17 th Road Governance Report UEMOA

Transcription

1 17 th Road Governance Report UEMOA This report presents data on checkpoints, bribes and delays gathered between July 1 st and September 3 th 211. The reports includes two sections: 1 The six corridors covered by the Improved Road Transport Governance initiative: Tema-Ouagadougou, Lomé-Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou-Bamako, Dakar- Bamako, Abidjan-Ouagadougou and Abidjan-Bamako. Trucks involved in the study are roadworthy; drivers and cargo have the prerequisite documentations. 2 The five corridors covered by USAID ATP and E-ATP (Agribusiness and Trade Promotion and Expanded Agribusiness and Trade Promotion): Kantchari-Accra, Fada N Gourma-Parakou, Techiman-Kantchari, Bama- Koutiala and Koutiala-Dakar. Results from surveys conducted during the 3 rd quarter of 211.

2 SECTION 1 Road Governance initiative in West Africa Results from surveys conducted on the corridors monitored by the Trade Hub Summary and Recommendations The detailed analysis of data of this quarter highlights the following key findings. Togo: On its way to becoming a model of good road governance In the second quarter a substantial reduction in number of checkpoints was reported. In the third quarter, police and gendarmerie also removed a substantial number of checkpoints in the country. Consequently, bribes to gendarmes have been eliminated and a significant drop in bribes paid to police occurred. Delays have significantly fallen. The decision by the Minister of Interior to remove checkpoints has been successfully adhered to making Lomé Port a more attractive import/export desination. This instance shows that a change is possible when political will and stakeholder s mobilization are combined. Cote d Ivoire confirms its commitment Cote d Ivoire is another example of country where political will has been demonstrated to improve road governance. The improvement seen has been confirmed in the third quarter thanks to the normalization of traffic and increase in forms correctly filled-in by truckers. The army (FRCI) has gone back to its barracks giving the mantle to, Gendarmes and to maintain safety and control trucks and goods. Despite this progress, there is still room for improvement, especially regarding bribes collection. Also, systematic controls were done in the following localities that are not on the official list of checkpoints: Kanawolo, Tafire, Tiebissou or Katiola. Bribe collection increases in Ghana In 29, Ghana significantly reduced bribes (from GHc55 to GHc15). However, since 21 bribery has started increasing, largely due to police behavior, the data show. Tema Motorway, Tamale, Bolgatanga, Techiman and Kintampo are areas where bribery is rampant. Long delays on Bamako-Dakar corridor Loaded trucks plying the Dakar-Bamako corridor are facing the worst delays in the sub-region since the beginning of 21 due to several reasons, including the use of a convoy system where more than 3 trucks typically move together. At the bottlenecks of Kidira-Diboli border and the x-ray scanner in Kayes, Mali, all trucks arrive at the same time and create congestion. They all wait and depart together causing an average delay of one hour and thirty minutes in Kayes and three hours at the border. Road Governance Initiative July 1 st September 3 th 211 1

3 Figure 1: Road Governance initiative Data Map 17 th Road Governance report Road Governance Initiative July 1 st September 3 th 211 2

4 Introduction The Road Governance initiative on primary trade corridors is a joint effort of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) implemented in 25 with technical and financial assistance from the USAID West Africa Trade Hub and financial support from the World Bank through the Sub-Saharan Africa Transport Policy program (SSATP). The objective of the initiative is to promote good road governance on principal road corridors in West Africa. So far corridors studied are: Tema-Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou-Bamako, Lomé-Ouagadougou, Bamako-Dakar, Abidjan- Ouagadougou and Abidjan-Bamako General trend/progress Figure 2 below presents the trends on the six corridors. IRTG indicators per 1 km - Regional Trend Bribes (USD) 8.1 Number of checkpoints Delays (min) Q2-9 Q3-9 Q4-9 Q1-1 Q2-1 Q3-1 Q4-1 Q1-11 Q2-11 Q3-11 This quarter all indicators are stable. This global trend conceals deep discrepancies from one country to another. Senegal, Togo and especially Cote d Ivoire are in a dynamic improvement whilst Ghana is losing its best performance. Burkina and Mali remain stable. Bribery has slightly increased this quarter by 3% as compared to the previous quarter while the number of controls and delays have increased by 9% and 4 % respectively. Bribes remain excessive: a roadworthy truck spends averagely FCFA 43, per trip. Road Governance Initiative July 1 st September 3 th 211 3

