Danube House STUDY. for regional identity of the Romania-Bulgaria cross-border cooperation area

Transcription

1 Danube House STUDY for regional identity of the Romania-Bulgaria cross-border cooperation area 1

2 Contents 1. Introduction Managerial resume The analyze of the regional identity is based on the assessment of the following indicators which were collected by the Strategic Project EVOLUTION:... 9 Indicator: The length of the border (km) Indicator: The surface of the cross-border region between Romania-Bulgaria and of the administrativeterritorial units (sq. km) Indicator: The length of the main watercourses (km) Indicator: The area of the main lakes (natural and anthropogenic) (ha) Indicator: The average temperature at the soil surface (degrees Celsius) Indicator: Weight of energy in renewable sources (in gross final consumption) Indicator: Energy consumption per inhabitant (toe 1) / capita) Indicator: Annual average precipitation amount Indicator: Annual average precipitation amount Indicator: Wind speed Indicator: Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita Indicator: Labor productivity per working hour Indicator: The turnover of the active units by economic activities and size classes Indicator: The volume of net investments of the local active units, by economic activities and size classes Indicator: The volume of gross investments of the local active units by economic activities and the size classes Indicator: Average living area per person Indicator: The number of the main types of health units (hospitals, clinics, dental clinics, pharmacies and pharmaceutical clinics Indicator: Number of hospital beds (per inhabitants)

3 Indicator: Number of pupils per teacher, by education level Indicator: Average life expectancy, by gender and areas (life expectancy at birth) Indicator: Total fertility rate (fertility conjectural indicator) Indicator: Internal migration (balance) on residential areas Indicator: International migration (emigrants) by gender and age groups Indicator: Ethnic minorities Indicator: Average living area per person Indicator: The number of the main types of health units (hospitals, clinics, dental clinics, pharmacies and pharmaceutical clinics Indicator: Number of hospital beds (per inhabitants) Indicator: The incidence of infectious and parasitic diseases (tuberculosis, viral hepatitis)-new cases per inhabitants Indicator: The number of education units, by levels of education Indicator: School population (number of pupils/students) on levels of education Indicator: Education staff, by education levels Indicator: Graduation rate in secondary education Indicator: The rate of students who study a foreign language Indicator: Number of pupils per teacher, by education level Indicator: Active population (ILO) Indicator: Employed population (ILO) Indicator: Employment rate (ILO) Indicator: The rate of the registered unemployment Indicator: The population structure by participation in economic activity Indicator: The average monthly gross earnings Indicator: The average monthly pension of state social insurance Indicator: Number of public libraries Indicator: Number of museums

4 Indicator: The number of visitors to museums per inhabitants Indicator: Number of spectators in theatres and concerts per 1000 inhabitants Indicator: Number of persons convicted by the courts which are permanently in prisons and rehabilitation centers Indicator: Crime rate Indicator: The number of newspapers and magazines (including those in Bulgarian language in Romania) Final proposals Annexes (studies)

5 1. Introduction The public debates about the identity of the cross-border areas in Europe seem to be, in some cases, something similar with the PR efforts for promoting a public image for the politicians. The experts, the leaders of the communities and the politicians do not pay enough attention to the fact that the identity, image of a community, of a public person is the result of the day by day activity and not vice-versa. In our perception the order of the main steps is: a) to define the cross-border area based on a battery of measurable indicators, b) to develop a paradigm of the zone c) to design the identity of the cross-border area d) to promote the identity in order to generate a public image of the area. This study is the result of the implementation of the Project Danube House regional identity for economic development funded by the Romania Bulgaria Cross-Border Cooperation The study is done by the experts of the partners in the project based on the field research done during the implementation period, on the public studies and data bases generated by the Program and on other international resources. In our efforts to identify the paradigm of the Romania Bulgaria cross-border area, we discover a very interesting and similar experience related to a Spanish and Portuguese cross-border area. An important observation of the study issued by our colleagues from the other side of Europe is the following: Cross-border cooperation is based in a cooperation more or less institutionalized between sub-national authorities, with the aim to overcome diverse barriers made by national frontiers (Perkmann, 2003). This can only be done, however, if cross-borders areas exist as zones characterized by spaces of flows, existing over mingled and fluid social networks including both Spanish and Portuguese citizens. In this situation in the southern Spanish-Portuguese crossborder area spaces of flows would be more important than spaces of places. Cross-border cooperation would keep its instrumental function of reinforcing this tendency, promoting new development dynamics or strengthening the existing ones. But the opposite trend can be a reality: that the cross-border zones are still spaces of places with a lower tendency to flows. (Between Symbols and Meanings: Development, social networks and identities in the cross-border areas of Spain and Portugal). In our case it seems for our experts that we are facing spaces of places and it is possible to see some moves to flows, but in a very early stage. The flows of people and merchandises between the two sides of the border are very slow. There is only one bridge and four ferries. In one year time, the second bridge will be open. This reality determines us to develop a group of indicators from various domains which will help to have a picture of each part of the border. The study of the indicators from 2007 to 2010 is detailed presented in the second part of this study. 5

6 2. Managerial resume 2.1. The importance of the historic background. Our study is taking into consideration the history of the region. From our point of view, the history has, at least, two faces: a. The history of the region. Here we have to include: the influence of the Ottoman Empire, the evolutions of the two royal houses (in both countries there were princes and kings from Prussia during the second part of the 19 th century and the first part of the 20 th century, the military conflicts between the two countries (the Balkans wars are still present in the mind of some intellectuals, the Nazi influence, the evolutions during the Soviet period, the trends after 89. The history is influencing the ways in which may evolve the two nations and the local communities. We carefully scrutinize the areas of cooperation and, also, disagreements. The cross-border cooperation under the auspices of the EU is a new start the both sides of the Danube and it is for the first time in their history when they are dedicated to develop a common strategy for development. b. The DNA of each nation. The Foundation for Democracy, Culture and Liberty organized in the last three years a lot of debates in and off the cross-border area about the criteria to be used by the decision makers when they are analyzing the identity of a community (at national of local level) and the fields in which it is recommended to invest for the future. The politicians are preoccupied to be trendy. They do not have time to study the arguments for a so important decision to spend time for defining the identity of a region. The managers of companies are focus on the financial results of each year because of their stakeholders. It is very difficult to change the direction of a company even during the crisis times. For example, in an analyze of the British Airways case study published by Gill Ringland in the book Scenario Planning Managing for the Future (2 nd edition), John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2006 it is mention the following: Given the immediacy of the airline business, however, it is difficult for the managers to tear themselves away from the day-to-day running of the operation to take a longer-term view. The existing planning processes, the budget and the business plan look at the coming year and the next three years respectively. They tend to reinforce the assumption that the future will not vary significantly from the present, and plans tend to focus on operational improvements. A process for developing and testing strategies in light of future uncertainty was missing. In our efforts to identify the specificity of the cross-border region we observed that the following fields are the most relevant for the region: 6

7 a. Agriculture b. Traditional products (traditional food is included) c. Cultural products d. Industry e. Advanced technologies The first three fields are, let put it in this way, the old tradition. Industry and Advanced technologies are belonging to the new tradition, generated after the Second World War. In fact, in all five fields we are talking about the new technologies applied to the local traditions. Maybe, on exception is represented by the Cultural Products; to be able to sell their products the craftsmen have to deliver handmade products not industrial made products. Industry is one the visible faces of the area. Selection of the brand products of the era may be made from this field, also. Looking to the advanced technologies it is easy to identify the energy as a top domain in this respect. Both countries invested in nuclear energy. Both countries have a huge potential in renewable energy and international investments are very much present here. Our recommendation is to promote products from these five fields as brands of the area We are talking about populations who were used to have a border between them. In our initiative to identify and to develop a common identity of the Romania Bulgaria Cross-Border area we discover an obstacle which was not taken into consideration as a hypothesis: the importance of the border for the nations. They use to live with this border for centuries and having different administrations. It will take time to develop a common approach as Bulgarians and Romanians but from the common cross-border area Common identity with two different languages. The populations from the cross-border area are speaking completely different languages even if they have some common Latin and Turkish words. Bulgarian is a Slavic language and Romanian is a Latin language. It is difficult to estimate how many persons a speaking Bulgarian in the Romanian side of the border and vice-versa. As a hole, in the region there is a deficit of communication because of the language. In this very moment, our team identified efforts from both sides to organize training programs for learning Romanian and Bulgarian. The Bulgarian side is more dynamic This cross-border area is a local initiative or a European effort for integration? In the pre accession period, the Romania Bulgaria Cross-Border Cooperation Program was perceived as a national and European effort for integration, not a local initiative. Because of the good and concrete results of the Program during that period of time, in this frame of planning ( ) more and more people have a different perception. There are three main categories which are 7

8 touching the results of the cross-border cooperation: NGOs, local administration, business communities. With each initiative, with each common project will more clear for the population in the area that the cooperation in the cross-border area is belonging to the local community. Without the local will, the area will not develop a common identity Criteria for assessing and developing the common identity of the cross-border area proposed by Danube House Project. Based on our study and our expertise in the region, we are suggesting the following indicators for assessing if there is an regional identity: 1. The existence of the specific activities which may represent brands of the cross-border area 2. The relevance of the identity elements for the local population. 3. The capacity of the identity elements to communicate a strong message to the outside population about the nature of the cross-border area. 4. To harmonize the traditions with the new trends of the zone, the cultural elements with the technique strong points, uniqueness with the general aspects of the human kind, villages and towns, history with the vision of the future. 5. To avoid in any way the possibility to harm the relationship between the two populations by: referring to bad historical common experiences, offending the national feelings, encouraging extremism, anti-semitism, xenophobia and racism, and by suggesting of generating any other kind of intentions or actions like these. 6. To have a contribution to the designing join plans for a better common future As a final conclusion we may say that in this moment there is not a identity of the Romania Bulgaria Cross-Border Area. 8

