Improving cooperation in Airline safety policies

Transcription

1 Forum: Issue: Student Officer: Position: Disarmament and International Security Committee Improving cooperation in Airline safety policies Stacy Win GA 1 DISEC Chair Introduction With growing ease of having access to the skies, our world has made conveyance by air as one of the many ways of transportation that we use today. Unfortunately although transportation by planes is very convenient, it is often used for terrorist attacks or other causes of violence. With commercial planes, militaries, and other spacecraft flying closely to each other it often leads to the skies above many countries have become congested. Airline safety nowadays has become crucial. For example there have been airport bombings in Belgium, Turkey, and the United States, a plane shot down over Ukraine, the bombing of a nuclear plane in Somalia, along the constant undisclosed missile tests from North Korea, and with that the safety of our skies correlates to the challenges of international security. Approximately 30 years ago, people expected 20 jetliner losses per year, but the statistics have improved and air travel has become safer. These advancements are due to improvements in technology, air control, and pilot training. However, even though fatality rate is decreasing among air travel, there is still a lot to be addressed. For example, in 2013 there were 210 fatalities. Airline safety is a global issue, whether it s about the safety of passengers aboard airlines or international sky safety as a whole. It can minimize resources that airline companies spend on redundant regulatory procedures. According to the International Civil Aviation Organization, only 63% of nations have implemented the international safety standards in civil aviation in Aviation safety is one of the most crucial issues as more people are traveling worldwide by air these days.. International Cooperation is needed as this is a worldwide issue and not just concerning one nation. Many problems relating to airport security have been well addressed however issues relating to flight still need to be addressed. Definition of Key Terms GAMA The term GAMA refers to is an aviation industry trade association. It is the industry trade association representing general aviation aircraft manufacturers and related enterprises, chiefly in the United States. FFA The Federal Aviation Administration of the United States is a national authority with powers to regulate all aspects of civil aviation. Research Report Page 1 of 11

2 ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) Sets international standards for the safety, security and efficiency of air transport, and serves as the coordinator for international cooperation in all areas of civil aviation. EU European Union, is a political and economical union of 28 member states Aviation Safety Aviation safety means the state of an aviation system or organization in which risks associated with aviation activities, related to, or in direct support of the operation of aircraft, are reduced and controlled to an acceptable him. Research Report Page 2 of 11

3 STATISTICS of Aviation Safety In 1926 and 1927 there were a total of 24 fatal commercial airline crashes, followed by 16 more in 1928 and 51 in 1929, which caused many unfortunate and tragic deaths of passengers and crews. For the ten-year period 2002 to 2011, 0.6 fatal accidents happened per one million flights globally, 0.4 per million hours flown, 22.0 fatalities per one million flights or 12.7 per million hours flown. From 310 million passengers in 1970, air transport had grown to 3,696 million in 2016, led by 823 million in the United States then 488 million in China. In 2016, there were 19 fatal accidents of civil airliners of more than 14 passengers, resulting in 325 fatalities: the second safest year ever after 2015 with 16 accidents and 2013 with 265 fatalities. For planes heavier than 5.7 t, there were 34.9 million departures and 75 accidents worldwide with 7 of these fatal for 182 fatalities, the lowest since 2013: 5.21 fatalities per million departures. In 2017 there were 10 fatal airliner accidents, resulting in 44 occupant fatalities and 35 persons on the ground: the safest year ever for commercial aviation, both by the number of fatal accidents as well as in fatalities. History Before WWII During the 1920s, the first ever laws were passed in the United States to regulate civil aviation. One of the also late inventing near the end of 1920s, one of the first ever air navigation was introduced-airfield lightning- to asset pilots to make landing in poor weather or after dark. After WWII Hard runways were to build in WWII to avoid to avoid waves and floating hazards Research Report Page 3 of 11

4 Graph showing number of fatalities related to aviation from 1940 to 2010 Aviation during World War I and II The first air navigation to be introduced: Airfield lighting After World War I broke out, the first air navigation was introduced which was airfield lighting along with the first laws were established in the USA to regulate civil aviation, not long after it was internationally adopted by the ICAO. Research Report Page 4 of 11

5 Runway incursion rates from The United Nations The UN is particularly affected by airline safety policies. In peacekeeping missions, personnel fly the UN aircraft from a large variety of backgrounds. Some may be from less developed regions with less emphasis on safety. This becomes an issue when the UN is transporting millions of dollars of equipment or food. The World Health Organization, Department of Field Support, and Department of Peacekeeping Operations have been working with ICAO to establish common aviation standards in its transport operations. According to the UN Aviation Standards, in the field there needs to be Air Safety Management to identify safety hazards, analyze and issue of safety recommendations as part of ground support. It requires pilots to have specific training, certificates, and documentation to serve in the peacekeeping missions. The International Civil Aviation Organization strives to improve safety of airlines through cooperation yet maintaining a high level of efficiency. It wants to implement strategies, such as standardizing regulations and technology and information exchange between states after an accident, found in the Global Aviation Safety Plan and the Global Air Navigation Plan. ICAO also conducts audits on its Standard, Recommended Practices and Procedures using the Universal Research Report Page 5 of 11

