Responding to Climate Change. Tourism Initiatives in Asia and the Pacific

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Kathlyn Wiggins
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1 Responding to Climate Change Tourism Initiatives in Asia and the Pacific

2 Table of Contents Acknowledgements 7 Foreword 9 Tourism responses to climate change in Asia and the Pacific: an introduction 11 Chapter 1 Tourism and climate change: an international overview Climate change Tourism and climate change The contribution of tourism to climate change Tourism and future emissions Chapter 2 Climate change and tourism in Asia: a review Climate change The impact of extreme weather events on tourism Tourism's contributions to climate change Tourism government response to climate change Chapter 3 Pacific tourism building resilience and adaptive capacity to climate change Tourism and climate change in the Pacific The project The tourism adaptation toolkit framework Chapter 4 Climate change and tourism policy in Asia and the Pacific: a review of some Asian Pacific UNWTO Member States Australia Bangladesh Cambodia China India 54

3 4.6 Indonesia Japan Lao People's Democratic Republic Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Papua New Guinea Philippines Republic of Korea Sri Lanka Thailand Chapter 5 Air travel, emissions, and tourism growth in the Asia and the Pacific region Energy use and emissions in Asia and the Pacific Climate policy implications 73 Chapter 6 Tourism vulnerability, resilience, and adaptation to climate change in China Understanding vulnerability as an approach to climate change adaptation Study Context and Methods Vulnerability: what key sensitivities make Jiuzhaigou vulnerable? Resilience: what strengths make Jiuzhaigou resilient? Chapter 7 Twenty-five years of Australien federal climate change policy: implications for tourism Climate change pollcies Implications for tourism Chapter 8 Climate change and tourism: Bangladesh's adaptation measures Climate change in Bangladesh The government's response to climate change in Bangladesh The present Situation of tourism development in Bangladesh Ecotourism in Bangladesh Issues, opportunities and challenges for climate change and tourism in Bangladesh Policy initiatives and programmes responding to climate change for tourism in the country Future issues and the way forward 104

4 Tourism as a sustainable livelihood option: a case of climate change adaptation in Nepal Background: Nepal's response to climate change Tourism in Nepal Climate change impacts on tourism Case study: Upper Mustang Tourism Value Chain Project s Acknowledgements The potential for Cambodia to climate-proof its tourism sector Tourism in Cambodia The climate change context Climate change threats to Cambodian tourism Opportunities for Cambodian tourism to lead the response to the climate change challenge Climate-proofing Cambodian tourism Climate change and tourism development in Viet Nam Impacts of climate change on Viet Nam Responding to climate change Climate change adaptation for regional tourism destinations: a case study of Victoria's Surf Coast region Climate change impacts at tourism destinations Climate change adaptation at tourism destinations The Surf Coast case study Results All-year-round tourism in Alpine ski resorts: the Australien ski industry's response to climate change The future of the Australian ski industry Adaptation strategy one: snowmaking Adaptation strategy two: all-year-round tourism Limitations to all-year-round tourism The case of Mount Baw Baw

5 13.6 Current Green Season strategies Recommendations for Alpine Ski Resorts 151 Chapter 14 Here today, gone tomorrow? Cultural and religious embeddedness of climate change risk perception Perceptions of climate change risks Case study: Maldives Discussion and conclusions 158 Chapter 15 Events and climate change: an Asia and the Pacific perspective Projected climate change impacts Climate change mitigation by events Events and adaptation Resilience s 168 Chapter 16 Climate change eco-actions by tourism enterprises in Queensland, Australia Climate change and Australian tourism Methodology Results Discussion Chapter 17 Climate change as a major crisis event: implications for a tropica! nature based destination Whatweknow What we don't know What destinations should do: the case of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia Chapter 18 s and recommendations Main issues covered in this publication Recommendations Looking forward 192 Glossary 193 List of acronyms and abbreviations 195 List of contributors 199 References and bibliography 209

Domestic Tourism. in Asia and the Pacific

Domestic Tourism. in Asia and the Pacific Domestic Tourism in Asia and the Pacific Table of Contents Foreword 9 Acknowledgement 11 Executive Summary 13 Introduction 41 1 Australia 51 1.1 Domestic Tourism in Australia 51 1.1.1 Introduction 51 1.1.2