22 nd Road Governance Report UEMOA

Transcription

1 22 nd Road Governance Report UEMOA This report presents information on checkpoints, bribes and delays based on data October 1 to December 31, The report includes two sections : 1 The seven corridors covered by the Improved Road Transport Governance initiative (IRTG): Tema- Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou-Bamako via Heremakono, Ouagadougou-Bamako via Koury, Lomé-Ouagadougou, Dakar-Bamako, Abidjan-Ouagadougou and Abidjan- Bamako. The trucks in this initiative are in roadworthy condition and the drivers and cargoes are properly documented. 2 The four corridors covered by the USAID ATP and E- ATP projects (Agribusiness and Trade Promotion and Enhanced Agribusiness and Trade Promotion): Kantchari- Accra, Fada N Gourma-Parakou, Techiman-Kantchari, and Parakou-Niamey. Results of surveys during the fourth quarter of 2012 Road Governance initiative October 1 December 31 1

2 SECTION 1 Improved Road Transport Governance initiative results from corridors monitored by the USAID Trade Hub Summary and Recommendations Increase in bribes in Cote d ivoire Measures implemented by Ivoirian authorities have yielded positive results on road governance. Between 2011 and 2012, all indicators have significantly reduced. This quarter, delays and the number of controls declined further, while bribes increased. This is attributed to the fact that in addition to the nine approved checkpoints on the corridor, security forces mounted unauthorized checkpoints in Kiatiola, Gesco, and Kanawolo. Ghana remains a leader with many uncertainties Ghana, one of the best performers in road governance in the region, saw the number of controls and bribes increase this quarter. This is becoming a worrying situation especially with the heavy presence of Police on the northern part of the Tema-Ouagadougou corridor. Reduction in harassments in Mali This quarter Mali saw encouraging results: delays, bribes and the number of controls declined. The improvements were attributed to the combined efforts of all security forces particularly Customs and Police. In spite of the improvement, Mali still leads in road harassment in the subregion. Customs service credited for progress in Burkina Faso Burkina Faso s improvements this quarter were attributed to a decision by the Customs service to tackle road harassment on all major corridors. Togo: model of West Africa Good practice on road governance is well established in Togo since the removal of the Police and Gendarmerie checkpoints in The decision has seen continued drops in the value of bribes collected and delays experienced compared to the previous quarter. The data show that customs, however, must make efforts to reduce harassment further. Bribe increases in Sénégal Illegal payments, which had declined for five consecutive quarters, have regained momentum this quarter. The numbers of controls follow the same trend over the same period despite the good intention of authorities to fight against road harassment; delays, however, slightly decreased. New additional corridors Niger and Benin are the latest countries to join the road governance project. In Niger, the data show that the Gendarmerie is the source of most harassment followed by the Customs service; in Benin, the Gendarmerie is similarly cited as the source of most harassment. More efforts have to be made to reduce harassment, particularly at Malanaville on the Benin-Niger border. Road Governance initiative October 1 December 31 2

3 Figure 1: Road Governance initiative data map 22 nd Road Governance report Road Governance initiative October 1 December 31 3

4 Introduction The Road Governance initiative on primary trade corridors is a joint effort of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) further to a decision 1 of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) to establish, among others, observatories of abnormal practices in the region. This initiative was implemented in 2005 with technical and financial assistance from the USAID West Africa Trade Hub. The objective of the Road Governance initiative is to promote good road transport governance on primary West African trade corridors. The corridors covered so far are: Tema-Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou-Bamako via Koury, Ouagadougou-Bamako via Heremakono, Lomé- Ouagadougou, Dakar-Bamako, Abidjan-Ouagadougou, Abidjan-Bamako and Cotonou-Niamey. General Trends Figure 2 below shows the change in the indicators according to surveys this quarter. The last quarter of 2012 is considered as one of the best in term of performance on all corridors in the region. Delays and number of controls reduced by 26% and 11% respectively. Bribes in the same way saw a reduction of 3%. Togo remains the country with the least harassment while Mali still the worst country in good road governance in west Africa. 1 Decision A/DEC.13/01/03 Relating to the establishment of a regional road transport and transit facilitation program in support of intra-community trade and cross-border movements, January 31 st, 2003 Road Governance initiative October 1 December 31 4

