1) Earthquake and Strong Ground Motion Acc.(cm/s/s)

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1 Symposium for Recent Earthquakes and Tsunami in Japan and Peru The 211 Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami: 1) Earthquake and Strong Ground Motion Acc.(cm/s/s) (cm/s/s) Acc.( Acc.(cm/s/s) Tokachi-oki 23 (M8.3) K-NET Nakasatsunai-EW Sumatra 24 (M8.4) Sikuai Island-NS Peru 21 (M8.4) Moquegua-EW Acc.(cm/s/s) 2-2 Chile 21 (M8.8) Concepcion San Pedro-EW Acc.(cm/s/s) 2-2 Northern Japan 211 (M9.) K-NET Toyosato-EW Time(s) Saburoh MIDORIKAWA, Tokyo Institute of Technology 1 The 211 Tohoku Earthquake Origin Time: 14:46, March/11/211 Magnitude: M w 9 9. Number of dead and missing: approx. 2, Number of displaced people: approx. 15, Number of damaged houses: approx. 8, Direct monetary loss: Approx. 2 billion US$ (as of August 15, 211)

2 Recent Gigantic Earthquakes in the World 1957 Andreanof Eq. Mw Kamchatska Eq. Mw Tohoku Eq. Mw Alaska Eq. Mw Sumatra Eq. Mw Central Chile Eq. Mw Chile Eq. Mw9.5 after ERI 3 HISTORICAL EARTHQUAKES IN PERU after Dorbath et al.(199)

3 Seismic Intensity Map 1746 Peru Earthquake Black: MMI 8, Hatched: MMI 6 after Dorbath et al., 199 Tectonic Plates in the Japanese archipelago and surrounding areas after HERP 6

4 Evaluation of Occurrence of Subduction zone Earthquakes (after HERP) 7 Aftershock Distribution 5km after ERI

5 Crustal movement by GPS measurement of GSI Horizontal Geospatial Information Authority of Japan (GSI) Vertical Max: 54cm Max: -17cm t l 9 Crustal movement by observed by Japan Coast Guard Horizontal Vertical Ocean bed Kinematic GPS Sound transducer reference points l 1

6 Past up of Accelerograms and Rupture Process Acceleration Time History (EW comp) Time (s) after Kamae and Kawabe ( ) after ERI Propagation of Strong Shaking after SDR 12

7 Seismic Intensity Map MM Intensity Ⅵ Ⅶ Ⅷ Ⅸ Ⅹ XI JMA Intensity 4 5L 5U 6L 6U 7 after JMA The area of intensity 5 upper (MMI 8) or greater is approx. 35, km 2. Strong Motion Records PGA Distribution PGV Distribution after NIED

8 Peak Ground Acceleration Peak Ground Velocity High Acceleration and Relatively Low Velocity after NIED Northridge 1994 (M6.7) Kobe 1995 (M6.9) Imperial Valley 194 (M7.) Sylmar-EW (.6 g) Takatori-NS (.62 g) El Centro-NS (.35 g) Taiwan 1999 (M7.6) Northern Japan (M8.2) TCU68-EW (.51 g ) Hachinohe Harbor-NS (.24 g) Chile 21 (M8.8) Concepcion San Pedro-NS (.65 g) Off-Pacific Japan 211 (M9.1) Sendai Harbor-NS (.64 g ) 5-5 Acc c.(cm/s/s) Time (s) Longer duration of longer than 2 minutes

9 Ohsaki Towa Sendai Kamaishi Ofunado Toyosato /s) Spectr ra (cm/ ponse Veloci ity Res Soft Soil Site JMA Ohsaki K-NET Sendai Stiff Soil Site K-NET Towa K-NET Toyosato h=.55 Rock Site Ohfunato-G Kamaishi-G Period (s) Comparison of Velocity Response Spectra at Different Soil Conditions 17 Building Damage at Furukawa, Osaki City 18

10 Building Damage at Lowland of Sendai City 19 Video of Strong Shaking in Tokyo 2

11 Damage of Ceiling in Tokyo Area 21 Soil Liquefaction in Tokyo 22

12 Long period Ground Motion in Tokyo approx. 15km far from the epicentral area Displacement of.5 to.7 m was observed at the top of high-rise buildings. Tokyo Intensity 5 Long period Ground Motion in Osaka more than 5km far from the epicentral area Floor Displacement Disp. of.1m on 1st Floor after BRI Displacement of 1.4 m was observed at the top of a 52-story high-rise building. Minor damage was observed in the building. Disp. of 3.3m on 18th Floor Disp. of.9m on 38th Floor Disp. of 1.3m on 52th Floor Osaka Intensity 3 Disp. of 1.4m on 52th Floor

