Sixth International Scientific Agricultural Symposium Agrosym 2015

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1 Original scientific paper /AGSY B OCCURENCE AND DISTRIBUTION MAPPING OF INVASIVE WEED SPECIES HELIANTHUS TUBEROSUS L. IN NORTH WESTERN AREA OF REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA Gordana BABIĆ*, Vojislav TRKULJA PI Agricultural Institute of Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina *Corresponding author: Abstract Species Helianthus tuberosus L., as many belonging to the Helianthus genus, are caracterised by their successful vegetative propagation, allelopathy or shading, aggressive spreading, elimination of other species of the natural habitats, changing the structure of plant communities, and even behave as dangerous weeds. Considering species habitat requirements, Republic of Srpska is definitely one of the area for potential distribution of Jerusalem artichoke as invasive weed species. In this sense main goal of this study was to investigate the occurence and carry out distribution mapping of Jerusalem artichoke in north western part of Republic of Srpska (RS). Distribution and abundance parameters were done for 40 Helianthus stands based on Blanque Braun (1964) method and GIS software. A wide-spread distribituion reveal a high spreading and renewal potential of the species which turns it into a real threat to native flora and wildlife habitats, watercourses etc. By current research in the north western part of RS Jerusalem artichoke is in significant expansion, resulting in negative ecological, economic and social impact. Regarding to those research priorization process for mentonied area on local level is of a great importance. Key words: Jerusalem artichoke, occurence, distribution, mapping, Republic of Srpska Introduction The Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.), native to temperate regions of North America, has been grown in Europe since the 17th century (Slimestad et al., 2010) mainly for tubers. In the mid-18th century it was widely replaced by the potato as a staple food in central Europe (Hartmann et al., 1995). But this species, as many belonging to the Helianthus genus, are caracterised by their successful vegetative propagation, allelopathy or shading, they spread aggressively, eliminate other species of the natural habitats, change the structure of plant communities, and even behave as dangerous weeds. Another major issue related to the invasive taxa of this genus is that by their getting wild, they earn phenologic plasticity, probably hybridize, so their taxonomic position is uncertain and largely debated (Balogh, 2006). The first escaped plants were found in the mid 19th century in some countries, the invasive spread began mostly around 1900 and became more rapid in central Europe in the 1930s (Hartmann et al., 1995). Thus in many European countries H. tuberosus allready have invasive status or it was placed on watch-list wich comprises invasive alien species that have potential to cause damage and therefore their spread should be monitored (photo 1,

2 Photo 1. Naturalised distribution of Jerusalem artichoke: = Present, no further details; = Widespread; = Localised; =Confined and subject to quarantine; = Occasional or few reports; = Evidence of pathogen; = Last reported; = Presence unconfirmed; = See regional map for distribution within the country (source According to EPPO (European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization) the Jerusalem artichoke (H. tuberosus L.) is one of the 34 invasive taxa (source The species is invasive even in its native country, disturbing natural forest communities (Balogh, 2006). It is considered an invasive species in Poland, Austria, Italy, Germany, France and Hungary (Wittenberg, 2005). According to Nature protection and biodiversity - State and impacts (Bosnia and Herzegovina) (Eropean Enviroment Agency) from 2010 the same status Jerusalem artichoke has in BiH. Among the invasive weed species Helianthus tuberosus, is one the most common in our area. This species also have a negative effect on the habitats of hygrophilous woods of willow, alder and poplar, which are particularly common in the Posavina area of Bosnia and Herzegovina (source In spreading of invasive species one of the aggravating circumstances are floods. According to Fehér (2001), the floods also distort riparian vegetation and thus creating new opportunities for colonization by invasive species and forming a source population for spreading invasive species into the surrounding landscape. As an invasive species on river banks, H. tuberosus can result in increased flood erosion, as it has fewer fine roots than native river bank vegetation and leaves the soil bare and unprotected after it dies back in autumn. In addition, its tubers are dug after by rodents resulting in further damage to river banks and flood protection dams (Hartmann et al., 1995; Kowarik, 2003). Regarding to those research in Rebublic of Srpska, with already conolized area by invasive Jerusalem artichoke, flooding waves recorded during 2010 and 2014 are aditional threath for further spreading. Spreading potential, aggressiveness and invasiveness of Jerusalem artichoke as invasive weed species, as well as all facts mentonied above were the background to the main goal of this study which was to evaluate the occurrence, as well as to carry out distribution mapping of invasive species Helianthus tuberosus in north western part of RS. 1249

Material and method The current research mainly focuses on the north western part of RS in relation to species habitat requirements and main environmental features.

