a true adventure of the spirit. This Book is Dedicated to the. National Order of the Arrow Committee. and the Philmont Ranch Management.

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3 -... <... 1:1:1 This Book is Dedicated to the National Order of the Arrow Committee and the Philmont Ranch Management. Thanks for working together to provide youth an opportunity to experience a true adventure of the spirit. o.....

4 ,. PHILMONT TRAIL BUILDING PROJECT COMMITTEE Section Chiefs Seth Brown Russell Johnson Paul Chandler Kevin Safley Philmont Staff Marty Tschetter Scott Beckett Steve Willis Advisers Gene Schnell Earle Peterson National Officers Ryan Pitts Ryan Miske Ed Pease Clyde Mayer Program Development Chairman. Winton, NC Columbus, OH Napa, CA Corvallis, OR Associate Director of Conservation- Trail Crew Programs. Greenville, NC Assistant Director-OA. Las Vegas, NV Director of Camping Headquarters Services. Montgomery, AL The 1995 Order of the Arrow Conservation Staff National OA Committee Lead Adviser. St. Charles, MO Associate National OA Director. Irving, TX Chief. Kaysville, UT Vice-Chief. Rockford, MN Committee Chairman. Terre Haute, IN Director. Irving, TX Ranch Management William Spice National Director of High-Adventure Frank Reigelman Director of Program Dean Tooley Associate Director of Program Doug Palmer Associate Director of Program Mark Griffin Training Center -

5 Welcome to the Philmont Staff. You are part of a group that values learning, personal growth, self-reliance, and professionalism. You are also a member of the Conservation Department that takes pride in hard-work and a positive attitude. Take advantage of this opportunity to do as many new activities as possible. While all facets of the Order of the Arrow are important, this project was created with the intention of bringing youth Arrowmen from across the nation closer to the Order's service and camping traditions. This is your opportunity to perpetuate rich Scout camping adventure and traditions. You are considered among the top outdoor leaders in the Boy Scouts of America and the Order of the Arrow. Ahead of you is a unique opportunity to shape future leaders for our programs. You will be a constant role-model throughout the summer, so do your best to maintain a positive attitude, flexibility, and humble pride. There are three sections to this manual. The first section is a Project Overview. The second section is a Trail Schedule designed to provide a ready reference for some of the routine information and procedures you will use with each crew. lastly, the Reference section provides comprehensive information on which you work with your crew and will build your skills. You have at your fingertips a wide range of information. Knowledge breeds confidence, so get to know the information in your Field Book. This will be a rewarding experience, one that will abide with you throughout your lifetime. You have the opportunity to put to use every skill, technique, and inspiration that Scouting has provided you. This summer, I am looking forward to working with you to continue our historic traditions. In the Spirit of the Magic Mountains.. K~{~~r-- Marty Tscjter Associate Director of Conservation Trail Crew Programs Philmont Scout Ranch

6 .. I Sources Ranger Fieldbook, Philmont Scout Ranch Conservation Manual, Philmont Scout Ranch Acknowledgment Many people contributed in different ways to the development of this manual. My thanks to Gene Schnell, John Alline, Dean Tooley, Frank Reigelman, Steve Willis, Michael Edwards, Greg Hazlehurst, Seth Brown, Scott Beckett, the '95 OA Conservation Staff, Amanda Love, and Paul Tschetter. I I ṭ.

7 - t t t t t 9 Base Camp 12 Back Country 14 Program 24 Interpersonal Skills 28 Shakedown 30 Personal Equipment 35 Crew Equipment 37 Setting Up Camp 40 In Camp Skills 45 Hiking 49 Special and Dangerous Camping Situations 52 Emergency Procedures 55 CPR 58 First Aid 66 PhiLsar Operations 68 Group Dynamics 71 Crew and Gender Issues 72 Bus Tour Information 75 History 76 Glossary 92 Wilderness 115 Field Notes n

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11 I "Enhance one's personal journey in Scouting by exercising the ideals of the Order of the Arrow in the Philmont atmosphere. rr As OA Foremen you should aim to: Serve your campers to the best of your ability Aim to live daily by the high ideals of the Boy Scouts and the Order of the Arrow Lead by example Establish a safe work environment Effectively teach the OA, camping, and trail building programs Serving campers during their high adventure program is number one on the list. Foremen enthusiastically welcome their participants, assist through Headquarters, take them into the backcountry, teach camping skills, build a trail, take a trek, perform ceremonies, and supervise crews during their twoweek stay at Philmont. You will have to try to do your best to be an expert in many areas: friendship, guide, teacher, wilderness affairs, human relations, leadership, backpacking, trail building, emergency procedures, and motivation. It's a 24-hour-a-day-job from day one until the morning of day fifteen. It is a time where you will find yourself on a pedestal. You must do your best to be strong mentally and physically, to be flexible and positive, to be a leader, to be cheerful, to be in the highest and broadest sense of the word - Arrowman. Ceremonies Two special ceremonies were created for this program. The Opening Ceremony is based on the Pre-Ordeal with the goal for participants to reflect back on their original ordeal and vows. The second is a Closing Ceremony in the form of a rededication. This ceremony seeks to capitalize on the two-week Philmont experience. As a foreman you will be encouraged to perform ceremonies. It is imperative that you are prepared and know the lines by memory. Put your heart and soul into the character you are portraying. Each foreman will receive a black cloak to be used for ceremonial purposes. Closing Banquet The Closing Banquet will be the finale for the two-week program and will be held at Rayado Camp, in the Sala Room. It will include a hearty Western meal, fellowship, presentation of arrowhead awards, a speaker, and a rededication ceremony.

12 You will depart from the Welcome Center. Your crew needs to be showered and dressed in full Class-A uniform with OA sashes in hand. A bus will take your crew back to Base Camp promptly after the ceremony. When you don't have a crew you may have an assignment to help prepare, cook, clean-up, or perform a ceremony. OA Trail Crew Arrowhead Award A special arrowhead award has been created to recognize both participants and the OA staff. The patch looks like the standard Philmont arrowhead but includes a red arrow across the background of the patch with the words "Trail Crew" at the bottom. Only one award will be issued to each participant upon completion of the two-week program and one to each OA staff member. This patch is more than a piece of cloth, it is an award. It represents days of trail building, a trek, friendship, brotherhood, and unforgettable experiences that will last a lifetime. There is an"unwritten rule" of never trading or selling this award. The Framework of the Job In your job, you participate in a framework that allows you to make the most of your opportunities during the summer. It sets a direction. The framework also allows you an opportunity to work with others, to mesh with them, and to pull together as part of a team. Objectives of Philmont Staff Members 1. To provide every camper with a wholesome and safe experience that meets his high expectations. 2. To help campers develop a keen awareness and appreciation for the great outdoors and to motivate them to assume the responsibility for living in harmony with nature. An appreciation of nature and a knowledge of low impact camping techniques can be one of the most lasting memories for Philmont participants. Presenting the Wilderness Pledge is a technique to accomplish this objective. 3. To help fulfill the basic objectives of the Boy Scouts of America, i.e., character building, citizenship training, and physical and mental fitness - through personal examples and creative educational programs. 2

13 - 4. To help achieve the high objectives given by Waite Phillips in his Philmont dedication. 5. To demonstrate an enthusiastic Scouting, Order of the Arrow, and Conservation spirit and leadership. 6. To exemplify the principles of the Scout Oath, law, & OA Obligation. 7. To promote a spirit of genuine friendliness, understanding of others needs, and cooperation. 8. Build an excellent trail with the proper specifications. Staff Organization The Conservation Department was established in 1971 to oversee the conservation and land management process at Philmont. As a department we assist and train environmental program counselors who are directly involved with promoting low-impact camping techniques among campers. The Conservation Department is responsible for the vast network of trails as well as overseeing soil and water projects. The Director of Conservation has total responsibility for all facets of the department during the camping season and reports to the Director of Program. The Conservation Department is responsible for maintaining standards of all the campsites, bear cables, sumps, fire rings, trail signs, trails, environmental awareness programs, and trail crew programs. Three Associate Directors of Conservation (ADC) share responsibility for the various divisions of the department which Work Crews, Conservationists, and Trail Crew Programs. Each ADC has specialized administrative functions for the entire Conservation staff. This summer the Trail Crew ADC will oversee both the OA and 28-Day programs. The Field Supervisor and his a ssistant oversee the layout of new trail and make sure trail construction is made to proper specifications. One Assistant Director for each respective trail crew program reports directly to the ADC. Each assistant director is responsible to implement program, organize logistics, aid in training, coach, and establish a rapport with those he oversees. If a foreman gets hurt or needs to be replaced in the field, the assistant director might take his place. OA-leadership consists of the Director and one Assistant. They will help evaluate the foremen and assistant foremen during the summer. 3

14 The OA Foreman and Assistant Foreman will provide leadership and supervision to a crew of participants doing trail building and conservation projects. They are responsible for all elements of the OA program. - The OA Staff Uniform You will be required to wear a full Class-A with a staff arrowhead whenever you are in base camp. All uniform parts need to be current, official, and have the patch for your registered position. Proper square-knots need to be worn, temporary and jamboree emblems need to be placed in their appropriate places. OA staff need to be in full Class-A. uniform the morning they report for an assignment. When you get your backpack and are prepared to hit the trail i after dinner, switch into your staff shirt which you will wear for the duration of the assignment. You are required to wear your staff uniform at the worksite. You can wear work overhauls at the site that can be worn over your uniform and are easy to slip off. The Class-A regulation may not apply only if you are on a special workday or return from the conservation site in preparation for your trek. By rule, be either "all in uniform or all out." The Class-B uniform is recommended if you are hiking in the backcountry. Even if you are on a day-off and hiking in the backcountry you must wear your staff uniform so you are easy to identify. Also, be in uniform when eating in the dining hall. The OA participants are Philmont participants first. No one should stick out. The only appropriate time to wear the OA sash is at the closing banquet. Make sure your participants know this from the time they get into Base Camp and understand the reasons behind it. Proper uniform is an important element to creating the right atmosphere and attitude. Look sharp, be clean, be proud. You are a member of the Philmont team and Conservation Staff. You must bring or buy enough parts to be correctly clothed each day. Two Philmont Staff shirts will be provided to each staff member. Refer to your Staff Guidebook for further uniform information.... 4

15 Policy and Procedure Information Having established policies and procedures will help the day-to-day activities of our staff flow smoothly and safely. 1. Rotation & Days-Off Schedule - You will have three two-week sessions during the summer. Each session will involve approximately six days building trail and eight days on a trek. After each session you earn three days-off. After you return from days-off you are required to help out with miscellaneous projects prior to your next assignment. These could include helping prepare, serve, and clean-up at OA banquets, performing ceremonies, welcoming arriving Scouts and helping with their registration, or helping another part of the conservation department as assigned by your supervisor. You will have ample time to prepare for your next crew. 2. Equipment - It's expensive. Philmont provides a large amount of equipment to staff members for use in the summer. It is important to make that equipment last the entire summer. You are responsible for equipment issued so take good care of it. I 3. Day-Off Itineraries - In between assignments make sure you find something fun to do. You may want to go hiking or visit a new camp. It is required to always hike with a partner. Make sure you leave a detailed itinerary with the ADC-OA or Assistant Director. If you wish to change your proposed itinerary on the trail call in a uio-49" to the Conservation Department from a staffed camp. Leave a Change in Day-Off Itinerary Form with the CD from the camp you made the radio call. The purpose of the itinerary is to provide an element of safety. If the Foreman finds himself in trouble, others know where to start looking. This is accepted backpacking precaution and must be followed. Ask older experienced staff for suggestions for places to visit. 4. Sign-Out, Sign-In When you leave the Ranch sign out at the Conservation Shed. This is not a control but an information system to help Philmont reach you in an emergency situation. Sign-in when you return to the Ranch. 5. Stay with Your Crew - The foreman's responsibility is to stay with the crew during the entire assignment, which includes the worksite, sleeping and hiking. 5

16 6. In relationships with members of the opposite sex, foremen should maintain the image of the BSA and Philmont. Remember that your job responsibilities come first. Avoid generating rumors. 7. Your work performance will be observed and evaluated by the OA-Leadership. This process is designed to offer constructive feedback and increase your performance. 8. No form of hazing will be accepted or tolerated at any time toward participants or other staff

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19 OA Foreman's 15 day Trail Crew Schedule The outline for the 15 days you will spend with your crew is given below. The activities in the schedule are discussed in greater detail in the reference section that follows. To be a good foreman you must familiarize yourself with the schedule and the reference materials that will let you be an effective leader. DAY Conservation ONE -Start -Route -Bus -Campsite -Debrief DAY TWO -Finish -Tool-talk -Start DAY THREE -OA -Thorns -Group DAY FOUR -OA DAY FIVE -Trek DAY SIX.. I -Greet your crew at the Shed by 12:30 p.m. Wilderness Pledge (See OA Program) through Base Camp (See Base Camp) -Go to base camp tent assignment departure to turnaround set up (See Backcountry) -Opening ceremony crew (See OA Program) -Set goals, pose a challenge setting up camp (See Conservation Manual) -Safety (See Conservation Manual) building trail (See Conservation Manual) -Trail building Program (See Discussions & Activities) & Roses Sharing - Activities -Trail building -Crew chooses backcountry programs and develops trek plan Program -Trail building itineraries picked-up -OA Program -Trail building -OA Program 7

20 .. DAY SEVEN -Trail building -Prepare to close worksite -OA Program DAY EIGHT -Break worksite camp (See In-Camp Skills) -Return to base camp -Checkout gear & food from Services -Depart base camp -Trek begins DAY NINE -Trek -OA Program (See Discussions and Activities) DAY TEN -Trek -OA Program DAY ELEVEN -Trek -OA Program DAY TWELVE -Trek -OA Program DAY THIRTEEN -Trek -OA Program DAY FOURTEEN -Trek ends -Arrive in base camp by 1 pm -Return equipment to Services -Finish crew evaluations (See OA Program) -Closing banquet at Rayado Camp -Rededication ceremony DAY FIFTEEN -Say goodbye to Scouts in the morning -Debriefed by OA Leadership -Turn-in evaluations to OA Leadership -Days off start!!! 8

21 n 0 z -t m Z 1 Project Overview 7 Trail Schedule -t 9 Reference V) 9 Base Camp 12 Back Country 14 OA Program 24 Interpersonal Skills 28 Shakedown 30 Personal Equipment 35 Crew Equipment 37 Setting Up Camp 40 In Camp Skills 45 Hiking 49 Special and Dangerous Camping Situations 52 Emergency Procedures 55 CPR 58 First Aid 66 Philsar Operations 68 Group Dynamics 71 Crew and Gender Issues 72 Bus Tour Information 75 History 76 Glossary 92 Wilderness 115 Field Notes '" I

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23 BASE CAMP The base camp procedures occur primarily on day one. This is a busy time so you will need to be organized. You should remember the following. Greet Your Crew Base camp tent t'ssign""m fol- crew Security Locker keys for crew Backpack packed Picku p one breakfast and one lunch for crew Get number of backpacking tents required for crew One dining fly Pots Stoves and fuel bottles Bear rope and bags (bring one if you camp at turn around) Wilderness Pledge Cards Staff Field book Program booklets for the three experiences Envelopes Participant Journals Map Participant Evaluation Forms 1. Be at the Conservation Shed by 12:30 p.m. for a preliminary meeting at which you will receive your crew roster. 2. Make sure you are on time, well-rested, and have the proper gear i.e.rain gear, water bottle, map cards, map and compass 3. Class-A uniform is required in base camp at all times with staff arrowhead and no sashes. If your participants wear OA sashes, have them removed. Explain that as Arrowmen we set a good example by our actions. The sash is important, but it will be used later on. 4. Arriving participants will be welcomed by extra OA Staff who will help them register, gather their gear, and eat lunch together. OA Participants will be routed to the Conservation Shed by 1 p.m. a. As youth arrive greet them with a prompt, sincere, warm, enthusiastic welcome. b. Look for your respective crew members, introduce yourself, and learn all names as soon as possible. c. Be confident, use a firm handshake, make eye contact. d. Show the crew that you are glad they are here. 9

24 d. Show the crew that you are glad they are here. e. Make each participant feel at ease and comfortable. Ask questions, get them talking. Ask how their trip went? Have they been to Philmont before? Chances are they are nervous, they have been traveling all day and are in a new environment. You're going to be their best friend the next two weeks. f. Explain what is going to happen in base camp. g. Collect paperwork to speed up process. h. Do not leave your crew alone. 5. Official welcome by OA Leadership (ADC-OA, Assistant Director, Director of Conservation) at Conservation Shed. 6. Before you route through base camp be sure you and your crew have: Medical forms Trip Planner Cards filled out Prescription Medicine Water Bottles Rain Gear Money Crew Locker Hacky-sack I 7. Logistics a. Collect, alphabetize, and fill all blanks on rip planner cards. b. You may have to wait for Rangers already in line. Remain patient. 8. Health Lodge a. Alphabetize forms. Put expedition number and the number of crew members on form. b. Pre-check your forms yourself, notify medic of any problems. c. Take all prescription medications to show the medic. d. Keep informed of procedural changes throughout the summer. When in doubt, ask a medic. 9. CHQ Services a. You will already have an idea as to what gear your crew needs. b. Go directly to trail equipment issue and food issue for condiments. c. Thoroughly check the items issued to your crew. You will be charged for any rips, broken zippers, holes. This is your opportunity to get good gear. d. Point out phones, the post office, laundry, aluminum recyclable bins. I I t 10. Shakedown. a. Don't skimp here. Follow equipment list and packing suggestions on pages of this field book. Educate participants behind your reasons. I 10

25 .. Talk to your Program Assistant, other Foremen, Rangers about good places to do shakedown. Police litter after your shakedown is finished. b. Face the sun to allow courtesy for participants c. Let crew split up group equipment, don't be afraid to carry some yourself. 11. Crew locker at Security a. Store personal and crew items that are not needed. b. After building trail, you can place additional items in or take out. c. Make sure to turn key in at Security Office prior to hitting the trail. 12. Crew photo a. Be in uniform, sashes are optional. b. Let photographer handle line-up, placement, etc. c. Neatness counts. No hats or sunglasses. d. Pictures are also used for identification during emergencies. 13. No-Bull meeting (You will be informed of the site at morning meeting) a. Prior to dinner the OA Leadership/Conservation Staff will discuss goals, expectations and policies with participants. b. Serious tone. 14. If you have time, the Philmont Museum, Seton Memorial Library and the Kit Carson Museum are great places to spend free time with your crews. Make sure you go with them. 15. Early dinner at the Dining Hall a. Gather near the Ranger Bell b. Line up crews expedition number. c. Build a good rapport with the Dining Hall Staff, they are equal to you. d. Organization and cooperation count. e. Say Philmont Grace before you enter. f. Eat with your crew. Do not return to the staff side when you are finished. g. Be sure your crew cleans up after themselves. 16. Departure from base camp a. Return to Conservation Shed, gather packs, head to Welcome Center. b. Foreman loads gear in the back door. Crew boards in the front. Have the crew leave the front seat open for you. c. Give a bus tour on the way to the Turkey Creek Turnaround. Use the "Bus Tour Information" in this book for ideas. I 11

26 d. Foreman hand gear out of the back door at the turnaround. Everyone grabs a pack. Unload quickly and completely. e. Thank the bus driver. 17. Hike to campsite. a. Make sure everyone is gathered and ready to hike. b. Review a few procedures, what needs to happen the rest of the day. c. Hike to camp, pick site, and set-up. 18. Opening ceremony a. Make sure all smellables are hanging prior to leaving: site. b. Be on time. 19. Thorns & Roses. a. Cover what to expect next several days b. Next two-weeks. 20. Good-night. BACKCOUNTRY During the day the foremost goal is building trail. As a foremen you are expected to work as hard as the participants work. Aim to live and instill the high-ideals of both Scouting and the Order of the Arrow. Your work alongside participants can not be at the expense of supervising, ensuring, and establishing a safe work environment. Develop teamwork. Be meticulous, don't settle for second best. Do it right the first time. 1. Wake up each day with a positive attitude 2. Set up camp and review: a. Good campsite d. Getting settled b. Pitching tents e. What is low & high-impact c. Pitchi ng the fly 3. In camp: a. Map & Compass b. Emergency Procedures c. Teachable Moments d. Staff Camps e. Bears/Bear cables I 12 f. Latrines g. Sumps & Fire Rings h. Fires/Dutch Oven Cooking i. First Aid j. Lightning

27 - 4. Select Crew Leader of the Day 5. Tool-talk a. How-to properly use conservation tools: storing, care, etc. b. Safety of tools c. How-to properly build trail 6. You are the program, be creative. Make sure that the crew knows all essential information. Put the skills to use. 7. Stress backcountry responsibility and low-impact camping. 8. Each day at the worksite it is exceedingly important for foremen to hold a "Pow Wow." This is an opportunity to work out personal differences, evaluate the day, and develop a duty roster for the following day. Make sure all duties are supervised because in the long run it will make your job easier. Specific duties to oversee include: Make sure dinner is prepared properly Supervise clean-up Camp stocked with purified water Camp stocked with firewood Tools sharpened daily Site Log filled out daily 9. Lead by example. Don't ask anything you wouldn't do. I 13 1