5 Heremakono Koury 17 th Road Governance report I. Number of controls Area where controls are found dense still remain the same however we observed an increase in controls in Ghana. Numbers of checkpoints are unchanged but inspections are more regular than in the past. The Ouagadougou-Bamako corridor whether through Heremakono or Koury still have the highest number of controls: about 2.6 per 1 km, that is 26 stops per trip on average. This is even more acute on the Malian side with more than one stop every 2 km. The least dense corridor is Ouagadougou-Abidjan, even if data for this quarter is only for export trips. As far as import is concerned, Lome-Ouagadougou corridor remains the least dense with one stop every 53 km. Figure 3: Number of controls per trip, by corridor and sub-corridor Dakar 9 9 Bamako 22 8 Ouagadougou Border Less than 1.5 control per 1 km From 1.5 to 2 controls per 1 km More than 2 controls per 1 km Lome Abidjan Tema Table 1: Number of controls per trip, by corridor and sub-corridor Corridor / Country Number of controls per trip Ba ma ko-daka r 16 Mali 8 Sénégal 9 Daka r-ba ma ko 35 Mali 15 Sénégal 2 Oua ga dougou-lomé 11 4 Togo 6 Lomé -Oua ga dougou 19 9 Togo 11 Ba ma ko-oua ga via Koury 26 9 Mali 17 Oua ga -Ba ma ko via Koury 27 8 Mali 19 Corridor / Country Number of controls per trip Oua ga -Ba ma ko via Héré ma kono 3 8 Mali 22 Ba ma ko-oua ga via Héré ma kono 21 8 Mali 13 Ba ma ko-abidja n 16 Côte d'ivoire 11 Mali 5 Abidja n-ba ma ko 25 Côte d'ivoire 9 Mali 16 Oua ga -Abidja n 14 4 Côte d'ivoire 1 T e ma -Oua ga dougou 25 6 Ghana 19 Road Governance Initiative July 1 st September 3 th 211 4

6 Mali has the densest checkpoints zone with significant contribution from all uniform services. Ghana comes second due to the rise in number of controls by as well as, followed by Senegal because of and. Figure 4: Density of controls by country and uniformed service 3 Number of Controls per 1 km - Third Quarter 211 Unions 2 1 Others FRCI Côte d'ivoire Ghana Mali Sénégal Togo Cote d Ivoire continues to improve from the previous quarter. Measures taken are clearly visible on the field and we observed that army is returning to the barracks. Togo confirms and strengthens its position as the leader in good road governance due to political determination at the highest government level and the strict observation of the directive of removal of and checkpoint. However, number of controls from the slightly increased. It is encouraging to see Senegal regain its initial position held at the beginning of the year. Ghana has seen a sudden increase in number of controls while the number of checkpoints remains the same. and most especially are responsible for this increase. No significant change has been seen on and Mali. Mali is now the country where the highest road harassments occur in the sub-region. Figure 5: Trend in the number of controls per 1 km by country Number of Controls per 1 km Mali Sénégal Côte d'ivoire Togo Ghana 29-Q2 29-Q3 29-Q4 21-Q1 21-Q2 21-Q3 21-Q4 211-Q1 211-Q2 211-Q3 Road Governance Initiative July 1 st September 3 th 211 5