Luka, Čelinac, Kotor Varoš, Gradiška, Srbac, Prnjavor and Derventa.

3 Material and method The current research mainly focuses on the north western part of RS in relation to species habitat requirements and main environmental features. Field survey was conducted during the vegetation period 2014 in the area of a large number of municipalities of the Republic of Srpska, with emphasis on the territory of the municipalities of Banja Luka, Čelinac, Kotor Varoš, Gradiška, Srbac, Prnjavor and Derventa. Assessment of the occurrence and distribution of Jerusalem artichoke were taken along the roads in the urban areas, between the settlements in ruderal and less arable land, and on the edges of farmland, on arable land, along the river Sava and Vrbanja, as well as along the fish pond, in ditches and on the edges of forests. Quantitative distribution, study species density measure was assessed based on Blanque Braun (1964) method. During fieldwork Helianthus stands were mapped and recorded with GPS, while polygons were digitized using GIS software. All stands have been assigned to size classes (0-10m 2 ; m 2 ; m 2 ; >1000). Species habitat requirements H. tuberosus prefers certain habitat types (Fehér and Končeková, 2001). It is best adapted to rich, moist soil that can be found along roadways, in wasteland areas and gardens (Wyse et al., 1986). According to Hartmann et al. (1995) H. tuberosus is completely naturalized on moist, nutrient-rich, sandy or loamy soils, especially along rivers. The most substantial site of occurrence includes riparian nitrophilic vegetation along watercourses, but also a variety of anthropogenic sites. In the landscape, it spreads very aggressively and settles more and more areas. It is contributed not only by spreading through generative diaspores, but also by vegetative propagation of broken-off parts of corms washed away by water to new sites along the watercourse (Cvachová et al., 2002). Results and discussion A wide-spread distribution of invasive weed species H. tuberosus was observed in the number of municipality of Republic of Srpska, specialy near the water sources in Banja Luka, Prnjavor, Vrbanja, Čelinac, Kotor Varoš and Derventa but as well between the above mentioned municipalities along the roads in populated areas, between settlements in ruderal and less arable land, on the edges of farmland and arable land, along the river Sava and Vrbanja, as well as along the fish pond, in ditches or even in the urban aerias (photo 2-7). Photo 2. H. tuberosus between Banja Luka and Vrbanja Photo 3. H. tuberosus in urban area of Derventa 1250

Photo 4. H. tuberosus along the fish pond Photo 5. H. tuberosus in corn crop Photo 6. H. tuberosus on river bank of Vrbanja in Čelinac Photo 7. H. tuberosus on the edges of near Banja Luka farmland Regarding to other regions of Europe, H.

Frequent expansion of the species into the surrounding sites inner town, near agricultural lands and the cultivated field is also noticed, beside the expansion on the river

density of individuals e.g. up to 70/m 2 along the fish pond between Prnjavor and Derventa, as well on river bank of Vrbanja and Sava (up to 30-40/m 2 ).

As a result of the developing relationship of an invading plant a secondary, repeating combination of species is formed in which alien species play the main role (Falinski,

4 Photo 4. H. tuberosus along the fish pond Photo 5. H. tuberosus in corn crop Photo 6. H. tuberosus on river bank of Vrbanja in Čelinac Photo 7. H. tuberosus on the edges of near Banja Luka farmland Regarding to other regions of Europe, H. tuberosus behaves as an invasive weed species in the studied region. Frequent expansion of the species into the surrounding sites inner town, near agricultural lands and the cultivated field is also noticed, beside the expansion on the river bank of Vrbanja and Sava. The abundance of Jerusalem artichoke points to a high density of individuals e.g. up to 70/m 2 along the fish pond between Prnjavor and Derventa, as well on river bank of Vrbanja and Sava (up to 30-40/m 2 ). Helianthus tuberosus can invide a resident plant communities and cause decrase in the number of native species or almost completely eliminate them from patches. As a result of the developing relationship of an invading plant a secondary, repeating combination of species is formed in which alien species play the main role (Falinski, 1998). Only in the north western part of RS was recorded 40 Jerusalem artichoke stand. A half of polygons less than 100 m 2 were recorded in urban parts of north western area of Republic of Srpska, 15 polygons ( m 2 ) were recorded betwen Prnjavor and Derventa, Banja Luka and Čelinac, as well as five polygons ( m 2 ) (Photo ). 1251

8 27 8 28 8 29 8 30 8 31 8 32 8 33 8 34 Photo 8 1-34.