9 3. The analyze of the regional identity is based on the assessment of the following indicators which were collected by the Strategic Project EVOLUTION: 9

10 Indicator: The length of the border (km) Symbol Indicator type Domain Lfr Economic and social development Natural capital: Conservation and management of natural resources Definition/coverage area The length of the border between Romania and Bulgaria. The border is a real or conventional line separating the territory of two countries or, where appropriate, the seas and extending in height to the lower limit of outer space and deep within the earth to the limits of where modern technology is available, and in which passage is permitted only in accordance with law. Unit of measurement România: km Bulgaria: km Geographic particularization levels: România: NUTS 1, NUTS 3 Bulgaria: NUTS 1, NUTS 3 Evaluation method and formula Measurements on the map Periodicity - Reference period - Availability - Responsible institutes România: ANCPI, DTM Bulgaria: INS Data source România: Administrative sources Bulgaria: Statistical Yearbook Romania Constanţa Călăraşi Giurgiu Teleorman Dolj Mehedinţi Olt Bulgaria Vidin Montana Vratsa Pleven Veliko Tarnovo Ruse Razgrad Silistra Dobrich

11 In Constanta and Dolj counties, the greatest lengths of the border are registered (152 km, 138 km) in the total Romanian-Bulgarian cross-border area. In Bulgaria, in Silistra district there are 125 km of border with Romania, therefore, Silistra is the Bulgarian district with the greatest length of the border with Romania. The only district which has no direct border with Romania is Razgrad. This is adjacent to the eligigle NUTS III areas, Ruse and Silistra, being located only 10 km away from the national border (River Danube). The length of the border with Bulgaria totals 609 km, of which 470 kilometers are represented by the Danube River and the rest of the border is 139 km of land (Constanta County). 11

12 Indicator: The surface of the cross-border region between Romania-Bulgaria and of the administrative-territorial units (sq. km) Symbol Supr. Indicator type Domain Economic and social development Natural capital: Conservation and management of natural resources Definition/coverage area Unit of measurement România: sq km Bulgaria: sq km Geographic particularization levels: România: NUTS 1, NUTS 2, NUTS 3 Bulgaria: NUTS 1, NUTS 3 Evaluation method and formula Measurements on the map Periodicity - Reference period - Availability - Responsible institutes România: ANCPI, DTM, INS, Bulgaria: INS Data source România: Administrative sources, Bulgaria: INS Romania 238, , ,391.0 Total area 39, , ,320.0 Constanţa 7, , ,071.0 Călăraşi 5, , ,088.0 Giurgiu 3, , ,526.0 Teleorman 5, , ,790.0 Olt 5, , ,498.0 Dolj 7, , ,414.0 Mehedinţi 4, , , Bulgaria 111, , ,001.9 Total area 32, , ,613.4 Vidin 3, , ,033.0 Montana 3, , ,636.0 Vratsa 3, , ,620.0 Pleven 4, , ,653.3 Veliko 4, , ,662.0 Tarnovo Ruse 2, , ,803.4 Razgrad 2, , ,639.7 Silistra 2, , ,846.3 Dobrich 4, , ,

13 The total area of the cross-border region: 71933,40 sq. km. Of which, Romanian area: sq. km. (55%), while the Bulgarian area: 32613,40 sq. km. (45%). The Romanian area represents 16% of Romania's surface, while the Bulgarian area represent 29% of Bulgaria's surface. 13

14 Indicator: The length of the main watercourses (km) Symbol Lape Indicator type Domain Definition/coverage area Unit of measurement Geographic particularization levels: Evaluation method and formula Periodicity Reference period Availability Responsible institutes Data source Economic and social development Natural capital: Conservation and management of natural resources Measured length of the water courses. România: km Bulgaria: km România: NUTS1, NUTS3 Bulgaria: NUTS1, NUTS3 Map measurements annual Calendar year T T + 1year România: National Administration of Romanian Waters (ANAR) Bulgaria: Danube River Basin Directorate (NUTS 3) and INS BG (NUTS 1- Statistical yearbook) România: Administrative sources ANAR registers The main watercourse of the Romanian area of the cross-border region is the Danube river (the second longest river in Europe). Its lower course is carried out in Romania over a distance of km, between Sulina and Baziaș localities, forming the border with Serbia (235.5 km), Bulgaria (469.5 km), Moldavia (0.6 km), and Ukraine (53.9 km). In Romania, the Danube basin represents nearly 30% of the total Danube basin. 14

15 1. The length of the main rivers in the Romanian area of cross-border region between Romania and Bulgaria (km) Romania Mehedinti - The Danube river Dolj Jiu river Topolnita river Teslui river Cosustea river Teleorman - Motru river the Danube river Husnita river Olt river OLT - Vedea river the Danube river Teleorman river Olt river Calmatuiul river Vedea river Giurgiu - Calmatui river the Danube river Cotmeana river Arges river Calmatui river Neajlov river Teleorman river Sabar river Vedita river Calnistea river Calarasi - Milcovat river the Danube river Ciorogarla river Arges river Constanta - Dambovita river the Danube river Dolj - the Danube river Danube-Black Sea Canal

16 2. The length of the main rivers in the Bulgarian area of cross-border region between Romania and Bulgaria (km) Bulgaria Vidin Montana Vratsa Pleven Veliko Tarnovo Ruse Razgrad Silistra Dobrich In the Bulgarian area of cross-border region, in Veliko-Tarnovo district there are 726 km of rivers, representing 19.71% of the total length of the water courses in the Bulgarian area of cross-border region between Romania-Bulgaria. This is followed by the Vidin district (16.45%) and Montana (15.15%). In Silistra district there are fewer km of watercourses in the Bulgarian area of the cross-border region (76 km, namely 2.06% of the total length of the water courses in the area) km Vidin Montana Vratsa Pleven Veliko Tarnovo Ruse Razgrad Silistra Dobrich 16

17 Indicator: The area of the main lakes (natural and anthropogenic) (ha) Symbol Indicator type Domain Slac Economic and social development Natural capital: Conservation and management of natural resources Definition/coverage area The lakes (body of water) area, measured at normal retention level for natural lakes and man-made lakes. Unit of measurement Geographic particularization levels: Evaluation method and formula România: ha Bulgaria: ha România: NUTS1, NUTS3 Bulgaria: NUTS1, NUTS3 România: - natural lakes - man-made (anthropic) lakes Bulgaria: - Periodicity Reference period Availability Responsible institutes România: National Administration of Romanian Waters (ANAR) Bulgaria: Danube River Basin Directorate (NUTS 3) and INS BG (NUTS 1- Statistical yearbook) Data source România: Administrative sources ANAR registers The main natural lakes of the Romanian border region are in Constanţa County (totalling ha). We observe Lake Sinoie of hectares (66.83% of the total area of natural lakes in Constanţa and 18.46% of the total area of lakes in Romania). Portile de fier lake, in Mehedinţi County, with an area of hectares is the main reservoir of Romania, with a share of 68.32% of the total anthropogenic lakes in Romania. In the file associated with the Romanian indicator for the cross-border region are specified the main lakes, with their name and area. 17

18 1. The total area of the main lakes (natural and anthropogenic) in the Romanian area of the cross-border region (ha) Romania Natural lakes Anthropogenic lakes Constanţa Natural lakes Călăraşi Natural lakes Teleorman Natural lakes Dolj Natural lakes Mehedinţi Natural lakes Anthropogenic lakes *) Olt Anthropogenic lakes The area of the main lakes in Bulgaria (ha) Bulgaria Vidin Montana Vratsa Pleven Veliko Tarnovo Ruse Razgrad Silistra Dobrich In the Bulgarian area of cross-border region, in Silistra district there is only one natural lake, Srebarna, with an area of 225 acres. This Lake was declared a nature reserve and was included in the UNESCO heritage. In the file associated to the indicator for the Bulgarian area of the cross-border region are specified the main lakes, with their name and area 18

19 Indicator: The average temperature at the soil surface (degrees Celsius) Symbol Indicator type Domain Temp Economic and social development Natural capital: Conservation and management of natural resources Definition/coverage area The medium annual temperature recorded at weather stations in INMH, recordings made by specific instruments, the soil surface. Unit of measurement Geographic particularization levels: România: Grade Celsius Bulgaria: Degrees Celsius România: NUTS1, NUTS3 Bulgaria: NUTS3 Evaluation method and formula Periodicity Reference period Availability Responsible institutes Anual România: INMH Bulgaria: National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology Data source România: Surse administartive INMH Romania Mehedinţi Dolj Olt Teleorman Giurgiu No data Călăraşi No data Constanţa The average temperature at the soil surface in the Romanian counties in the cross-border Romanian-Bulgarian region (degrees celsius) 19

