved. Aquatic macroinvertebrate communities that are less diverse and dominated by pollution-tolerant fauna will occur with increased light penetration, erosion and inputs from rural production.

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31 169 Experiential Whiritoa settlement remains the only residential settlement in this area. The remainder of the land is dominated by grazing farmland on the plains and rolling foothills with the steeper slopes dominated by productive forestry. Remnant pohutukawa outcrops provide subtle and intimate places high in perceived naturalness but on the whole this area is largely modified by human land use change and recreational activity. Access to this Coastal Terrestrial Area is limited to a few areas (such as at the settlement of Whiritoa) so the remaining coastal areas retain high levels of remoteness. Two offshore rocks, one at Waimama Bay and one south of Mataora Stream hold very high levels of perceived naturalness due to their unmodified and eroded forms. Natural processes are prevalent at the Blowhole at the southern end of Whiritoa Beach. Rating at Level 3 Degree of Natural Character Very High High Moderate to High Natural Character Attributes Abiotic Biotic Experiential Moderate Moderate to Low Low SECTION C: WAIKATO S EAST COAST MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL AREAS Very Low Overall Natural Character Rating Moderate

32 170 Coastal Terrestrial Area 13: Whiritoa Specific Characteristics at Level 4 These are mapped with reference to Map 18 Area Rating Key Values Additional Comments Opitoiti High Steep, unmodified rocky cliffs, rocky outcrops and beaches, including the Whiritoa Blow Hole. Remnant pohutukawa outcrops provide subtle and intimate places high in perceived naturalness Homunga Bay High Headlands and hillsides framing Homunga Bay form a modified sequence of indigenous coastal bush which in places stretches from the first ridge to the coast. The area is demarcated by the top of the ridge or where the cliffs interface with modified areas such as commercial forestry or pasture. Falls into part of Orokawa Bay Scenic Reserve. Scattered wilding pines present. Interspersed by pastoral farmland Tunaiti High Regenerating forest covered slopes Extends to Otahu River High levels of perceived naturalness Whiritoa Offshore Rocks Very High Indigenous forest covered rocky islets Very high levels of perceived naturalness due to their unmodified and eroded forms. Includes entire rock group Te Keho High Regenerating forest covered slopes High levels of perceived naturalness Excludes modified lower lands and landfill. Includes tracks.

33 171 Tunaiti Opitoiti Whiritoa Offshore Rocks Te Keho Whiritoa Offshore Rocks Level 4 Rating Whiritoa Offshore Rocks Opitoiti SECTION C: WAIKATO S EAST COAST MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL AREAS Legend Extent of Coastal Environment Coastal Terrestrial Area 13: Whiritoa Whiritoa Coastal Natural Character Ratings: Level 4 High Very High Homunga Bay Map km

34 172 Outer Island Groups COASTAL TERRESTRIAL AREA 14: 0 6 km

35 173 Coastal Characteristics, Coastal Environment Extent and Coastal Context Area This Coastal Terrestrial Area comprises the outer island groups, which are located offshore of the Coromandel s eastern coastline. The islands include Cuvier (Repanga) Island, the Mercury Island group and the Alderman Island group. These island vary in size, complexity and shape, however form an important identity to Coromandel. Situated at southern end of the Colville Channel between the Coromandel Peninsula and Great Barrier Island, Cuvier Island is a Department of Conservation managed wildlife sanctuary and is now largely vegetated in regenerating indigenous forest cover. The island is fringed by steep sea cliffs and rocky shores with several prominent narrow headlands and steep peninsulas. Further south are the Mercury Islands, located approximately 6km east of the Kuaotunu Peninsula and comprise of some seven principal islands which include Great Mercury Island (Ahuahu), Green Island, Atiu or Middle Island, Korapuki Island, Kawhitu or Stanley Island, Double (Moturehu) Island and Red Mercury Island. The islands are of volcanic origin and are largely fringed by rocky shores and small, shallow bays. Great Mercury Island is the only island where people reside. The Aldermen Island archipelago, located offshore from Pauanui comprises five main islands which include Hongiora, Ruamahuanui, Nga Horo, Half and Ruamahuaiti Island. The islands form a DOC managed nature reserve/wildlife sanctuary and are covered with regenerating native bush. The islands are fringed with steep sea cliffs with rocky shores. Ridgelines rise to 100masl at the middle of the larger islands. Key coastal characteristics of these islands include: remote, mostly inaccessible islands with modified vegetation that is recovering. Above: Great Mercury Island (Ahuahu) SECTION C: WAIKATO S EAST COAST MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL AREAS