Banja Luka and Čelinac polygons less than 1000 m 2 and from 1000-10.

individuals/m 2, as well as recorded flooding waves in RS ponit out to certain further spreading of H. tuberosus as an invasive weed species.

Regarding to the current research in the north western part of Republic of Srpska jerulasem artichikea is in significant expansion, resulting in

7 Photo Helinathus stand in the north western part of Republic of Srpska: polygons less than 100 m 2 in urban parts, areas between Prnjavor and Derventa, Banja Luka and Čelinac polygons less than 1000 m 2 and from m 2 Conclusion Considering already conolized area by Jerusalem artichokea, number of finding stands in the studied region, high density of individuals/m 2, as well as recorded flooding waves in RS ponit out to certain further spreading of H. tuberosus as an invasive weed species. The most sever areas are in the river banks of Vrbanja and Sava, as well as areas along the fish pond between Prnjavor and Derventa. Regarding to the current research in the north western part of Republic of Srpska jerulasem artichikea is in significant expansion, resulting in negative ecological, economic and social impact. Regarding to those research priorization process for mentonied area on local level is of a great importance. Under the given circumstances, undertaking comprehensive studies on the species characteristics and distribution potential on one hand and developing eradication and control methods, on the other are highly recommended. 1254

8 References Balogh, L. (2006): Napraforgófajok (Helianthus spp.) Pp In: BOTTA-DUKÁT Z. & MIHÁLY B. (eds.). Biológiai inváziók Magyarországon. Özönnövények II. (Biological invasions in Hungary. II invasive plants.) A KVM Természetvédelmi Hivatalának tanulmánykötetei 10, Budapest, 410 pp. Cvachová, A., Chromý, P., Gojdičová, E., Leskovjanská, A., Pietrová, E., Šimková, A., Zaliberová, M. 2002: Príručka na určovanie vybraných inváznych druhov rastlín (Guide for the determination of selected invasive plant species), ŠOP SR, Banská Bystrica, p. Braun Blanque, J. (1964): Pflanzensoziologie, Grundzüge der Vegetationskunde (Phytosociology, Broad Vegetation Science), 3rd ed., Springer, Wien-New York, 865 pp. Falinski, J. B. (1998): Invasive alien plants, vegetation dynamics. In: Starfinger, U., Edwards, K., Kowarik, I. And Williamson, W. (eds.), Plant invasions: Ecological mechanisams and Human responses. Plant invasion, pp Buckhuys Publisher, Leiden, The Netherlands. Fehér, A. 2001: Invázne správanie sa rastlín v povodí rieky Nitry (Invasive behavior of the plant in Nitra river), Dizertačná práca, FZKI SPU v Nitre, p. Fehér, A., Končeková L. (2001): Rozširovanie invázneho druhu Helianthus tuberosus v pobrežných spoločenstvách rieky Nitry (The spread of invasive species Helianthus tuberosus in coastal communities of the Nitra River), Bull. Czech Bot. Soc. (Praha), Mater. 18: Hartmann, E., Schuldes, H., Kübler, R., Konold, W. (1995): Neophyten. Biologie, Verbreitung und Kontrolle ausgewählter Arten (Neophytes. Biology, distribution and control of selected species). ecomed, Landsberg. Kowarik, I., Biologische Invasionen: Neophyten und Neozoen in Mitteleuropa (Neophytes and invasive species in Central Europe). Stuttgart, Germany: Ulmer. Slimestad, R., Seljaasen, R., Meijer, K., Skar, S.L. (2010): Norwegian-grown Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.): morphology and content of sugars and fructooligosaccharides in stems and tubers. J. Sci. Food Agric., 90(6): Wittenberg, R. (ed.) (2005): An inventory of alien species and their threat to biodiversity and economy in Switzerland. 416 pp. Cabi Bioscience Switzerland Centre report to the Swiss Agency for Enviroment, Forests and Landscape. Wyse, D.L., Young, F.L., Jones, R.J. (1986): Influence of Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus teberosus) Density and Duration of Interference on Soybean (Glycine max) Growth and Yield. In: Weed Science, vol. 34, No. 2, pp Datasheet: Helianthus tuberosus (Jerusalem artichoke), Nature protection and biodiversity - State and impacts (Bosnia and Herzegovina)

Prof. Dr Željko Vaško Doc. Dr Tihomir Predić MSc Boris Marković

First Interim Meeting of the Regional Expert Advisory Working Group on Areas with Natural Constrains Prof. Dr Željko Vaško Doc. Dr Tihomir Predić MSc Boris Marković 29 th June 01 th July, 2016 Andrevlje,