20 Indicator: Weight of energy in renewable sources (in gross final consumption) Symbol Indicator type Domain RES share Economic and social development Natural capital: Climate change and clean energy Definition/coverage area The indicator measures the proportion of energy from renewable sources in the total gross final consumption of energy. Unit of measurement România: % Bulgaria: % Geographic particularization levels: Evaluation method and formula Periodicity România:Nuts 1 Bulgaria: Nuts 1 Application SHARES; annual Reference period Availability Responsible institutes Data source Calendar year The first trimester of year t + 2, where t is the reference year România: INS, EUROSTAT Bulgaria: INS Romania: International questionnaires IEA/Eurostat/UNECE Romania - Nuts 1 18,72 20,63 22,64 Bulgaria - Nuts 1 9,25 9,78 11,88 The weight of energy from renewable sources in the gross final energy consumption for the period recorded continuous annual growths for Romania, from 10% in 2008 compared to 2007, to 21% in 2009 compared to In Bulgaria, the increase in 2008 compared to 2007 was only 6% while in 2009 compared to 2007 it stood at 27%. The share of energy from renewable sources in the gross final energy consumption for the period is about two times higher in Romania than in Bulgaria. 20

21 Indicator: Energy consumption per inhabitant (toe 1) / capita) Symbol CIBE/capita Indicator type Domain Definition/coverage area Economic and social development Natural capital: Climate change and clean energy The indicator represents the total amount of energy consumed to meet the internal requirements, in the reference year, to the number of inhabitants. The amount of energy is derived by adding the production of primary energy, of recovered products, of import and stock at the beginning of the reference period minus exports, bunkerage and stock at the end of the reference period. It is necessary that all fuels should be expressed in the same unit of measurement (oil equivalent). Unit of measurement România: toe/inhabitant Bulgaria: toe/inhabitant Geographic particularization levels: România: Nuts 1 Bulgaria: Nuts 1 Evaluation method and formula The addition of primary energy production (PEP) with recovered products, (PR), import (IMP) and stocks at the beginning of the reference period minus export (EXP), bunkerage (B) and stock at the end of the reference period (SF) related to the number of inhabitants on 1 July, in the reference year: CIBE/CAP=(PEP+PR+IMP+SI-EXP-B-SF)/CAP where: PEP production of primary energy PR recovered products IMP import SI stock at the beginning of the reference period EXP - export B - bunkerage SF - stock at the end of the reference period CAP-number of inhabitants on 1 July. Periodicity annual Reference period Calendar year Availability November in the next reference year Responsible institutes România: INS Bulgaria: INS Data source Romania:Energy balance ) Romania - Nuts 1 1,818 1,844 3) 1,599 Bulgaria - Nuts 1-2,125 2,149 21

22 1) toe=tone oil equivalent. 2) Data for Bulgaria in 2007 was not available. 3) Data adjusted compared to the previously published data. Energy consumption per inhabitant In Romania, the final energy consumption recorded a significant decrease of -13.3% in 2009 compared to 2008, while in Bulgaria there has been a slight increase of 1.1% over the same period. In the case of Romania, this is because of the final energy consumption indicating a decrease in 2009 compared to 2008 (-10.5%), due mainly to the decrease of consumption by 27.5% in industry (including construction - see table 2.7). Significant decreases were recorded in the chemical industry and metallurgy (-20.0% respectively -37.1%). Final energy consumption in transport and from the population has remained relatively constant, while consumption in other sectors of the economy decreased (-6.2%) compared to The gross domestic per capita consumption in 2009 was 1,599 tons of oil equivalent, 13.3% lower than in

23 Indicator: Annual average precipitation amount Symbol Cprecip Indicator type Economic and social development Domain Natural capital: Climate change and clean energy Definition/coverage area The annual average of water condense vapors which fall from the atmosphere to the surface of the Earth in the form of rain, fog, snow, rime, hail etc. The atmospheric precipitations encompass all the products of condensation and crystallization of water vapour in the atmosphere, also called hydrometeors, which usually fall from the clouds and reach the Earth's surface in a liquid form (rain and showers of rain, drizzle, etc.) in a solid form (snowfall, and snow showers, hail, sleet etc.), or under both forms at the same time (sleet and showers sleet). The amount of precipitation is registered punctually, at every weather station, but calculated as an monthly and annual average. Unit of measurement România: mm (1mm=1l / m 2 ) Bulgaria: mm Geographic România: Nuts1, Nuts3 (punctually, at each weather station) particularization levels: Bulgaria: Nuts 3 Evaluation method and The quantities of water shall be measured on a daily basis at specific terms (1, 7, 13, formula and 19). In meteorology, the observations on atmospheric rainfall are measured visually (the duration and intensity) and using instruments, measuring and registering continuously the water during rainfall falling. On the basis of measurements, the average annual precipitation is measured. Periodicity Reference period Availability Responsible institutes Data source Monthly, annual Month, calendar year The month following the reference month, the first month of the year following the reference year România: National Meteorology Administration (ANM) Bulgaria: National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology Bulgaria România: Administrative sources (ANM) Bulgaria: Statistical Yearbook 2010 (National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology from the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences) In 2009, Calarasi, Giurgiu, Mehedinti and Dolj are the counties with the largest amounts of precipitation from the Romanian border area (with 609 mm), while in the Bulgarian border area, larger amounts of precipitation are recorded in Vidin (802 mm ). 23

24 Romania Bulgaria Mehedinti Vidin Dolj Montana Olt Vratsa Teleorman Pleven Giurgiu Veliko Tarnovo Calarasi Ruse Constanta Razgrad Silistra Dobrich Annual average precipitation amount (mm) - 1mm=10000liters/ha=1 liter/sqm 24

25 Indicator: Annual average precipitation amount Romania Bulgaria Annual average precipitation amount (mm) - 1mm=10000liters/ha=1 liter/sqm 25

26 Indicator: Wind speed Symbol Indicator type Domain Definition/coverage area Unit of measurement Geographic particularization levels: Evaluation method and formula VITv Economic and social development Natural capital: Climate change and clean energy Wind- horizontal motion of a mass of air caused by the difference of pressure between two regions of the atmosphere. The wind is a vectorial meteorological element, variable in time and space, conditioned by the baric contrast created under the general circulation of the atmosphere. The movement of the air currents from one place to another (the wind) is determined by the development of various baric systems and by the main activity of the main action index. România: m/ s Bulgaria: m/s România:Nuts 3 (punctually, at each weather station) Bulgaria: Nuts 3 The wind is characterised by two elements extremely variable in time and space: the direction from which the wind blows, assessed after 16 sectors of the horizon and the speed, representing the distance travelled by the air in time, namely m/s. Observations of wind speed and direction are determined by the standard heigh, namely 10 m above the ground. Periodicity Reference period Availability Responsible institutes Data source Monthly, annual Day, month, year România: National Meteorology Administration (ANM) Bulgaria: National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology România: Administrative sources (ANM) Bulgaria: National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology In the Romanian border area, speeds greater than 5 meters / second are recorded in Mehedinti, Calarasi, Teleorman and Olt. In Bulgaria, the districts with a wind speed of over 5 meters / second are Vidin and Pleven. 26

27 Romania Wind speed (meters/second) Mehedinti 4,5-6,0 4,5-6,0 4,5-6,0 Dolj 1,2-4,3 1,2-4,3 1,2-4,3 Olt 2,0-5, 0 2,0-5, 0 2,0-5, 0 Teleorman 1,0-5,3 1,0-5,3 1,0-5,3 Giurgiu 2,2-4,5 2,2-4,5 2,2-4,5 Calarasi 2,6-5,3 2,6-5,3 2,6-5,3 Constanta under 3,6 over 4,0 unde 3,6 over 4,0 under 3,6 over 4,0 Wind speed (meters/second)-for the Bulgarian districts Bulgaria estimations for wind speed have been made based on data from the neighboring counties of Romania Vidin 2,8-5,1 2,8-5,1 2,8-5,1 Montana 1,2-4,3 1,2-4,3 1,2-4,3 Vratsa 1,6-4,6 1,6-4,6 1,6-4,6 Pleven 1,6-5,1 1,6-5,1 1,6-5,1 1,6-4,9 1,6-4,9 1,6-4,9 Veliko Tarnovo Ruse 2,2-4,5 2,2-4,5 2,2-4,5 Razgrad 2,6-4,5 2,6-4,5 2,6-4,5 Silistra 3,1-4,6 3,1-4,6 3,1-4,6 Dobrich 3,6-4,0 3,6-4,0 3,6-4,0 27