28 THE OA PROGRAM The OA part of this project identifies what the camper learns in addition to a regular Philmont hiker. The OA Program is divided into two parts: Discussions and Activities. The Philmont atmosphere and your leadership have the opportunity to bring to life the very ideals of the Order of the Arrow. Over the course of two-weeks you have the opportunity to teach camping skills, trail building techniques, motivate in the Philmont classroom youth as leaders, enhance the bonds of brotherhood, lead deep discussions, be a friend, and enrich your participants journey in the Boy Scouts and the Order of the Arrow. The feeling is powerful and exciting. The outcome can be incredible and highly productive but it is up to you. What you put into the each day, each night effects your participants. Within the two-week span it is important that specific elements get covered. The program continues from the worksite through the trek. And is oriented toward youth. The program is designed to allow you, the foreman, maximum creativity. However, this means that you will need to provide more effort into planning and organizing activities. Each crew and each experience on the trail is unique and the program is designed to be flexible, in order to allow you to adapt to each situation. Explore your own teaching style, creativity, enthusiasm, and energy. Just make sure everything is safe, then have fun. Discussions One of the best ways for campers to learn about each other is through discussions. Thorns and Roses and Group Sharing are two ways this can be done. Thorns and Roses. each night before everyone retires for the night make sure the entire crew debriefs. A thorn is something negative or bad that happened such as someone got hurt, or angry, or the rain dampened everyone's day. A rose is positive. Perhaps someone saw a deer in the meadow, or a lot of trail was cut and everyone worked t~gether exceptionally well. During this session it is important to always end the day positively. If there are any problems within the group this is an opportunity to bring them out in the open. Make it known from the start that this time is neutral time. Be creative, consider using games to emphasize team-work. Ask thought provoking questions; this is time when questions about anything can be answered. Group Sharing - at the end of the day everyone may be tired and after the debriefing the last thing they want to do is sit around and talk. However, this may be just the opposite. As a foreman your job is to learn to read your crew. Perhaps you can interject questions during lunch. You'll get to learn when it is appropriate to try to generate discussions. I 14

29 .... Keep in mind that some participants are not officers. We want everyone to learn and grow. At times it may be hard getting people to talk at all. Remember that everyone involved is in the Boy Scouts and also members of the OA. We each have plenty of things in common. Be tactful, lead your discussions if you need to at first. Hang-in there, they'll talk soon enough. Never be-little anyone. Below are several quotes that might bring to light interesting and thought-provoking discussions. The goal of discussions is to get the youth to share their thoughts about several topics. Work this element into your program. Hopefully these Arrowmen will bring home new ideas from other lodges and perhaps implement them into their own activities. Each new day on the work site will begin with a thought of the day, a quote from which you can facilitate discussion. Each night the foremen will choose a laminated quote from the bear box folder or write a new one on the paper in the folder. This quote will be placed on the front of the bear box for the following morning. The foremen will introduce the quote at breakfast and facilitate small, efficient discussion during work to get everyone thinking about the quote. At lunch, foremen can facilitate discussion of the quote in groups. Encourage participants to take notes in their journals for future reference. Discussions not only allow participants a chance to think and learn from others, but they introduce participants to each other. Discussion should flow democratically. Don't let one person dominate the discussion. Be tactful and ask lead-in questions. The quotes may even provide discussion at dinner and even after Thorns and Roses. Why Are We Here? Discuss participant goals and their expectations of Philmont and the OA Trail Crew program. This is an excellent time to discuss foremen's expectations of participants. This topic is usually a short round in the circle, and rightfully so, trail talk takes much of the first morning and the participants are ready to start work. Stress that everyone should have goals and aim to fulfill them. Your Only Limtation Is Your Imagination This quote begins with each participant describing his position in his troop, post, chapter, lodge, section, or a position most recently held. They also describe what they plan to do (are doing or did) to improve on what was done the "previous year." Usually the first few who speak bring up situations which are extensively discussed with respect to problems, ideas I 15

30 and otherwise how to handle their positions. This usually resolves many major topics, such as pushy advisors, low attendance, etc. which limit the potential of the leader. This leads to the quote given. This also gets them started conversing about their similarities and sharing ideas during non-discussion times. ti I Honor, Privilege, & Responsibility "How is the Order an honor? A privilege?" Discuss each point. Allowat Sakima said,"you are entitled to privileges..": There is no responsibility to the lodge defined for Ordeal membership (in the Obligation); However, Responsibility is defined in the second sentence of the obligation "That I will always observe and preserve the traditions of the Order of the Arrow". Overall the discussion would be summarized that being an Arrowman is an Honor, Privilige, and Responsibility. Attitude, Actions, & Appearances AAA leads to proper uniforming and its original reasons (Appearance); how people in reality see you as opposed to how they should (Appearance vs. Actions); PMA refers to (positive mental attitude). We are Arrowman through our Attitude, Actions, and Appearance. Program, Membership & Finance This quote can be rather intensive and can generate several great discussions. Program opens a broad spectrum of ideas because this is one area that can fluctuate often. What works in one lodge may not in another. Plus, new ideas can help stir change in stagnit programs. Examples may include: lodge activities, enhancement of banquets, how-to effectively make training work, the camping troop. Membership may include brotherhood retention, how-to maintain interest, opportunities for leadership. Finance includes creative fund-raising proposals, keeping a budget. All three elements are necessary simultaneously to develop an outstanding unit or lodge. I 16

31 Take The Outing Out Of Scoutig And What Do You Get? - lise " Although this is an overused cliche in Scouting, the point is to focus on the camping program. One way to start discussion is to propose the question individually, Why do we camp? Go on outings? What type of outings does your unit do? Another direction which works well, is to have participants define to themselves why they like camping and what makes the outdoors special. Service This one stands alone. Various stories and thoughts can allow participants to envision service to others and how it fits into their daily lives. Stress "taking the OA Trail Crew program home." What specific skills can participants share with others? Other Possible Discussions Topics: How can you bring this experience back to your troops? What have you learned? What activities does your troop do? Discuss the transition from youth to adult in the OA? What is your perception of the National OA Committee? Do you know the responsibilities of youth National OA officers? How do you motivate others to stay active? Brotherhood retention Problems with lodge operations? Working with adults Program ideas Brotherhood, Cheerfulness, and Service in action at the worksite What can your lodge improve on? Define the youth's role Define the adult's role Why is camping the OA's main purpose? What is the most inspirational aspect about Philmont, not necessarily about this program, and how can you bring that part home? Activities The following activities the Trail Building Committee suggests you include as part of your program with your crews. There is no particular order for using them. I 17

32 Crew Leader of the Day (Required) This will allow every member leadership opportunities. There is a good chance that a few members in your crew will stand out with dominant personalities. Make sure to look after all crew members. Crew Leader of the Day will especially be important for a participant that is perhaps quiet, shy, timid. Work with him, provide feedback, help him grow confident. Often it is helpful if the foremen pick the crew leader for the first day. An experienced participant will know base camp procedures better and may make the transition day easier. Make sure each crew leader is briefed about his responsibilities prior to starting the job. And debriefed afterwards to learn how he could build his leadership skills or what his strengths were. Debrief time will vary with each hike. Make the time, it is important. If it is late or the leader is tired, lunch provides a good time for the conference. The crew leader should pick the next leader. Allow everyone this opportunity. Problem Solving (Optional) Human Knot Verbal Judo Brainstorm Solutions Wilderness Pledge (Required) Many Philmont Staff members consider the Wilderness Pledge to be the most important thing done with crews. It starts in Base Camp and is reinforced by the technical and interpersonal skills taught crews on the trail. The Wilderness Pledge will hopefully be taken home to troop programs or chapter or lodge programs as well. While taking care of Philmont and other wilderness areas is everyone's job, the methods and attitudes begin with you. There are many ways to execute the pledge with your crews. The way you choose to do so is up to you. Consider the background of your participants. Some crew members may have never thought of the land as something that must be conserved. While others already understand the value of wilderness. Whatever your crew's background take the challenge of a Foreman who, like the t.orax, "speak for the trees, for the trees have no tongues to say what they please." (The Lorax, Dr. Suess) I 18

33 .. I I I t It t I t t t I - The first step, of course is to figure out what the pledge means to you. Keeping in mind the pledge itself will help you. Make sure you bring plenty of Wilderness Pledge cards with you on the trail. Through good Scout camping, I pledge to preserve the beauty and splendor of the Philmont wilderness. I commit myself to: 1) A litter-free Philmont 2) An absence of graffiti 3) Conservation and proper use of water 4) Respect for trails and trail signs 5) Proper use of campsites While there are various ways of using the Wilderness Pledge with your crew involve everyone by reaching out to each participant and make it personal. Be creative and use things like a poem from the back of this book. Perhaps a story like The Lorax or a nature game (such as blindfolded nature walks or a game of memory where you look at a patch of ground for a minute then close your eyes and describe it) can set the tone. At night you can arrange everyone in a circle and have them lie down with all heads in the center of the circle looking up at the stars. Other ideas that work well are a sunrise or sunset, a beautiful view, heartfelt discussions, and careful timing. The pledge is usually most effective if it done on the second or third night at the worksite. This also allows the pledge to be understood from the beginning. This is a good time to address conflicts such as cutting down trees to save the IJ;st, i.e. concentrate the impact. Executing the Wilderness Pledge during thr same day when you introduce the Night Under the Stars experience - will give participants time to reflect the pledge without the relative r ivilization of tents. Don't be afraid to add your personality and style into the Wilderness Pledge. Be sure to read your crew's maturity level before all games, stories, or quotes. Use veteran staff, Ranger Leadership, the Ranger library, and the Seton Library for resources. Everyone can learn to love and value the wild. Emphasize how much the individual can make a difference. A good story to tell is that of the frog in boiling water. Put a live frog in cold water, and then turn the heat up, and the frog will boil. Put a frog in boiling water, and it w'il jump right out of the pot. We as humans are living inan environnent that was once cold but is slowly being heated. It is hard to see the [amaqe to the environment, since it happens slowly in most cases. Howevr, don't let such a thing fool you. We will boil like the frog because we doe't realize that we are slowly starting to boil. If -ou take this part of your job seriously, put your heart into it, know your (I!W, know where you stand, and use your creativity, then there is no way i ou can fail. It's all up to you! Philmont and wilderness across the worlc are in your hand, give it heart! I 19

34 Trail Quotes (Required) You will be issued blank booklets to pass out to your participants for three separate occasions. There is a Wilderness Quotes section in the back of this manual. Before you start the activity make sure you write the quote you want to say in the booklet for each participant. You are given blank booklets to allow you the independence to choose a quote or passage that best captures the time and mood. The booklet can be saved by the participant for future reflection. Take the time to prepare ahead of time with your partner and to write legibly. There are many ways to implement the quotes into each experience. Perhaps discuss a few favorites as a group as part of the mountain top experience, or let them read a few on their own. Read a quote or two aloud and let each person think about it for the night under the stars. Solo requires that you cater quotes to individuals as are relevant to them. Be creative, thoughtful, and make the most of the moment, so that each quote will speak deeply to your crew. Mountain-Top Sunrise (Required) Plan a mountain-top sunrise into your trek. There are plenty of vistas and peaks to catch a breath-taking sunrise. This may be the first time some of these participants have ever seen the sun rise. After the sun has risen across the horizon, read a quote reflecting this special moment. Plan this carefully. It may help to set camp up on the east sile of the mountain, if not the top such as Mt. Phillips. Make sure you have the best view possible. I Night Under the Stars (Required) Far away from city lights and factories, the night sky is dark. Stars are everywhere. Perhaps you could learn or teach constellations. It in't uncommon to see several shooting stars light the sky. Hopefully.our crew will spend most nights sleeping underneath the sky. Pick a clear "ight to pull out a booklet for this experience. Inside is a quote reflecting this special moment. (Check on the bear situation before proceeding) The experience works best if implemented during the work session on the second or third night. An open meadow is required. Doing this experience early sets a precedent of not using tents which is an excel ent outdoor experience. If participants are not comfortable, consider form ng a "covered wagon circle" which will help calm fears. This especially v, l ~ well on the first night. I 20

35 .. The Solo: Twelve-Hours Alone (Required) Plan into your itinerary near the end of the trek. This will be time spent alone to look back on the experience. Try as best you can to make it an element of surprise. This needs to be done at a trail camp or off the beaten path. Perhaps, not too far from a staffed camp in case of an emergency and within reach of a water source. Careful timing and trek planning are required for Solo. If done at night, participants are most likely to sleep through it. Try to plan a short hike to allow participants time to reflect during the day, without the opportunity to sleep. Find a beautiful spot on the Ranch, preferably a large meadow, where you can drop off one person at a time from your crew as you walk around the large meadow. Tie a bandanna around a tree at each place you drop someone off. This is the pickup/drop-off point or called a "control center." It is important that each participant can see the bandanna but hopefully not each other. Here they can place empty water bottles to be filled by you, leave a note if something is needed, etc. Make sure participants know you will get them when it's time to return. One foreman will be at the Control Center at ALL times. Safety is a major priority, so make sure each participant has a whistle and no knives, matches, or fire. There is simple no need for any of them. They will need: tent fly, rain gear, nylon cord for a bear line, bandanna, water, flashlight, sleeping bag with a stuff sack, paper, pen, book, AP, warm clothes, and snacks. Leave them with their quotes. It is suggested that you cater the quotes to each individual's needs. For example, if one of your crew members has self-confidence problems, leave a quote that talks about such relevant issues to him. Feel free to use any personal quotes, or any quotes in the back of this handbook. INCLUDE OA QUOTES FOR EVERYONE. Solo is something that needs to be briefed and debriefed. Before spreading everyone out, explain your expectations. It is especially important to set a relaxed atmosphere. Answer any questions. Tell them what to do in an emergency, how to hang food by themselves, and emphasize reflection! Debrief by including the positives and negatives of the experience. Ask how often they really get the chance to be alone by themselves. (Check on the bear situation before proceeding.) I 21

36 Brotherhood Hike (Required) The brotherhood hike takes place between Vaca Camp and a destination in the backcountry decided upon by the foremen. Modeled after the national Nimat program, this element is designed to be inspirational and allow deeper reflection. As well as bridge the first week to the next. Before attempting this element, a couple of foremen need to walk the route to know where to make three stops. Other considerations are beautiful views and the size of the session. or larger groups, divide into smaller groups. Plan this element near the last day at the worksite. Have a backup day in case of rain. If Harlan Camp will agree, have the group end at the staff cabin. Two foremen arrive prior the the hikers to cook a large feast. If this is possible, make sure the food for the dinner is at Harlan and you have enough pots and other accessories necessary to cook and clean. Never assume anything - always be prepared. On the final night at the work site, if possible, let the group know they are doing something very serious. Everyone is required to go. Make sure no one stays behind.after the crew gets all personal gear and the crew gear necessary to cook and clean, line up in a single file line, and ask everyone to remain in silence. One foreman should lead and another remain in the back to make sure no one is dragging behind. Fjrst Stop. find an open area and have the crew form a circle. Circling a rock adds to the drama. Explain in your own words that "Our time together has given us all opportunities to talk with each other -- share experiences. Please share a specific example of an occasion you've felt the bond of brotherhood. Then step into the circle and shake each brother's hand." For timing reasons, it may help to have the next Scout start after shaking the previous Scout's hand. Second Stop. explain cheerfulness. This week we have labored. Occasionally our cheerfulness has worn thin. Turn you thoughts to the experiences that have given you some pleasure. Think about them in silence for a few moments... " Then have everyone say the obligation. Third Stop. At the last stop explain service. Think about your service to your troop, lodge, and council back home. Share your future intentions that have been inspired by this experience. Go the distance." Conclude the hike at a significant landmark in the backcountry in the vicinity near Vaca. If at all possible, finish with a large meal cooked at Harlan by the other foremen. A few days prior to the hike, talk to the camp staff to make sure it is OK to cook and eat on the porch if it rains. Allow thirty minutes to an hour for this element I 22

37 - This experience relies heavily on the creativity of the foremen. Plan carefully. If OK with the Harlan Staff, consider adding a sweat afterwards. Start the fire while participants eat and clean up while part of the crew sweats. Motivate everyone to help out. Letter to Self, the Contract of Commitment Have each participant write a letter to their self describing their personal experiences of the trail, specific goals set (personal, OA, etc.) and including a general sense of the experience. Put the letter into an envelope, address it, and turn it into the ADC or Assistant Director during staff debriefing. The letter will be sent to them several months later which will further motivate the participant once he has left the ranch. Consider writing one to yourself prior to the end of your contract. Give letter to the ADC or Assistant Director. Journal (Required) Each participant will receive a little journal to capture thoughts, write about experiences on the trail, jot a reminder about a program idea. Encourage participants to keep track of their special Philmont experience. They will cherish their experience in the future. Pebbles for Closing Ceremony (Required) Near the beginning of your trek gather the crew together. Ask your crew members to select one pebble to represent a special memory, experience, or emotion that they experienced during their two-week program. The pebble can represent anything. Talk with crew members to make sure they bring the pebble to the Closing Banquet where it will be used in a ceremony. Participant Evaluation (Required) Each participant will get evaluated by the foremen. This evaluation will be placed in their personal file to be used in the future as a reference if they apply for a staff position. Therefore, it is important that you offer constructive and honest feedback not only to your partner, the participant, but to the evaluation form as well. Discuss with your partner aside from the group each crew member. Be honest, offer constructive criticism. How did the participant work with the other members? What kind of leader is he? Did he offer good ideas to the group? Did he joke around a lot? Did he cut the other guys down? Was he a hard worker? Was he enthusiastic? I 23

38 After you and your partner have discussed each individual, ask each one to come over and talk with the both of you. Give your opinion of his performance. You observed him the last two-weeks. By now you know him rather well. Don't be afraid to tell the truth. Yet be tactful, considerate of his feeli ngs, and always end positively. Evaluation of Foremen (Required) Your crew will have the opportunity to offer constructive feedback and criticism regarding the overall program. The forms will be in your packet when you arrive in base camp. Encourage participants to fill out the form h onestly and completely. This evaluation will be anonymous. Other Options Thoughts of the Day Crew Rock Pile local History Plant Identification Environmental Games Star Study low-impact camping tip of the day Hour of self reflection INTERPERSONAL SKILLS Teaching Techniques 1. The importance of technique. a. Personality makes a lesson stick. Nothing has to be just a lesson, it can be a scenario! Use metaphors. b. The information is important, but the way you say something is going to stay with crews longer than what you say. (See Tone). Be creative, experiment with different teaching methods such as visual and auditory. c. Teaching is not telling. We need to facilitate learning, not force it. 2. The "need to know" style. a. Teach things as you come to them. Teachable Moments. When you come to a stream, talk about streams. When you encounter a storm, talk about lightning. This regulates the way information is processed by the youth. I 24

39 .. - b. Ask the crew to figure things out. If the crew members figure things out for themselves, then they will learn it. If we just say "this is because of this," it will only sink into short-term memory, example: on Wilson Mesa with a crew: "What do you all notice about this area? What do you think caused that? What can we do to prevent this from happening again?" Answer: pioneers clear-cut the land due to the logging industry. 3. The use of teachable moments is getting across overall concepts. Use them to your advantage. a. The most obvious teachable moments that arise come in the form of questions. Many of these greatest opportunities to get across intangible concepts such as environmental ethics are hidden in these questions. Example: "What is a sump?" It is where we dump our water... to concentrate our odors... to reduce impact-to see to it that our presence in the Philmont backcountry is as difficult as possible to detect...to treat this land with all the respect it deserves. Start with the cold facts, then utilize those "whys" to facilitate those intangible concepts. b. Remember that the mind of a youth focuses more easily on the tangible than the intangible. So use examples and give "whys." Imagine the impact of two different answers to the same questions: "Why should I put my smellables in the bear bag?" 1) "Because it attracts bears." 2) Because it attracts bears, and many of our bear incidents(some of which included injuries to humans) have been the result of carelessness with smellables." Beware of the "If I can't see it, it's not there" mentality. The solid fact that people have been injured by bears at Philmont will facilitate the overall concept that bears are a danger to be taken seriously. If someone is hurt, the bear will be killed. 4. A teaching method. a. Discover the teachable moment. b. Plan the teachable moment out mentally, make sure all necessary items are present. c. Present the moment using "whys." d. Get everyone involved. e. Review what was discussed and why. 5. Attention keeping. a. Make it interesting, teach creatively! b. Be enthusiastic! The most effective way to hold attention is to politely project the attitude that what you have to say is the most important thing in the world. I 25