5 I. Number of controls 22 nd Road Governance report The road governance initiative separates legitimate controls at borders from other controls conducted on road that are not in accordance with UEMOA directive 15/2005/CM/UEMOA. As mentioned above, the number of checkpoints in the region improved as compared to the just ended quarter. However it has been observed important disparities. Abidjan-Bamako is the fastest while the most frequents stops with 2.7 controls per 100 km is Bamako-Ouagadougou corridor. Figure 3: Number of checkpoints per trip, by corridor and sub-corridor Table 1: Number of controls per trip, by corridor and sub-corridor Corridor / Country Controls on the road except at the border Controls at the border Ba ma ko-abidja n 9 3 Côte d'ivoire 7 2 Mali 3 1 Abidja n-ba ma ko 3 2 Côte d'ivoire 1 1 Mali 2 1 Abidja n-oua ga 23 6 Burkina Faso 3 3 Côte d'ivoire 20 3 Oua ga -Abidja n 13 4 Burkina Faso 0 2 Côte d'ivoire 13 2 Bamako-Ouaga via Hérémakono 17 6 Burkina Faso 6 2 Mali 11 4 Ouaga -Bamako via Hérémakono 24 5 Burkina Faso 4 3 Mali 20 2 Daka r-ba ma ko 32 5 Mali 15 2 Sénégal 17 3 Ba ma ko-daka r 8 3 Mali 5 2 Sénégal 3 1 Corridor / Country Controls on the road except at the border Controls at the border Bamako-Ouaga via Koury 17 5 Burkina Faso 5 2 Mali 12 3 Ouaga -Bamako via Koury 23 8 Burkina Faso 3 3 Mali 20 4 Lomé -Oua ga dougou 11 6 Burkina Faso 4 3 Togo 6 4 Oua ga dougou-lomé 5 4 Burkina Faso 3 1 Togo 3 2 Ouagadougou-T ema 16 4 Burkina Faso 2 2 Ghana 14 2 T ema -Ouagadougou 20 4 Burkina Faso 3 3 Ghana 17 2 Cotonou-Nia me y 9 3 Bénin 3 1 Niger 7 2 Nia me y-cotonou 13 2 Bénin 11 1 Niger 2 1 Note: the table above and the following ones, numbers may not add up because of rounding Road Governance initiative October 1 December 31 5

6 The high number of controls in Mali remains unchanged this quarter. It must be noted that, in spite of this phenomenon, Abidjan-Bamako is among the fastest corridors in the region. Cote d Ivoire has seen improvement as far as checkpoints are concerned, but must fight against the return of unauthorized checkpoints in Gesco, Kiatiola and Kanawolo, in addition to the nine locations approved to control trucks on the North-South corridor. Stops slightly increased in Ghana with Police leading on harassment, particularly in Tamale. The situation is not different in Senegal as controls are increasing. Togo with the best performance remains unchanged for this quarter. For the first time, this report includes Benin, where the Gendarmerie was noted as the agency conducting most controls. Niger is also new to the report and has one of the highest number of controls for the last quarter of Figure 4: Density of controls by country and by service Mali maintains the title of the worst country in term of controls, followed by Niger; then comes Ghana with numerous checkpoints in the northern part of the country. Senegal is only slightly worse than Cote d ivoire and Burkina Faso. Benin is second best and Togo remains at the top for six consecutive quarters in terms of checks. Figure 5: Trend in number of controls per 100 km by country Road Governance initiative October 1 December 31 6