28 Indicator: Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita Symbol Indicator type Domain Definition/coverage area Unit of measurement Geographic particularization levels: Evaluation method and formula Periodicity Reference period Availability Responsible institutes 15.Data source GDP/ capita Economic development Structural Transformation and macroeconomic equilibria sector The gross domestic product (GDP) per capita: represents the final result of the production activity of the resident producer units distributed by number of inhabitants. Total population represents the stable population at 1 July. România: Euro/ inhabitant Bulgaria: Euro/ inhabitant România: NUTS1, NUTS2, NUTS3 Bulgaria: NUTS1, NUTS2, NUTS3 The GDP at national, regional, county level is divided to the number of inhabitants (stable population at 1 July) of the area. GDP can be calculated by the following methods: a) The production method: GDP = GVA + tp + TV - SP, where: PIB = Gross domestic product (market prices)/ GVA = Gross value added (basic prices) TP = Taxes on products/ CT = Custom taxes (rights on imports) SP = Subsidies on products b) The expenditure method: GDP = FC + GFCF + SV + (E- I), where: FC = Actual final consumption/ GFCF= Gross fixed capital formation SV = Stock variation/ E = Exports of goods and services I = Imports of goods and services c) The income method: GDP = R + GOS + OTP OSP + TP+CT SP, where: R = The remuneration of employees/ GOS = Gross operating surplus OTP = Other taxes on production/ OSP = Other subsidies on production TP = Taxes on products/ CT = Custom taxes SP = Subsidies on products Annual T : T=reference year T+12 preliminary data, T+24 definitive data; T=reference year România: INS Bulgaria: Eurostat România: National Accounts (statistical research in enterprises, administrative sources) Romania Nuts Constanta Calarasi Giurgiu Teleorman Dolj Olt Mehedinti Bulgaria Nuts

29 Dobrich Silistra Razgrad Ruse Veliko Tarnovo Pleven Vratsa Montana Vidin Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita Romania Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita Bulgaria 29

30 Romania 100% Bulgaria 100% Constanta 120% Dobrich 64% Calarasi 62% Silistra 55% Giurgiu 54% Razgrad 60% Teleorman 62% Ruse 81% Olt 60% Veliko Tarnovo 62% Dolj 80% Pleven 57% Mehedinti 66% Vratsa 81% Montana 60% Vidin 55% GDP per capita in percentage, compared to the national average in each country

31 Indicator: Labor productivity per working hour Symbol Indicator type Domain Definition/ coverage area Unit of measurement Geographic particularization levels: Evaluation method and formula Periodicity Prod/ hour Economic and social development Anthropic capital-economic and business activities: structural transformations and macroeconomic equilibrium Hourly labour productivity is the ratio between the gross value added GVA-and the number of hours worked România: lei/hour Bulgaria: leva/hour România: NUTS1 Bulgaria: NUTS1 Annual Reference period T =reference year National GVA minus the number of working hours at national level. Availability Responsible institutes Data source T+12 preliminary data, T+24 definitive data; T=reference year România: INS Bulgaria: INS Romania: Research statistics in enterprises Lei/ hour Romania - Nuts Bulgaria - Nuts Leva/hour lei / hour România Bulgaria Labor productivity per working hour 31

32 Indicator: The turnover of the active units by economic activities and size classes Symbol Indicator type Domain Definition/coverage area Tu Economic and social development Anthropic capital-economic and business activities; Non-agricultural sector (industry, construction, trade and other services) Turnover represents the invoiced amount of revenue from sales of goods, works and services, less rebates, discounts and other discounts to customers. Unit measurement of România: Million lei Bulgaria: thousand leva Geographic particularization levels: România: NUTS1, NUTS2, NUTS3 Bulgaria: NUTS1, NUTS3 Evaluation method and formula Periodicity The turnover is the sum of the incomes deriving from sales of goods, provision of services, excluding rebates, discounts and other discounts offered to clients Annual Reference period T (the previous year of the research) Availability T+10 preliminary data, T+18 definitive data; T=reference year Responsible institutes Data source România: INS Bulgaria: INS România: Statistical research in enterprises, administrative sources County Turnover Romania Total Romanian area Constanţa Calaraşi Giurgiu Teleorman Olt Dolj Mehedinţi

33 Mehedinţi Dolj Olt Romania Teleorman Giurgiu Calaraşi Constanţa Turnover Romania (thou. lei) District Turnover Bulgaria Total Bulgarian area Vidin Montana Vratsa Pleven Veliko Tarnovo Ruse Razgrad Silistra Dobrich

34 Dobrich Silistra Razgrad Ruse Bulgaria Veliko Tarnovo Pleven Vratsa Montana Vidin Turnover Bulgaria (thou. Leva) 34

35 Indicator: The volume of net investments of the local active units, by economic activities and size classes Symbol Indicator type Domain VNI Economic and social development Anthropic capital-economic and business activities; Non-agricultural sector (industry, construction, trade and other services) Indicator code Net investments (new) reference is made in expenditure on construction, installation and assembly, for the purchase of equipment, transportation and other expenses for the creation of new assets for development, modernization, reconstruction of existing and value of services related to Definition/coverage area transfer of ownership of existing assets and fee land taken from other units (notary fees, commissions, transportation, loading and unloading, etc..). Not include the volume of net investment (new) value of land and assets in the country that have been used (purchased from other units). România: Bilions lei Unit of measurement Bulgaria: the indicator does not exist Geographic particularization levels: România: NUTS1, NUTS2, NUTS3, Bulgaria: the indicator does not exist Evaluation method and formula Periodicity Reference period Availability Responsible institutes Data source The net investments (new) realized in the reference year represents the expenditures for construction works, mounting, installations and for the purchase of machinery, transport, other expenditures intended for the creation of new fixed assets, development, modernization, reconstruction of the existing ones, as well as the value of the services relating to the transfer of ownership of existing assets and payment of land taken over by other units (notary feescommissions, expenses, transport, loading-unloading taxes etc.). Do not include in net investments (new) the value of the land and fixed assets in the country that have been used (purchased from other units). Annual T (the previous year of the research) T+10 preliminary data, T+18 definitive data; T=reference year România: INS Bulgaria: - România: Statistical research in enterprises, administrative sources County Net investments (new)-mil lei Romania Total Romanian area Constanţa Calaraşi Giurgiu Teleorman Olt Dolj Mehedinţi

36 Mehedinţi Dolj Olt Romania Teleorman Giurgiu Calaraşi Constanţa Net investments amount in Romania 36

37 Indicator: The volume of gross investments of the local active units by economic activities and the size classes Symbol VGI Indicator type Economic and social development Anthropic capital-economic and business activities; Non agricultural sector (industry, Domain construction, trade and other services) Indicator code Definition/coverage area Unit of measurement România: Million lei Bulgaria: thousand leva Geographic particularization levels: Evaluation method and formula Periodicity Reference period Availability Responsible institutes Data source Gross investments in tangible goods is the total value of investments during the reference period in tangible goods, including capital goods to the value in use and purchases of land and fixed assets (bought second hand or from other units) corrected difference (±) balances of property in progress (unfinished investments) with reductions through: investment does not create fixed assets, investments finally stopped, investments being sold and investments in progress transferred to third partie Gross investment in local units România:NUTS1, NUTS2, NUTS3 Bulgaria: NUTS1, NUTS3 The gross investments in tangible goods represents the total amount of investments during the reference period in tangible fixed assets, including the assets placed in service and value of purchases of land and fixed assets ( second-hand or bought from other units) corrected by the difference () of the balances of tangible progress (unfinished investments), by: investments that do not create fixed assets, permanently suspended investments, investments being currently sold or assigned to third-party's. Annual T (the previous year of the research) T+10 preliminary data, T+18 definitive data; T=reference year România: INS Bulgaria: INS România: Statistical research in enterprises, administrative sources County Gross investments (thou. lei) Romania Total Romanian area Constanţa Calaraşi Giurgiu Teleorman Olt Dolj Mehedinţi

38 Mehedinţi Dolj Olt Romania Teleorman Giurgiu Calaraşi Constanţa Gross investments amount in Romania (thou. lei) District Gross investments (thou. leva) Bulgaria Total Bulgarian area Vidin Montana Vratsa Pleven Veliko Tarnovo Ruse Razgrad Silistra Dobrich

39 Dobrich Silistra Razgrad Ruse Bulgaria Veliko Tarnovo Pleven Vratsa Montana Vidin Gross investments amount in Bulgaria (thou. leva) The gross investments in the analysed counties, held a share between 8.4% in 2007 and 13.4% in 2010, in the total share of investments in Romania. In Dolj County, the share of the gross investments was higher than the share of turnover in the period , declining in Giurgiu and Călăraşi counties had the lowest levels of investment during the period As regards the evolution of the gross investments in Bulgarian, note the fact that the largest share of the gross investments was held by Ruse district in the period (approximately 24%) followed by the Veliko Tarnovo and Dobrich. Dobrich district, in 2009, held 35.3% of the total gross investments in the Bulgarian area. 39

40 Indicator: Average living area per person Symbol Indicator type Domain Definition/ Coverage area Unit of measurement Geographic particularization levels: Additional particularization criteria Evaluation method and formula Periodicity The reference period Availability Responsible institutions L ar/average Economic and social development Human capital: Population, housing and housing conditions The average living space per person. RO: Sq. m/person, BG: Sq. m/person România: NUTS1, NUTS3 Bulgaria: NUTS1, NUTS3 The ratio of the total living area and the total number of people in the dwellings. L ar/average = S lo / P lo where: L ar/average - average living area per person L ar - total living area - number of persons in dwellings P la 10 years The reference moment of the census The following year after the census RO: National Institute of Statistics (NIS) BG: INS RO: Population and housing census (PHS) Romanian border area 2002 Bulgarian border area Constanţa 3,0 Dobrich 2,8 1,8 Călăraşi 3,1 Silista 2,9 2,0 Giurgiu 3,0 Razgrad 2,9 2,0 Teleorman 3,0 Ruse 2,7 1,8 Dolj 3,0 Veliko Tarnovo 2,6 1,7 Mehedinţi 2.9 Pleven 2,7 1,8 Olt 3,0 Varna 2,7 1,9 Montana 2,5 1,6 Vidin 2,6 1,5 The average household size in the cross-border region, by counties and districts, the population and housing censuses in Romania and Bulgaria - persons The average size of households recorded in the 2002 census shows important differences between the Romanian counties in the area, oscilating between 2.9 persons (Mehedinţi) and 3.1 (Călăraşi). In the Bulgarian area, the average size of a household, in 2011, registered differences from one district to another, between 1.5 persons (Vidin) and 2.0 persons (Silistra, Razgrad). 40