40 c. Vary your teaching technique, try new things. d. Keep in brief. No longer than thirty minutes without a change of pace. e. Beware of timing. If the crew is tired, their attention span will dissipate rapidly. Also watch tact. First aid during dinner can be inappropriate. f. Use eye contact. g. If a crew member is not paying attention, diplomatically ask him question. "So what do you think Tim?" Tim will either be flattered, brought into line, or embarrassed because he has no clue what you were talking about. h. Whatever you do, don't make the youth feel ridiculed and uneasy. Don't knock his response down the entire way. If it is wrong use tact. For example, "Tim, that is kind of right, although more along the lines of " 6. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication. a. Remember: 35% of all communication is verbal, 65% is non-verbal. b. When one examines how much another person actually believes what is said, it is found verbal messages (what is said) account for 7% of what is believed. Vocal messages (the way it is said) account for 38%, and visual messages (what the person sees) accounts for 55%. In other words, SHOW and TELL. Example: Do you really act happy in the rain? Do they buy it? Do you lamely say "It isn't so bad," or do you enthusiastically portray the part of the one person in the universe who honestly LOVES rain? Puddle jumping works for instance. 7. Tone. a. Read a poem to yourself two ways. Once with flavor, once with apathy. Crews may not remember what you said or what you read during Wilderness Pledge, but they will remember the time you took. They will remember that it meant a lot to you. b. Reproaching. Think to yourself, do you like to hear "Don't put it there, dork! What did I say? Geez!" or "Let's see, don't put it over there, it will probably work best over here." Save your sterness for the rare occasion when you might really need it, when safety is an issue. Never raise your voice unless it's an absolute must, when something dangerous must stop now. 8. The Authority/Friend Line. a. A technique to use in any leadership position. Get to know your People! Be their friend, do things with them. If you know each one and who they are, they will respect you and be easier to deal with. People want to be liked by their supervisors. I 26 I

41 -.... b. The important thing to keep in mind is while maintaining the friend part, don't lose the authority part. It must be there. It's a fine line to walk, but by walking it, you can facilitate excellent rapport. 9. Do's and Dont's a. Do. Use all resources: this book, other materials, coworkers, and leadership with teaching techniques Facilitate Listen Be positive, think "Positive Mental Attitude" (PMA) Ask "Why?" Circle people up Go by the rule: "The only silly question is the one that doesn't get asked." Be flexible Be patient Be mundane Be afraid of your personality, go ahead and throw yourself into it, your personality is what makes it click! 10. Relating to Crews a. Crew Members. Ask them all what they are interested in. Be personable. Listen to them. Find out what they know, utilize those who have done it before. The best way to gain their trust and respect is by showing them trust and respect. b. Crew Leaders. Each day a new crew leader will be selected. During your first crew debriefing, discuss this role. Include the goals for being a Crew Leader: each one of them will take a turn at leading the group, you are there to help them learn, build leadership skills, confidence. Important that the group work as one. Reiterate, the entire group beats each challenge together. 11. In Conclusion a. Remember, be yourself. Throw in your personality. As you start out on the first crew, you will regurgitate what you've learned. When you take what you've learned and throw in your own uniqueness, then IT is happening. Individual style makes you grow as a Foreman. b. Keep in mind: A person has to do far more than the minimum outlined in the job description to be satisfied with their work, and if the work is to have a lasting impact. I 27

42 SHAKEDOWN Shakedown is a vital part of your work with each crew. If you do a good shakedown, your crew will not only have a better time, but it will avoid some trouble situations caused by having inadequate (or over adequate) equipment. If you do a complete shakedown the first day, you will not have to do one the day you depart for your trek. Your goal is to get every person equipped adequately but carrying as light a pack as possible. Each item should be considered against four criteria: USEFULNESS DURABILITY BULK WEIGHT It is your responsibility as a Foreman to see that each camper's gear is appropriate and useful. Make suggestions about inadequate items. Give reasons as to why an item may be inadequate. Otherwise, you may leave the crew thinking that you are only giving your own personal preference, and they may figure that their own opinion is as good as yours. Always know why an item should be included or left behind, and tell the crew. An effective shakedown is necessary for ensuring the success and enjoyment of your crew. It is important to realize that this is a very sensitive time in which your words and actions carry much weight and are conscientiously noted by the crew. Most likely the parents of your campers and the campers themselves have a certain amount of pride in their equipment. It is safe to assume that the campers are using the best equipment they have. When you quickly look at gear and simply tell them that it is not any good or not needed, you may seriously hurt some feelings. Always give each Scout your individual attention and carefully explain the reason why some items mayor may not be needed. Be creative, consider equipment that can be shared with a tent mate: toothpaste, tent, small knife, etc. When items are inadequate or missing, be sensitive when suggesting that they make purchases at the Trading Post. Many Scouts are on a limited budget. While certain items of their equipment may not be optional, differentiate between those that are inadequate and unusable and those that may suffice. Conducting A Shakedown., la. Find an open area around Base Camp (excluding chapel areas). Have the crew members spread out their ground cloths and empty all the contents of their pack on to one half of the ground cloth. If it is raining usually you can use the dining hall. Make sure you I 28

43 t t get permission from the dining hall staff prior to conducting this procedure. Clean up and put chairs back where they belong before leaving. lb. Have each crew member pull their cot out of their tent and empty all the contents of their pack on to one half of the cot. t t t 3. As you go through the list, each crew member moves that particular item to the empty half of the ground cloth/cot. Be sure to move around and check each items for each crew member. 4. Each person should keep a list of items needed at the Trading Post. When you are finished, each person should have a list and two piles. One pile goes on the trail, one pile stays behind. 2. The Foreman always faces the sun. This is courtesy to the participant. 5. Never be too lenient on the shakedown. However, be sensitive to individual preferences as long as they are within reason. I 6. Make sure you and your partner are on the same wavelength regarding equipment. 7. Deodorant or sheath knives as a rule never go on the trail, anytime. 8. Show the correct way to pack an internal and external frame pack. CODES FOR EQUIPMENT I I BB S A * Packed together in a plastic bag to be placed in the bear bag. Can be shared with a buddy. Easily accessible in a pack or on person. Available at Philmont Trading Post. - I 29

44 PERSONAL EQUIPMENT Comments I Packing Backpack with padded hip belt Check quality and fit; if not adequate, suggest a rental. Padded hip strap is essential. Adjust pack to fit the wearer. 41 Pack cover:" Highly recommended; if waterproof cover is not available, large plastic garbage bags can be used. Bring several spares, they tear easily. Plastic bags, assorted sizes For keeping gear dry and organized., Also used for carrying broken food bags. Sleeping Sleeping bag in a waterproof sack Bag must insulate to approximately 30. A liner or insulated under wear will increase warmth. If stuff sack is not waterproof, use a plastic bag inside the stuff sack. Straps to hold sleeping Straps with buckles are superior bag on pack to bungi cords or rope bungi cords or rope for lashing gear on to packs because they hold tighter, are more easily adjusted, and prevent the load from bouncing. Discourage bungi cords. Sleep clothing Clothes to be worn ONLY in the sleeping bag. They ensure that there are no food odors on the Scouts at night. Should be packed in the sleeping bag. I 30

45 .. Waterproof groundcloth * Large enough to fit tent. Do not use a poncho that is also being used as raingear. Foam pad * For comfort and warmth. Highly recommended. Footwear Hiking boots Sandals Stocking cap Sneakers/tennis shoes climbing Also, 2-3 pairs of heavy wool socks * away 3 pairs of lighter, inner socks * For cool days and sleeping. Check firm durability, and waterproofing. If new, encourage carrying sneakers. Highly recommended for in-camp use and if blisters become severe. Discourage due to inefficient use as backcountry programs such as rock and challenge courses. extra weight. Used as an outer sock; reduces friction and provides extra cushion. Also helps wick sweat from foot. Also wick sweat away from foot; reduce friction and itch from wool socks. Recommend Polypro & nylon dress socks. Clothing 2-3 pair underwear Wear one, carry 2 or 3. Less if desired. 2 pair of shorts Wear one, pack one. Loose, light, comfortable fit. I 31 -

46 .. 1 pair of long pants, Needed for conservation work, pole or polypropylene is best since they insulate even when wet. consider two for worksite climbing, horseback riding, mine tours cold weather, mosquitoes. Sweat pants or long underwear with rain pants can be used, but more durable materials are recommended. 2-3 short sleeved shirts Can be worn as an undershirt. Avoid nylon shirts as they do not wick away perspiration and may feel cold and clammy. 1 long sleeve shirt Used for warmth at night and on cool mornings. Also helpful to prevent sunburn. 1 sweater or sweatshirt Lightest and warmest available. Wool 1 sturdy rain jacket ESSENTIAL. Do not hit the trail with or poncho (A) out sturdy, durable rain gear. The weather rains practically everyday. 1 hat or cap Prevents headaches, sunburn and eye strain. Eating Deep bowl or plate Cup Sufficient for all Philmont foods. Also useful for measuring. Spoon (durable) Only utensil needed. Heavy plastic preferred. Water bottles (A) 2 quarts minimum. Plastic is lightest and durable. Two 1 quart bottles is better than one larger bottle. Must be hung in bear bag if used for drink mix. I 32 -

47 Miscellaneous & Small pocket knife (A) Personal Used primarily for opening food packets. Sheath knives are awkward with a hip belt and are unnecessarily large. They do not go on the trail. Matches or lighter (A, BB) 50 ft. 1/8" nylon cord (S) Flashlight (S) In a waterproof container. Should be carried at all times for emergency use. To rig the dining fly, repair equipment, or use as a clothesline. Small with new batteries. If reducing weight, one per tent is sufficient. Map (A) Recommended for each person to purchase, at least 3 needed per crew. - Compass (A) Bandanna or handkerchief (A, BB) Whistle (A) Money Lip balm (A, BB) Soap/shampoo (BB, S) ESSENTIAL. Liquid filled mounted on a plastic rectangular base is optimal.. Serves as a wash cloth, hot pot holder, water bottle strainer and a variety of other uses. Only used to signal emergencies. $10-$20 recommended. Only small bills can be accepted in the back country. No need for a wallet. ESSENTIAL. Exertion and exposure in the dry, high altitude climate speed lip chapping. Campsuds may be used for both. Can share one bottle with many people. Toothbrush and toothpaste Small towel (BB)* Small tubes. Toothpaste may be shared. Not a large beach towel. Bandanna may be used as washcloths. I 33

48 Moleskin or molefoam (BB, S) Highly recommended for blisters and hot spots. Band aids (BB, S) A few to supplement crew first aid kit. 1 roll 1" adhesive tape (BB, S) To cover hot spots and hold moleskin/bandaids on. Not necessary if crew first aid kit has enough. Sunscreen (BB, S) Highly recommended. Sunlight more intense in higher elevation. SPF 15 minimum. Sunglasses Highly recommended. Small notepad & pen For journals or emergency messages. Optional Camera & film (BB) Take as much film as needed in case backcountry tradi ng posts are sold out. Take film out of boxes and keep in a plastic bag. Inexpensive watch Several crew members should have watches. Fishing equipment If itineraries includes fishing. and license Equipment is available in Fish Camp, PJ, Abreu for use in those camps only. Postcards Pre-stamp in base. Can be mailed from most staffed camps. Philmont Fieldguide 1 per crew suggested. Guidebook to Adventure (S) Recommend taking a few. Insulated underwear Often worn in a sleeping bag. I 34

49 - Shaving equipment (BB, S) * Insect repellent (BB, S) * Foot powder (BB, S) * Work gloves Individual Preference. One small bottle per crew. Rarely used. Absorbs moisture and can reduce blisters. Limited time usage. Leather recommended, snug fit, reduce blisters. Mandatory. Duct tape (S) Multi uses, wrap around water bottles. Crew Gear Besides the personal gear, each crew has responsibility for its own equipment. Select a crew leader of the day who should make the assignments as to who carries what crew gear. YOU should be there to help guide the crew leader. Explain why the same person carries the same item(s) of crew gear on the entire trek items are better accounted for if one person is responsible for a specific object(s). Consider size and strength of the campers as the crew leader is making the assignments. Food should be re-distributed every morning, so that everyone's pack is getting lighter after every meal. Remember to pack-out your trash. The selected crew leader of the day should know who has which items. CREW EQUIPMENT Comments Furnished By Philmont Tent stakes Backpacking stoves Phil-tents use 10 to 12; fly 6 to 8 Philmont issues these or personal ones may be used. Be sure the crew knows how to operate them properly. Consider teaching how to operate different models. White gas available in base and at back country commissaries. I 35

50 2 collapsible water containers 2.5 gallons each strongly recommended. 1 Nylon dining fly w/poles 1 Nylon tent w/poles for every 2 people 1 set of nesting pots & cutlery kit 2 pair of hot-pot tongs Plastic strainer and scraper Scrub pads All-Purpose paper (AP) Small shovel 8 trash bags 150' of 1/4" Nylon rope 2 bear bags minimum Dish washing soap Water purification chemical To store crew gear under, shelter in inclement weather. Waterproof shelter. 2 or 3 person tents recommended. Larger tents are bulky and can tear in the wind. Used for cooking. At least 3 pots, 1 cheftwo tops,l fry pan, 2 metal spoons and one pancake turner are recommended. Use in place of hot handles. For clean up of leftover food. For tough clean up. One roll issued for each day. Clean fire pits, dig cat-holes. Metal shovel far better than plastic. For all trash For hanging the bear bags at night and whenever camp in unattended. To hold food and personal smellables For clean-up, biodegradable. ESSENTIAL. Treat the water, even if the crew has a pump. Chemical should be taken in case pum p fails. Prevention is the best medicine. I 36

51 - Packing Everything should be rolled and packed snugly. Use plastic bags or stuff sacks to keep clothing dry and organized. Everything should go inside the pack. Nothing should be dangling off of the outside of the pack. 1. Compass, knife, matches, lip balm and bandanna all go in pockets or clothi ng on person. 2. Side pockets of pack hold convenience items: AP paper, camera, flashlight, personal first-aid kit, canteen, smellables, Raingear. 3. Smellables should be kept in one place so they won't be forgotten. 4. Map pocket or pack frame holds map. External Frames 1. Upper compartment (or strapped on top) holds bulky items: tent, dining fly, food, cookware, water. 2. Lower compartment holds light items such as clothing. 3. Tightly strapped on the bottom of the pack is the sleeping bag in a durable/waterproof stuff sack. I I Internal Frames 1. Heavy items are packed in the center of the pack, close to the back. 2. Lighter items are packed near the top and bottom of the pack. 3. Sleeping bag should fit lower compartment of pack. Weight distribution is critical for comfortable hiking. External frames should have the weight on the top. Internal frames should have the weight distributed along the back. SETTING UP CAMP In general, think in a low-impact mentality. Try to be quiet, courteous and thoughtful of others. Conserve for others and for the wilderness. Support the Wilderness Pledge, Outdoor Code, and BSA wilderness ethics and ideals. Low-impact camping should never supersede safety. I 37

52 This is an excellent time to teach creatively. For example, discuss the Bearmuda-Triangle. Talk about the uses for the fire ring, the sump, and the bear cable. All three landmarks make a triangle. Inside the triangle you want to concentrate your smellables. Therefore, you want to sleep outside of the triangle to avoid potential animal danger like bears. Inside the triangle is known as the "Bearmuda-Triangle." This method makes it fun and easy to remember... A Good Campsite 1. Look for the less-used sites. a. Distribute wear and tear on all sites. 2. Easy access sites should be left for late-arriving crews. a. Often most used sites. b. Courtesy for crews arriving near or after dark. 3. Check for signs of past flooding. 4. Look for widow-makers - dead trees or limbs that may fall in a storm. 3. Face the tarp so that it is 'cornering' the wind. a. one corner is pointed into the wind. b. Allows some wind to pass through while keeping most rain out. 4. Use a small stick to secure the ridge line to the tarp. a. Use a lark's head to secure it. b. Ridge line and tarp should both be tight. c. Small sticks - they should break in a strong wind. 5. Avoid sleeping in fragile meadows. 6. USE DESIGNATED SITES AT ESTABLISHED CAMPS Pitching the Fly 1. Quick shelter in case of sudden thunderstorm, hail. 2. A-frame style, feet from the fire ring. 5. Clove hitch on the top of the poles. a.top three sections of poles are sufficient. I 38

53 - 6. Use taught line hitches to stake down the guy lines. 7. Lace cord along the side grommets and secure the corners first, then the middle. 8. Push and twist, don't pound stakes. 45 angle, eye to the sky. Pitching the Tents 1. Check for water runoff and overhanging limbs. Stay away from large aspen trees that are shallow rooted and easily blown over. 2. Face the back wall or a back corner into the wind. 3. Check the ground conditions before pitching. a. Look for rocks, bumps, that will be uncomfortable to sleep on. 4. Rain flies should not touch the tent itself. 5. Fold excess groundcloth under the tent. 6. Scatter the tents in camp. a. Stay in the site. Stay away from smellable points: fire ring, dining fly, sump & bear cables. b. Clustered tents could trap animals. 7. DO NOT DITCH TENTS Getting Settled 1. All crew gear, food, and personal smellables should go under the dining fly before the tents are set up, unless it is raining. 2. Do not unroll sleeping bags until bedtime. a. Keeps them dry if the tents leak b. Retains heat.. 3. Leave packs outside of and away from the tents. Cover them with the rain covers. a. Packs take up too much room in the tents. b. May have a slight odor from food, smellables, etc. 4. Change from boots to sneakers I 39

54 IN-CAMP SKILLS Water 1. A precious commodity at Philmont. It's the foreman's responsibility to get conservation methods across. 1. Purify it (Salmonella, Typhoid, Polio, Hepatitis, Dysentery, Cholera, Giardia) 2. Make sure you know keep separate purified and unpurified water. a. Bandanna can be used to distinguish the two. b. Purify as soon as possible. 3. Keep water source clean. 4. Don't Use more than is needed, especially in showers. Cooking 1. Fire and Water. a. Supplies water for cook's needs. b. If using: Gather adequate firewood, start and tend fire, PUT FIRE COMPLETELY OUT before leaving camp or going to bed. 2. Cooking. a. Operates and tends stoves. Fill stoves before using and well away from lighting area. Never fill a hot stove. Don't overfill. b. Sterilize Dishes. 1. Dishes are cleaned and rinsed the night before. 2. Just before the next meal, bring a pot of water to a boil before cooking and dunk all personal dishes and crew utensils into it for at least 30 seconds.. This disinfects any contamination from being in a pack. 3. Use the dunking water for cooking. After boiling, the water is pure enough to cook with. 4. Failure to sterilize properly can lead to a variety of health problems. c. Keep food sanitary and off the ground d. Prepare the food. Designate the cooking area. Cooks are the only people near the stoves when the food is cooking. This keeps pots from being knocked ove~ e. Allow time for food preparation. f. Philmont Grace g. Serve food h. Clean up meal preparation area. i. HELPFU L HINTS: Always hold the pots with hot-pot tongs or a bandanna when stirring. I

55 - I Read directions twice Cover pots when boiling water, saves fuel Only start stove when the water is measured out to save fuel Start with less water than the directions call for, you can always add more as you cook. Serve the food over the pots to keep spills off of the ground. Clean Up Procedure 1. Preparation a. EAT EVERYTHING. Uneaten food must be packed out in a plastic bag. Eat it or carry it. b. Each person scrapes and wipes their personal gear as clean as possible. Use scrub pads to remove hardened food. Scraped food and paper goes into sump bag. c. Have everyone help out and eat all of the food out of the cooking pot. Uneaten food must be scraped out and put into the sump bag by the clean-up crew. d. After the cooking pot is scraped clean, fill with warm water and just a drop or two of soap. e. Fill a cleaned pot with hot water to rinse dishes. 2. Washing and Drying a. Everyone washes and rinses their own personal gear. b. After personal gear is washed, clean-up crew washes all crew gear. c. The wash pot should be scrubbed out last, and the waste water poured into the sump, through the sump Frisbee. Rinse with the hot water. d. All solid waste must be packed in a sump. bag and carried with the trash. DON'T FORGET TO PUT SUMP BAG IN THE BEAR BAGS e. Leave the dishes by the sump to air dry overnight. Place them on a trash bag to keep clean. 3. Finishing up a. Everyone polices the area for smellables, uneaten food and unwashed dishes. b. All trash goes into a trash bag to be carried out. Trash goes in the bear bags. c. Store stoves and fuel under the dining fly. d. Do not use sump Frisbee as a real Frisbee because food particles will scatter around campsite. 4. Be sure to sterilize all dishes before using them for the next meal.. I 41