7 II. Bribery 22 nd Road Governance report Bribes payments remain stable in the region. Despite a reduction of 12% in bribes, Bamako- Ouagadougou is the most expensive corridor for the last four quarters. Also for the same period Lomé-Ouagadougou maintains its title as least expensive with a further reduction by 16% this quarter. The Ivoirian border post of Pogo on the Abidjan-Bamako corridor becomes the most expensive with an average of FCFA as bribe per trip whereas, Paga in Ghana is the least expensive to cross in the region. Figure 6: Bribery per trip (USD) by corridor and sub-corridor Table 2: Bribery per trip by corridor and sub-corridor Corridor / Country Bribes on the road except at the border (USD) Bribes at the border (USD) Ba ma ko-abidja n Côte d'ivoire Mali 7 4 Abidja n-ba ma ko 9 43 Côte d'ivoire 3 40 Mali 7 3 Abidja n-oua ga Burkina Faso 5 22 Côte d'ivoire 46 6 Oua ga -Abidja n Burkina Faso 0 11 Côte d'ivoire 38 7 Bamako-Ouaga via Hérémakono Burkina Faso 10 4 Mali Ouaga -Bamako via Hérémakono Burkina Faso Mali Daka r-ba ma ko Mali Sénégal Ba ma ko-daka r Mali Sénégal 8 2 Corridor / Country Bribes on the road except at the border (USD) Bribes at the border (USD) Bamako-Ouaga via Koury Burkina Faso 7 4 Mali 17 8 Ouaga -Bamako via Koury Burkina Faso 9 13 Mali Lomé -Oua ga dougou Burkina Faso 4 9 Togo 8 3 Oua ga dougou-lomé 6 7 Burkina Faso 4 4 Togo 1 3 Oua ga dougou-t e ma 17 8 Burkina Faso 8 7 Ghana 9 1 T e ma -Oua ga dougou 18 8 Burkina Faso 6 8 Ghana 12 0 Cotonou-Nia me y 21 3 Bénin 5 0 Niger 16 3 Nia me y-cotonou 48 6 Bénin 37 3 Niger 11 3 Road Governance initiative October 1 December 31 7

8 In spite of its worst position in the region, Mali is making effort to reduce illicit payment per 100 km thanks to Customs and Police. Other services on Ivorian corridors are taken center stage in contributing to harassments in addition to the regular forces. Gendarmerie in Niger receive about 65% of all bribes paid. Figure 7: Density of bribery by country and by service. Thanks to improvements at its Customs service, Burkina Faso made progress in reducing bribes this quarter. In spite of high bribes by the Gendarmerie, the country is ranked the third, behind Ghana in second position. Once more Togo must be congratulated as the best performer in the region as far as good road governance is concerned. Figure 8: Trend in bribery per 100 km by country Road Governance initiative October 1 December 31 8

9 III. Delays Dakar-Bamako has the longest delays with approximately 6 hours of delays per trip for a legal truck this despite the limited number of checkpoints on the corridor. On the other hand, Lome- Ouagadougou is the fastest with less than 1 hour of lost time. This quarter, the border requiring the greatest time to cross is Paga-Dakola with aproximately 2 hours of waiting time and the shortest is Malanville-Gaya at the Benin-Niger border. Figure 9: Delays per trip (in minutes) by corridor and sub-corridor Table 3: Delays per trip by corridor and sub-corridor Corridor / Country Delays on the road except at the border (min) Delays at the border (min) Ba ma ko-abidja n Côte d'ivoire Mali 15 5 Abidja n-ba ma ko Côte d'ivoire 3 20 Mali 8 3 Abidja n-oua ga Burkina Faso Côte d'ivoire Oua ga -Abidja n Burkina Faso 0 11 Côte d'ivoire 28 7 Bamako-Ouaga via Hérémakon Burkina Faso Mali Ouaga -Bamako via Hérémakon Burkina Faso Mali Daka r-ba ma ko Mali Sénégal Ba ma ko-daka r Mali Sénégal Corridor / Country Delays on the road except at the border (min) Delays at the border (min) Bamako-Ouaga via Koury Burkina Faso Mali Ouaga -Bamako via Koury Burkina Faso Mali Lomé -Oua ga dougou Burkina Faso Togo Oua ga dougou-lomé Burkina Faso Togo Oua ga dougou-t e ma Burkina Faso Ghana T e ma -Oua ga dougou Burkina Faso 8 39 Ghana Cotonou-Nia me y Bénin 32 1 Niger Nia me y-cotonou Bénin 59 8 Niger 16 9 Road Governance initiative October 1 December 31 9