7 Heremakono Koury II. Bribes 17 th Road Governance report High illegal payment persists on various corridors towards Abidjan even though it is reducing. Meanwhile corridors from Ouagadougou to Bamako still retain the ranking of most expensive corridors with an average of CFA 6, per 1 km. Lomé-Ouagadougou corridor has taken the lead over Tema-Ouagadougou corridor as the least expensive in the sub-region with CFA 1,3 per 1 km for both directions. 3% of bribe payment occurs at border posts and this is increasing as compare to the previous quarter. The most expensive border is Heremakono in Mali (Burkina border) with more than CFA 11, on average while the least expensive is Paga with an average of the equivalent of CFA 754. Figure 6: Bribes paid (in USD) per trip by corridor and sub-corridor Dakar Bamako Ouagadougou Border Less than 6 USD per 1 km Between 6 and 11 USD per 1 km More than 11 USD per 1 km Bribes on the road except at the border Lome Bribes at the border Abidjan Tema Table 2: Bribes paid (USD) per trip by corridor and sub-corridor Corridor / Country Bribes on the road except at the border (USD) Bribes at the border (USD) Ba ma ko-daka r Mali Sénégal 24 1 Daka r-ba ma ko Mali 4 19 Sénégal Oua ga dougou-lomé Togo 5 5 Lomé -Oua ga dougou Togo 16 4 Bamako-Ouaga via Koury Mali Ouaga -Bamako via Koury Mali Corridor / Country Bribes on the road except at the border (USD) Bribes at the border (USD) Oua ga -Ba ma ko via Héré ma kono Mali Ba ma ko-oua ga via Héré ma kono Mali Ba ma ko-abidja n Côte d'ivoire Mali 18 4 Abidja n-ba ma ko 67 2 Côte d'ivoire 26 Mali 41 2 Oua ga -Abidja n Côte d'ivoire T e ma -Oua ga dougou Ghana 16 2 Road Governance Initiative July 1 st September 3 th 211 6

8 Mali becomes the most expensive country in the sub-region. As usual all road services are major contributing factors to bribe payment. Cote d Ivoire is making progress due the reduction in the number of checkpoints but still remains with Mali a country where illegal payment is much higher than the regional average. It must be noted that FRCI receive the highest bribes per stop at CFA 11, per stop whilst other services receive CFA 1,6 per stop in average. Figure 7: Density of bribes paid by country and by uniformed service Bribes per 1 km (USD) - Third Quarter Others Others 8 6 FRCI 4 2 Côte d'ivoire Ghana Mali Sénégal Togo It is encouraging to see Senegal regain its initial rank due to the decrease in bribes to and. These same services are also the cause of the fall in bribery in Togo, the best country as far as road governance is concerned, followed by Ghana with a slight increase. Bribes received by in, already high before, have seen another alarming increase of 5% as compared to the previous quarter. Figure 8: Trend of bribery per 1 km per country Bribes per 1 km (USD) Mali Côte d'ivoire Sénégal Togo Ghana 29-Q2 29-Q3 29-Q4 21-Q1 21-Q2 21-Q3 21-Q4 211-Q1 211-Q2 211-Q3 Road Governance Initiative July 1 st September 3 th 211 7

9 Heremakono Koury th Road Governance report III. Delays. Bamako-Dakar corridor is where longest delays occur with almost 7 hours per trip. Despite limited number of checkpoints on the Malian side of the corridor, waiting time could be very long at the scanner in Kayes, especially when all trucks are in convoy in addition to the delays caused by some customs officers. Fastest corridors are the ones going to Abidjan for exports and Lomé-Ouagadougou for imports with 2 hours and 45 minutes of control time or waiting time due to controls. The longest border post to cross is Diboli-Kidira (Mali-Sénégal) with 3 hours on average whilst the fastest is Dangouindougou-La Leraba (-Côte d Ivoire), with less than 15 minutes. Figure 9: Delays per trip (in minutes) by corridor and sub-corridor Dakar Bamako Ouagadougou Border Less than 15 minutes per 1 km 46 From 15 to 25 minutes per 1 km More than 25 minutes per 1 km Delays on the road except at the border Lome Delays at the border Abidjan Tema Tableau 3: Delays (in minutes) per trip by corridor and sub-corridor Corridor / Country Delays on the road except at the border (min) Delays at the border (min) Ba ma ko-daka r Mali Sénégal Daka r-ba ma ko Mali Sénégal Oua ga dougou-lomé Togo 19 7 Lomé -Oua ga dougou Togo Bamako-Ouaga via Koury Mali Ouaga -Bamako via Koury Mali Corridor / Country Delays on the road except at the border (min) Delays at the border (min) Ouaga -Bamako via Hérémakono Mali Bamako-Ouaga via Hérémakono Mali 67 4 Ba ma ko-abidja n Côte d'ivoire Mali 9 2 Abidja n-ba ma ko Côte d'ivoire 45 Mali Oua ga -Abidja n Côte d'ivoire 72 7 T ema -Ouagadougou Ghana Road Governance Initiative July 1 st September 3 th 211 8