56 Dutch Oven Cooking Enhance camping skills by cooking with a Dutch Oven. This is a simple and delicious skill that hopefully participants will bring back to their troops. 1. Cooki ng in a Dutch Oven a. Use coals, not ashes. Replace coals when they burn out. b. Preheat oven before cooking. c. Do not remove the lid too often. d. For baking, there should be heat on top of the oven as well as underneath it. 2. Cleaning the Dutch Oven a. Eat it clean. Scrape out and sump bag any food left. b. Do not use a green scrubby, rather a pine cone or stick. c. Fill 1/3 full of water. d. Boil water for 5-10 plus minutes. e. Sump cleaning water. f. If tough to get out, consider burning out excess. g. Never pour cold water directly into a hot oven for fear of cracking it. h. Oven should air dry, or re-heat it in the fire. i. Grease the entire inside lightly, but thoroughly. Remove excess oil. Fire 1. Reduce forest fire danger, conserve wood. 2. Stoves should be used whenever possible. 3. Only use established fire rings a. Keep fires small b. Use only downed wood c. Do not burn trash, not all will burn d. Never leave a fire unattended e. Make sure to put the fire out completely 4. Clean Up a. Break down charcoal into small chunks with hands, a rock, or a stick b. Scatter coals 5-10 minute walk from camp c. Scatter don't dump. I 42

57 - I Sanitation 1. a. Use latrines when you can (keep lids down). b. In absence of latrine, go far off trail and at least 200 feet from water, dig a "cat hole" in soil 6-8 inches deep, bury waster and AP (use as little AP as possible). c. If camping in the Valle Vidal, do not bury AP, rather pack it out. Rodents And Other Animals 1. Bears are attracted primarily to odor, Be sure to stress the importance of the bear bags. a. Smellable items are suspended away from people-don't forget spilled food on clothes. b. Coil rope and throw over the bear cable. Do this during the day for easier throwing. c. Be sure to get ALL smellables in the bags before hanging. d. Do not use rocks or other weights to throw the rope. The weight of the rope should be sufficient. e. Climbing trees to suspend ropes is not allowed. f. Well hung bags will lead bears away from camp and people. g. Do not stand under the bear bags when hanging them. They could fall. 2. Rodents and other small animals a. Keep food supplies off of the ground and out of packs. Rodents can damage packs as quickly as bears. b. Rodents carry rabies, plague and other diseases, leave them alone. 3. Livestock a. "Domesticated" does not mean "tame." Do not bother the livestock. 4. Insects a. Select campsites away from insect infestation, especially ant hills. b. Know who in your crew is allergic to insect bites. c. Mosquitoes are prevalent in some areas. Pitch your tents in locations away from standing water and open to breezes. 5. Snakes a. Step around or away from logs. b. Do not panic, back slowly in an encounter. c. See First Aid section for treating bites. I 43

58 Bears 1. Never provoke a bear to act aggressively. Do not throw rocks, use flash bulbs, approach, or go close to a bear. A mother with cubs is very protective and easily provoked. Give them a wide berth. 2. Never risk injury by attempting to save your food or gear. Both can be replaced if necessary. 3. If a bear approaches your campsite ( yards away), make loud noises, bang pots and pans, to discourage if from coming closer. 4. If a bear enters your campsite, gather your crew and quickly leave the area until the bear is gone. 5. If you awaken with a bear curiously examining you, do not play dead and do not strike the bear. Talking with a calm tone of voice will let the bear know you are alive and well. If the bear is several feet away, you may be able to slip out of your sleeping bag and retreat. Running may provoke a bear. If possi ble, back away slowly. Avoid Accidents In Camp 1. Don't go barefoot. 2. Don't climb trees or rocks. 3. Watch your step for exposed roots or animal burrows. Breaking Camp 1. Police entire campsite, it has to be perfect. Better than before. a. Make sure that the sump screen is clean. b. Check for trash, all trash has to be packed out. c. Make sure all crew & personal gear is accounted for. 2. Scatter the ashes away from previous night's fire far away from camp, even if they were left there by another group. Be responsible and caring. I 3. "Fluff" the grass where tents and dining fly stood. 4. Different groups can be responsible for taking down the dining fly, coiling the bear rope, etc. each morning. I 44 I

59 - HIKING Hitting the Trail 1. Keep the crew together, keeps up morale. a. Make sure everyone is prepared to hike. b. Don't hike faster than the slowest member of the group. 2. Crews must stay together at all times on the trail. a. Follow your itinerary - stay in the camp you are scheduled b. Always see the person in front of you. c. Person in front, turn around from time to time. d. Divided crews get lost, yes they do! 3. Keep some space between people. a. approximately 10 feet apart. b. See scenery, not the person in front of you. c. Safety, one person falling won't cause the "domino effect." d. Try some "spacing games" at the turnaround. 5. Foot Problems? Speak up! a. Take care of a hot spot before it becomes a blister. b. Five minutes today saves hours later. 4. Maintain a steady pace. Starting and stopping takes more energy. 6. Rest Stops. a. Five minutes, packs stay on to allow you to catch breath b. Twenty minutes or more, pack off. Wait for lactic acid to clear out of muscles. 7. Uphill Rest Step: momentarily lock each leg with each step. 8. No night hiking, too dangerous Stay on the trail! a. Walking around mud/puddles erodes the sides of the trail. You have waterproof boots, use them! b. Don't cut switchbacks, this causes erosion c. Don't disturb artifacts (report them) or wildlife. Plants can only be removed during the course of authorized conservation work. d. Clean the trail as you go such as trash, possible downed trees, debris. Report any trail problems to the Conservation Department. I 45

60 Packs On 1. One person, two steps. a. Lift pack and rest it on your thigh. b. Stick one arm through the shoulder strap, then hold the bottom of the pack with the first arm while you put on the other strap. 2. Two people. a. Have a buddy hold your pack while you put it on. b. Then, you hold your buddy's. 3. Hip belt should be snug... shoulder straps loose. a. Belt should sit on the hip bones. b. Weight on hips your legs are stronger than your shoulders. Map And Compass 1. Use teachable moments whenever possible. 2. Three types of trail signs. a. Arrow on either end - go that way. b. Arrow on both ends - in a canyon or on a ridge. c. No arrows - you are there. d. Don't touch the trail signs. Salt from your hands will rub off on the signs and attract animals. e. Never blindly trust the trail signs. ALWAYS CHECK YOUR MAPS! 3. Six map colors. a. Black - Man-made objects. b. Brown - Contour lines. Every fifth line is bolder and has the elevation on it. c. Blue - Water. d. Red - Boundaries and highways. e. White - Vegetation under three feet tall or no vegetation. f. Green - Vegetation over six feet tall. 4. Map symbol flash-cards. a. OA Foreman that have been past Rangers will have a set that you can borrow to make your own. I 46

61 Declination. a. The map is drawn to point at true north - the North Pole. The compass points to magnetic north - not exactly at the North Pole. The difference between the two is called declination. b. Philmont declination is- approximately ten degrees East. It slowly changes over time, so be sure you know the current value. c. To compensate for declination: 1. Turn the compass housing so that the number 350 is aligned with the travel or base plate arrow. (350 if the declination is 10 degrees East). 2. Place the compass on the map and align the side of the base plate with one of the lines of longitude on the map. 3. Turn the map with the compass still aligned to the grid until the red magnetic needle points to 'N' on compass housing. 4. The compass will be pointing towards magnetic north, and the map will be pointing at true north (around 350 degrees at Philmont). 6. Other ways to orient the map. a. Line up the contour lines on the map with the surrounding landmarks. b. Use the sun to approximate direction. c. Remember, using a compass set for declination is the most accurate way to orient the map. 7. Shooting bearings & triangulation. a. Take the compass and point the travel arrow toward some distinct land mark. b. Turn the housing until the red magnetic needle is pointing to the 'N' on the compass housing. Use two people for accurate bearings. One person points the travel arrow toward the landmark, while the other turns the housing. c. Once the housing has been turned correctly, the number on the compass housing that lines up with the travel arrow is the bearing of that landmark. d. Place one corner of the compass base plate on to the land mark's position on the map (make sure that the map has been previously oriented for true north). e. Keeping the corner on that position, rotate the compass (NOT THE MAP) until the magnetic red needle points to 'N' on the compass housing. f. Draw a line from the landmark along the side of compass, and continue on with a straight-edge of some kind. Your position is some where along this line. I 47

62 g. If the line crosses the trail you are on, you are probably at that point on the trail. h. If you are not on a trail and wish to further refine your position, shoot two more bearings in different directions. The resulting lines will form a triangle. You are in that triangle. i. NOTE: Once a map has been oriented to compensate for declination, you can use magnetic bearings to find your position without adding or subtracting the declination again. 8. Choosing the right trail using your compass. If you come to a fork in the trail and cannot determine which trail to take: a. Orient your map for declination. b. Place your compass on the map with the travel arrow pointing along the direction of the trail on the map you wish to take. c. Rotate the compass housing until the red needle points to 'N' on the compass housing. d. Take the compass off of the map and point it down the two trails at the fork. e. Which trail has the same (or closest) bearing as the one on the map? In other words, when you point the compass down the trail, which one has the magnetic red needle closest to 'N'? That is the trail you want to take, but take another reading a short distance along the new trail to confirm your choice. Water Water is a precious commodity at Philmont - conservation is a must! 1. Purify water to kill off salmonella, typhoid, hepatitis, dysentery, cholera, and Giardia. Carry chemical purifier at all times. Pumps may jam, may not filter all bacteria/virus - carry chemical as a backup. 2. Almost all staffed camps have purified water. It doesn't hurt to ask. 3. Check Water Conditions board in logistics for updated conditions. 4. If you must get water from the Cimarron River, double purify. I 48

63 - Courtesy On The Trail 1. Crew hiking uphill have the right of way. a. It's harder to regain uphill momentum. 2. Vehicles, horses, and burros have the right of way. a. Whole crew get off the trail on the same side. b. For vehicles, get on the driver's side for better visibility. c. For animals, get on the downhill side of the trail. The animals are less likely to spook if you are below them. Enjoy It! 1. A lot of the scenery is on the trail, not in camp. 2. A quiet crew sees more wildlife. 3. Leave camp early - avoid afternoon heat and rain and get to camp for program. 4. Be careful about overheating - steady pace, rest stops, drink moderate amounts of water, tank up on fluids at camp. SPECIAL AND DANGEROUS CAMPING SITUATIONS t 2. Stay off of ridges and exposed geographical features. a. Lightning danger. Rain On The Trail 1. Leave more space between hikers on slippery trails. 3. Put on raingear when it starts, take it off when it stops. a. Sounds obvious, but raingear causes you to sweat and heat up. Only wear it when you need to. I I I 49

64 Rainy-Weather 1. Do not make ditches tents Keep crew gear under the dining fly. 3. Be sure to cook dinner. a. Keep morale high. b. Gives people calories to keep warm. 4. Keep sleeping bags dry--don't unroll before bedtime. 5. Dry emergency wood can be found under logs and rocks. 6. Keep people dry and warm to avoid hypothermia. 7. Dry personal gear in the sun and wind or by wearing it. Stream Crossing 1. Always wear boots. 2. Loosen the hip strap in case you need to chuck your pack to avoid being pulled under by the current. 3. Never attempt to cross a stream that is over knee deep. Turn back and find an alternative route or staffed camp. 4. Beware of crossing single or weak logs, especially ones perched high above the stream. 5. If you cross on rocks, step on the center of large, dry rocks. 6. Have one person cross at a time so others can help of needed. Danger On The Trail 1. Step over or around obstacles. t 2. Don't throw rocks or roll boulders. 3. Stay out of abandoned mine shafts. 4. Don't climb rocks or trees. I 50

65 - Dry Camps 1. Conserve water, avoid fire. 2. If close to water (within a mile), wait until you're in camp to get crew water. 2. If on a ridge or peak, head straight down the leeward side of the approaching storm to some sort of cover. 3. If in a meadow-leave FAST. Get into some uniformly sized trees, spread out at least 100 feet apart, and get into the "lightning position" (squatting) or kneeling on a pad, with your feet close together in order to have minimal contact with the ground. 3. If water is a long way off, send a group to fill all empty containers. Be sure to drink as much water as possible at the last water source on the trail. 4. Rearrange menu: eat a dinner near a water source (like a staffed camp), and eat a lunch for dinner in camp. Lightning 1. Avoid tall trees, wire fences, exposed mountains tops, cliffs, and overhangs. 4. If hiking in the rain, spread out along the trail and keep moving. If heading to higher ground or if lightning becomes severe, spread out in the woods near the trail. 5. NEVER TAKE CHANCES. Never begin an ascent in the face of a thunderstorm. Get off high peaks before noon, afternoon thunderstorms are frequent. Hail l.head for a stand of evenly sized trees. Hail may be large enough to rip packs and raingear... I Dining fly or tents may also offer protection.

66 flooding 1. Be aware of the stream levels especially in canyons or after several days of rain. Never cross a stream that is over knee deep. 2. If a campsite is flooding, head for higher ground IMMEDIATELY. Take only as much equipment as is safely possible. Camp Fire 1. Exercise great care with all fire. 2. Campers do not fight fires. 3. Keep campfires small-only large enough to do the job. 4. Never leave a campfire unattended for any reason. 5. Smoking is discouraged everywhere. a. No smoking on the tail b. Smoke in camp only at the fire ring. c. No participants are allowed to smoke. 6. Report all forest fires to the nearest staffed camp. EMERGENCY PROCEDURES Time Considerations Most Philmont participants come from areas that have 911. This network is designed to bring ill and injured subjects into hospital emergency rooms in less than thirty minutes. Because of the size and remoteness of Philmont and it's trails, safe evacuation of an ill or injured subject can take several hours. This may help participants realize the importance of prevention. Not all of the first aid information in this section needs to be taught, there is a lot of material. However, teach the essential material outlined on the advisor check-list and assess the knowledge base of the crew. If they are ready to learn more in-depth information, encourage them to learn more. Revise your style of teaching first aid every now and then. First-aid charades or the matching game are two ways of making learning fun. As you develop your style, you can stretch your depth and knowledge. I 52

67 - Evacuation Preparing a subject for transport can easily cause further illness or injury if not done correctly. For this reason, evacuation should always wait until a medic arrives with proper gear or the PHILSAR team comes with a litter. Sending A Message For Help Specific information must be provided to Logistics and to the Health Lodge when reporting an emergency. It is important that each participant write on the back of the map the following list of questions which are to be answered in writing before going for help at the nearest staffed camp. Subject's name Expedition number Exact location - mark the location on the map with an X and describe it in detail on the back of the map. Use grid lines. Time of incident - how long the condition has persisted and whether there are intervals of occurrence. Exactly what happened, take vitals a. Pulse b. Respiration What is wrong (Be Specific): Airway, Breathing, Circulation Treatment so far? a. Including drugs taken, b. Shots administered Any other information that may be pertinent Go For Help Write down the information above on the back of a map. Four people are required to go for help at a staff camp. If one gets hurt, once can stay with him and the other two go on. It is important that the Foreman has taught his crew well in map and compass, this may be the first time they really need the skill. Scouts going for help should be in good physical condition, have a map and compass, water, raingear, perhaps a flashlight. A small amount of quick energy food may also help. Above all, Scouts and the Foreman should remain calm and think completely through each situation. Common sense is the best guide to emergency situations. How a crew deals with an emergency may be the truest test of your skills as an outdoor educator. Meet the challenge by making sure every participant knows how to find the nearest staffed camp on every day of their trek. I 53

68 Securing The Scene Remember to secure everyone's safety before attempting to provide First Aid. Panic reactions can, and often do lead to a more dangerous situation. Take a deep breath and be calm. Remember the ABC's of first aid. In an emergency, it is always best to go through the ABC's first while providing first aid. Following the ABC's is systematic and reduces panic. Scene Safe: Is there still danger to rescuers and/or subject(s)? Lightning danger? Fire danger? Bear danger? Number in crew: Is there anyone missing? People are either part of the problem or part of the solution. How many subjects are there? Airway: What might be blocking the airway? Asthma? An allergy (Bee stings or food reactions can close the airways.)? Food? Head position? Breathing: Look, Listen, and Feel for breathing. Look at the chest to see if it is rising and falling. Listen, ear to mouth, for breath sounds. Feel with your cheek to know if the subject is exhaling. Do not worry about any other first aid until you know there is breathing. Circulation: 1)Is there a pulse? 2) Is there bleeding? FOREMEN! Have everyone in your crew find a partner's carotid (neck) pulse! Index and middle fingers only. The thumb has a pulse of it's own. Bleeding: direct pressure, elevation, pressure points, light tourniquet (last resort). DisabiUty: Is there a neck or back injury? If you suspect a neck or back injury, DON'T MOVE THE SUBJECT! The only time you should move a head or neck when you suspect a neck injury is to open a closed airway. Now, use your imagination. What could be wrong? Use the clues. The method of injury will give you tremendous amounts of important information. What happened? How much? How far? Did they fall? Did they hit things on the way down? Write this information on the map that goes to the staffed camp. Shock: 1) Treat all injured/ill people for shock, because shock can kill. 2) If the face is pale, raise the tail (Raise feet inches.) 3) If the face is red, raise the head (Raise the head and shoulders inches.) These rules manage all of the nine types of shock. I 54

69 -.. CPR Stopped Breathing To determine if a person is breathing, look for the rise and fall of their chest and then listen with an ear to the subject's mouth and nose for indications of breathing. If breathing is stopped, an important factor for a successful resuscitation is the immediate opening of the airway. This may be accomplished by tilting the subject's head back by placing one hand on the subject's forehead and applying a firm backwards pressure with the palm of your hand. Also, place the fingers of your hand under the bony part of the lower jaw near the chin and lift to bring the chin forward and the teeth almost shut. If a neck injury is suspected, use the chin-lift without the head-tilt technique. Airway Obstruction An obstruction is present if there is resistance to air flow and a failure of the chest to raise during an attempt to administer artificial respiration. Signs of the presence of obstruction also include bulging of the eyes, bluish color of the skin, and difficulty speaking. To open an airway a combination of manual abdominal thrusts and/or a finger probe for foreign objects in the mouth may be used. If a foreign body is seen in the mouth, attempt to remove it with your fingers. If it cannot be seen, manual abdominal thrusts may expel or dislodge the object so it can be removed with fingers. After 6-10 thrusts, reposition the head and attempt to ventilate the patient. If no air enters, repeat thrusting. Reviving Breathing If the subject does not promptly resume adequate, spontaneous breathing after the airway is opened, artificial respiration must be initiated. Use the chin-lift, head-tilt technique of placing one hand under the person's chin and lifting while resting the other hand on the forehead and pinching the nostrils. Take a deep breath, then open your mouth and place it firmly on the subject's mouth. Administer two initial breaths of 1 to 1 1/2 seconds each. Take a breath after each ventilation. After delivering these breaths, check the carotid (neck) pulse. If a pulse is present, but the subject is not breathing on their own, one deep breath should be given every 5 seconds, or 12 breaths per minute. Remove your mouth between breaths so the person can exhale. Adequate breathing is monitored on every breath by watching for the rise and fall of the person's chest. I 55

70 Mouth-to-nose ventilation may be used if the person has facial injuries or a good seal cannot be formed around the mouth. In the mouth-to-nose method, tilt the head back with one hand on the forehead and with the other hand lift the jaw. Blow into the person's nose using your cheek to close off the mouth, or hold the mouth closed with the hand that is not on the subject's forehead. If vomiting occurs, stop ventilation and turn the person's entire body to the side, cleaning the mouth of vomit. Roll the person back on their back and resume ventilation. Stopped Heart The absence of the carotid pulse in the neck indicates a lack of blood flow and no heart beat. CPR should be administered if the rescuer is sure that no pulse exists. First, it is important to realize that there are many risks involved with the performance of CPR. While complications may occur with even the best of performances, careful attention to details of technique will minimize problems. The following is only a rough and brief outline and may serve as a reference. Proper training with certified instructors is essential. CPR cannot be properly self-taught. Nevertheless, in the absence of such training, the following provides useful general guidelines. The subject should be on a firm surface. Kneel close to the side of the subject. placing one hand over the other, and on the lower half of the sternum. Your hand should be on the sternum and approximately 2 inches above the xiphoid process. Pressure on the sternum compresses the heart against the spinal column, forcing the blood out of the heart and providing circulation. For adults, the depth of compression is 1 1/2 to 2 inches. The compression's must be regular, smooth, and uninterrupted. Relaxation must immediately follow compression and be of equal duration (50% of the cycle should be compression and 50"10 of the cycle should be relaxation). For the proper hand position, the heel of the hand must remain on contact with the sternum;l however, all pressure is released on the upstroke to allow maximum refilling of the heart. In the single-person rescue, a 15:2 ratio is performed (15 compression's in 11 to 12 seconds and ten 2 quick ventilation's in 3 to 4 seconds). The rate for the single- person rescue is 80 per minute to allow time for the ventilation. CPR should not be stopped for over 5 seconds and should be continued until the subject is transferred to the care of trained medical care (the arrival of the PHILSAR team and doctors.) I 56