10 The last quarter of 2012 is characterized by a general reduction in delays. This improvement is due to efforts by all security forces involved in truck controls. Nevertheless, long delays were observed between Niamey and Gaya in Niger with about 30 minutes delay on a distance of 100 km while 6 minutes is lost over the same distance in Togo. Figure 10: Responsibility for delays, by country and uniformed service Note: When more than one service operates a checkpoint, the delay is equally divided among them. Figure 11: Change in delays per 100 km by country Road Governance initiative October 1 December 31 10

11 Methodology, objectives and acknowledgements The indicators reported from the surveys are defined as follows: The number of controls is the average number of stops drivers experience imposed by a given uniformed service, excluding voluntary stops by drivers to eat or sleep Delays are the total time spent at a checkpoint, excluding voluntary pauses (to eat, rest, pray, etc.) Bribery refers to illegal sums taken from drivers by agents of uniformed services. Bribes taken by other actors, such as freight forwarders, are not included. National averages are calculated according to the length of each corridor Although the USAID Trade Hub and the USAID ATP/E-ATP projects report the same indicators, the methodology each project uses varies in important ways. Trucks monitored by the USAID Trade Hub haul all types of goods and are completely legal, with proper documentation for both the driver and the cargo; further, the truck itself must be roadworthy; in effect, tucks followed by the USAID Trade Hub should not be harassed at all. By comparison, trucks monitored by the ATP/E-ATP project haul specific types of goods, including perishable food staples, which correspond to the value chains studied by the project. These trucks and their cargoes are not always in conformity with applicable laws. These differences explain why this quarter in Burkina Faso, a truck monitored by the USAID Trade Hub paid about 2,000 FCFA per 100 km (about USD 4) while a truck monitored by ATP paid about 11,000 FCFA per 100 km (about USD 22). The UEMOA, USAID Trade Hub and USAID ATP/E-ATP teams highlight the most representative results of the surveys and key aspects of road governance in West Africa while adhering to valid statistical analysis. The quarterly report aims to raise awareness among policymakers and leaders at the highest levels of the public and private sectors and in civil society in order to increase trade in a sustainable and profitable manner. This report presents results based on surveys collected from October 1 to December 31, The road governance initiative expresses its gratitude to all of the stakeholders who contributed to the production of the report: the truck drivers who completed survey forms, transporters and unions, the focal points and national coordinators, the media and civil society organizations. Road Governance initiative October 1 December 31 11