36 174 Abiotic The Outer Island Groups Coastal Terrestrial Area are principally remnants from former volcanic activity. All island groups form part of a gently arcuate line of offshore rhyolite centres, extending from the Poor Knight Islands in the north through to Mayor Island in the south. Particular focus is on the central group comprising Cuvier, Mercury and Aldermen Islands that fall within this study area. Above: Giant weta (Photograph: Department of Conservation) Main Image: Exposed cliffs on Red Mercury Island (Whakau) Due to exposure from the sea as well as other tectonic and fluvial forces, the islands have been sculpted over time to hold an array of notable geological features, many of which are listed as a geopreservation sites. Most have steep rock coasts, with cliffs, rocky outcrops and numerous islets. The highest point is on Great Mercury Island of 231 metres above sea level at Mohi Mountain. Specifically the Cuvier Island tourmalinised rocks represents a good example of exposed large black crystals of tourmaline evident from the shoreline. On the Mercury Islands, there are several noted features, including the White Cliffs on Great Mercury Island; the Korapuki Sea Arch; the Stanley Island basalt vents and cone; and Red Mercury Island basalt. The exposed parts of the Aldermen Islands form part of a larger submarine platform that has been eroded almost entirely by wave action. Steep rhyolite features, including the Aldermen Islands coastal features (a range of spectacular rocky coastal landforms such as spires, needles and vertical bluffs that extend through the archipelago); and the Ruamahuaiti andesite flow on Ruamahuaiti Island. Due to the exposed location of these islands very few frosts, if any, are experienced here with lower rainfall than the mainland.

37 175 Biotic Land cover analysis: The total land area of the Outer Island Groups Coastal Terrestrial Area is 2,384ha which is entirely comprised of islands. Of this, 32 % of the land cover is exotic treeland, 29% is rural production land, 20% is indigenous shrubland, 14% is indigenous forest. Of the remainder, 4% is bare surfaces, 2% is exotic scrub and there are very small areas (<1% each) of bare surfaces and there are no artificial surfaces, exotic scrub, mangroves, indigenous wetlands, or water bodies. The total indigenous land cover is 35%. The larger Great Mercury Island has one sheltered inlet- Home Bay and is the only inhabited island of the group. Great Mercury is highly modified with exotic forest covering the majority of southern end of the island and rural production land covering the northern half of the island. Although the short waterways and small wetlands on Great Mercury are relatively unmodified in terms of drainage and channels, riparian cover has largely been removed on the northern half and is comprised of plantation forestry on the southern half. The unique aquatic macroinvertebrate fauna that could have existed in this combination of volcanic soils and coastal environment here are likely to be largely lost. The remainder of the islands form a DOC managed nature reserve and are important wildlife habitats, largely covered in unmodified or regenerating native vegetation. The few small waterways on these islands have full riparian cover. Threatened and endangered species include tutatara, giant centipedes; lizards (geckos and skinks) and tusked weta and giant weta. These islands also support large populations of seabirds, notably petrels, storm petrels and shearwaters. Above: Coralie Bay on Great Mercury Island (Ahuahu) SECTION C: WAIKATO S EAST COAST MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL AREAS