71 - The carotid pulse should be checked for 5 seconds after the first five minute of CPR and every few minutes there after to review the effectiveness of CPR and the status of the person. If pulse is absent, resume CPR with 2 ventilation's followed by compression's. Once breathing has been restored in any resuscitation effort, place the subject in a comfortable position, usually on the side with head and shoulders slightly elevated. Treat for shock during and after the respiratory emergency. Remember, CPR is not begun until it is ascertained that the victim does not show evidence of breathing or have a pulse. The sooner CPR is initiated, the greater are the chances of survival and the less the chance of brain damage. Many rescue attempts will be unsuccessful, but the alternative to not perform CPR, if needed, is certain death. CPR Checklist Determine consciousness Open airway (head-tilt) look, listen, feel 2 full ventilation's Check cartoid pulse Apply 15 compression's in seconds 2 full ventilation's in 3-4 seconds Repeat cycle at 15:2 ratio All other cases can wait for a few moments until proper treatment may be determined. Whenever possible, wait for the arrival of a medic and the PHIlSAR team. Moving an injured person may cause further harm. Remember that any treatment you provide may cause further harm. Remember that any treatment you provide may have to be undone at the health lodge at great pain to the subject. Always remember, your attitude is of the utmost importance in dealing with a subject in a medical emergency. Your attitude will be transmitted tot the subjects and, if positive, will serve to relieve the person's anxieties. Relaxation of the victim may ease respiration, slow any serious bleeding, reduce pain, and decrease the element of shock. I 57

72 FIRST AID Temperature Exposure Heat Exposure Prevention: Drink plenty of fluid, use sunscreen, clothing and hat for sun protection. Symptoms: Blister/sunburn/chapped lips/dehydration/altitude sickness headache/nosebleed/heat exhaustion/heat stroke. Treatment: Water, rest in shad, slower pace, lighter pack, balanced nutrition. Cold Exposure Prevention: Dry clothing, no exposed skin. Hypothermia: mumble, fumble, stumble, tumble, coma. Other signs: Immersion foot, jock itch. Treatment: Dry clothing, hot cocoa, high calories. Medical/Trauma Orthopedic Prevention: Safety, reduced horseplay. Injuries: Burns/sprains/fractures/eyes/bites & stings/severe bleeding. Treatment: RICE (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation), moleskin. Abdominal Prevention: Drink plenty of fluid, balanced nutrition. Symptoms: Constipati on/diarrhea/nau sea/vorniti ng/gynecological. Treatment: Careful consideration. Cardiorespiratory Prevention: Crew awareness, education. Symptoms: Cardia/stroke/asthma/hyperventilation/insulin shock/diabetic coma/anaphylaxis/epilepsy. Treatment: Fast, correct. I 58

73 - Heat Burns Treatment: Treat a burn as a break in the effectiveness of skin to fight infection. Irrigate with cool water. If necessary irrigate with fresh water followed by irrigating with purified water. Treat for shock. Call Health lodge if the burn is on the face, will be under pack straps, or if there are any other concerns. Blisters Sign/Symptoms: "Hot Spots" on feet, tenderness, localized pain. Prevention: Prevention is the best medicine. Place rounded moleskin or mole-foam on hot spots before they become blisters. Wear two pair of socks, polypropylene liners and wool outers are recommended. Replace and wash socks when they become wet or soiled, particularly liner socks. Remove all socks and dry them each night by placing them in your sleeping bag over your legs. This technique allows your feet to dry out as well. Modify prevention techniques if you wish, but continue using prevention techniques even after blisters occur. Treatment: Place non-adhesive gauze or medical tape over the clea nand dry blister. Doing so prevents the blister from being torn when the moleskin comes off. Cut the moleskin or mole foam like a donut and center blister inside the hole. Use tincture of benzene to help stick better, if you wish. Moleskin is preferred over molefoam because it allows skin to breath. Adhesive tape may be used to cover the moleskin in difficult places. Puncture blister only when it becomes too large to effectively cover. If the blister must be popped, puncture from the bottom with a sterilized needle. Sunburn Signs/Symptoms: Reddish skin, burns, blisters, swelling or puffiness or extremities, fever. Prevention: Apply sunscreen in early morning for maximum prevention and minimum smellable risk, wear a broad brimmed hat. Treatment: Cool the skin, cover exposed areas, treat burns and shock. I 59

74 Chapped Lips Treatment: Encourage the subject to consume plenty of liquids before the use of lip balms. Dehydration Signs/Symptoms: Headache, fatigue, irritability, chenille creases, chapped lips, nosebleed, dark urine. Treatment: Drink as much water as you can, then 1/2 quart every half hour. Altitude Sickness Signs/Symptoms: Headache, nausea, insomnia, loss of appetite, irritability, fatigue. Treatment: Reduced activity, rest, water, nutrition. Call Health Lodge if symptoms persist for more than 24 hours. Remember that altitude sickness can afflict seasoned athletes. Headache Almost all headaches at Philmont result from dehydration. Give aspirin or Ibuprofen only after the subject is "Clear and Copious." Nosebleed Direct pressure, head forward, pinching nose of the bridge where the bone meets the cartilage. Make sure the subject established "Clear and Copious urination. Heat Exhaustion Sign/Symptoms: Cold, clammy skin, rapid pulse, fatigue, irritability. Treatment: Water with beverage base. Heat Stroke Sign/Symptoms: Hot dry skin, rapid and strong then weaker pulse, loss of consciousness. Treatment: Immediate cooling of skin with water. Do not attempt to pour water into the mouth of an unconscious subject as this might clog the airway. Do not place the subject in a creek, doing so risks shivering, the mammalian response, and chance of shock. 60

75 - Cold Hypothermia Signs/Symptoms: Shivering, loss of fine muscle control, lethargy. If the subject(s) become irrational or looses consciousness, cardiac arrest are possible. If the subject(s) stops shivering, becomes irrational or loses consciousness, alert the Health Lodge. Immersion Foot (Trench Foot) Signs/Symptoms: Skin is wrinkled, pale, cold to touch. Treatment: Remove the subject from the cold, wet setting and allow the feet to dry. Jock Itch Signs/Treatment: Similar to athlete's foot, jock itch may occur under hot or cold conditions. It is characterized by burning, itching, or flaking skin. Treatment: Over-the-counter anti fungal powders or creams designed for athlete's foot are widely successful. Remember to use these powders before lunch as they are smellables. Orthopedic Sprains, Strains, Or Fractures Signs/Symptoms: Pain, tenderness, numbness, swelling, discoloration, deformity. Treatment: If and only if muscle spasms set in, immobilize the limb by tying it to another part of the body. So not transport or splint the subject unless absolutely necessary or if advised by health lodge.treatment for ankle injuries: Do not take off the boot or shoe unless the toes lose sensation. Have the subject carefully try to walk. If the subject cannot walk, treat the injury as a fracture. If you are not sure whether or not the injury is a fracture, suspect a fracture and treat it that way. General Treatment: (RICE) Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation. Ice is sometimes available in the form of hail. Plastic bags filled with hail have proven highly effective in reducing swelling. I 61

76 Severe Bleeding Treatment: Direct pressure by any means. Pad your hand with a sterile compress, if available, a t-shirt, or your bare hand...but stop the bleeding. Use a tourniquet only on a severed limb. Use pressure points and a constriction bands when direct pressure is not effective. Eye Injuries Treatment: Irrigate with cool purified water. Do not rub or attempt to wipe eyes. If the cornea or sclera is punctured, do not remove the object. Cover both eyes, leave someone with the subject at all times and call health lodge. Bites And Stings Rattlesnake: The bite may not appear as two fang marks. It may be a single puncture wound, bruise, or scratch. 85% to 90% of rattlesnake bites have no venom. For this reason, it is not advisable to make in hopes of removing venom. Treat for shock. If you do nothing else, this is sufficient. A lymph constrictor may be places between the wound and the heart. It should allow for a pulse to be felt on the end of the extremity. Wait to see if a small knot-like swelling appears. When in doubt, call health lodge. Insect: Remove stinger, if necessary, by gently scraping it off with a card or knife. Treat with cool purified water and wash with soap. If an allergy sets in, call health lodge (see anaphylaxis in cardiorespiratory section). Make sure that several other crew members know how to use the anakit. Arachnid: Spider and scorpion bits and stings should be treated for infection and swelling. Watch for anaphylaxis. Mammals: Treat for infections. Treat bites for infection and triple check to make sure the subject has had a tetanus shot in the last ten years. Do not try to kill the animal that bit the subject. Rather, identify the species if possible. If you think there is a chance of rabies, call health lodge. Abdominal Constipation Prevention: Once again, prevention is the best medicine. Clear and copious urination prevents constipation. Once constipation sets in and causes acute abdominal pain, it can be difficult for the health lodge to decide if surgery may be necessary. For this reason, it is difficult for health lodge to recommend drinking water after constipation has set in. So, prevention by consistent fluid intake is important. 62

77 - Diarrhea Prevention: Sound techniques of water purification are essential to the prevention of diarrhea. If diarrhea does happen, hydration becomes even more important to maintain. Nausea/Vomiting Treatment: If there is no abdominal pain, recent injury or fever, have the subject reestablish clear and copious urination. Document any vomiting. Gynecological Signs/Symptoms: There are four non-life-threatening, but painful possible occurrences. These occurrences do not necessarily decrease backpacking abilities. 1. Dysmenorrhea: Bleeding due to an abnormally tipped uterus. 2. PMS: Hormonal changes that heighten discomfort and irritability. 3. Cramps during menstruation: Painful contractions of the uterus. 4. Cramps during ovulation's: Pain around the ovaries. Prevention/Treatment: Call health lodge if the pattern of bleeding is irregular, pregnancy is possible, fever is present, or if the pain is in the subject's lower right abdominal quadrant. Otherwise, try to increase water, iron, potassium, calcium, and electrolyte intake before using Ibuprofen or Tylenol; particularly if menstruation is present. Raisin, banana chips, cheese, milk and beverage base are good sources of these nutrients in trail food. Chocolate bars, available in trail food, decrease discomfort for some and increase discomfort for others. Water and iron can reduce the likelihood of painful clotting at high altitudes. Hand warmers placed over the aching muscle areas of the back work week because they help circulation. Backpacking concerns: Disposal of sanitary napkins is best at established latrines. The next best disposal is to bury the items in "cat holes," 200 feet from any water source, that do not reach underlying mineral soil. This technique fosters quick, sage decomposition. Abdominal Pain Signs/Symptoms: pain in the abdomen resulting from illness or injury may be tem porary and harmless, or serious and dangerous. Prevention of many types of abdominal pain is hydration. Treatment: Call health lodge if: 1. Pain has persisted for six hours or longer. 2. Pain is specific to one or more spots in the abdomen rather than dull aching. 3. Pain is described as burning, stinging or stabbing. I 63

78 4. Blood appears in vomits (looking like coffee grounds), stool (like black tar), urine (reddening the urine). 5. Fever is present. Cardiorespiratory Cardiac Trouble Signs/Symptoms: Prolonged (longer than ten minutes), oppressive pain or unusual discomfort appears in the center of the chest behind the sternum, The pain may radiate to the shoulders, arms, neck, or jaw. The pain normally, but not always, occurs on the subject's left. The pain and discomfort are often accompanied by sweating, numbness, nausea, vomiting, or shortness of breath t» These signs/symptoms sometimes subside sand then return, The pain experienced is likened to a steel band being tightened around the chest. someone squeezing the heart with a fist, pressure or a heavy weight being placed on the chest. Treatment: Treat for shock, call health lodge. If heart hasstopped, use CPR. Stroke Signs/Symptoms: Paralysis, sudden severe headache, rapid loss of consciousness or convulsion. Treatment: Maintain airway. Treat for shock, keeping paralyzed side down. Call health lodge. Asthma Signs/Symptoms: Shortness of breath, labored breathing, wheezing. Treatment: Reduce exertion. Use the inhaler, more than once if necessary. Be prepared for CPR. Hyperventilation Once very effective method is to sit the subject down and calm the person in a reassuring manner that will reduce the feeling of panic. Have the. subject breathe into a bag or stuff sack to increase the carbon dioxide level in the bloodstream. Hyperventilation is caused by too much oxygen in the bloodstream caused by rapid, shallow breathing. I 64

79 Diabetes Insulin Shock (Need of Sugar) Signs/Symptoms: Rapid onset, hunger, pale moist skin, normal or rapid breathing, normal rapid and full pulse. Headache, irritability, lack of urination, seizure or coma. Treatment: Beverage base, candy or hot cocoa. Maintain airway. Response to treatment: Immediate. Diabetic Coma (Need of Insulin) Sign/Symptoms: Gradual onset, warm dry skin, intense thirst, lack of hunger, vomiting, air hunger, sweet-fruity odor of breath, rapid weak pulse, urination, restlessness merging to coma. Treatment: Gradual insulin injection by qualified caregiver. Response to treatment: Six to twelve hours following medication and fluids. If there is any doubt about how to provide care for a diabetic reaction, give sugar and call health lodge. Anaphylaxis Cause: Sting, bite or other allergic reaction. Signs/Symptoms: Skin is flushed, itching, burning, hives (away from the bite or sting), swelling (especially face and tongue). Breathing: Tightness or pain in chest, with irritating, persistent cough, wheezing, difficulty breathing. Pulse: Development of weakened pulse. Treatment: Because the difference between a mild and a severe reaction may take time to ascertain. The crew must be prepared for a reaction at all times. Assist the subject in using the anakit. Call health lodge. Epilepsy Treatment: If a subject has a seizure, try to minimize the possibility or injury. Monitor the airway and place no objects whatsoever in the mouth of the subject. The subject is likely to wake up highlyembarrassed. Take these realities into account. I 65

80 Smellables And First Aid The only items of first aid kits that should not go in the bear bags are: anaphylaxis kits, asthma inhalers, insulin and any other medication that may be needed quickly. These items should be kept with their owners at all times and set in a boot near or in the owner's tent overnight. PHILSAR OPERATIONS Selection 1. Rangers are usually the only manpower used in PHILSAR operations, however if the department is short-handed you may be asked to serve. Acting in the true spirit of service, this is a responsibility to your job to help out by any means necessary. 2. The Chief Ranger, an Associate/Assistant Chief Ranger, or perhaps another member of Ranger Leadership will be the person asking you to serve. 3. You are only eligible to serve if you are on a day-off or have an assignment in-between crew assignments. You can not serve on a PHILSAR mission if you have a crew. 4. Remember, providing services to the crew is the foremost responsibility of all Philmont Staff. 5. Keep in mind that the PHILSAR process takes time to properly prepare, select manpower, load gear, and execute. It is exceedingly important to remain patient, listen to the Operations and Team Leaders, and work-hard. People in the backcountry are waiting for you! Personal Equipment and Clothing Be a Scout, Be Prepared! Have a day-pack pre-packed with the following items. For all PHILSAR duty, you wear the following: 1. Long sleeved shirt; cotton or wool 2. Long pants; cotton or wool 3. Lug-soled boots 4. Brimmed hat 5. Cotton/wool socks - 66

81 - For all PHILSAR duty, you need to carry the following in a day pack: 6. Bandanna 7. 2 Water bottles and purification 8. Raingear 9. Sun protection 10. Map and compass 11. Gloves (these will be issued by team members) 12. Extra high-energy food/snacks Selected Policies A complete list of PHILSAR policies can be found in the PHILSAR Manual. Be aware of all of them. Some particular important policies are: 1. All PHILSAR members are expected to be prepared and ready to respond quickly to any alert. Where to Report Unless otherwise instructed, report to the Ranger Office with full PHILSAR gear. The team members will receive further instructions there. 2. All members on "stand-by" are to check in and check out. 3. PHILSAR equipment and supplies are to be used for PHILSAR operations only. 4. No PHILSAR member will participate in any facet of an operation while under the influence of alcohol or drugs. 5. Safety is stressed during all PHILSAR operations. 6. Only the person acting as the Philmont Public Relations Officer is to discuss anything pertinent to an ongoing PHILSAR. 7. PHILSAR members will be expected to get sufficient sleep during operations to be mentally alert. 8. All equipment used during a PHILSAR must be immediately returned to the PHILSAR room following a mission. 9. All field PHILSAR personnel must be physically fit to be able to tolerate long hours of strenuous activity during field operations. 10. Jealously, boasting, or an abrasive attitude accomplish nothing and will not be accepted in PHILSAR operations. I 67

82 GROUP DYNAMICS Introduction To Expedition Behavior The following text discusses the phases a group needs to undergo in order to have a successful, and growth filled experience at Philmont. You, as a Foreman, need to be aware of the following points and need to facilitate them within your crew. Discuss this process with your other Foreman. Keep in mind that throughout the duration of this program daily activities can be challenging. Group Dynamics are natural and essential to growth as individuals. And do not necessarily have to occur in a specific order or at all. The Honeymoon Stage There are two main objectives to pursue during the first twenty four hours with your crew. First, ensure that the members of the crew get to know each other reasonably well. Because of the duration and the intensity of the time they will spend together, the group needs to understand exactly what kind of personalities they are dealing with. We are going to use an activity, one that is good to use with your crews, to help explain the process. There are five areas of a person's personality to consider: name, age, experience, emotion, and character traits. These are things to know about a person in order to come to a better understanding of the type of person you are working with. You may adjust these areas as your experience gives you greater insight. The activity runs like this: Give the crew a theme (one of the five areas of personality from above), and then have them form a line. Each person's place, in the line, is decided according to where they fit within the group, relative to the theme. Name and age are relatively simple, they can be done first to get the group in the groove. Next have them move on to something more revealing. Say, "Alight folks, organize yourselves, from most to least, according to how much you want to be here." This accomplishes three things, it gets them communicating, it gets them working together, and lets you see who is really glad to be at Philmont, and who is not really too excited about the size of the mountains they're looking at. You can then move on to, "Okay, who thinks they're pretty headstrong (stubborn), and who's the most flexible," or "Who's seen a bear in the wild before." There's all kinds of information you can get the crew to share with you, and with themselves. Don't limit yourself to just this activity, though. There are may other activities in which people's awareness of each other is increased. Any activity that causes people to communicate and work together is good, especially when it reveals personality traits. I~

83 - Second, so that the group is not intimidated or confused, they must be at ease with their new physical setting. What may be first and foremost on the minds of the participants when they arrive at Philmont is the physical experience they are about to go through. This is their first day and if they are put at ease with their location as much as possible so that they can concentrate on the emotional development of themselves and their group. First, make sure they are comfortable with where and when things are happening in base camp. This is their first day and if they are put at ease with their location they will be more comfortable in the days to come. Shakedown will be the next opportunity you have to work on this. A person's equipment is directly related to the physical aspects of their trek. Take this time to familiarize crew members with upcoming physical challenges. Each person needs to understand how their map and compass works so they can see where they are and how much further they have to go. Not knowing breeds confusion, frustration, and disappointment. The Building Block Stage By the end of the second day, the crew needs to have discussed their expectations for their program. The expectations a person brings to Philmont are not always appropriate. It is important for you, as a Foreman, to help people understand what the experience will be about. By analyzing the interest and expectations of the crew members, the group can plan its goals. Goals should be attainable, make sense, and be understood by everyone. The Philmont program can be enlightening and formative for individuals. Without this developmental step, a crew member's emotional growth may be limited. Crew members should share in determining how the group will make decisions because people tend to support what they help to create. Consensus is a healthy way for groups to make decisions. When a decision is made by consensus, the issues involved are discussed and explored until the group reaches agreement among all its members as to the next steps for action. Everyone's opinion and point of view are aired, examined, and considered. A decision is then reached which all group members can support. They have contributed to the decision and are more satisfied with it than if they were limited to anyone of the alternatives. - Use these words of wisdom to guide you as you deal with crew members. Share them with your crew leader to help him or her learn to deal with people: Never, ever embarrass anyone Speak softer when upset, not louder Keep your language at a level everyone can understand I 69

84 If you are wrong admit it The mind can absorb only what the seat can endure Show a sense of humor Play no favorites Participate in all activities. Remember, you are on the job Don't act as if you know all the answers Praise good work Lead by example Encourage participation Repetition is the mother of learning The Conflict Stage All groups of people have problems liying and working together, especially when they are as dependent upon each other and are as physically challenged as they are at Philmont. The success of their trek depends on their ability to work through these problems. The ability to use problem solving methods in a group, as an individual, will serve them well in years to come.here are the steps to basic problem solving: What is the real problem? Is it with an individual or the whole group? What are some possible reasons it exists or happens? Try to separate facts from emotions. Explore all possible reasons for the situation. What are possible solutions? Think of as many possible solutions as you can. Encourage action that involves personal responsibility, not just ideas about what other people do. What are the possible consequences? Consider the consequences of each possible solution. Agree on a solution. If the solution does not work, re-examine the problem and repeat the steps. When you need to give "advice" to an individual whose behavior is less than acceptable, try the Sandwich Technique. Offer the person a compliment, make a suggestion, and follow up with another compliment, make a suggestion, and follow up with another compliment. For example, you might say to the overbearing adult leader, "Ah Mr. Potato Head, you certainly have a wealth of information which needs to be shared. People learn through action though, and unless you allow these young people to think and act for themselves, they won't gain a total understanding of their experience. I believe if you share your knowledge through the crew leader, the crew will have the best of both worlds. I know you have the crew's best interest at heart." I 70