10 Delays per stop are very similar across countries and among uniformed services: about 1 minutes per stop. Only in Cote d Ivoire, delays per stop are significantly shorter, as well as overall delays. Mali has the longest waiting time followed by Ghana and Senegal. Figure 1: Source of delays by country and by uniformed services Delays per 1 km (min) - Third Quarter Unions Others 5 FRCI Côte d'ivoire Ghana Mali Sénégal Togo Note: When different agents are present at the same checkpoint, delays are attributed equally. Figure 11: Trend in delays per 1 km by country Delays per 1 km (min) 4 35 Mali Sénégal Côte d'ivoire Ghana Togo 29-Q2 29-Q3 29-Q4 21-Q1 21-Q2 21-Q3 21-Q4 211-Q1 211-Q2 211-Q3 Road Governance Initiative July 1 st September 3 th 211 9

11 Methodology, Objective and Acknowledgement Indicators monitored through surveys are: Number of controls is the average number of stops endured by drivers due to uniformed services excluding voluntary stops to eat or rest, Delays are total time spent at checkpoints excluding voluntary stops by drivers (for lunch, rest and praying time), Bribes are monies collected by uniformed services from truck drivers. Bribes paid by others such as freight forwarders are excluding. The national average is weighted by the length of each corridor. Although the indicators are the same between Section 1 Trade Hub and Section 2 ATP/E-ATP, the results vary significantly due to different type of trucks and cargos. Indeed trucks monitored by Trade Hub transport all sort of cargo and are all roadworthy. However trucks monitored by ATP/E-ATP carry specific products, perishable goods most of the time and corresponding to specific value chain followed by the project. The trucks may not be all roadworthy and cargos may not have been covered by proper documentation. For this quarter a truck monitored by the Trade Hub paid close to USD 8 per 1 km whilst about USD 2 was paid by trucks followed by ATP per 1 km. Teams from UEMOA, Trade Hub and ATP/E-ATP made the effort to publish most truthful results of the surveys conducted and to highlight key aspect of road governance in West Africa whilst keeping in mind the reliability and accuracy of statistical data. This report is aiming at sensitizing the policy makers at the highest level in public and private sectors as well as civil society interested in trade and transport to facilitate trade in the sub-region for a long lasting and beneficial change to all. This report presents results from surveys conducted between July 1 and September The Road Governance initiative is thanking everyone who contributed to the writing and the publication of this current report: truck drivers who filled the forms, transporters and their unions, focal points agents and national coordinators, media and Civil Society Organizations. Road Governance Initiative July 1 st September 3 th 211 1

