Maritime Archaeology Australian Approaches

Transcription

1 Maritime Archaeology Australian Approaches

2 The Plenum Series in Underwater Archaeology Series Editor: J. Barto Arnold III Institute of Nautical Archaeology Texas A&M University College Station, Texas International Handbook of Underwater Archaeology Edited by Carol V. Ruppe and Janet F. Barstad Iron and Steamship Archaeology: Success and Failure on the SS Xantho Michael McCarthy The Life and Times of a Merchant Sailor: The Archaeology and History of the Norwegian Ship Catharine Jason M. Burns Maritime Archaeology: Australian approaches Edited by Mark Staniforth and Michael Nash Maritime Archaeology: A Reader of Substantive and Theoretical Contributions Edited by Lawrence E. Babits and Hans Van Tilburg Material Culture and Consumer Society: Dependent Colonies in Colonial Australia Mark Staniforth The Material Culture of Steamboat Passengers: Archaeological Evidence from the Missouri River Annalies Corbin The Persistence of Sail in the Age of Steam: Underwater Archaeological Evidence from the Dry Tortugas Donna J. Souza A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of eacbi new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher.

3 Maritime Archaeology Australian Approaches Edited by Mark Staniforth Flinders University Adelaide, South Australia, Australia and Michael Nash Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service Hobart, Tasmania, Australia ^ Spri ringer

4 Libran^ of Congress Catalogue Number: ISBN-10: ISBN-13: Printed on acid-free paper Springer Science-FBusiness Media, Inc. All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science-FBusiness Media, Inc., 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now know or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks and similar terms, even if the are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed in the United States of America springeronline.com

5 To our wives Paddy O'Toole and Joanne Nash, without whose love and forebearance this book would not have been completed. For Michael Hyde a friend and colleague who edited Maritime Archaeology in Australia: A Reader which was the forerunner to this book.

6 Contributors Dr Michael McCarthy Ciu"ator, Department of Maritime Archaeology, WA Maritime Museum Fremantle, Western Australia, 6160, Australia Dr Peter Veth Director of Research, AIATSIS, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia Associate Professor Marli Staniforth Department of Archaeology, Flinders University Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia Assistant Professor Nathan Richards Program in Maritime Studies, East Carolina University Greenville, North Carolina, 27858, USA. Michael Nash Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service Hobart, Tasmania, 7000, Australia Dr Martin Gibbs Department of Archaeology, University of Sydney Camperdown, New South Wales, 2006, Australia. David Nutley Underwater Cultural Heritage Program Coordinator, NSW Heritage Office Parramatta, New South Wales, 2124, Australia Adjunct Associate Professor Jeremy Green Head, Department of Maritime Archaeology, WA Maritime Museum Fremantle, Western Australia, 6160, Australia

7 Contributors Cos Coroneos Cosmos Archaeology Pty Ltd Maroubra, New South Wales, 2035, Australia Bill Jeffery Department of Archaeology, James Cook University Townsville, Queensland, 4810 Ross Anderson, Cassandra Philippou and Peter Harvey Maritime Heritage Unit, Heritage Victoria Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia Kieran Hosty Curator, Hyde Park Barracks Museum Sydney, New South Wales, 2000, Australia, Corioli Souter Assistant Curator, Department of Maritime Archaeology, WA Maritime Museum Fremantle, Western Australia, 6160, Australia

8 Preface Maritime archaeology in Australasia has a long and proud tradition based firmly on the excellent, pioneering work of the Department of Maritime Archaeology at the Western Australian Maritime Museum over more than thirty years. Based on comprehensive national historic shipwreck legislation, the past twenty years or so has seen the development of strong and viable programs in other places and across a variety of organizations from cultural heritage agencies and National Parks Services to museums, universities and consultancy companies. Australian maritime archaeologists not only work in Australia but also have regularly luidertaken projects in collaboration with archaeologists, cultural heritage managers, museums and avocational groups throughout the Asia-Pacific region. Australian maritime archaeologists have also taken leading roles in the development of international guidelines such as the ICOMOS and UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage. Despite the prodigious quantity and range of studies that have been carried out by Australian maritime archaeologists there have been very few attempts to present this work in a comprehensive fashion. In 1986 Graeme Henderson of the Western Australian Maritime Museum published Maritime Archaeology in Australia, which summarised developments up to that date. Since then there has been a broad expansion of maritime programs and a corresponding increase in the publication of reports through the Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology and other national and international journals. A number of the more significant of these articles were reprinted in 2000 as Maritime Archaeology in Australia: A Reader (Staniforth and Hyde, 2001). The thematic approach of the Reader, intended mainly as a ready reference for students studying maritime archaeology, has been adopted for this current publication. The thirteen chapters provide an introduction to a series of themes, issues and approaches to Australian maritime archaeology as it has been conducted over the past 20 years, including the development of cultural resource management programs, the expansion of current research beyond particularistic shipwreck studies and the development of a 'holistic' approach to a wide range of maritime related sites. Clearly, there is insufficient space to provide more than an overview of each topic and readers are urged to turn to the wide range of books, monographs and special publications referred to in the bibliography.