12 ANNEXE 1 : Data source, 1 st October December 2012 Corridor / Country Abidjan-Bamako Côte d'ivoire Mali Abidjan-Ouaga Burkina Faso Côte d'ivoire Bamako-Dakar Mali Sénégal Bamako-Ouaga via Heremakono Burkina Faso Mali Bamako-Ouaga via Koury Burkina Faso Mali Ouagadougou-Lomé Burkina Faso Togo Ouagadougou-Tema Burkina Faso Ghana Quarter Number of trips Distance in km Average number of controls per trip by service Others Total Q ,008 3,531 5,871 1,831 28,614 2, Q ,707 8,861 7,183 5,621 35,371 3, Q ,343 5,876 8,573 12,879 25,716 2, Q ,097 3,371 4,780 1,831 23,453 3, Q ,921 3,386 3,630 4,742 18,679 2, Q #REF! #REF! ,345 6,732 3,143 13, Q , ,091-5,161 1, Q ,785 5,474 3, ,692 3, Q ,324 5,874 3,229 6,147 22,573 4, Q ,387 8,093 11,770 9,239 42,489 3, Q ,710 9,003 8,893 11,521 40,127 3, Q ,362 13,183 7,944 12,073 44,562 3, Q ,975 1,834 3,758 8,373 17,939 3, Q ,996 2,625 2,707 6,875 16,203 3, Q ,264 3,654 3, ,207 2, Q ,412 6,259 8, ,550 3, Q ,713 6,378 6,186 4,647 23,924 3, Q ,098 9,530 4,943 11,785 33,356 4, Q ,480 14,691 9,565 4,849 41,173 2, Q ,571 10,210 6,493 4,849 29,274 2, Q ,018 19,903 8,675 5,848 23,278 1, Q ,174 10,978 4,351 2,470 24,824 3, Q ,600 7,540 2,418 2,470 15,558 2, Q ,017 11,268 3, ,264 2, Q ,306 3,713 5,215 2,379 16,349 2, Q ,971 2,670 4,075 2,379 13,716 2, Q ,634 5,223 5, , Q ,354 15,352 7,595 1,790 34,090 3, Q ,927 16,384 7,650 3,989 38,949 4, Q ,124 17,720 5,835 5,403 41,081 4, Q ,502 6,699 1, ,523 1, Q ,232 7,801 1, ,976 2, Q ,446 8,187 1, ,687 2, Q ,852 8,653 6,414 1,649 24,567 5, Q ,695 8,583 5,835 3,860 26,973 6, Q ,678 9,533 4,191 4,992 28,394 6, Q ,096 14,706 8,988 1,105 32,480 3, Q ,362 16,079 8,885 5,648 41,974 4, Q ,699 15,655 7,608 5,301 39,263 3, Q ,543 5,383 1,543-8,054 1, Q ,380 6,604 2, ,446 2, Q ,216 7,055 1, ,999 2, Q ,553 9,323 7,445 1,105 24,426 4, Q ,982 9,476 6,667 5,403 30,528 5, Q ,483 8,600 6,242 4,939 28,264 5, Q ,917 4,141 1, , Q ,778 6,335 1, ,321 1, Q ,740 7,945 1, ,983 1, Q ,500 1,958 1,925-5,383 1, Q ,599 2,675 1,762-6,036 2, Q ,433 3,747 1, ,987 2, Q ,416 2, , Q ,179 3, , Q ,308 4, , Q ,725 6,320 1,853-12,898 4, Q ,839 5,288 1,662-11,789 1, Q ,877 6,867 1,889-15,633 1, Q ,638 3,950 1,853-7,441 4, Q ,074 3,426 1,662-7,162 4, Q ,647 4,511 1,889-8,047 4, Q ,087 2, , Q ,766 1, , Q ,231 2, , Cotonou-Niamey Q ,508 2,735 12, Benin Q , , Niger Q ,065 1,798 5, Ratio per 100 km Police Average bribes in F CFA per trip by service Customs Police Customs Gendarmerie Gendarmerie Others Total Ratio per 100 km Delays per trip (min) Total Ratio per 100 km Note: The currency used in the analysis is the Franc CFA (XOF). In the fourth quarter of 2012, 1 GHS was equivalent to 268 XOF; equivalent to 271 XOF in the third quarter of 2012; and equivalent to 271XOF during the fourth quarter of 2011 Road Governance initiative October 1 December 31 12

13 SECTION 2 Road governance practices on corridors monitored by the USAID ATP and E-ATP projects Figure 12: Road governance ATP/E-ATP data map Road Governance initiative October 1 December 31 13

14 The USAID Agribusiness and Trade Promotion (ATP) and Expanded Agribusiness and Trade Promotion (E-ATP) projects aim to increase the value and volume of intra-regional agricultural trade, in order to attain the targeted 6% growth set by the Comprehensive African Agricultural Development Program (CAADP) of the New Partnership for Africa s Development (NEPAD). The two projects similarly contribute to the ECOWAS Common Agricultural Policy (ECOWAP) and the UEMOA Agricultural Policy (PAU) and its federated regional programs. Since the beginning of 2012, they focus on four value chains (maize, livestock/meat, millet/sorghum, and rice) along the transport corridors linking production zones to consumer markets in West Africa. As well as the West Africa Trade Hub, USAID ATP and E-ATP projects conduct surveys on road harassments on two of the four value chains and on the onion/shallots value chain (see table below). The initiative targets the following corridors: Value chains Corridor Distance Onion/shallots Kantchari (Burkina Faso) Accra (Ghana) km Livestock/Meat Fada N Gourma (Burkina Faso) Parakou (Bénin) 469 km Maize Techiman (Ghana) Kantchari (Burkina Faso) 976 km Parakou (Bénin) - Niamey (Niger) 605 km The movement of these agricultural goods along West African corridors remains difficult due to numerous checkpoints, high levels of bribery and long delays. The extent of the road governance problems on the corridors is stupefying. The consequences severely harm the national and regional economies. Nevertheless, since the implementation of USAID ATP and E-ATP activities, the extent of the problem has diminished more and more. Summary Figure 13 below presents the trend for the indicators on the four corridors.. Corridor du riz supprimé Second corridor du maïs ajouté Corridors du riz et du mil/sorgho ajoutés This quarter, the road governance is characterized by the lack of data on rice corridor (Bama- Koutiala) as it has been the case in the previous quarter. This is due to a decision by Burkinabe authorities to suspend temporally the export of rice following a bad harvest. In addition, the Road Governance initiative October 1 December 31 14