12 Côte d'ivoire Bamako-Dakar Mali Sénégal Bamako-Ouaga via Heremakono Mali Bamako-Ouaga via Koury Mali Corridor / Country Abidjan-Bamako Côte d'ivoire Mali Abidjan-Ouaga Ouagadougou-Lomé Togo Ouagadougou-Tema Ghana 17 th Road Governance report ANNEX 1: Data collected, July 1st 21 to September 3 th 211 Quarter Number of trips Distance in km Average number of controls per trip by service Others Total Ratio per 1 km Delays per trip (min) Q ,31 7,853 7,935 25,812 5,91 4, Q , ,247 43,647 54,545 4, Q ,45 1,314 2,892 29,111 38,361 3, Q ,75 1,712 3,583 23,679 31,679 4, Q , ,377 42,789 45,816 6, Q ,63 29,129 4, Q ,596 6,141 4,353 2,132 19,222 4, Q , , ,729 1, Q , ,288 2,48 9,232 1, Q ,731 5,154 6,77 52,769 69,731 5, Q ,587 2,13 3,87 51,848 61,652 4, Q ,95 3,345 2,345 19,44 27,19 2, Q ,923 4,846 4, ,846 2, Q ,13 2,13 2,739 2,913 1,913 2, Q ,35 2,619 1, ,832 1, Q , ,385 52,385 55,885 7, Q , ,935 5,739 6, Q ,267 21,358 2, Q ,687 16,484 12,31 1,595 46,797 3, Q ,384 14,148 18,438 1,787 53,757 3, Q ,626 2,634 6, ,513 1, Q ,38 12,89 3,713 1,171 25,1 3, Q ,28 11,34 5,186 1,257 24,757 3, Q ,936 2,622 1, , Q ,649 4,395 8, ,787 3, Q ,14 3,114 13, , 4, Q , ,7 (6) 9,74 1, Q ,87 27,334 8,443 7,56 57,425 6, Q ,735 26,39 8,578 5,218 5,84 5, Q ,81 6,142 3,883 4,867 2,972 2, Q ,755 13,72 2, ,412 3, Q ,269 8,26 1, ,741 2, Q ,61 2, , Q ,332 13,632 6,24 6,844 38,13 8, Q ,466 18,49 6,788 4,797 38,99 8, Q ,19 3,472 2,988 4,733 16,213 3, Q ,614 28,918 11,15 4,569 63,116 6, Q ,47 25,116 7,544 6,33 51,397 4, Q ,413 7,225 4,45 4,887 22,569 2, Q ,93 16,496 2, ,936 4, Q ,317 8,152 2, ,26 2, Q , , Q ,684 12,422 8,955 4,119 41,18 7, Q ,9 16,964 5,498 5,585 38,137 6, Q ,425 4,663 3,419 4,512 18,18 3, Q ,524 6,421 2, ,466 1, Q ,28 7,74 3, ,182 1, Q ,91 3,764 2, , Q ,59 3,389 1,914-6,812 2, Q ,41 4,427 1,721-7,557 2, Q , ,319 1, Q ,15 3, , Q ,871 2,648 2, ,625 1, Q ,175 1,924 1, , Q ,36 8,15 1, ,48 1, Q ,916 7,224 1,719-12,859 1, Q ,858 3,286 1, , Q ,5 4,785 1,955-8,24 4, Q ,33 3,38 1,719-6,357 3, Q ,955 1,199-4,14 2, Q ,86 3, , Q ,586 3, , Q ,872 1, , Average bribes in F CFA per trip by service Note: Currency used is CFA Franc. For the third quarter 211, exchange rates were 33 CFA for 1 GH and 463 CFA for 1 USD, for the second quarter 211, 32 CFA for 1 GH and 456 CFA for 1 USD, and for the third quarter 21, 354 CFA for 1 GH and 59 CFA for 1 USD. Others Total Ratio per 1 km Total Ratio per 1 km Road Governance Initiative July 1 st September 3 th

13 SECTION 2 Road Governance on corridors monitored by USAID ATP/E-ATP Figure 12: ATP/E-ATP Data Map Chaîne de valeur Corridor Oignon/échalote Kantchari Accra Bétail/ viande Fada N Gourma Parakou Maïs Techiman Kantchari Riz Bama Koutiala Mil-sorgho Koutiala Dakar Road Governance Initiative July 1 st September 3 th

14 Introduction The USAID Agribusiness and Trade Promotion (ATP) and Expanded Agribusiness and Trade Promotion (E- ATP) projects aim to increase the value and volume of intra-regional agricultural trade, in order to attain the targeted 6% growth set by the Comprehensive African Agricultural Development Program (CAADP) of the New Partnership for Africa s Development (NEPAD). The two projects similarly contribute to the ECOWAS Common Agricultural Policy (ECOWAP) and the UEMOA Agricultural Policy (PAU) and its federated regional programs. The projects target six value chains (maize, onions/shallots, livestock/meat, millet/sorghum, rice, and poultry) along the transport corridors linking production zones to consumer markets in West Africa. With the same approach as the West Africa Trade Hub, USAID ATP and E-ATP conduct surveys on road harassment on the following corridors: Value Chain Corridor Distance Onion/shallots Kantchari () Accra (Ghana) 1,316 km Livestock/Meat Fada N Gourma () Parakou 469 km Maize (Benin) Techiman (Ghana) Kantchari () 976 km Rice Bama () Koutiala (Mali) 273 km Millet/Sorghum Koutiala (Mali) Dakar (Senegal) 1,865 km The movement of these agricultural goods along the corridors remains a serious challenge, with numerous checkpoints, a very high level of bribery and long delays. The extent of the road governance problems on the corridors is stupefying. The consequences are harmful to the national and regional economies. Nevertheless, since the implementation of USAID ATP and E- ATP dissemination activities, the extent of the problems has diminished by more than a quarter. Summary Figure 13 shows the trend in indicators on the five corridors. ATP/E-ATP indicators per 1 km - Regional trends Bribes (USD) Number of checkpoints Delays (min) Q4-9 Q1-1 Q2-1 Q3-1 Q4-1 Q1-11 Q2-11 Q3-11 Road Governance Initiative July 1 st September 3 th