85 - The Eureka Stage Things Are Coming Together. The group understands one another, knows where they are going, and know how to get there. Don't stop now though, without these last steps their goals and optimum development may not be realized. Everyday the group needs to evaluate their progress. Use Thorns & Roses to encourage group members to talk about how they are feeling. Discuss success and problems of the day. Talk about how effective the solutions were and what other alternatives could have been tried. Because of the changing nature of a Philmont experience, the crew's goals may need adjustment. Give generous positive feedback to all crew members. Individuals need to be recognized for their contributions to the success of the whole group. Now, go play, for the fun of it! You've all earned it! CREWS AND GENDER ISSUES Most crews respect people as people and are not blatantly sexist. For various reasons, some crews do require tone setting when it comes to dealing with female staff and coed crews. They may try to make female Rangers and Foremen prove themselves or throw out totally inappropriate comments. The first thing to remember is that no one has to tolerate sexual harassment. Arrowmen, especially, need to set an example and treat everyone fairly. The Conservation Leadership, Ranger Leadership, and the Philmont Administration are there and willing to help. It is important that Foremen adhere to and back ranch policies regarding the issue. Foremen need to talk with all crews about treating everyone as equals. It is not necessary to discuss sexism with all crews, most could just use a general discussion about respect of others. For those crews that need to be talked with specifically, it is best to stress professionalism, so that all people understand that anyone hired and trained at Philmont is just as qualified and has the same general knowledge as anyone else on staff. Any inappropriate comments about women should be addressed quickly and with decorum. Remarks can escalate and become damaging. A Staff member should show support for all other members of the Staff Team. This will demonstrate how they all trust and have confidence in each other. Although Ranger, Conservation or Ranch Leadership is willing to step in and help in any difficulty situation, often female Rangers or Foremen would like to solve the problem themselves. Other female staff members are certainly a source for advice. A good way to work with a crew in regard to sexism is to use the "Thorns and Roses" sessions at night, and explain how one of the "thorns" is the crew's apparent lack of respect for females. \71

86 Philmont, the Conservation Department, the Ranger Department will stand by their staff. Philmont is prepared to remove crews from the ranch property if conduct on the part of the crew becomes repeatedly unacceptable. Crews, however, should not be bombarded with this threat. Philmont is not prone to unusual amounts of sexism, and conduct of this sort is rare. BUS TOUR INFORMATION Each tour is listed with prominent features to point out on your way to your starting destination. A glossary is located farther back in order for you to reference the material. Study the material beforehand. Look, act, and speak professionally. Don't read it from the book. Answer questions. Consider researching additional material. At the back of this section is a list of books associated with this area. The Seton Library offers these resources along with other books. Keep in mind that history involves much subjective interpretation. When conflicts arise over "facts" this subjective element should be remembered. Zastrow Turnaround Tour Hayward Residence Tooth of Time Lover's Leap Grizzly Tooth Cattle Headquarters Nairn Place Santa Fe Trail Trail Peak Urraca Mesa UU Bar Ranch Rayado Mesa Ortega Mesa Rayado Holy Child Chapel Kit Carson Museum and Home Site Rayado Peak Crater peak Fowler Mesa Zastrow Stonewall Pass Rayado Canyon., 72

87 - Lover's Leap Turnaround Tour Hayward Residence Tooth of Time lover's leap Grizzly Tooth Cattle Headquarters Nairn Place Trail Peak Urraca Mesa Rocky Mountain Scout Camp Stockade Cimarroncito Turnaround Tour Hayward Residence Philmont Museum and Seton library Philmont Training Center Villa Philmonte Ranch Administration Area Polo Barns lower Heck House Upper Heck House Heck Cemetery Buffalo Pasture Arrowhead Rock Formation Webster lake Black Mountain Bear Mountain Mount Phillips Cimarroncito Peak Touch-Me-Not Mountain Baldy Mountain Baldy Town Deer lake Mesa Antelope Mesa Cathedral Rock Window Rock Cimarroncito Reservoir - I 73

88 Turkey Creek Turnaround Tour Hayward Residence Tooth of Time Philmont Museum and Seton Library Philmont Training Center Villa Philmonte Ranch Administration Polo Barns Buffalo Pasture Cimarron Visual Omni-Range Radio Station Stone Jail Aztec Grist Mill St. James Hotel Ed Springer House Site of the Maxwell House Cimarron River Village of Cimarron Cimarron Public School Maverick Club Arrowhead Rock Formation Low-Grade Oil Deposits Route of an old railroad bed Gauging Station Turkey Creek Canyon Six-Mile And Ponil Turnaround Tour Hayward Residence The Tooth of Time Philmont Museum and Seton Library Philmont Training Center Villa Philmonte Ranch Administration Area Polo Barns Buffalo Pasture Arrowhead Rock Formation Window Rock Black Mountain Bear Mountain Mount Phillips Cimarroncito Peak Touch-Me-Not Mountain Baldy Mountain Baldy Town 74

89 - Deer Lake Mesa Antelope Mesa Cimarron Visual Omni-Range Radio Station Stone Jail Aztec Grist Mill St. James Hotel Ed Springer House Site of the Maxwell House Cimarron River Village of Cimarron Cimarron Public School Maverick Club WS (Vermejo Park) Headquarters Chase Ranch Cimarron and Northwestern Railroad Coal Mines Valle Vidal Unit of the Carson National Forest Little Costilla Peak North Ponil Canyon Penitente Canyon Graveyard Canyon Ponil Canyon Archeology Site Ponil Camp Bent Camp HISTORY - General History Historic Philmont was once roamed by Jicarilla Apache and Moache Ute Indians. The location of the first Mexican settlement in northeastern New Mexico, the ranch was part of the original Beaubien and Miranda Land Grant created by the Mexican government in The grant originally held by Carlos Beaubien and Guadalupe Miranda, once encompassed over a million acres. Lucien Maxwell, Beaubien's son-in-law, was a mountain man who founded the first colony along the Rayado River in Neither intense Indian raids nor strenuous wilderness conditions stopped the settlement from prospering. Maxwell's farming and ranching operation moved to the Cimarron River in As a stop on the Santa Fe trail, Maxwell's-ranch became famous to those bringing American goods into New Mexico. Gold was discovered on Maxwell's ranch soon after the move to Cimarron in the Moreno Valley and on Baldy Mountain. Miners and other gold seekers swarmed to the mountains and streams searching for the yellow wealth. I 75

90 The Maxwell Land Grant and Railroad Company, a Dutch-based operation, bought Maxwell's wilderness ranch in the 1870's. While trying to develop it, they decided to break it up into farm plots and ranches and sell it. In the 1920's Waite Phillips, an Oklahoma businessman, began buying parts of the Old Maxwell Land Grant for farming, ranching, and vacationing. Soon an excellent herd of Hereford cattle and a large Spanish Mediterranean-style mansion graced Philmont. Phillips improved the land and ranching area around his magnificent Villa Philmonte. In 1938 Phillips donated 35,857 acres of his ranch to the Boy Scouts of America which was named Philturn (a name derived from Phillips and his good turn) Rocky Mountain Scout Camp. Enthusiastic response from the early Scout campers encouraged Phillips to add to his original gift in He added his best camping land, the Villa Philmonte, and his farming and ranching; operations. It was his desire that "many, rather than few" could enjoy his rich and scenic land. The property, then 127,395 acres, was renamed Philmont Scout Ranch-in As an endowment for maintaining and developing the property, Phillips included in his gift the 23-story Philtower Building in Tulsa, Oklahoma. The building was sold in 1977.Norton Clapp, vice-president of the National Council, Boy Scouts of America, added the 10,098-acre Baldy Mountain mining area to Philmont in Philmont Scout Ranch now totals 137,493 acres or 214 square miles and has served over 600,000 Scouts, Explorers, and leaders in its 56 years of operation. Glossary Hayward Residence The Ladd family lived in this house on their eighty acre orchard, which lay between the Urraca and Cimarroncito creeks. Phillips purchased the land in 1922 and his ranch manager, Gene Hayward, occupied the house. It's now the home for Philmont's Director of Program. Lloyd Knutson, Director of Program from 1976 to 1986, built the archway and encouraged participants to contribute antlers. Tooth of Time (9,003 ft) "An igneous intrusion of dacite porphyry formed in the Tertiary period twenty-two to forty million years ago...today." Supposedly settlers sighting this landmark along the Santa Fe Trail knew they had about a week to ten days until reaching Santa Fe. The Tooth Ridge trail was constructed by Waite Phillips, often using dynamite. 76

91 -- Lover's Leap Many locales across the country have a story and site similar to our lover's leap. We do know, however, that this area's legend at least predates Philmont. The legend states that in years past Indians from the village of Taos were in the habit of roaming over the northern part of New Mexico on hunting trips. It was customary for them to camp in the nearby meadow called Urraca Park, so called because of the great number of magpies in the area. The party was celebrating a successful trip by singing and chanting their hunting song. In the midst of the celebration Ka, the chief of the hunt, paused and gazed toward the rock. Everyone noticed that outlined against the sky on the edge of the precipice stood a man and a maiden. The man was dressed as a chief. He was on his knees pleading with the woman, yet with a gesture of disdain she turned and stepped away. The man rose, walked to the edge, and hurled himself off shouting, "Asi se murio su novio" (so your lover dies). Half of the Indian party split. Some hurried down to where the man's body lay, while others rushed up to where the woman stood. The man was Chirina, son of the chief of the Cochitenos tribe. The maiden was a beautiful paleface, named Enriqueta, found on the plains after a band of settlers had been attacked by the Apaches. She had grown among the tribe, and it had been Chirina's purpose in life to make her his squaw. The man's body was buried at the base of the rock. The maid was taken back to Taos. She died soon after, however, due to a broken heart. They buried her body next to her lover's at the base of the rock. Grizzly Tooth (9,005 ft) An intrusion of dacite porphyry, Grizzly Tooth is visible against the ridge beyond Shaefer's Peak. According to the map and contrary to appearances-grizzly Tooth tops the Tooth of Time by two feet. However, since Grizzly Tooth was measured with 'possible error of six feet, versus a measurement of the Tooth that's accurate to six inches, we cannot tell which one is actually higher. Cattle Headquarters This is the home-base for Philmont's wranglers and horsemen, built by Waite Phillips in the early 1920's. The ranch raises commercial beef with a herd of 250 cross-bred cattle, 250 horses, and has 100 head of buffalo. While Philmont was given to the BSA with no stipulations, the ranch is kept operational to honor Phillips' wish that Scouts be able to see a working cattle ranch. livestock brands can only be registered to one owner. Therefore, Philmont's cattle are registered directly through the ranch itself and designated with a "bar P and crazy S." The Horses are registered through the Boy Scouts of America and designated with just a single "slash crazy-s." 77

92 Nairn Place The Nairn Place was built as a mountain retreat in 1922 by Jack Nairn, who called it "Casa del Gavilan" (House of the Hawk). Waite Phillips bought the house in 1943 after giving his Villa to the BSA and then sold it several years later with the remainder of his ranch (the W Bar) to McDaniel and Sons, ranchers from Arizona. Today the house is open as a bed and breakfast, the only private property within Philmont's boundaries. Santa Fe Trail The road follows the mountain branch of the Santa Fe Trail, used by travelers and settlers beginning in The trail was originally used to carry goods to Santa Fe in exchange for gold, silver, mules, and furs. Later, wagon trains rolled over the trail, stopping in Cimarron to re-supply and rest. The Santa Fe Trail was rarely a sinqle set of wheel tracks, but often was miles wide. Some alternate routes bypassed Cimarron completely. It began in Independence, Missouri, and ran west, splitting at Fort Dodge in Kansas. The Mountain Route swung north through Bent's Fort in southeastern Colorado, then through Raton Pass and Cimarron, joining the southern Dry Cimarron Branch near Las Vegas before continuing to Santa Fe. This section of the trail was once used by stage-coaches from Denver to Santa Fe until the Santa Fe Railroad was built in New Mexico in Trail Peak (10,242 ft) Just below the peak is the wreckage of an Army Air Corps B-24D Liberator. On April 22, 1942, the plane was off-course in stormy weather when it hit the side of the mountain. All six crew members were killed. The aircraft had been based at the Combat Crew Training School at Kirtland Field near Albuquerque. The mission was to provide crews with final advanced training before assignment to operational units. The pilot, co-pilot, and flight engineer were not military personnel but employed by TWA, as instructors. The wreckage was not discovered until a week later when another B-24 flew over. Since the military dynamited most of the plane after the bodies were recovered, there is speculation that classified equipment was on board. One crew member had been active in the Boy Scouts in Kansas City, Kansas. The wings and other fragments can still be seen today. The twisted metal were painted yellow so that it could not be confused with a newer crash. To reach his Rayado lodge (Fish Camp), Phillips and his family traveled by horse to the Crater Lake cabin and then south. They called the mountain Trail Peak merely because the trail passed below it. No trails actually ascended this peak until Philmont built the present one in the mid-forties... I 78

93 - - Urraca Mesa The mesa is capped with basalt, remnants of lava flows that poured from the Crater Peak volcano four million years ago. Urraca is pronounced as You-rock-ah and interpreted as magpie. W Bar Ranch The area from the base of Urraca Mesa on the east side of the road to Rayado is part of the W Bar Ranch. This 125,000 acre area was the last part of the ranch that Phillips owned. Much more suitable for grazing than Philmont, Phillips sold it to McDaniel and Sons, Arizona ranchers, with the Nairn Place in the 1940 s. Interesting to note, Waite Phillips originally wanted the letter "W" for his brand. However, this marking was already taken. So he chose two "U's" and pronounced it the "Double-U Bar." Rayado Mesa Rayado Mesa and Gonzalitos Mesa (to the southeast) is commonly called Miami Mesa. The town of Miami was partially settled by the Dunkards, a religious sect from Miami, Ohio in the early 1900's. Ortega Mesa (West of Rayado Mesa) Until the 1860 s the quickest route to Taos from the Cimarron area was the "Taos Trail." This primitive trail followed Moras Creek over Ortega Mesa through the parklands to Moreno Valley (the Angel Fire area) and over Palo Osha Pass to Taos. It was used by the Comanche Indians when trading with the Taos Pueblo and later by trappers and traders. After gold was discovered, Cimarron Canyon became the preferred route as the rough narrow trail was improved. Rayado Rayado means "striped" or "lined" in Spanish, a possible reference to the area's striated cliffs or the facial decorations of the local Native Americans. One of the original two owners of the land grant, Charles Beaubien, picked his son-in-law Lucien Maxwell to establish the Rayado settlement in Kit Carson, a longtime friend of Maxwell, joined him as a partner in 1849, leaving in 1854 to become an Indian Agent in Taos. Clashes with the Utes and Jicarilla Apaches were common, and a detachment of US Army dragoons (mounted infantry) was stationed there in 1850 and '51 before Fort Union was completed to the south. The dragoons at "Post Rayado" protected the settlers in the area and also improved Rayado financially by renting quarters and stables from Maxwell. After overseeing I 79

94 Beaubien's ranch for nearly a decade, Maxwell moved eleven miles north to the banks of the Cimarron River in 1857 and established a much larger operation. Among the settlers at Rayado were Jesus Abreu and his family, who (after a brief interim) bought the ranch from Beaubien and Maxwell. For many years the Abreu's operated the prosperous ranch in addition to providing hot meals and a store for passengers on the stage-route to Santa Fe. Jesus Abreu's sons finally sold the ranch in Rayado is pronounced as Ryeah-doe and interpreted as streaked. Abreu is pronounced as Ah-bray-you. Beaubien is pronounced as Bow-bee-en.The historic structures of Rayado Rancho were placed on the National Register of Historic Places in Holy Child Chapel This chapel was built in 1902 by Petra Beaubien Abreu in memory of her husband Jesus. Catholic services are held throughout the summer by Philmont chaplains. Behind the museum is the Abreu cemetery plot, where the family still has burial rights. Kit Carson Museum and Home Site Kit Carson lived from 1849 to 1853 at his home in Rayado, though he frequently was absent. After many years of disrepair, Philmont rebuilt his adobe house, finishing in In the fifties and sixties, CarMax, as it was then known, was one of three "base camps" - along with Ponil and Cimarroncito - where crews departed for the backcountry. Today it is a museum, where visitors can watch a blacksmith working at the forge and other interpretive staff living the way the way they would have in Maxwell's and Carson's day. Crater Peak (9748 ft) Four million years ago the buffalo-shaped peak was an active volcano. It was responsible for the basalt capping the area's mesas. Fowler Mesa Phillips named the mesa after a fur trader named Jacob Fowler after reading about him. Fowler passed through the area in 1821 and in 1822 was one of the first Americans granted permission to trap and trade on what was then Mexican land. There is no evidence, however, that Fowler ever traversed this mesa. It's capped with the basalt that once flowed as lava from Crater Peak four million years ago. I I 80

95 -.. Zastrow Built in 1949, Zastrow is currently the base for Philmont's Wood Badge courses. The Wood Badge curriculum teaches adult Scouters how-to teach youth through an outdoor experience using the patrol method. Philmont adopted the name from a cow-camp called Zastrow, used by Waite Phillips' cowboys while driving cattle to summer mountain pastures. Paul Zastrow was a Russian immigrant who bought 600 acres of land west of the Abreu home after their ranch was parceled and sold in Stonewall Pass The stone wall was built in 1861 by Portuguese immigrant Peter Joseph. Joseph was a local rancher, trapper, and trader. The wall was used to separate his ranch from Jose' Pley's property, the Rayado Ranch. Joseph died less than a year after purchasing the land from Beaubien and Maxwell, but portions of the wall still stand today. Barbed wire was not used because it was not invented until the early 1870's. Rayado Canyon The canyon has been formed since the last eruption of Crater Peak four million years ago. The river slowly sliced down through basaltic flows at the rim down to the Pre-Cambrian gneiss and schist at the bottom, which is more than 900 million years old. The canyon is capped by Rayado Peak (9805 ft). Rocky Mountain Scout Camp This camp was built in 1972 for younger Scouts whose parents are at the Training Center. However, since 1992 the camp has been used solely for the National Junior leader Instructor Training courses held during the summer. Stockade The Stockade was a staffed camp in earlier years, and it was knocked down by a tornado in After a smaller structure was built near the original site, it has primarily been used for activities by the Cub Scout program at the Training Center. I 81

96 Philmont Museum and Seton Memorial Library This building has exhibits from Philmont's rich history and houses the personal library of the first Chief Scout of the Boy Scouts of America, Ernest Thompson Seton. Collections include Native American artifacts, specimens from Seton's animal studies, and over 3,000 paintings, drawings, and sketches by the famed outdoorsman. The museum also features a Scouting history and Western archive including fiction, BSA Annual Reports to Congress, old Boy's Life magazines, past issues of Scouting magazine, biographies, and a copy of the original Boy Scout Handbook written in 1910 by Seton. The construction of the institution was funded in 1967 by L. o. Crosby, longtime Scouter from Mississippi. Philmont Training Center (PTC) Just up the road from Camping Headquarters, PTC was established in 1950 to train chosen adult volunteer Scouters from across the nation, who in turn could pass on the skills to other leaders in their councils back home. The Villa Philmonte is the nucleus of the training center. Today approximately 1,500 volunteers and professionals participate in training conferences at the ranch each summer. Daily activities are planned for spouses and children 0 f participants. During the fall, winter and spring, the Training Center is used for short-term conferences for both scout and non-scout groups, as well as council, regional, and area meetings. Villa Philmonte Waite Phillips' summer house was finished in 1927 at a cost of $250,000. It was modeled after a villa he saw in the Mediterranean in Phillips gave the "Big House" to the BSA with his second land donation in Philbrook, his home in Tulsa, Oklahoma, is almost identical yet three times larger. It is now an art museum. Instructors for training courses often have the privilege of residing in the Villa Guest-house. Tours are scheduled at the Philmont Museum. Villa Philmonte is pronounced as Vee-yah Fill-mon-tay. Ranch Administration Area The first house on the corner is the original Webster house, now the home of Philmont's General Manager. Phillips bouqht the Urraca Ranch from George Webster in two parts, in 1922 and At one point the entire administrative area was covered with apple and cherry orchards. The area has the ranch administrative office, commissary, warehouse, motor pool, I I 82