41 Indicator: The number of the main types of health units (hospitals, clinics, dental clinics, pharmacies and pharmaceutical clinics Symbol Indicator type Domain Definition/ Coverage area Unit of measurement Geographic particularization levels: Additional particularization criteria Um Economic and social development Human capital-health Sanitary units are those units that provide healthcare prophylactic and curative to population, rehabilitation nursing, healthcare, blood transfusion units, preventive healthcare in preschool units, schools and students as well as pharmaceutical assistance through preparation and release of medicinal products, medical devices, food supplements etc. Pharmaceutical and health care is ensured by the following categories of public and private sector: hospitals, medical clinics, health centres, sanatoriums, TB diagnosis and treatment centres, hospital and ambulatory, preventoria, medical offices, dental offices, medical offices, school/medical laboratories, drugstores, creches and pharmaceutical points etc.. Number (by type of unit) RO:NUTS1, NUTS2, NUTS3 BG: NUTS1, NUTS2,NUTS3 Sum each category of health unit with legal personality at national level. Data are obtained on the basis of an exhaustive statistical research Evaluation method and formula Periodicity The reference period Availability Responsible institutions Annual End of the calendar year 11 months after the end of the reference calendar year NIS Exhaustive statistical research "health units activity 41

42 Romania total country Romanian area Călăraşi Constanţa Dolj Giurgiu Mehedinţi Olt Teleorman The evolution of the number of hospitals in the Romanian and Bulgarian border region, by county/district, Bulgaria total country Bulgarian area Dobric Montana Pleven Razgrad Ruse Silistra Veliko Tarnovo Vidin Vratsa In , the number of Romanian hospitals increased with 56 units at national level. However, in the Romanian cross-border area, only in Constanta county there has been an increase of 4 units in the number of hospitals (from 13 hospitals in hospitals in 2010), the other counties having the same number of hospitals throughout the analyzed period. Therefore, in Dolj there were 14 hospitals, 8 hospitals in Teleorman, and in Mehedinti, Olt, and Calarasi six hospitals while in Giurgiu, four hospitals. In Bulgaria, in , the hospital network development was positive as in Romania's case, in which concerns the network's development, from 338 hospitals registered nationally in 2007 to 346 hospitals registered in

43 The evolution of the number of hospitals in the Romanian and Bulgarian border region, by county/district, graphic In Romania, the health system infrastructure has undergone significant changes and the healthcare reform has focused on ambulatory health care. Therefore, while restructuring the state system, the private system developed, leading to an increase in the number of health units. The Bulgarian border region, recorded increases in the number of hospitals only in Pleven, with one unit (from 11 hospitals in 2007 to 12 hospitals in 2008, number which remained constant until 2010) and in Veliko Tarnovo and Vratsa (from 12 hospitals in each district in 2007, to 13 hospitals in each district, in ). 43

44 Indicator: Number of hospital beds (per inhabitants) Symbol Indicator type Domain Definition/ Coverage area As Economic and social development Human capital-health The degree of providing hospital beds to population in a specified period of time (usually one year) Hospital beds in hospitals and health centres are included (hospital beds). Unit of measurement Geographic particularization levels: Additional particularization criteria Number of hospital beds (per inhabitants) România: NUTS1, NUTS2, NUTS3 Bulgaria: NUTS1, NUTS3 The degree of providing hospital beds to population results in reporting the number of hospital beds to the number of inhabitants (total population) over a period of time and multiplied by As = (NP/NL)*1.000 where: As = number of hospital beds per 1000 inhabitants NP = number of hospital beds NL = number of inhabitants (total population from 1 July of the reference year. ) Evaluation method and formula Periodicity The reference period Availability Responsible institutions Annual End of the calendar year 11 months after the end of the reference calendar year NIS Exhaustive statistical research "health units activity 44

45 The number of hospital beds in the Romanian and Bulgarian border region, by county/district, in number of beds per 1000 inhabitants Bulgaria Romania 6,4 6,4 6,5 6,2 total total country country 6,4 6,5 6,5 6,5 Romanian area Bulgarian area Călăraşi 4,3 4,1 4,2 4,0 Dobric 4,9 5,0 5,1 5,1 Constanţa 5,8 5,8 6,0 5,9 Montana 5,7 5,9 6,0 5,9 Dolj 6,4 6,3 6,4 6,4 Pleven 5,5 5,4 5,5 5,8 Giurgiu 3,0 3,0 3,1 3,1 Razgrad 3,8 4,0 4,0 4,3 Mehedinţi 5,5 5,6 5,7 5,6 Ruse 6,4 6,5 6,5 6,3 Olt 4,7 4,7 4,8 4,6 Silistra 4,4 4,5 4,5 3,8 Teleorman 5,2 5,3 5,3 5,3 Veliko Tarnovo 6,6 6,7 6,8 6,4 Vidin 4,2 4,2 4,3 4,3 Vratsa 6,7 6,9 7,0 6,3 The number of hospital beds per 1000 inhabitants, in Romania, remained almost constant, with a slightly oscillating tendency, registering a total of 6.4 hospital beds in 2007 and 2008, 6.5 hospital beds in 2009 and 6.2 hospital beds in In Bulgaria, the number of hospital beds per 1000 inhabitants has also remained almost constant, registering a total of 6.4 hospital beds in 2007 (as in Romania) and in , 6.5 beds per 1000 inhabitants. Including hospital beds in dermatology centers, oncology centers, mental health centers, respiratory dispensaries and other hospital units with beds. 45

46 Indicator: Number of pupils per teacher, by education level Symbol NCD Indicator type Domain Social development indicator Human Capital: education and training Definition/ Coverage area Unit of measurement Geographic particularization levels: Additional particularization criteria Evaluation method and formula Periodicity The reference period Availability Responsible institutions The number of pupils per teacher in a certain level of education in a school year. Number România: NUTS 1, NUTS 2, NUTS 3 Bulgaria: NUTS 1, NUTS 3 Divide the total number of students enrolled in a given school year to the number of teachers. NCD t h = Nt h / CDt h where: NCD t the number of pupils per teacher in the school year t, t in education level h h; N t the total number of pupils enrolled in the school year t, by education level h h; CD t - total number of teachers in the school year activity t in education level h; h h represents a certain level of education, according to classification ISCED 97 (ISCED 0 - preschool, ISCED 1 - primary, ISCED 2 - secondary, ISCED 3 high school and vocational, ISCED 4- post secondary, ISCED 5-6 tertiary). Annual The beginning of the school-academic year 10 months after the beginning of the school-academic year NIS Statistical surveys for the beginning of school/academic year In the Romanian area of the border region Ro-Bg, the highest number of pupils per teacher is recorded in Giurgiu county, in pre-school and secondary education. In primary and secondary education, Calarasi county ranks first in terms of number of students per teacher. In the Bulgarian area, the highest number of students per teacher is recorded in Ruse district, in primary and secondary education levels. The small number of students per teacher has been registered in secondary education in Ruse district, in the Bulgarian border region Ro-Bg. 46

47 Romania Total country Pre-school education Primary and gymnasium education Secondary education (highschool, vocational and academic) Bulgaria Total country Pre-school education Primary and gymnasium education Secondary education (highschool, vocational and academic) Călăraşi Dobric Constanţa Montana Dolj Pleven Giurgiu Razgrad Mehedinţi Ruse Olt Silistra Teleorman Veliko Târnovo Romanian area Vidin Vratsa Bulgarian area Number of students per teacher by education levels in the Romanian and Bulgarian area in the school year The number of students per teacher in the school year , at national level, is higher in Romania (17) than in Bulgaria (11) in primary and secondary education (16 in Romania and 12 in Bulgaria). In primary and secondary education, the number of pupils per teacher is higher in Bulgaria (15) than in Romania (13). 47

48 Indicator: Average life expectancy, by gender and areas (life expectancy at birth) Symbol e 0 0 Indicator type Domain Definition/ Coverage area Unit of measurement Geographic particularization levels: Additional particularization criteria Evaluation method and formula Periodicity The reference period Availability Responsible institutions Economic and social development Human Capital: Population, households, housing conditions The average number of years that a newborn has to live, if he would live a lifetime, in terms of mortality by age of reference period Romania:years Bulgaria: years România: NUTS1, NUTS2, NUTS3 Bulgaria: NUTS3 The amount of the average number of survivors in the age interval x to x +1 is divided by the number of people alive when they have the exact age of x years. where: e 0 = ΣLMx/ Lx 0 e 0 the average number of years left to live for a person who survives age x 0 LMx -- the average number of survivors in the age interval x to x+1 year Lx number of survivors of x age Annual Calendar year June in the next reference year Romania: National Institute of Statistics (NIS) Bulgaria: NIS Romania: Demographic Statistics The programs regarding population awareness for practicing a healthy lifestyle, the access to information and the abundance of information regarding a reasonable diet, led to the positive evolution of the average life expectancy after The life expectancy at birth recorded in the last years, in both countries, was over 73 years, an increase, in correlation to the previous period. Women (77 years old) had a higher average life of 7 years than men (70 years). In territorial profile, Ruse (73.54 years) and Pleven (73.51 years) had life expectancy values close to the values recorded at national level. Among counties on the Romanian side, Constanta (72.56 years) and Dolj (72.74 years) reached the highest values. The most important contribution to increasing life expectancy at birth was held by the reduced mortality rate in adult and advanced ages and in a lesser extent at young ages. It is worth mentioning that mortality is considerably lower at the generations born after 1989, compared with the mortality in the same age at the generations born before The access to family planning services and the increased proportion of a lesser number of unwanted children had beneficial effects on children health to those born after Reducing the number of deaths in the first year of life determined a decrease in the infant mortality rate in both the Romanian and in the Bulgarian areas, recording values of 11.0 and 9.9 respectively (in 2010). The highest values of infant mortality (14.0 over) occurred in Calarasi county and Razgrad district. 48