13 Comparison of Strong Motion Records of Gigantic Earthquakes 23 Hokkaido Japan M Northern Japan M9. 27 Sumatra M Peru M Chile M Comparison of Attenuation of Peak Accelerations for the 211 Northern Japan Earthquake (M9.) with the 23 Hokkaido Japan Earthquake (M8.3) 1 3 m/s 2 ).G.A. ( cm P Off Tohoku M w Off Tokachi M w Si and Midorikawa(1999) M w Fault Distance ( km )

14 Comparison of Attenuation of Peak Accelerations for the 211 Northern Japan Earthquake (M9.) with the 21 Peru (M8.4) and 21 Chile (M8.8) Events 1 3 P.G G.A. ( cm/ /s 2 ) Off Tohoku M w Maule, Chile M w Peru M w 8.4 Si and Midorikawa(1999) M w Fault Distance ( km ) Comparison of Attenuation of Peak Accelerations for the 211 Northern Japan Earthquake (M9.) with Other Gigantic Earthquakes (M8.3~8.8) 1 3 P.G G.A. ( cm/s 2 ) Off Tohoku M w Off Tokachi M w Maule, Chile M w Peru M w 8.4 Si and Midorikawa(1999) M w Fault Distance ( km )

15 Comparison of Response Spectra on Stiff Soil Sites ra(cm/s) e Spectr esponse locity Re Vel Northern Japan 211 K-NET Toyosato Chile 21 Concepcion San Pedro Peru 21 Moquegua Sumatra 27 Sikuai Island Tokachi-oki 23 K-NET Ikeda Period(s) 3

16 2 Comparison of Acceleration -2 Sumatra 27 (M8.4) Time Histories i 5 Sikuai Island-NS Acc.(cm m/s/s) Acc.(cm/s/s) Acc.(cm/s/s s) Tokachi-oki 23 (M8.3) K-NET Ikeda-EW Peru 21 (M8.4) Moquegua-EW Acc.(cm/s/s) 2 A-2 Chile 21 (M8.8) Concepcion San Pedro-EW Acc.(cm/s s/s) 2-2 Northern Japan 211 (M9.) K-NET Toyosato-EW Time(s) 31 Comparison of Duration of Strong Shaking cumulative duration which is thetime time interval during which the central 9% of the contribution to the integral of the square of the acceleration takes place. 1 d Power.8.6 ormalize N.4.2 Northern Japan 211 K-NET Toyosato-EW (162s) Chile 21 Concepcion San Pedro-EW (141s) Peru 21 Moquegua-EW (86s) Sumatra 27 Sikuai Island-NS (73s) Tokachi-oki 23 K-NET Ikeda-EW (15s) Time(s) M sec., M8.8 14sec., M9. 16sec. 32

17 Grou und Mo otion Duration (s) 1 1 Dobry et al.(1978) M 33 Summary The 211 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku earthquake produced strong shaking with high acceleration and long duration in large area. The area of intensity 5 upper (MMI 8) or greater is approx. 35, km 2. On soft soils, ground motion was stronger, which caused building damage. In Tokyo and Osaka which are far from the epicenter, long period ground motion and large response of high rise buildings were observed. The strong motion records of this earthquake are compared with those from other earthquakes of magnitude over 8. The acceleration level and spectral shape are similar to each other, but the ground motion duration of this earthquake is longer. 34

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19 Acc.(cm m/s/s) Acc.(cm/ m/s/s) 3 Acceleration s/s) Acc.(cm/s 211/3/11 14:47:36 東北地方太平洋沖地震 MYG4( 築館 ) NS Max=27.(cm/s/s) EW Max= (cm/s/s) UD Max=1879.9(cm/s/s) Time (s) Vel.(cm/s) Vel.(cm/s) Vel.(cm/s) 1 Velocity /3/11 14:47:36 東北地方太平洋沖地震 MYG4( 築館 ) NS Max=-11.5(cm/s) EW Max=-5.7(cm/s) UD Max=39.(cm/s) Time (s) K NET Tsukidate (MYG4) Highest Acceleration Observed 2.7g in horizontal and 1.9g in vertical Velo ocity Res sponse Spectra (cm/s) h= Tohoku EQ. K-NET Tsukidate(MYG4) NS EW UD 1995 Kobe EQ. JR Takatori (NS) Period (s)

MARCH 2011, TSUNAMI DISASTER IN JAPAN

MARCH 2011, TSUNAMI DISASTER IN JAPAN Dr. Neelima Satyam D 1 and Dr. D V Reddy 2 1 Assistant Professor Earthquake Engineering Research Centre International Institute of Information Technology Hyderabad