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39 177 Experiential With the majority of the offshore islands being managed by DOC including the Mercury Group (although excluding Great Mercury Island), Cuvier Island and the Aldermen Islands, these all hold very high degrees of perceived naturalness values due to their lack of modification and remoteness from the mainland. Many of these islands hold endangered fauna, including tuatara, Middle Island tusked weta and the Duvaucel gecko. Due to these very high biotic values, people are not permitted access to most of these islands. Ephemeral activity such as the changing seasons and presence of wildlife amplifies the natural processes of these islands which are accentuated by the lack of human presence. Overall, these islands hold very high levels of perceived naturalness. Rating at Level 3 Natural Character Attributes Degree of Natural Character Abiotic Biotic Experiential Very High High Moderate to High Moderate Moderate to Low Low Very Low Overall Natural Character Rating Very High Image below: Cuvier Island Inset below: Castle Island Left: White cliffs of Great Mercury Island SECTION C: WAIKATO S EAST COAST MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL AREAS

40 178 Coastal Terrestrial Area 14: Outer Island Groups Specific Characteristics at Level 4 These are mapped with reference to Map 19 Area Rating Key Values Additional Comments Cuvier Island Very High Cuvier Island is a nationally significant Geopreservation Society feature; Includes entire island. Impressive tourmalinised rocks evident; Endangered flora and fauna evident on island and a DOC sanctuary; Very high degrees of perceived naturalness values due to the lack of modification and remoteness from the mainland Eastern Mercury Islands Very High Stanley Island and Red Mercury Island are regionally significant Geopreservation Society features; Endangered flora and fauna evident on islands and a DOC sanctuary; Very high degrees of perceived naturalness values due to the lack of modification and remoteness from the mainland Island include: Korapuki Island; Green Island; Atiu or Middle Island; Kawhitu or Stanley Island; Double Island (Moturehu) and Red Mercury Island (Whakau). The modified parts of Great Mercury Island are excluded from this rating Collectively these islands amplify abiotic, biotic and experiential naturalness. Aldermen Islands Very High The Aldermen Island Group are a regionally significant Geopreservation Society s feature; Endangered flora and fauna evident on islands and a DOC sanctuary; Very high degrees of perceived naturalness values due to the lack of modification and remoteness from the mainland Islands include: Hongiora; Middle Island; Ruamahuanui Island; The Spire; Nga Horo Island; Half Island; Ruamahuaiti Island and Big and Little Hump. Collectively these island amplify abiotic, biotic and experiential naturalness.

41 179 Legend Cuvier Island Extent of Coastal Environment Coastal Terrestrial Area 14: Outer Island Groups Outer Island Groups Coastal Natural Character Ratings: Level 4 High Very High Eastern Mercury Islands Cuvier Island Level 4 Rating Cuvier Island Eastern Mercury Islands Level 4 Rating Eastern Mercury Islands SECTION C: WAIKATO S EAST COAST MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL AREAS Aldermen Islands Level 4 Rating Aldermen Islands Aldermen Islands Map km

42 180 Overall Evaluation Level 4 At the more specific Level 4 scale, individual bays, estuaries, headlands and islands have been mapped to illustrate those areas holding high or very high levels of natural character. This more detailed mapping has only been undertaken where specific mention or detail has been included about a smaller area within the broader Area of Level 3 descriptions and evaluations. For example, specific mention is made of the Chenier Plains and RAMSAR site at Miranda within both the Hauraki Coastal Terrestrial Area and the Firth of Thames Coastal Marine Area. Despite much of the Chenier Plain being modified, the Outstanding Natural Character Area has been carefully delineated to capture the most unmodified parts, along with the entire RAMSAR site. Within some of the least modified areas, the extent of the high and very high mapped areas has been more straight forward. For example, the island group of Motukawao, just north of Coromandel Town within the Coastal Terrestrial Area of Colville, retains mature indigenous bush which has to all intents and purposes avoided the impact of humans. The coastal waters around these islands also retains very high levels of naturalness, again due predominantly to the lack of human change and the resultant high ecological habitats. All of the areas that are mapped as high or very high natural character within the 17 different Level 3 Areas, at the Level 4 scale, are shown collectively on the map (Map 20) opposite. Refer to Section E of this study for the separate mapping of the Outstanding Natural Character Areas, which used this Level 4 mapping as a basis for further consideration. Above: The indigenous, forest-clad islands of the Motukawao Group retain very high levels of natural character at the Level 4 scale