49 Indicator: Total fertility rate (fertility conjectural indicator) Symbol Indicator type Domain Definition/ Coverage area Unit of measurement Geographic particularization levels: Additional particularization criteria Evaluation method and formula RTF Economic and social development Human Capital: Population, households, housing conditions The average number of children born by a woman throughout her fertile period. Romania: No. of children per woman. Bulgaria: No. of children per woman România: NUTS1, NUTS2, NUTS3 Bulgaria: NUTS1, NUTS3 It is determined as the amount of specific fertility rates by age in year t. RTF = Σ fx where: RTF conjunctural fertility indicator (total fertility rate) fx specific fertility rates by age, in year t; The specific fertility rate expresses the ratio between the newborns that women gave birth to at a certain age (age group) and the total number of women of the same age (age group). Annual Periodicity The reference period Availability Responsible institutions Calendar year June in the next reference year Romania: National Institute of Statistics (NIS), Bulgaria: NIS Romania: Demographic Statistics Although the birth rate was in a slight decrease in the last four years, in Romania, the total fertility rate, i.e the average number of children that a female would give birth that year, is under the value that would ensure the simple replacement of the generations in time, of 2.1 children per woman. The total fertility rate decreased to just 1.3 children per woman in 1995 and remained with slight variations at this level by The fertility Romanian model shows a decrease from one child per woman. Bulgaria had a total increasing of the fertility rate from 1.38 (2006) to 1.49 children per woman (2010). In Pleven and Vidin districts, there were registered conjectural index fertility values of over 1.5 children per woman. In Veliko Tarnovo (with the lowest fertility rate), the conjectural fertility index had in 2010 the value of 1.19 children per woman. In both countries we are witnessing a steady increase in the fertility rate percentage for ages above 25 years. At the same time, in the urban areas, the fertility rate curve was already drawn away from the early model, having the 'exposed" model features, with highest values in the age group years, as an intermediate phase to the "late" model, specific to Western Europe populations. In 2010, the average age of a mother at birth in Romania (27.6 years) and of the mothers in Bulgaria (26.6 years) was in a slightly increase in regard to the previous years, continuing the tendency of delaying the childbirth. Young couples want fewer children (preferably one) and give birth to a child at a higher age. This became the rule that governs the reproductive behavior of a young couple. The factors that decrease the natality rate are multiple and highlighted by many analysts in the field: women's empowerment and the increasing participation in economic activities outside its household; the increased duration and level of education; weak influences of the cultural norms; increased social mobility; the high costs for children; reducing the economic function of the child and especially its role in the economic security of older people; the emergence of modern contraceptive, other factors. 49

50 Indicator: Internal migration (balance) on residential areas Symbol Indicator type Domain Definition/ Coverage area Unit of measurement Geographic particularization levels: Δx Economic and social development Human Capital: Population, households, housing conditions Net migration or the migration balance represents the balance between the number of the persons arrived and the number of the persons who leave the administrativeterritorial unit. RO: Number of persons BG: Number of persons România: NUTS1, NUTS2, NUTS3; Bulgaria: NUTS1, NUTS3 Additional particularization criteria The difference between the people who arrive and the people who leave locality x, in year t Δx = M s - M P where: Δx internal migration balance; M s number of persons who arrive in locality x, in Evaluation method and formula year t, M P - number of persons who leave locality x, in year t Annual Periodicity The reference period Availability Responsible institutions Calendar year June in the next reference year RO: National Statistics Institute (NSI), the Department for Persons Records and Database Management; BG: NIS RO: Demographic Statistics The internal migration of the population is an intense process in the recent years, due mainly to social and economic factors both in Romania and in Bulgaria. Reducing the long-distance migration in favor of the short-distance migration, made the "migration in the county or district" significantly exceed the "migration between counties or between districts In the period , the number of the persons who have changed their residence in the Romanian border increased, determining an increase of the internal migration rate from 18.2 to 21. In the Bulgarian border area, the migration rate varied around Young people aged years-old in 2010 remained the most mobile (the maximum was for the age group years-old). After the age of 35, the change of residence level is much smaller, with the obvious tendency in the elderly (60 years and older). Of the total number of persons who changed their residence in 2010, men accounted 44% and women 56%, maintaining the mobility of women stronger, mainly due to the higher intensities observed in women in years old groups(with maximum intensity in the age group years). For those over 40, the male migration is higher. In 2010 we notice a deepening, in the Romanian area,of the negative migration balance in Olt and Mehedinti, while Constanta and Giurgiu counties have registered a positive balance of migration. All Bulgarian districts in the cross-border area have a negative balance, in Veliko Tarnovo being the highest negative balance recorded. Internal migration flows play an important role in the pattern of regional demographic typologies. Reducing the long-distance migration in favor of short-distance migration, made the migration between districts become more predominant. The degree of the economic development, the existence of large urban centers, which are attractive to migrants, the demographic and social-economic situation, especially in the labor market are the main factors influencing the intensity of long distance migration. 50

51 Indicator: International migration (emigrants) by gender and age groups Symbol Indicator type Domain Definition/ Coverage area Me Economic and social development Human Capital: Population, households, housing conditions People - citizens - who have left the country and changed their residence in a foreign locality. Unit of measurement Geographic particularization levels: Additional particularization criteria Evaluation method and formula Periodicity The reference period Availability Responsible institutions RO: Number of persons BG: Number of persons România: NUTS1, NUTS2, NUTS3 Bulgaria: NUTS1 The sum of persons abroad (emigrants) by changing their domicile abroad in year t Me = Σ Ex where: Me international migration - emigrants Ex - number of people who leave locality X, in year t, by changing their residence in a foreign city Annual Calendar year June in the next reference year RO: National Institute of Statistics (NIS), General Directorate of Passports BG: National Institute of Statistics (NIS), General Directorate of Passports RO: Demographic Statistics 51

52 Indicator: Ethnic minorities Hungarian Roma Ukrainia n Germa n Russian (Lipovan) Turkish Tatars Serbs Slovaks Total minorities Romanians Total population Percenta ge of ethnic minoritie s from total populatio n Total Romanian Area ,78% Constanta ,45% Calarasi ,85% Giurgiu ,94% Teleorman ,22% Olt ,91% Dolj ,39% Mehedinti ,61% 52

53 Roma Turkish Other Did not Answer Total minorities Bulgarians Total population Percentage of ethnic minorities from total population Total Bulgarian Area ,69% Dobrich ,60% Silistra ,60% Razgrad ,00% Ruse ,56% Veliko Tarnovo ,68% Pleven ,60% Vraca ,27% Montana ,69% Vidin ,75% Total population Romanian Area Total population Bulgarian Area Total Populaton Ro-Bg area Total minorities Ro area Total minorities Bg area Total minorities Ro-Bg area % of the ethnic minorities in the Ro area % of the ethnic minorities in the Bg area % of the ethnic minorities in the Ro Bg cross-border area 4,78% 18,69% 9,11% 53

54 Total population Romanian Area Total population Bulgarian Area Total Populaton Ro-Bg area Total minorities Ro area Total minorities Bg area Total minorities Ro-Bg area

55 Indicator: Average living area per person Symbol L ar/average Indicator type Domain Definition/ Coverage area Unit of measurement Geographic particularization levels: Additional particularization criteria Economic and social development Human capital: Population, housing and housing conditions The average living space per person. RO: Sq. m/person, BG: Sq. m/person România: NUTS1, NUTS3, Bulgaria: NUTS1, NUTS3 The ratio of the total living area and the total number of people in the dwellings. L ar/average = S lo / P lo Evaluation method and formula where: L ar/average - average living area per person L ar - total living area - number of persons in dwellings P la 10 years Periodicity The reference period Availability The reference moment of the census The following year after the census RO: National Institute of Statistics (NIS) BG: INS Responsible institutions RO: Population and housing census (PHS) The average size of households recorded in the 2002 census shows important differences between the Romanian counties in the area, oscilating between 2.9 persons (Mehedinţi) and 3.1 (Călăraşi). In the Bulgarian area, the average size of a household, in 2011, registered differences from one district to another, between 1.5 persons (Vidin) and 2.0 persons (Silistra, Razgrad). 55