6 Safety Oversight Audit Programmed to oversee the progression of states compliance to aviation standards and the ICAO s own role in standardization. It uses safety programs to address lack of infrastructure and respond to natural disaster or conflicts. It also encourages stakeholders in aviation to take a bigger role in making sure that all aircraft is safe and safely managed. The European Union, for example, believes that it is a joint responsibility for nations to help states that are having trouble implementing the standards and have provided technical assistance and cooperated with airline companies to improve safety in regions where it is the worst. The EU wants to establish cooperative efforts with the United States, Canada, Brazil and other nations to ensure a high level of safety worldwide. It also works with ICAO to implement standards and perform auditing services. They also work together to gather data to determine the state of implementation of the policies in the region. The European Aviation Safety Agency works with countries like Bangladesh, Tajikistan, and Burundi to implement safe procedures. 911 attack Research Report Page 6 of 11

7 Timeline of Relevant Resolutions, Treaties and Events Yangon Model United Nations, 2017 VIII Annual Session Date Description of event April 4 th,1947 Formation of ICAO The International Civil Aviation Organization is a specialized agency of the United nations. It codifies the principles and techniques of international air navigation and fosters the planning and development of international air transport to ensure safe and orderly growth. February 21 st, 1973 Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 It was shot down by Israeli F-4 jets over the Sinai Peninsula September 1 st, 1983 Korean Air Lines Flight 007 It was shot down by Soviet Su-15 interceptor near Moneron Island killing 269 people and U.S representative Larry McDonald. September 19 th, UTA Flight A bomb destroyed it on 19 September 1989 above the Sahara Desert in Niger, en route from N'Djamena, Chad, to Paris, France. The explosion caused the aircraft to break up, killing all 156 passengers and 15 crewmembers, including the wife of U.S. Ambassador Robert L. Pugh. September 1 1th, September 11 attacks (9/11) 2001 A series of four-coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-qaeda on the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11, The attacks killed 2,996 people, injured over 6,000 others, and caused at least $10 billion in infrastructure and property damage. February 12 th, 2009 Colgan Air Flight A scheduled passenger flight from Newark, New Jersey, to Buffalo, New York, which crashed on February 12, The aircraft, a Bombardier Dash-8 Q400, entered an aerodynamic stall from which it did not recover and crashed into a house in Clarence Center, New York February 25 th, 2009 Turkish Airlines Flight 1951 A passenger flight that crashed during landing at the Amsterdam Schiphol Airport, Netherlands, on 25 February 2009, resulting in the death of nine passengers and crew including all three pilots. Research Report Page 7 of 11

8 June 1 st, 2009 Air France Flight 447 A scheduled passenger international flight from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil to Paris, France, which crashed on 1 June The Airbus A330, operated by Air France, entered an aerodynamic stall, from which it did not recover and crashed into the Atlantic Ocean at 02:14 UTC, killing all 228 passengers, aircrew and cabin crew aboard the aircraft. July 17 th,2014 Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 A scheduled passenger flight from Amsterdam to Kuala Lumpur that was shot down on 17 July 2014 while flying over eastern Ukraine, killing all 283 passengers and 15 crew on board The Polaris Project The biggest organization against human trafficking was founded 2003 UNODC established the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons To assist nations with taking actions for anti-trafficking 11 th January 2011 Human Trafficking Awareness Barack Obama declares January as the month of Human Trafficking Awareness. Major Parties Involved and Their Views RELEVANT Countries and Blocs United States With a total of 1567 fatal accidents since 1919, and accidents fatalities, the United States is the number one lead for the most fatal airline accidents. However the United States is well aware of this issue and is working with ICAO and is an active member of the United Nations. Over the past years, significant improvement can be seen with less fatalities relating to airline accidents. China With a total of 119 fatal accidents since 1919, and 2198 accidents fatalities, China is somewhat in the middle of a total of 25 countries with the highest amount of fatalities. China is rated category 1 in FAA s International Aviation Safety Assessment Program, what this means is that China does comply with ICAO standards. France Research Report Page 8 of 11