15 political unrest in Mali affected data collection. Finally a new maize corridor has been added to the studies since the third quarter that is Parakou-Niamey corridor. This quarter, there has been a slight increase in bribes and delays out of the three corridors monitored. This is mainly due to the increase in harassments in Benin. I. Number of Controls After a slight increase in the third quarter of 2012, the number of controls reunited with the trend of constant improvement since the second quarter of 2011; however, a slight increase by one control on the livestock corridor was observed. In addition, the number of controls on the new maize corridor is twice higher than the first maize corridor (Techiman-Kantchari) meanwhile this corridor is longer (about 371 km more) Figure 14: Controls observed by trip and by corridor Corridor Country Number of controls per trip Ka ntcha ri-accra Burkina Faso 6 Onion Ghana 17 Fa da -Pa ra kou Benin 7 Live stock Burkina Faso 4 T e chima n-ka ntcha ri Burkina Faso 15 Ma ize 1 Ghana 9 Pa ra kou-nia me y Benin 27 Ma ize 2 Niger Road Governance initiative October 1 December 31 15

16 Figure 15: Density of controls by country and by uniformed service Police Customs Gendarmerie Others Total Benin Burkina Faso Ghana Niger Weighted Average This quarter Benin is the country with the most frequent controls followed by Niger and more than thrice the occurrence in Burkina Faso with the third position. Ghana has the best performance, however, Customs remains the agency cited for harassment most by truckers. Figure 16: Trend in the number of controls per 100 km by corridor Q4-11 Q1-12 Q2-12 Q3-12 Q4-12 Onion Livestock Maize Maize Average The average number of controls per 100 km on all corridors has slightly reduced. Road Governance initiative October 1 December 31 16

17 II. Bribery 22 nd Road Governance report Bribes on maize (Techiman-Kantchari) and onion corridors declined this quarter. On the other hand it is rising on the livestock corridor and the second maize corridor (Parakou-Niamey). On the new corridor, bribes are twice as high than the livestock corridor; it is, however, five times higher than onion and approximately 13 times higher than the first maize corridor. The situation is alarming on the Benin and Niger corridors. Figure 17: Bribery by trip and by corridor Corridor Country Bribes per trip (USD) Ka ntcha ri-accra Burkina Faso 71 Onio n Ghana 29 Fa da -Pa ra kou Benin 196 Live sto ck Burkina Faso 35 T e chima n-ka ntcha ri Burkina Faso 16 Ma ize 1 Ghana 23 Parakou-Niamey Benin 502 Ma ize 2 Niger 280 Niger is now leading countries with the highest bribes payment while Ghana is now the best country with the least bribes despite a slight increase the last quarter of Among those countries, Customs is the corps that most harasses drivers. The average illicit payment per 100 km on all corridors increased since the inclusion of the second maize corridor (Parakou-Niger) Road Governance initiative October 1 December 31 17

18 Figure 18: Density of bribery by country and by uniformed service 22 nd Road Governance report Police Customs Gendarmerie Others Total Benin USD Burkina Faso USD Ghana USD Niger USD Weighted Average USD Figure 19: Trend in bribery per 100 km by corridor Q4-11 Q1-12 Q2-12 Q3-12 Q4-12 Onion Livestock Maize Maize Average Road Governance initiative October 1 December 31 18