56 Romanian border area 2002 Bulgarian border area Constanţa 3,0 Dobrich 2,8 1,8 Călăraşi 3,1 Silista 2,9 2,0 Giurgiu 3,0 Razgrad 2,9 2,0 Teleorman 3,0 Ruse 2,7 1,8 Olt 3,0 Veliko Tarnovo 2,6 1,7 Dolj 3,0 Pleven 2,7 1,8 Mehedinţi 2.9 Varna 2,7 1,9 Montana 2,5 1,6 Vidin 2,6 1,5 The average household size in the cross-border region, by counties and districts, the population and housing censuses in Romania and Bulgaria - persons 56

57 Indicator: The number of the main types of health units (hospitals, clinics, dental clinics, pharmacies and pharmaceutical clinics Symbol Indicator type Domain Definition/ Coverage area Unit of measurement Geographic particularization levels: Additional particularization criteria Evaluation method and formula Um Economic and social development Human capital-health Sanitary units are those units that provide healthcare prophylactic and curative to population, rehabilitation nursing, healthcare, blood transfusion units, preventive healthcare in preschool units, schools and students as well as pharmaceutical assistance through preparation and release of medicinal products, medical devices, food supplements etc. Pharmaceutical and health care is ensured by the following categories of public and private sector: hospitals, medical clinics, health centres, sanatoriums, TB diagnosis and treatment centres, hospital and ambulatory, preventoria, medical offices, dental offices, medical offices, school/medical laboratories, drugstores, creches and pharmaceutical points etc.. Number (by type of unit) RO:NUTS1, NUTS2, NUTS3 BG: NUTS1, NUTS2,NUTS3 Sum each category of health unit with legal personality at national level. Data are obtained on the basis of an exhaustive statistical research Annual Periodicity The reference period Availability Responsible institutions End of the calendar year 11 months after the end of the reference calendar year NIS Exhaustive statistical research "health units activity In , the number of Romanian hospitals increased with 56 units at national level. However, in the Romanian cross-border area, only in Constanta county there has been an increase of 4 units in the number of hospitals (from 13 hospitals in hospitals in 2010), the other counties having the same number of hospitals throughout the analyzed period. Therefore, in Dolj there were 14 hospitals, 8 hospitals in Teleorman, and in Mehedinti, Olt, and Calarasi six hospitals while in Giurgiu, four hospitals. In Bulgaria, in , the hospital network development was positive as in Romania's case, in which concerns the network's development, from 338 hospitals registered nationally in 2007 to 346 hospitals registered in

58 Romania total country Romanian area Bulgaria total country Bulgarian area Constanţa Dobric Călăraşi Silistra Giurgiu Razgrad Teleorman Ruse Olt Veliko Tarnovo Dolj Pleven Mehedinţi Vratsa Montana Vidin The evolution of the number of hospitals in the Romanian and Bulgarian border region, by county/district, In Romania, the health system infrastructure has undergone significant changes and the healthcare reform has focused on ambulatory health care. Therefore, while restructuring the state system, the private system developed, leading to an increase in the number of health units. The Bulgarian border region, recorded increases in the number of hospitals only in Pleven, with one unit (from 11 hospitals in 2007 to 12 hospitals in 2008, number which remained constant until 2010) and in Veliko Tarnovo and Vratsa (from 12 hospitals in each district in 2007, to 13 hospitals in each district, in ). 58

59 Indicator: Number of hospital beds (per inhabitants) Symbol Indicator type Domain Definition/ Coverage area As Economic and social development Human capital-health The degree of providing hospital beds to population in a specified period of time (usually one year) Hospital beds in hospitals and health centres are included (hospital beds). Unit of measurement Geographic particularization levels: Additional particularization criteria Number of hospital beds (per inhabitants) România: NUTS1, NUTS2, NUTS3 Bulgaria: NUTS1, NUTS3 The degree of providing hospital beds to population results in reporting the number of hospital beds to the number of inhabitants (total population) over a period of time and multiplied by As = (NP/NL)*1.000 where: As = number of hospital beds per 1000 inhabitants NP = number of hospital beds NL = number of inhabitants (total population from 1 July of the reference year. ) Evaluation method and formula Periodicity The reference period Availability Responsible institutions Annual End of the calendar year 11 months after the end of the reference calendar year NIS Exhaustive statistical research "health units activity The number of hospital beds per 1000 inhabitants, in Romania, remained almost constant, with a slightly oscillating tendency, registering a total of 6.4 hospital beds in 2007 and 2008, 6.5 hospital beds in 2009 and 6.2 hospital beds in In Bulgaria, the number of hospital beds per 1000 inhabitants has also remained almost constant, registering a total of 6.4 hospital beds in 2007 (as in Romania) and in , 6.5 beds per 1000 inhabitants. Including hospital beds in dermatology centers, oncology centers, mental health centers, respiratory dispensaries and other hospital units with beds. 59

60 Romania total country 6,4 6,4 6,5 6,2 Bulgaria total country 6,4 6,5 6,5 6,5 Romanian area Bulgarian area Constanţa 5,8 5,8 6,0 5,9 Dobric 4,9 5,0 5,1 5,1 Călăraşi 4,3 4,1 4,2 4,0 Silistra 4,4 4,5 4,5 3,8 Giurgiu 3,0 3,0 3,1 3,1 Razgrad 3,8 4,0 4,0 4,3 Teleorman 5,2 5,3 5,3 5,3 Ruse 6,4 6,5 6,5 6,3 Olt 4,7 4,7 4,8 4,6 Veliko Tarnovo 6,6 6,7 6,8 6,4 Dolj 6,4 6,3 6,4 6,4 Pleven 5,5 5,4 5,5 5,8 Mehedinţi 5,5 5,6 5,7 5,6 Vratsa 6,7 6,9 7,0 6,3 Montana 5,7 5,9 6,0 5,9 Vidin 4,2 4,2 4,3 4,3 The number of hospital beds in the Romanian and Bulgarian border region, by county/district, in number of beds per 1000 inhabitants- 60

61 Indicator: The incidence of infectious and parasitic diseases (tuberculosis, viral hepatitis)-new cases per inhabitants Symbol Indicator type Ibt Economic and social development indicator Domain Human capital-health Definition/ Coverage area The incidence of infectious and parasitic diseases represents the frequency of new cases registered for certain infectious and parasitic diseases (in a certain territory) and a certain period of time (usually one year) Tuberculosis is a contagious disease produced by Koch bacillus, transmitted by air, less digestive and which can affect all organs of the body, but primarily the lung. Syphilis is an infectious venereal disease caused by Treponema pallidum, with chronic evolution, usually transmitted sexually or hereditary characterized by episodes of active disease (ulcers and lesions of different organs) interrupted by periods of latency. Viral hepatitis is communicable disease which appears in the form of epidemics or pandemics. It is due to a specific virus, which entered the body accidentally or by digestive path, parenteral administration - causes a disease of the whole organism, and in particular of parenchyma. The disease is manifested by the general infection signs and digestive and liver symptoms, accompanied by jaundice. Unit of measurement Geographic particularization levels: Additional particularization criteria Evaluation method and formula Periodicity The reference period Availability Responsible institutions New cases per inhabitants România: NUTS1, NUTS2, NUTS3 Bulgaria: NUTS1, NUTS3 New cases of disease, recorded in a fixed period of time (one year) for some infectious diseases and parasitic diseases shall be divided by the total population, and multiplied by I bt =(Bn/NL)* where: I bt = the incidence of infectious or parasitic diseases Bn = the number of new cases detected in a specific infectious or parasitic category during the reference year NL = number of inhabitants (total population from 1 July of the year of reference.) Annual Calendar year 11 months after the end of the reference calendar year Ministry of Health From administrative data sources (tuberculosis and sexually transmitted diseases reports, other reports in the context of their own health system) 61

62 1. TUBERCULOSIS Romania total country 87,8 87,0 82,8 74,4 Romanian area Constanţa 120,0 127,0 106,5 91,9 Călăraşi 95,8 93,4 90,1 81,8 Giurgiu 123,8 130,9 120,2 119,9 Teleorman 111,8 120,5 122,0 105,8 Olt 103,8 117,7 139,2 118,9 Dolj 123,6 127,9 116,4 111,5 Mehedinţi 115,1 112,8 95,6 97,9 The incidence of tuberculosis in the Romanian and Bulgarian border region, by county/district, in new cases per inhabitants Vidin Vratsa Razgrad Montana Silistra Bulgaria Dobric Ruse Pleven Veliko Tarnovo ,2 64,1 43,4 43,3 38,9 33,6 27,9 27,2 24,6 21, ,8 58,2 65,0 47,0 43,1 38,5 29,2 37,7 29,0 36,7 Compared to the of the national average in Romania, the incidence of tuberculosis, shows major deviations from one area to another. In the border area, in the period , the incidence of tuberculosis values recorded, exceed the national average. The decrease tendency of the incidence of tuberculosis follows the national tendency, in four of the seven counties of the Romanian border region. Therefore, in 2010 compared to 2007, the number of new cases of TBC per 100,000 inhabitants decreased by 28.1 new cases in Constanta, by 12.1 new cases in Dolj and by 14 new cases in Calarasi and 3.9 new cases in Giurgiu. In the other three counties (Teleorman, Olt and Mehedinti) the tendency is oscillating. In the Bulgarian area, the highest incidence of tuberculosis was registered in Vidin (74.2 new cases of tuberculosis per 100,000 inhabitants) in 2009 and the lowest incidence in Veliko Tarnovo (21.7 new cases of tuberculosis per 100,000 inhabitants). The value recorded in 2009, in Vidin, has been double compared to the national Bulgarian average Bulgarian. 62