9 With a total of 186 fatal accidents since 1919, and 2958 accidents fatalities, France is at number 7 in the top 25 countries with highest amount of fatalities list. France is also rated category 1 in the FAA s International Aviation Safety Assessment Program. Russia With a total of 572 fatal accidents since 1919, and 9075 accident fatalities, Russia is at second out of the top 25 countries with highest amount of fatalities list. Russia is also rated category 1 in the FAA s International Aviation Safety Assessment Program. United Kingdom With a total of 258 fatal accidents since 1919, and 2278 accident fatalities, the United Kingdom is fifth on the list of the top 25 countries with highest amount of fatalities list. The United Kingdom is also rated category 1 in the FAA s International Aviation Safety Assessment Program. Brazil With a total of 279 fatal accidents since 1919, and 3417 accident fatalities, Brazil is third on the list of the top of 25 countries with highest amount of fatalities list. Brazil is also rated category 1 in the FAA s International Aviation Safety Assessment Program. Colombia With a total of 213 fatal accidents since 1919, and 3143 accident fatalities, Colombia is fifth on the list of the top of 25 countries with highest amount of fatalities list. Colombia is also rated category 1 in the FAA s International Aviation Safety Assessment Program. Western Bloc Many large airlines in the US and other countries are one of the safest. However, many smaller regional airlines have inexperienced pilots who are also being paid much less than their larger airline counterparts. Eastern European Bloc This region has ahead many instances of airlines safety issues, ranging from infrastructure issues to terrorism. Airlines in this area are subjected to the EU s regulations and may be banned if the regulations aren t followed. Asian Bloc Many recent crashes (Malaysia Airlines, Air Asia, TransAsia) have happened in Asia. Many countries such as Indonesia have not met the requirements set by the ICAO. One of the most major problems in Asian Aviation is the lack of training. Latin American Bloc Research Report Page 9 of 11

10 Although there have been accidents in South America, airline standards there are often on par with those found in Europe. The most important causes for accidents include weather, especially in the Andes region. It s safety is still improving, but there are still many accidents in this region African Bloc The African Bloc wants to improve the infrastructure of its major airports. Many airlines have older cannot make a profit off of going on profitable routes since European laws have deemed them unsafe. Many reports of crashes are also not reported nationwide so few people know of the situation. Evaluation of Previous Attempts to Solutions For example, the Safer Skies initiative proposed by the Clinton administration in the US addresses Uncontained engine failures, controlled flight into terrain, approach and landing, loss of control, and runway incursions weather. Airlines can work together to determine more efficient air routes so that time in air and emissions are reduced. This will also reduce the risk of airplanes running out of oil. Furthermore, address the issue that recently, the rate of improvement of airline safety has been slowing down. There should also be performance test for pilots to provide fatigue management and analysis so that we can prevent pilot fatigue in flight. More workshops should also be implemented to instruct pilots and crew on how to respond when there is loss of control of the aircraft, whether it s because of terrorist activities and electronics malfunctions. Runway safety can also be improved by improving infrastructure to address increasing airplane traffic and ground congestions. Improvements on the ground in airports, such as security procedures, should be improved. Possible Solutions Associations such as ICAO, FFA and the UN should work together to solve this issue of airline safety issues around the world, not only such organizations should work together but also all the nations around the world should actively participate in this manner whether their country is effected or not. New laws and legislations could be passed relating to airlines in order to prevent possible accidents from happening. QARSA (Questions a Resolution Must Answer) In what ways can we lower the rate of airline accidents and fatalities from happening? Research Report Page 10 of 11

11 How can we make the skies internationally safer? How should associations like ICAO take part in solving this issue involving many nations? What can we do to avoid terrorist attacks relating to flights or plane shoot downs? Bibliography "About." Polaris. Polaris, 29 Feb Web. 03 Jan "China." U.S. Department of State. U.S. Department of State, Web. 05 Jan Global Report of Trafficking in Persons. Rep. UNODC, Web. 8 Jan "Global Commission on International Migration." International Organization for Migration. IOM, 16 Nov Web. 18 Jan The Globalization of Sex Trafficking. Rep. N.p.: U College, n.d. Web. 5 Jan "The History of Human Trafficking." Hankering for History. N.p., 29 Apr Web. 07 Jan "Human Trafficking Timeline - Human Trafficking and Preventions." Google Sites. N.p., 3 Mar Web. 08 Jan "Human Trafficking Timeline." Tiki-Toki. N.p., 24 Aug Web. 8 Jan Justin, Wagner. "United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime." Human-trafficking-fund. UNODC, n.d. Web. 07 Jan Kim, Kyle. "U.S. Report: Worst Human Trafficking in Africa, Middle East and Social Capital Review." Social Capital Review. Public Eye Northwest, 18 July Web. 04 Jan Middle East North Africa. Rep. UNODC, n.d. Web. 8 Jan "Middle East and North Africa - MENA." Investopedia. N.p., 15 Dec Web. 18 Jan "Monetary Issues in the Middle East and North Africa Region." (2013): n. pag. Arab Trade Union. Arab Trade Union. Web. 8 Jan "Timeline of Human Trafficking." Human Trafficking Timeline. Rutgers University, n.d. Web. 04 Jan Trafficking in Person. Rep. U.S. Department of State, Web. 3 Jan "UNODC Launches First Global Database of Human Trafficking Cases." UNODC. UN, 10 Oct Web. 5 Jan "UN.GIFT." About UN.GIFT. UNODC, n.d. Web. 07 Jan Research Report Page 11 of 11