97 - fire department. and other service areas. Philmont's trail food is packaged at the commissary. Philmont is one of the largest consumers of dehydrated food in the world. Polo Barns The barns were built by Waite Phillips in 1932 because he enjoyed watching polo and other equestrian sports. Both the Philmont and CS ranches spent considerable time and money raising and training thoroughbred horses. The sale of these horses represented an important income for both ranches during the Depression, when cattle prices were at an all-time low. More than thirty stalls in the original barn housed prized ponies that played teams from Texas, Colorado, and Oklahoma. The area in front of the barns once had a track and training field. Philmont currently uses the barns for storage and as a program area for younger children from the Training Center. Lower Heck House This house on the south side of the Cito Road was constructed by German immigrant Mathias Heck's descendants. The original Heck family bought a tract of land along the Cimarroncito Creek in The Hecks are still a prominent family in this area. Year-round staff and their families now live in the two Heck houses. Upper Heck House The house was built by German immigrant Mathias Heck, who settled on a tract of land along the Cimarroncito Creek in His family sold the Heck ranch to Phillips in the 1920' s. Heck Cemetery The family plot contai ns one headstone and two graves, those of Mathias Heck and his wife, Margaret. The family still has burial privileges. Arrowhead Rock Formation The Philmont arrowhead patch design, first used in 1957, was inspired by this outcropping on the Tooth Ridge. According to Philmont tradition, if you look over your shoulder as you're leaving Philmont and see the arrowhead, you're destined to return. I - I 83

98 Webster Lake George Webster created this reservoir (which he called Reservoir #1) in one of the projects he masterminded in developing his Urraca Ranch. The water was used to irrigate the bottomlands below, devoted mainly to alfalfa and apple orchards. He also introduced elk and established a state game preserve. Phillips later added to Webster's cabin at Fish Camp after he purchased the Urraca Ranch in Black Mountain and Bear Mountain (10,892 ft) and (10,663 ft) Were formed over 900 million years ago during the Pre-Cambrian era. They are made of granodiorite and gneiss, the oldest rocks on Philmont. The trail up Black Mountain is considered one of the toughest hikes on the ranch. Mount Phillips (11,711 ft) Philmont's second highest mountain is also composed of Pre-Cambian granodiorite and gneiss. Mount Phillips was originally called Clear Creek Mountain, but was renamed in 1960 by Chief Scout Executive Arthur A. Shuck in honor of our benefactor. The actual summit does not lie on ranch property. Cimarroncito Peak (10,468 ft) This is the conical shaped mountain between Sawmill and Cyphers Mine Camps. No trails lead to the top. Cimarroncito is pronounced Seam-mar-ron-see-toe and interpreted as little Wild one. Touch-Me-Not (12,045 ft) Visible to the south of Baldy, Touch-Me-Not is in the Cimarron Canyon Wilderness Area west of Philmont. Supposedly, during the mining era, the mountain's owner chased off any and all trespassers, earning it the name Touch-Me-Not. Locals on the Eagle Nest side know it as Sugarloaf. Baldy Mountain (12,441 ft) is the highest point on Philmont. Gold was discovered on Baldy in 1867, triggering a rush to the area. Although it was a relatively small district with an erratic history, it was mined continuously until World War II. Elizabethtown, a ghost town in the Moreno Valley on the other side of Baldy, was the center of the district. Large stands of aspen trees indicate locations of some of the old mines. Hikers in the area can see old slag heaps along the creeks. 84

99 - Baldy Town It is perched at the top of the Ute Creek Valley. A staffed camp is located among the ruins of the community which served the mines on Baldy's eastern slope. Baldy Town usually had a population between one and two hundred during the mining days. Many of its residents worked at the Aztec mine located above the town. Crews hiking through French Henry can tour a part of the Aztec mine, the richest mine in the area. Deer Lake Mesa The top is capped with Cretaceous Poison Canyon Formation sandstone and conglomerate washed from the west by streams. Antelope Mesa It is located northeast between Deer Lake Mesa, Webster Lake and Highway 64. Cathedral Rock This massive formation is an outcropping of dacite porphyry, an intrusive igneous rock that seeped into the joints and cracks of the older shales during the Tertiary Period (sixty million years ago). The softer shale has since eroded from the more resistant dacite porphyry. Window Rock The Long horizontal band of exposed dacite porphyry was formed by the same process as CathedraL Rock. Phillips installed a circular window in the study of his villa that directly faces this formation, thus the name. Cimarroncito Reservoir It is the sole source of Cimarron's water supply. The town bought the water rights from George Webster, who built the original dam. For almost sixty years, the water flowed down to Cimarron through wooden pipes bound by wire. After surviving the 1965 flooding, the pipes were replaced by the end of the decade. Wooden sections are still visible between the dam and CathedraL Rock Camp.... I 85

100 Buffalo Pasture This meadow is on the left when headed north. Philmont maintains a herd of about 100. Each year a number of yearlings are slaughtered to become part of the menu at Camping Headquarters and PTe. Mule deer and pronghorn antelope are often visible along the road. Cimarron Visual Omni-Directional Radio Station (VOR) The white tower on the small butte east of the road is part of an international navigational system for pilots. Each station has a distinct signal that planes use to locate their position. Commercial planes flying over the area are following the Cimarron VOR signal. Stone Jail This small rock structure was built in 1872 and used as the county jail. It only has one room and was surrounded by a high rock wall, almost as tall as the building. Aztec Grist Min This three-story stone structure was built by Maxwell in 1860, during the earliest days of the Cimarron Ranch. It was used to issue grain rations to the Utes and Jicarilla Apache Indians. The CS Ranch purchased the property in the mid-1930's to raise polo horses. It's now a museum owned by the CS (Charles Springer) Cattle Company. Ute is pronounced as You-t and Jicarilla is pronounced as Hic-are-ree-yah. St. James Hotel This hotel is on the National Register of Historic Places. Built by French-born Henry Lambert, who was once the personal chef for General Ulysses S. Grant and President Lincoln. The original structure is now the formal dining room, built in This room was known as "Lambert's Saloon and Gambling Hall" and twenty-six men are known to have been killed here. Twenty bullet holes are still visible in the ceiling today. The hotel portion was completed in 1880, and the current name was selected. Being that Cimarron was a principle stopping point along the Santa Fe Trail, the hotel had a successful business. Prominent visitors along the trail included gunman Clay Allison, train robber Black Jack Ketchum, Buffalo Bill Cody and Annie Oakley of "Wild West Show" fame, Territorial Governor Lew Wallace, Zane Grey, outlaws of the era... Bat Masterson and Jesse James. I 86

101 Numerous ghosts have been sighted in the hotel. Room #18 was where James Wright was murdered one night in He was killed after a heated poker game in which he won the hotel in a bet. Springer House This house is located directly east of the St. James. The structure was built in 1854 and was originally known as the National Hotel before being forced out of business by Henry lambert. At one time Ed Springer lived there. Springer successfully defended the Maxwell land Grant Company in the US Supreme Court, confirming the company's sole possession of more than 1,750,000 acres. Site of the Maxwell House The mansion was located between the St. James and the Cimarron River. In 1870, Maxwell sold it to English businessmen who established the Maxwell land Grant Company and turned the house into an elegant headquarters for the company. It burned down in Cimarron River An English holding company, trying to sell homesteads on the Maxwell grant, pictured the Cimarron River as having steamboats in a promotional brochure. Cimarron means "wild" or "untamed." Village of Cimarron Cimarron's elevation is 6400 feet above sea level. It's population is approximately 700. The area was known to be a safe-haven for rustlers and outlaws traveling nearby. Originally the town plaza was located east behind the St. James Hotel and near the old Dahl Brother's Trading Post. The main industries of Cimarron are lumbering, ranching, and tourism. Cimarron Public Schools The schools were featured on the CBS morning news in 1976 for having one of the first four-day school schedules in the U.S. The system was designed to cut fuel bills, cut transportation costs, as well as give students and teachers a long weekend. The Cimarron School District extends all the way out to Eagle Nest, Angel Fire, and Black lake townships. I 87

102 Maverick Club This local men's club has held an annual rodeo on July 4th since In 1935, after the success of the first Cimarron Polo Show, Waite Phillips gave the Club 20 acres for a rodeo arena and polo field. Low Grade Coal Deposits Remnants of old coal mines can be seen along the Cimarron Canyon. There are also oil-impregnated shale deposits to be found in the canyon as well. They are part of the "Vermejo formation." Route of Railroad and Original Road The highway covers the old railroad that was for the St. Louis, Rocky Mountain and Pacific Railroad. This track connected with the Santa Fe Railroad in Raton. Planned in 1893 by Thomas P. Harlan, the first train did not roll into Cimarron until The railroad was meant to take supplies to Baldy Town and bring out gold. It terminated at Ute Park, fifteen miles up the Cimarron Canyon, although plans were made to extend it to the Pacific Coast. Gauging Station On the south side of the highway, just before the Philmont boundary, the gauging station measures the flow of water through the Cimarron River. The concrete building gives the first treatment to water carried in a fourteen-inch pipe to Raton for its reserve supply. Turkey Creek Canyon A canyon to the north, just past the gauging station is known as Turkey Creek Canyon. The hideout of Black Jack Ketchum is up this canyon. Black Jack Ketchum was a noted member of the Wild Bunch gang and an outlaw, specializing in train robbery. Many lawmen attempted his capture, but none succeeded in bringing him to justice. Finally, a Pinkerton agent was sent here to seek him out. The Pinkerton agency was a respected private inspection company of the era. Supposedly, as the agent stopped along the canyons to water his horses, he would carve Black Jack's face on the rocks, then shoot off the nose with his gun. A carved face is outside the Philmont Museum and Seton Memorial Library now. While attempting a train robbery in 1899, Ketchum was caught. He was hanged in Clayton, New Mexico. 1 88

103 - WS Ranch Cimarron HQ The WS ranch (also known as Vermejo Park) is owned by Pennzoil and approximately 500,000 acres. The main headquarters of the Vermejo Park Ranch is at Vermejo Park, New Mexico located 40 miles west of Raton. Other local ranches include the CS Ranch, the W Bar Ranch, the Chase Ranch, and Philmont. All were originally part of the Maxwell Land Grant. Vermejo Park is pronounced Ver-mey-ho Park. Chase Ranch This ranch was started by Manly Chase in the 1880's. General Lew Wallace, one of New Mexico's territorial governors and author of Ben Hur, was a good friend of Chase and spent considerable time at this ranch. Today the ranch is owned and operated by a female descendant of the Chase family. Cimarron and Northwestern Railroad The road to Ponil follows the line of this railroad. At times it can be seen running parallel to the road; it crosses Ponil Creek many times. The railroad first ran-up the North Ponil to Seally Canyon then it was pulled out and ran to Pueblano in the South Ponil. The railroad was built in 1907, mainly for hauling timber from Philmont's north country for mine props in the coal mines around Raton and Dawson, a town south of Raton. Mine props were generally cut from red spruce or ponderosa pine. Logging crews cut trees for lumber and railroad ties for the Santa Fe Railroad. The railroad stopped running in Raton is pronounced as Rat-tone. WS Ranch The road passes through part of their land. Coal Mines The remains of two old coal mines can be seen near the Chase Ranch HQ one on each side of the road. Seams of low-grade coal can be seen in road cuts. I 89

104 Valle Vidal Unit of the Carson National Forest The 100,000 acre Valle Vidal was part of the WS Ranch before being donated to the US government in 1982 by the Pennzoil Company. The Valle Vidal borders Philmont to the north around Dan Beard camp. The Boy Scouts use three staffed camps in the Valle Vidal: Ring Place, Rich Cabins, Seally Canyon. This area saw vast usage through the years as logging communities, ranch land, and homesteads. Valle Vidal is pronounced Vahyay Vee-dal and is interpreted as beautiful or lush valley. Little Costilla Peak (12,584 ft) Northeast of Philmont, little Costilla is in the Valle Vidal. Higher than Baldy, it can be seen from Sioux Camp, Dan Beard, and peaks and ridges across Philmont. Costilla is pronounced as Cost-tee-yah. North Ponil Canyon As many of the canyons in this area, they were logged during the early part of this century. Archaeological sites found in this canyon indicate that Indian people lived here from 400 A. D. through 1400 A.D. Their diet consisted of wild food plants, game, corns, beans, squash. A flood irrigation system watered plants. Daily activities other than farming included weaving baskets, pottery, and constructing underground pit houses to live. Rock pictures (petroglyphs) pecked into the canyon walls can still be seen today. Indian Writings staff camp offers an archaeology dig, tour of the petroglyphs and pit-house. Penitente Canyon A graveyard at the mouth of this canyon, as well as a small chapel, were used by the Penitentes. They were a religious brotherhood that originated in the 1700's. Graveyard Canyon Several headstones at the mouth of this canyon mark the graves of Spanish settlers. The ruins of an old chapel are also visible. The Middle and North Ponil Canyons have yielded the remains of about 30 settlers and Native Americans. I 90

105 - Ponil Canyon The Ponil is a knee-high bushy shrub with feathery white blooms, also known as Apache Plume. The walls of the canyon are beach and basin deposits from the Cretaceous and Tertiary Periods (25-90 million years ago). They are part of a huge -sandstone belt extending into Colorado. Archeology Site Just before Ponil, directly across from the horse feeding rack, there exists a small archaeological site dating from about 1100 AD. The Indians farmed corn in the bottom canyonlands, near this site. Bent Camp was named after Charles Bent, a friend of Beaubien and a fourth partner in the huge land grant. He and his brother built the famous Bent's Fort along the Santa Fe Trail in Colorado. Bent became the first American governor of the Territory of New Mexico but was killed, along with Beaubien's son, in the Taos uprising of January of Taos is pronounced as Ta-ch-s. Ponil Camp This camp was the original base-camp for the Philturn Rockymountain Scoutcamp, from The dining hall and cantina/trading post, along with other structures throughout the canyon are from the original era of Philturn. The area was once called Five Points because five canyons (Middle Ponil, Ponil, South Ponil, Cedar and Horse) junction at this point. I 91

106 WILDERNESS QUOTES Waite Phillip's Epigrams The only things we keep permanent are those we give away. The man who never makes mistakes never makes much of anything. What is important is what you learn after thinking you know it all. Achievement consists of doing useful things that most people say cannot be done. A man can fail many times but he isn't a failure until he begins to blame someone else. Some of the essentials of happiness are some things to do, someone to love, and something to hope for. The trouble with many of us is that we would rather be ruined by flattery and praise then saved by honest criticism. We should all realize that every right implies a responsibility, every opportunity an obligations, every position a duty, and that the most effective sermon is expressed in deeds instead of words. Being good is commendable, but only when it is combined with doing good is it useful. Nothing worthwhile was ever accomplished without the will to start, the enthusiasm to continue and, regardless of temporary obstacles the persistence to complete. I 92

107 - Waite Phillip's official announcement of his gifts to the Scouting movement: January 1942 In viewing conditions today, I am impressed with the responsibility of this generation to adequately train its youth-physically, mentally, and morallyto meet the problems they face in the future. It is my opinion that nothing can be more valuable to this generation than to enlarge this Scouting program, which develops initiative, self-reliance, and dependability. It has always been my belief that the best contribution to that kind of development is by living close to nature and through learning to live in the great out-of-doors. It is also my belief that the romance, history, and traditions of the country in which the ranch is located will contribute much toward perpetuating American idealism and patriotism among boys from all parts of America and it its with these thoughts that I felt compelled to furnish an endowment so that all Boy Scouts and their leadersnow totaling approximately 1,500,OOO-would have an equal opportunity to participate. To summarize is to say the proper training of the American boy is today the most urgent duty of the American adult...the Boy Scouts of America has the most efficient plan and organization to do such work... the environment of a well developed Mountain Ranch is the best place to achieve this objective. E. Urner Goodman's Epigrams The Order of the Arrow is a thi ng of the individual rather than of the mass. In our scheme, each individual is important. This has always been stressed in our Order. Indeed, certain of our ceremonies were developed with particular boys in mind. The very ideals of brotherhood, cheerfulness and service spring to life in the flesh-and-blood appearance of real individuals. Yes, in the Order each member is important, for what each one does counts in establishing the Order's success. The Order of the Arrow is a thing of the outdoors rather than the indoors. It was born in an island wilderness. It needs the sun and rain, the woods and the plains, the waters and the starlit sky. I We have a quality job to do to secure genuine camping that produces self-reliance in the individual camper. For out of life in the open comes a precarious ingredient which our country and any country needs if it is to survive... self-reliance that makes men strong in any time of stress. I 93

108 The Order of the Arrow is a thing of the spirit rather than of mechanics. Organizations, operational procedure, and paraphernalia are necessary in any large and growing movement, but they are not what count in the end. The things of the spirit count Brotherhood - in a day when there is too much hatred at home and abroad. Cheerfulness - in a day when the pessimists have the floor. Service - in a day when millions are interested only in getting or grasping rather than giving. These are of the spirit, blessed of God, the great Divine spirit. The success of the Order depends on what each individual does in his like in making the Order of the Arrow ideals effective. To reach our goals of service, you must: Never give up your dreams of high adventure. Never give up your dream of great and distinct personal service. Never give up your dream girl who can mean so much in your life. Never give up your dreams of the infinite God. If you keep all these dreams, then they will ultimately come true NOAC Closing Address I 94 Purpose of the Order of the Arrow To recognize those campers-scouts, Explorers, and Scouters who best exemplify the Scout Oath and Law in their daily lives and by such recognition cause other campers to conduct themselves in such a manner as to warrant recognition. To develop and maintain camping traditions and spirit. I t

109 - To promote Scout camping, which reaches its greatest effectiveness as a part of the unit's camping program, both year-round and in the summer camp, as directed by the camping committee of the council. To crystallize the Scout habit of helpfulness into a life purpose of leadership in cheerful service to others. The Opportunities and responsibilities of Arrowmen: First we have a responsibility to ourselves. We must always set the example and look for a chance to serve. Second, we have a responsibility to our local units, especially in our camping program. Third is the opportunity to bring local lodge practices into harmony with Scouting methods. And fourth, is to the council. Each lodge must promote camping, help with ceremonies, and special events, and generally provide service. Wes Klussman Director of Camping, BSA 1950 NOAC "We are gathered here together in the midst of this great forest underneath the stars above us; Gathered now to help and serve, Cheerfully in all our actions, Lovingly in our reflections. As the smoke curls, winding upward, May our thoughts and actions rising fill us all with acts of goodness and direct and rule and guide us in our work and thoughts this evening." Ordeal Ceremony II I 95

110 All Purpose Quotes Some think that happiness comes from getting, others know that it comes from giving. Baden Powell The culture and civilization of the white man are essentially material; his measure of success is "How much property have I acquired for myself? " The culture of the redman is fundamentally spiritual; his measure of success is, "How much service have I rendered to my people?" His mode of life, his thought, his every act are given spiritual significance, approached and colored with complete realization of the spirit world. Ernest Thompson Seton The Gospel of the Redman Something to do, something to think about, something to enjoy in the woods, with a view always to character-building, for manhood, not scholarship, is the first aim of education. Ernest Thompson Seton Introduction to the third edition of the Birch Bark RoLL, 1904 We lose much by fearing to attempt. J.N. Moffitt.. The woods are lovely, dark and deep. But I have promises to keep And miles to go before I sleep And miles to go before I sleep Robert Frost We must attempt a total surrender to whatever atmosphere is offering itself at the moment. In a squalid town to seek out those places where its squalor rises to grimness, almost grandeur. On a dismal day to find the most dismal and dripping wood; on a windy day to seek out the windiest ridge. C.S. Lewis I 96

111 - I am glad that I shall never be young without wild country to be young in. Of what avail are forty freedoms without a blank spot on the map? Aida Leopold II I I t t t t Society speaks and all men listen, mountains speak and wise men listen. John Muir Two roads diverged in a yellow wood And sorry I couldn't ravel both And be one traveler I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth. Then took the other just as fair And having perhaps the better claim Because it was grassy and wanted claim Thoug h as far that the passing there Had worn them really about the same. And both that morning equally lay In leaves no step and trodden black Oh, I kept the first for another day! Yet knowing how way leads on to way I doubted if I should ever come back. I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence: Two roads diverged in a wood, and I took the one less traveled And that has made all the difference. Robert Frost Walk away quietly in any direction and taste the freedom of the mountaineer... Climb the mountains and get their good tidings. Nature's peace will flow into you like sunshine flows into the trees. The winds will blow their freshness into you, and the storms their energy, while cares will drop off like autumn leaves. John Muir

112 .. I am always glad to touch the living rock again. And dip my hand in the high mountain air. John Muir Going to the mountains is going home. John Muir At the end of the open road we come to ourselves. Louis Simpson 4141 Discover whom you truly are, only then will you be free. Others may attempt to place their mask over your eyes, but you are the one who puts it on. Anonymous All that glitters is not gold. All those who wander are not lost. Shakespeare 41 "You were willing to test your strength, and your faithfulness has made you successful." Anonymous You can not stay on the summit forever. You have to come down anyway. So why bother in the first place? Just this: What is above knows what is below. But what is below does not know what is above. One climbs, one sees, one descends. One sees no longer, but one has seen. There is an art of conducting oneself in the lower regions. By the memory of what one saw higher up. When one can see no longer one can at least still know. Anonymous (I (I (I I 98 (I t (I t t