19 III. Delays 22 nd Road Governance report The average delays are generally shorter on ATP corridors compared to delays on Trade Hub corridors and this is due to payment of bribe in advance by a representative of the consignee before cargo arrival: this is the main reason why the waiting time at some checkpoint is just one minute, especially on the livestock and the new maize corridors where bribes paid are exorbitant (as illustrated in figures above). Average time of control remains unchanged on the onion corridor but drastically declined this quarter on the livestock and first maize corridor, thanks to the ATP advocacy campaigns. Longest delays are still recorded on the onion corridor (8 minutes per 100 km) while the other corridors have less delays (less than 3 minutes per 100 km). Onion traders spend more time at checkpoints because they refuse to pay bribes. Figure 20: Delays observed per trip and by corridor Corridor Country Ka ntcha ri-accra Burkina Faso 24 Onion Ghana 100 Fa da -Pa ra kou Benin 6 Live stock Burkina Faso 6 T e chima n-ka ntcha ri Burkina Faso 7 Ma ize 1 Ghana 6 Pa ra kou-nia me y Benin 40 Ma ize 2 Niger 18 Delays per 100 km Benin Burkina Faso Ghana Mali Niger Weighted Average 4 min 3 min 8 min 0 min 6 min 6 min Figure 21: Trend in delays per 100 km by corridor Delays per trip (min) Road Governance initiative October 1 December

20 Q4-11 Q1-12 Q2-12 Q3-12 Q4-12 Onion Livestock Maize Maize Average The overall average of delays per 100 km on all corridors has been kept at the lowest level following the improvements cited above. Conclusion In spite of the general improvement on corridors studied, one would say more advocacy campaign activity is needed on the second maize corridor started in mid-year 201 Road Governance initiative October 1 December 31 20

21 ANNEX 2: Source data, October 1, 2011 to December 30, 2012 Corridor / Country Quarter Burkina Faso Ghana Kantchari-Accra Burkina Faso Benin Fada - Parakou Ghana Burkina Faso Techiman-Kantchari Benin Niger Parakou-Niamey Number of trips Average number of controls per trip by service Average bribes in F CFA per trip by service Distance in km Police Customs Others Total Police Customs Others Total Ratio per 100 km Q ,690 23,983 6,207-35,880 8, Q ,500 51,200 8,575-74,275 18, Q ,000 44,000 10,333-64,333 16, Q ,535 5,663-3,506 14,704 1, Q ,495 14,334-3,034 23,863 2, Q ,955 14, ,539 2, Q , ,995 65,534 8,575 3,034 98,138 7, Q , ,324 70,731 11,842 1, ,452 7, Q , ,738 59,478 10, ,583 6, Q ,214 1,571 4,071 2,071 13,929 9, Q ,367 7,433 4,867 3,133 21,800 14, Q ,850 2,500 5,800 3,000 20,150 13, Q ,500 30,000 30,643 9,250 93,393 29, Q ,333 34,333 34,333 13, ,200 32, Q ,000 35,000 35,000 10, ,850 34, Q ,714 31,571 34,714 11, ,321 22, Q ,700 41,767 39,200 16, ,000 27, Q ,850 37,500 40,800 13, ,000 27, Q ,130 2, ,579 1, Q ,312 2, ,435 1, Q ,733 1, ,085 1, Q ,777 21,070 2, ,939 5, Q ,467 16,000 2, ,667 4, Q ,500 13,100 4, ,050 4, Q ,908 24,070 2,507 1,034 33,519 3, Q ,779 18,626 2, ,102 3, Q ,233 14,864 4,700 1,338 27,135 2, Q , ,655 26,517 26, ,259 42, Q ,308 34,077 15,423 18,315 84,123 26, Q , ,379 6,310 4, ,776 50, Q , ,731 7,923 22, ,231 51, Q , ,655 26,517 26, ,259 42, Q , ,808 23,346 40, ,354 37, Note: Currency used is CFA Franc. For the Fourth quarter 2012, exchange rates were 268 CFA for 1 GH, for the Third quarter 2012, 271 CFA for 1 GH, and for the fourth quarter 2011, 299 CFA for 1 GH. Gendarmerie Gendarmerie Ratio per 100 km Delays per trip Ratio per Total 100 km Road Governance initiative October 1 December 31 21

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