9 X Preface There is also very little in this book on search, survey and excavation methodology as there are a number of very good 'how to' publications on the subject (see Dean et al., 1992; Green, 2004). It is considered that many of the techniques employed in maritime archaeology have become reasonably standardised and well known throughout the world. Over the years there has been a perception, rightly or wrongly, that maritime archaeology has been controlled by those practitioners who work for State government agencies - the State delegated authority in each Australian state or territory. The reality has always been more complex and recent developments have more explicitly demonstrated this complexity. There are increasing numbers of maritime archaeologists who are now making their careers outside the government agencies in consulting work and in the university sector, and this book includes contributions from a range of people who work in these various sectors. This book is also an attempt to allow the presentation of a variety of views from across the generations from senior figures who have been involved since the 1970s to the mid-career professionals and a number of the more recent graduates. Although the generations may be represented, the gender balance remains decidedly unequal with only two female maritime archaeologists involved in writing for this book and this is an issue that Australian maritime archaeologists need to address.

10 Acknowledgements We would like to thank in the individual authors of each chapter of this book. It was a long time coming but hopefully you will find it was worthwhile in the end. Thanks also to those who provided images for this book: in particular David Nutley, Patrick Baker, Peter Harvey, Ross Anderson and Cassandra Philippou. Our thanks to Phil Thomas for editing assistance and to Teresa Krauss at Springer/Kluwer/Plenum for having faith in the idea of a international book focussing on Australian maritime archaeology.

11 Abbreviations Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology (ACUA) Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA) Australian Historic Shipwrecks Database (AHSD) Australian Museums On-Line Database (AMOL) Australian National Maritime Museum (ANMM) Australian Netherlands Agreement on Old Dutch Shipwrecks (ANCODS) Archaeology of Whaling in Southern Australia and New Zealand (AWSANZ) Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (CPUCH) Department of Arts and Administrative Services (DAAS) Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act (EPBC) Federation of Australian Underwater Instructors (FAUI) Joint Standing Committee on Treaties (JSCOT) Historic Shipwrecks Act (HSA) International Congress of Maritime Museums (ICMM) International Council of Museums (ICOM) International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) International Convention on the Underwater Cultural Heritage (ICUCH) Maritime Archaeological Association of New South Wales (MAANSW) Maritime Archaeological Association of Queensland (MAAQ) Maritime Archaeological Association of Tasmania (MAAT) Maritime Archaeological Association of Victoria (MAAV) Maritime Archaeological Association of Western Australia (MAAWA) Museum of Tropical Queensland (MTQ) National Historic Shipwrecks Database (NHSD) Nautical Archaeology Society (NAS) Rhode Island Marine Archaeology Project (RIMAP) South Australian Maritime Museum (SAMM) Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA) Society of Professional Archaeologists (SOPA) Surface Supplied Breathing Apparatus (SSBA) Society for Underwater Historical Research (SUHR) United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) Victoria Archaeological Survey (VAS) Veeringde Oost Indische Company (VOC) Western Australian Maritime Museum (WAMM)

12 Contents Maritime Arciiaeology in Australasia: Reviews and Overviews 1 Michael McCarthy 1.1. Introduction Maritime Archaeology in Australia Reviews and Overviews The South-West Pacific Region The Future 10 Tiieoretical Approaciies 13 Peter Veth 2.1. Introduction Group A Group B Conclusion 26 Artifact Studies 27 Mark Staniforth 3.1. Introduction Royal Navy Artifacts Cargo Artifacts Personal Objects Collected Objects Jetty Site Artifacts Conclusion 40 Tiiematic Studies in Australian Maritime Arciiaeology 41 Nathan Richards 4.1. Introduction Theme and Theory The Mechanisms of Thematic Study Themes and Regions Thematic Case Studies The Potential of Theme-Based Research Conclusion 53

13 xvi Contents 5 Individual Shipwreck Site Case Studies 55 Michael Nash 5.1. Introduction The HMS Sirius Project The HMS Pawd/ora Project The Sydney Cove Project Discussion Maritime Archaeology at the Land-Sea Interface 69 Martin Gibbs 6.1 Introduction Shipwreck Survivor Camps Shore-Based Whaling Conclusion Underwater Archaeology 83 David Nutley 7.1 Introduction Indigenous Site Studies Aircraft Site Studies Wharf and Jetty Sites Conclusion Nautical Archaeology in Australia, the Indian Ocean and Asia 97 Jeremy N. Green 8.1. Introduction The Indian Ocean The Philippines China and Korea Thailand Experimental Archaeology Conclusion The Ethics and Values of Maritime Archaeology Ill Cos Coroneos 9.1. Introduction Ill 9.2. The AIMA Code of Ethics Who is a Maritime Archaeologist? Contract or Consulting Maritime Archaeology? Conclusion Historic Shipwrecks Legislation 123 Bill Jeffery Introduction 123

14 Contents Background Historic Shipwrecks Act \ States and Territories Shipwreck Legislation The Historic Shipwrecks Program Other Relevant Federal Legislation International Conventions Summary and Future Directions Innovative Approaches in Underwater Cultural Heritage 137 Management Ross Anderson, Cassandra Philippou and Peter Harvey Development of Cultural Resource Management Maritime Cultural Heritage Management Maritime Heritage Programs Strategic Approaches Innovative Approaches Future Challenges Maritime Museums and Maritime Archaeological Exhibitions 151 Kieran Hosty Maritime Museums in Australia The Australian National Maritime Museum Western Australian Maritime Museum Queensland Museum Maritime Archaeological Collections Maritime Archaeological Exhibitions Conclusions Cultural Tourism and Diver Education 163 Corioli Souter Introduction The Professional vs the Pirates Shipwrecks and Cultural Tourism Public Education Maritime Archaeology Associations The Future 174 References 177 Index 207