113 It It It It It It It It It It It It It t III Today the "open road" is a six lane highway, defaced with billboards and beer cans. Open space is vanishing, but our need for freedom to breathe pure air, climb rocky trails and observe the tiniest creature persists. From a sleeping bag on high open ground, you get a fresh view of the world. Where there seems no way to go, go anyway. Don't be put off by what you can't see. Get up anyway which way-scramble on hands and knees, ditching your pride, slide along the bottom for a stretch, clutch at roots, but keep going on. Once up there you can look back to the pathway you have cleared, that will make it easier next time you climb. Climbing is often not just for the music, but for the in between,. The lights and darks, the patterns of touch make it a ritual-a tradition by now, and yet you can never duplicate the climb; every time is the first time. Eve Merrian Once in a while you find a place on earth that becomes your very own. A place undefined. Waiting for you to bring your color, your self. A place untouched, unspoiled, undeveloped. Raw, honest, haunting. No one, nothing is telling you how to feel or who to be. Let the mountains have you for a day. Sundance Now 1 see the secret of making the best persons, it is to grow in the open air and eat and sleep with the earth. Walt Whitman One of the best paying professions is getting a hold of pieces of country in your mind, learning their smell and their moods, sorting out the pieces of a view, deciding what grows there and there and why, how many steps that hill will take, where this creek winds and where it meets the other one below, what elevation timberline is now, whether you can walk this reef at low tide or have to climb around, which contour lines on a map mean better cliffs, or mountains. This is the best kind of ownership, and the most permanent. It feels good to say "1 know the Appalachians, or the Sierras, or Philmont" But of course you don't-what you know better is yourself, and Philmont has helped. O.T.L. I 99

114 To laugh often and love much; To win respect of intelligent persons and the affection of children; To earn the approbation of honest critics and endure the betrayal of false friends: To appreciate beauty: To find the best in others: To give of one's self: To leave the world a bit better. Whether by a healthy child, a garden patch or a redeemed social condition: To have played and laughed with enthusiasm and sung with exultation: To know even one life has breathed easier because you have lived-this is to have succeeded. Well he's sitting on a mountain in New Mexico. Wondering about his life and where he should go. There's a bird floating past him so graceful and free. He says boy of the mountains won't you listen to me. David GoLdfien Somehow I can't believe there are many heights that can't be scaled by a man who knows the secret of making dreams come true. This special secret can be summarized in four C's. They are curiosity, confidence, courage and constancy, and the greatest of these is confidence. When you believe a thing, believe it all the way. Have confidence in your ability to do it right. And work hard to do the best possible job. Walt Disney All paths lead nowhere, so it is important to choose a patch that has heart. CarLos Casteneda If these mountains die, where will our imagination wander? If the mesa are leveled, what will sustain us in out quest to be larger than life? If the high valley is made mundane by self-seekers and careless users, where will we find another landscape so eager to nourish our lover? And if the long-time people of this wonderful country are carelessly squandered by progress, who will guide us to a better world? John NichoLs If Mountains Die

115 - live as to die tomorrow. Learn as to live forever. Isadore of Seville I would rather sit alone on a pumpkin than on a crowded velvet cushion. Henry David Thoreau Patience is the companion of Wisdom. St. Augustine Happiness is a butterfly, which when pursued, is always just beyond your grasp. But which if you will sit down quietly, may alight upon you. Nathaniel Hawthorne. To laugh is to risk appearing the fool. To weep is to risk appearing sentimental. To reach out for another is to risk involvement. To expose feelings is to risk exposing our true self. To place your ideas, your dreams, before the crowd is to risk loss. To love is to risk not being loved in return. To live is to risk dying. To hope is to risk despair. To try as all is to risk failure. But to risk we must, because the greatest hazard in life, is to risk nothing. The man, the woman, who risks nothing, does nothing, has nothing, is nothing. Richard Bach Learning is finding out what you already know. Doing is demonstrating that you know it. Teaching is reminding others that they know just as well as you. You are all learners, doers, teachers. Richard Bach Argue for your limitations and sure enough, they're yours. Richard Bach 1 101

116 Winning is not the result of a privileged environment or having a high 10, a superior education or an unusual talent, or is it a matter of luck. They key to winning is attitude. 1 expect to pass this way but once; any good therefore that 1 can do, or any kindness that 1 can show to any fellow creature, let me do it now. Let me not defer or neglect it, For 1 shall not pass this way again. Etinne Grel/et The place to improve the world is first in one's own heart and head and hands and then work outward from there. Robert Pirsig 1 have been told with some regularity that by walking out and away 1 am "escaping from reality." 1 admit that the question puts me on the defensive. Why, 1 ask myself are people so ready to assume that chilled champagne is more real than water drawn from an ice-cold mountain creek? Or a dusty sidewalk than a carpet of desert dandelions? Or a Boeing 707 than a flight of graceful white pelicans soaring in unison against sunrise? Why, in other words, do people assume that the acts and emotions and values that stem from the city life are more real than those that arise from the beauty and the silence and the solitude of wilderness? Colin Fletcher It is not the critic who counts, not the man who points out how the strong man stumbled or where the doer of deeds could have done better. The credit belongs to the man who is actually in the arena; whose face is marred by dust and sweat and blood; who strives valiantly who errs, and comes short again and again-who knows the great enthusiasms the great devotions in the end the triumph of high achievement and at the worst, if he fails, at least fails greatly so that his place shall never be with those timid souls who know neither victory nor defeat. Theodore Roosevelt 1 102

117 .. There is more to life than increasing it's speed. Ghandi I feel.. We could be happy in the mountains. Everybody is talking about the place of their dream, where they can find peace of mind. I'm not sure, but I think it seems I've finally found mine... in the mountains. Hoyt Axton He that riseth late must trot all day. Benjamin Franklin If you want to be a leader act like one. Rudyard Kipling One of the secrets of life is to make stepping stones out of stumbling blocks. Jack Penn For our every action, we must consider its impact on the next seven generations. Iroquois Confederation Council Earning a living is life's means, not life's end. Huston Smith Live your dreams. Scott Beckett I- One's happiness depends less on what he knows than on what he feels. Uberty Hyde Bailey \103

118 With beauty before me, may I walk With beauty behind me, may I walk With beauty above me, may I walk With beauty below me, may I walk With beauty all around me, may I walk Wandering on a trail of beauty, lively, I walk. Navajo Indians.. My heart if tuned to the quietness that the stillness of nature inspires. Hazrat Inayat Khan Folks wonder how I've kept so young. I'm almost seventy-seven and I can still go over a gate or run a foot-race or kick the chandelier. That's because my body is no older than my mind - and my mind is adolescent. It has never grown up. It never will, I hope. I'm as inquisitive as I was eight. Luther Burbank Nothing is so contagious as enthusiasm... it is the genius of sincerity, and truth accomplishes no victories without it. Bulwer-Lytton No matter how wet and cold you are, you're always warm and dry on the inside. Woodman's Adage If the doors of perception were cleansed, everything would be seen as it is, infinite. William Blake Holy Earth Mother, the trees and all nature are witnesses of your thoughts and deeds. Winnebago Indians You can preach a better sermon with your life than with your lips. Napoleon Bonaparte 1 104

119 - Men take only their needs into consideration, never their abilities. Napaleon Bonaparte There are many people that we meet in our lives but only very few will make a lasting impression on our minds and hearts. It is these people that we will think of often and who will always remain important to us as true friends. Richard Backman You are never given a wish without also being given the power to make it come true. Richard Backman Most of us ask for advice when we know the answer but want a different one. Verm Ball We cannot become what we need to be by remaining who we are. Max DuPree The only way to have a friend is to be one. Ralph Waldo Emerson Success is not measured in the heights one attains but in the obstacles one over comes in its attainment. Booker' T. Washington He who gives when asked has waited too long. Lucious Annaeus Seneca Success is to be measured not by wealth, power, or fame, but by the ratio between what a man is and what he might be. H.G. Wells You will find, as you look back in your life, that the moments that truly stand out, the moments in which you really lived, are the moments you have done something in the spirit of love. Henry Drummond 1 105

120 The highest of distinction is service to others. King George VI Blessed are those that can give without remembering and take without forgetting. Elizabeth Bibesco I feel that the greatest reward for doing is the opportunity to do more. Jonas Salk The life worth living is the giving for the good of others. Booker T. Washington A stumble may prevent a fall. English Proverb Anyone can hold the helm when the sea is calm. Pubilius Syrus Be patient with everyone, but above all, yourself. St. Francis De Sales You can discover more about a person in an hour of play than in a year of conversation. Plato If you think you can, you can. If you think you can't, you are right. Mary K. Ash To follow, without halt, one aim: there is the secret of success. Ann Pavola I I

121 - Chinese Proverbs I hear and I forget. I see and I remember. I do and I understand. Use everything for your learning, upliftment, and growth. Everyone has a talent. The real thing is to follow that talent to the dark place where it leads. Life is choices: always choose to do what you will remember ten years from now. Being good is important, being trusted is essential. Effort: Life does not require us to be the biggest or the best, only that we try. Success: We cannot direct the wind but we can adjust the sails. Courage: In the end, the only people that fail are those that did not try. Goals: Far away, there in the sunshine, are my highest aspirations. I may not reach them, but I can look up and see their beauty, believe in them, and try to follow where they lead. Attitude: The pleasure you get from your life is equal to the attitude you put into it. Serenity: In the race to be better or best do not miss the joy of being. Seasons: Every season of our lives hold a beauty all its own. Risk: The loftier your goals, the higher your risk, the greater your glory. Team:: Together everyone achieves more. Teamwork: Teamwork is the ability to work together toward a common vision. The ability to direct individual accomplishment toward organizational goals. It is the fuel that allows common people to attain uncommon results. Determination: The race is not always swift...but to those that keep on running. Leadership: The speed of the leader determines the rate of the pack. \107

122 Risk: You can never discover new oceans unless you have the courage to loose sight of the shore.,. Effort: Some people dream of worthy accomplishments while others stay awake and do them. Success: Success is a journey, not a destination. Attitude: Attitude is the little thing that makes a big difference. Adversity: So not fear the winds of adversity. Remember, a kite rises against the wind rather than with it. The Philmont Rangers were issued a small mirror in the 1960's with the following poem on the back, literally for personal reflection. The Man in the Glass When you get what you want in your struggle through life And the world makes you king for a day, Just go to a mirror and look at yourself And see what the man has to say. For it isn't you father, mother, coach, or wife Whose judgement on you must pass. The fellow whose verdict counts most in your life Ist the one staring back from the glass. You may be like Jack Horner and chisel a plum And think you're a wonderful guy But the man in the glass says you're only a bum If you can't look him straight in the eye. He's the fellow to please, never mind all the rest For he's with you right up to the end, And you've passed your most dangerous difficult test If the man in the glass is your friend. You may fool all the world down through the years, And get pats on the back as you pass But your final reward will be heartaches and tears If you have cheated the Man in the Glass

123 - The Starfish Story There was a man who lived along the ocean. One morning at 5 am when he could sleep no longer, he decided to take a walk along the beach. It was a foggy morning and the first rays of the sun were slipping above the horizon. The man enjoyed the walk. It was if the beach belonged to him. He glanced down on the beach and saw figure that seemed to be dancing. He wondered why anyone would be on beach so early. His curiosity caused him to quicken his pace. As he drew nearer, he realized that the figure was that of a young man. He was not dancing; he was throwing something into the water. As he drew very close, the older man realized that the younger man was picking starfish off the beach and tossing them back into the water. "Why are you throwing the starfish in the water? "the older man asked. "The tide is going out, the sun is rising, and the starfish that are left on the beach will surely die," was the young man's response, continuing his task. "But that's such a waste of time and energy! There are so many starfish and there are miles and miles of beach. What difference does it make?" Questioned the man. The young man thought for a moment. He reached down and picked up a starfish, and said, "It makes a difference to this one." 1 109

124 From the book Chicken Soup for the Soul The Martydom of Andy Andy was a sweet, amusing little boy whom everyone liked but harassed, just because that was the way one treated Andy Drake. He took the kidding well. He always smiled back with those great big eyes that seemed to say, "Thank you, thank you, thank you," with each sweeping blink. For us fifth-graders, Andy was our outlet; he was our whipping boy. He even seemed grateful to pay this special price for membership in our group. Andy Drake don't eat no cake, And his sister don't eat no pie. If it wasn't for the welfare dollar, All the Drake would die. Andy even appeared to like this sing-song parody of Jack Spratt. The rest of us really enjoyed it, bad grammar and all. I don't know why Andy had to endure this special treatment to deserve our friendship and membership in the group. It just evolved naturally - no vote or discussion. I don't recall that it was ever mentioned that Andy's father was in prison or that this mother took in washing and men. Or that Andy's ankles, elbows and fingernails were always dirty and his old coat was way too big. We soon wore all the fun out of that. Andy never fought back. Snobbery blossoms in the very young, I guess. It's clear now the group attitude was that it was our right to belong to the group but that Andy was a member by our sufferance. Despite that, we all liked Andy until that day -until that very moment. "He's different!" "We don't want him, do we?"which one of us said it? I've wanted to blame Randolph all these years, but I can't honestly say who said those trigger words that brought out the savagery lying dormant but so near the surface in all of us. It doesn't matter who, for the fervor with which we took up the cry revealed us all. I didn't want to do what we did. For years I tried to console myself with that. Then one day, I stumbled on those unwelcome but irrefutable words that convicted me forever: The hottest corners of hell are reserved for those who, during a moment of crisis, maintain their neutrality. The weekend was to be like others the group had enjoyed together. After school on a Friday we would meet at the home of one of the members - mine this time - for a campout-out in the nearby woods. Our mothers, who did non of the preparation for these "safaris," fixed an extra pack for Andy who was to join us after chores. We quickly made camp, mothers' apron strings forgotten with individual courage amplified by the groups, we were now "men" against the jungle. The others told me that since it as my party, I should be the one to give

125 - Andy the news! Me? I who had long believed that Andy secretly thought a little more of me than he did the others because of the puppy-like way he looked at me? I who often felt him revealing his love and appreciated with those huge, wide-open eyes. I can still plainly see Andy as he came toward me down the long, dark tunnel of trees that leaked only enough of the late afternoon light to kaleidoscope changing patterns on his soiled old sweatshirt. Andy was on his rusty, one-of-a-kind bike a girl's model with sections of garden hose wired to the rims for tires. He appeared excited and happier than I had ever seen him, this frail little guy who had been an adult all his life. I knew he was savoring the acceptance by the group, this first chance to belong, to have "boy fun," to do "boy things." Andy waved to me as I stood in the camp clearing awaiting him. I ignored his happy greeting. He vaulted off the funny old bike and trotted over toward me, full of joy and conversation. The others, concealed within the tent, were quiet but I felt their support. Why won't he get serious? Can't he see that I am no t returning his gaiety? Can't he see by now that his babblings aren't reaching me? Then suddenly he did see! His innocent countenance opened even more, leaving him totally vulnerable. His whole demeanor said, It's going to be very bad isn't' it, Ben? Let's have it." Undoubtedly well-practiced in facing disappointment, he didn't even brace for the blow. Andy never fought back. Incredulously, I heard myself, "Andy, we don't want you." Hauntingly vivid still is the stunning quickness with which two huge tears sprang into Andy's eyes and just stayed there. Vivid because of a million maddening reruns of that scene in my mind. The way Andy looked at me - frozen for an eternal moment - what was it? It wasn't hate. Was it shock? Was it disbelief? Or, was it pity - for me? Or forgiveness? Finally, a fleet little tremor broke across Andy's lips and he turned without appeal, or even a question, to make the long, lonely trip home in the dark. As I entered the tent, someone - the last one of us to feel the full weight of the moment - started the old doggerel: Andy Drake don't eat no cake, And his sister don't... It was unanimous! No vote taken, no work spoken, but we all knew. We knew that we had done something horribly, cruelly wrong. We were swept over by the delayed impact of dozens of lessons and sermons. We heard for the first time, "Inasmuch as ye do it unto the least of these... " In that hushed heavy moment, we gained an understanding new to us but incredibly fixed in our minds: We had destroyed an individual made in the image of God with the only weapon for which he had no defense and we had no excuse for rejection

126 Andy's poor attendance in school made it difficult to tell when he actually withdrew, but one day it dawned on me that he was gone forever. I had spent too many days struggling within myself to find and polish a proper way of telling Andy how totally, consummately ashamed and sorry I was, and am. I now know that to have hugged Andy and to have cried with him and even to have joined with him in a silence would have been enough. It may have healed us both. I never saw Andy Drake again. I have no idea where he went or where he is, if he is. But to say I haven't seen Andy is not entirely accurate. In the decades since the autumn day in the Arkansas woods, I have encountered thousands of Andy Drakes. My conscience places Andy's mask over the face of every disadvantaged person with whom I come in contact. Each one stares back at me with that same haunting, expectant look that became fixed in my mind that day long ago. Dear Andy Drake: The chance you will ever see these woods is quite remote, but I must try. It's much too late for this confession to purge my conscience of guilt. I neither expect it to nor want to. What I do pray for, my little friend of long ago, is that you might somehow learn of and be lifted by he continuing force of your sacrifice. What you suffered at my hands that day and the loving courage you showed, God has twisted, turned and molded into a blessing. This knowledge might ease the memory of that terrible day for you. I've been no saint, Andy nor have I done all the things I could and should have done with my life. But what I want you to know is that I have never again knowingly betrayed Andy Drake. Nor, I pray, shall I ever... Ben Burton....

127 - t Heaven and Hen - The Real Difference A man spoke with the Lord about heaven and hell. The Lord said to the man, "Come, I will show you hell." They entered a room where a group of people sat around a huge pot of stew. Everyone was famished, desperate and starving. Each held a spoon that reached the pot, but each spoon had a handle so much longer than their own arm that i could not be used to get the stew into their own mouths. The suffering was terrible. "Come, now I will show you heaven," the Lord sad after a while.. They entered another room, identical to the first - the pot of stew, the group of people, the same long-handled spoons. But there everyone was happy and well-nourished. "I don't understand," said the man. "Why are they happy here when they are miserable in the other room and everything was the same?" T he Lord smiled. "Ah, it is simple," he said. "Here they have learned to feed each other." Ann Landers But You Didn't I looked at you and smiled the other day I thought you'd see me but you didn't I said, "I love you" and waited for what you would say II thought you'd hear from me but you'd didn't I asked you to come outside and play ball with me I thought you'd follow me but you didn't I drew a picture just for you to see I thought you'd save it but you didn't I made a fort for us back in the woods I found some worms 'n such for fishing if we could I thought you'd want to go but you didn't I told you about the game hoping you'd be there I thought you'd surely come but you didn't I asked you to share my youth with me I thought you'd want to but you couldn't My country called me to war, you asked me to come home safely But I didn't. Stan Gebhardt 113 1

128 The Window "And Life is what we make it, always has been, always will be." Grandma Moses There were once two men, both seriously ill, in the same small room of a great hospital. Quite a small room, it had one window looking out on the world. One of the men, as art of his treatment, was allowed to sit up in bed for an hour in the afternoon (something to do with raining the fluid from his lungs). His bed was next to the window. But the other man had to spend all his time flat on his back. Every afternoon when the man next to the window was propped up for his hour, he would pass the time by describing what he could see outside. The window apparently overlooked a park where there was a lake. There were ducks and swans in the lake, and children came to throw them bread and sail model boats. Young lovers walked hand in hand beneath the trees, and there were flowers and stretches of grass, games of softball. And at the back, behind the fringe of trees, was a fine view of the city skyline. The man on his back would listen to the other man describe all of this, enjoying every minute. He heard how a child nearly fell into the lake, and how beautiful girls were in their summer dresses. His friend's descriptions eventually made him feel he could almost see what was happening outside. Then one fine afternoon, the thought struck him: Why should the man next to the window have all the pleasure of seeing what was going on? Why shouldn't he get the chance? He felt ashamed, but the more he tried not to think like that, the worse he wanted to change. He'd do anything! One night night as he stared at the ceiling, the other man suddenly woke up, coughing and choking, his hands groping for the button that would bring the nurse running. But the man watched without moving - even when the sound of breathing stopped. In the morning, the nurse found the other many dead, and quietly took his body away. As soon as it seemed decent, the man asked it he could be switched to the bed to the next window. So they moved him, tucked him it, and made him quite comfortable. The minute they left, he popped himself up on one elbow, painfully and laboriously, and looked out the window. It faced a blank wall. Author Unknown Submitted by Ronald Dahlsten and Harriette Lindsey

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134 Order of the Arrow Obligation I do hearby promise, on my honor as a Scout, that I will always and faithfully observe and preserve the traditions of the Order of the Arrow, Wimachtendienk, Wingoluachsik, Witahemui. I will always regard the ties of brotherhood in the Order of the Arrow as lasting, and will seek to preserve a cheerful spirit, even in the midst of irksome tasks and weighty responsibilities, and will endeavor, so far as in my power lies, to be unselfish in service and devotion to the welfare of others. Off c a Son g Firm bound in brotherhood, Gather the clan that cheerful service Brings to fellow man. Circle our council fire, Weld tightly every link that binds us in brotherhood, Wimachtendienk.

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