63 2. VIRAL HEPATITIS Romania total country ,8 22,5 21,6 21,1 Romanian area Bulgaria total country 50,6 24,7 24,9 : Bulgarian area Călăraşi 19,0 5,1 23,0 : Dobric 61,3 54,9 43,4 : Constanţa 33,6 14,9 14,8 : Montana 22,1 18,8 10,8 : Dolj 23,2 18,1 18,6 : Pleven 34,0 20,6 15,4 : Giurgiu 5,6 1,4 4,6 : Razgrad 5,1 20,0 33,7 : Mehedinţi 23,1 10,5 11,6 : Ruse 11,4 7,1 18,4 : Olt 30,9 18,7 16,5 : Silistra 59,2 49,2 42,8 : Teleorman 12,3 9,1 7,7 : Veliko Tarnovo 19,7 17,6 13,0 : Vidin 18,5 10,8 13,7 : Vratsa 42,6 14,4 24,2 : The incidence of viral hepatitis in the Romanian and Bulgarian border region, by county/district, in new cases per inhabitants - Viral hepatitis combated by vaccination campaigns developed at a national level, registered in Romania between a significant decrease. At a national level, in 2010 there were 21.1 new cases of viral hepatitis per 100,000 inhabitants (21.6 in 2009) with 10.7 new cases less than in An analysis of these data easily leads us to the conclusion that at a national level, in Bulgaria, the prevalence of acute viral hepatitis was halved in In the case of the Bulgarian evolution of infectious hepatitis cases recorded differ from one district to another. Thus, in five of the nine districts the tendency is decreasing. In Dobra and Silistra districts, where in 2007 the number of cases recorded per 100,000 inhabitants exceeded the national average, 61.3 cases in Dobric and 59.2 cases in Silistra have decreased by 29.2% and 27.7%. However, in 2009, both districts registered almost double values than the national average. 63

64 Indicator: The number of education units, by levels of education Symbol Indicator type Domain Definition/coverage area Unit of measurement Geographic particularization levels: Additional particularization criteria NoEdu Social development indicator Human Capital: education and training The education unit represents the organized frame in which training activities and formal education of children/pupils/students under the guidance of a qualified teaching staff are carried out. A legal unit is the unit of statistical observation. These units are specific to each educational level, excepting arts and crafts education and foremen education (they are considered sections). The number of education units includes all of these entities (statistical units) structured by level of education. RO: number BG: number RO:NUTS 1, NUTS 2, NUTS 3 BG:NUTS1, NUTS2, NUTS3 Romania: Level of education: preschool, primary and secondary, secondary, vocational and apprenticeship, post-secondary and foremen; higher Bulgaria: Level of education: schools, special schools, schools of arts, vocational gymnasiums, vocational colleges, training schools after sixth and seventh grades, training schools after class VIII, self-dependent colleges, universities and institutions equivalent higher education Evaluation method and formula Periodicity Reference period Availability Responsible institutes 15.Data source Sum all legal units on each educational level and national level. Data are obtained on the basis of exhaustive statistical surveys for the beginning of school/academic year Annual The beginning of the school-academic year 10 months after the beginning of the school-academic year RO:NIS BG: NIS Statistical surveys for the beginning of school/academic year Total classes Pre-school education Primary and gymnasium education Vocational and Highschool apprenticeship education Post-secondary and foreman education Romania total country Constanţa Călăraşi Giurgiu Teleorman Olt Dolj Mehedinţi

65 Bulgaria total country Dobric Silistra Razgrad Ruse Veliko Tarnovo Pleven Vraca Montana Vidin The number of education units, by levels of education 65

66 School/academic year Romania Bulgaria Total number of units in the country during In Bulgaria, the number of schools and universities at a national level, in 2009/2010 decreased by 14.7% compared with the 2006/2007 school year. In which concerns the number of classes in highschool education in the 2009/2010 school year, the highest percentage of total class at a national level was in primary and secondary education, of 69.8% in Romania to 50.3% in Bulgaria, and lowest percentage was recorded in post-secondary and foremen education by 1.8% in Romania and in the vocational education and apprenticeship, of 4.4% in Bulgaria. In the Romanian area or the cross-border region, in the 2009/2010 school year, Constanta county had the largest number of classes of students in primary, gymnasium (2731 classes of students) and high school (186 classes of students) and most preschool children groups (957 children groups) mainly due to the large number of schools in this county. In the 2009/2010 school year, in vocational education and apprenticeship education, as well as in post-secondary and foreman education, the highest number of classes of students was recorded in Dolj, in comparison with other counties in the Romanian border region. In the Bulgarian area in the cross-border region Ro-Bg, in 2009/2010 school year, the highest number of classes in primary, secondary and vocational education (vocational) was recorded in Pleven district. In the same year, in Veliko Tarnovo district, there have been recorded the most groups of children in preschool, and in Ruse district, there have been recorded the most students classes in post-secondary education. At the opposite, i.e the lowest number of groups of children and classes of students in the 2009/2010 school year, was recorded in Vidin district for all pre-academic educational levels. 66

67 Indicator: School population (number of pupils/students) on levels of education Symbol Indicator type Domain Definition/coverage area Unit of measurement Geographic particularization levels: Additional particularization criteria Evaluation method and formula PSc Social development indicator Human Capital: education and training School population represents the totality of children, pupils and students, which participate in the process of training and education, in a school/academic year, regardkess of the forms of education that they attend (by day, low frequency and distance) and age. Number RO:NUTS 1, NUTS 2, NUTS 3 BG:NUTS1, NUTS3 Romania: Level of education: preschool, primary and secondary, secondary, vocational and apprenticeship, post-secondary and foremen; higher Bulgaria: Level of education: preschool, grades I-IV, class V-VIII, IX-XII grades, students in vocational colleges; Sum all the children, pupils and students registered at the beginning of each school year, each academic year by educational and national level. Data are obtained on the basis of exhaustive statistical surveys for the beginning of school/academic year. Periodicity Reference period Availability Responsible institutes Data source Annual The beginning of the school-academic year 10 months after the beginning of the school-academic year NIS Statistical surveys for the beginning of school/academic year As a result of the demographic evolution and the migration evolution, the population of Bulgaria and Romania has decreased dramatically in recent years. The slow, but continuous aging population, led to decreasing the school age population (3-23 years) and, consequently, the school population. In the school / academic year , the school population registered in Romania in the national education system was of 4.18 million people. The data of the school / academic year level shows a decrease of 3.4% compared with the precedent school / academic year and by 3.9% compared to the school / academic year In the school / academic year , 15.9% of the total school population in Romania were pre-schoolers, 65.5% were pupils in school education and 18.6% were students. The school population in Romania, by educational levels, showed different developments in the period Therefore, in the school / academic year , compared to the school / academic year , the increasing tendencies were registered for the school population attending high school (7.3%), post-secondary level which almost doubled (by 1.7 times) and preschool education (2.7%). The vocational school population in the same year was halved (2.2 times), followed by a decrease in the number of students attending primary and secondary education (6.7%). A slight decrease was registered among students, by 1.3% in compared with the academic year. 67

68 In the Romanian border region, the school population in the school / academic year 2009/2010 was of 568,945 students with a 13.6% share of the total school population in Romania. Although in the school / academic year , the highest school population in the Romanian area was in Constanta county ( pupils / students) and Dolj ( pupils / students), their share in the national school population was of 3.6% (Constanta county) and 3.5% (Dolj). In Giurgiu County we notice an increase of the school population in secondary education (7.8%), post-secondary education (2.9 times) the school / academic year compared to the school / academic year Compared with the total school population of other counties in the Romanian area, in this county, in the school enrolment had the smallest share (7.1%) of the total school population in the Romanian area, representing about 1% of the total school population at a national level. In Bulgaria, in the school / academic year , the school population number decreased compared to the school / academic year both at national level and at Bulgarian border area level. Only Silistra and Veliko Tarnovo districts registered during this period of a school population growth. In the school / academic year , 16.9% of the total school population in Bulgaria were pre-schoolers, 61.2% were pupils in school education and 21.9% were students. We notice the fact that the share of pre-school children in the total school population in Bulgaria is higher than in Romania (by 1.0%) and that the share of students in the school population in Bulgaria is also higher than in Romania (3, 3%). In contrast, the percentage of pupils in pre-university school population in Romania is by 4.3% higher than the same indicator calculated for Bulgaria. The school population in Romania in the school / academic year has values higher than the total school population of Bulgaria in the total country, in the border region and by education levels, with one exception, namely the post-secondary education and foremen education. The school population in Bulgaria for this level is 45% higher than the corresponding same level in Romania. In the school / academic year , in the Bulgarian border region, 268,350 students were enrolled, representing 20.8% of the school population of Bulgaria, the largest number of school population recorded in the districts of the Bulgarian area was in Veliko Tarnovo (60.2 thousand pupils / students) and Pleven (40.0 thousand pupils / students). By educational levels, Pleven district has a higher school population, with one exception, namely in academic education, where Veliko Tarnovo district holds the first place with a share of students in the total students in the Bulgarian area of 67.1%. 68

69 The share of school population in the counties and districts of the border region Ro-Bg, in the total Romanian and Bulgarian area in the school year