15 Survey results conducted along the USAID ATP and E-ATP corridors from July to September 211 have seen a decline in all the indicators monitored. The number of controls has seen a slight decline of 5% as compared to the previous quarter (April-June 211). As far as illegal payment is concerned there is a slight increase of 1%. The most important variation recorded is a 25% decline on delays. I. Number of controls The number of control is the indicator that saw the lowest variation. This number has remained unchanged for the last two quarters on two out of the five corridors monitored: 13 controls, that is 2.8 controls per 1 km, for livestock, and 71 controls, representing 3.8 controls per 1 km, for millet/sorghum. These figures have seen a slight decline for the 3 other corridors: 26 against 29 for maize, 31 against 33 as far as onion corridor is concerned, and 11 against 12 for rice. controls in are mainly the cause of this decline. Figure 14: Controls observed per trip, by corridor and sub-corridor Number of controls per trip - Third Quarter Senegal Mali Ghana Benin Onion Livestock Maize Rice Millet-Sorghum Despite the fact that rice corridor is the shortest, it remains the most dense in term of controls with 4 controls per 1 km. With 2 controls per 1 km, the onion corridor remains the least dense. The most dense control area is recorded in Mali on the rice corridor, representing 7 controls per 1 km, whilst the least dense is for the maize corridor with 2 controls per 1 km. Road Governance Initiative July 1 st September 3 th

16 Figure 15: Density of controls by country and by uniformed service/agency 6 Number of controls per 1 km - Third Quarter Others Others Others Others Benin Ghana Mali Senegal Out the 152 controls, 51 are attributed to, 46 to, 37 to, and 18 to municipals agents, unions and phytosanitary services. The ranking of controls per country is as follows: Benin: 2.2 controls per 1 km, Ghana: 2.5 controls per 1 km, : 2.6 per 1 km, Mali: 3.3 controls per 1 km, and Senegal: 5.3 per 1 km. In Benin, municipal agents, unions, and phytosanitary services have the highest number of controls with four in total. has the highest number of controls in (16) and in Mali (12). In Ghana, hold the highest number of controls (21), whilst is leading in Senegal with 2 controls. Figure 16: Trend in the number of controls per 1 km by corridor Onion Livestock Number of controls per 1 km Maize Millet- Sorghum Rice 1 Q4-9 Q1-1 Q2-1 Q3-1 Q4-1 Q1-11 Q2-11 Q3-11 Road Governance Initiative July 1 st September 3 th

17 Between the first and the third quarter 211, the number of controls has seen a continuous reduction on the onion corridor (from 38 to 33 to 31 controls), on the maize corridor (from 31 to 29 to 26 controls), and on the rice corridor (from 16 to 12 to 11 controls). This number has been stable on the livestock corridor (13) for the last three quarters, and on the millet/sorghum corridor (71) for the past two quarters. II. Bribes This quarter the amount of bribes paid is in decline as compared to the previous quarter as far as onion, maize and millet/sorghum corridors are concerned. There was a slight increase on the livestock corridor. The biggest variation is an increase on the rice corridor with 67%. Ghana is the area with the lowest bribes per 1 km whilst Benin recorded the highest amount. is the service which receives the highest amount of bribes. Figure 17: Bribery observed per trip by corridor and sub-corridor Bribes per trip (USD) - Third Quarter Senegal Mali Ghana Benin 1 Onion Livestock Maize Rice Millet-Sorghum As for the previous quarter, Benin has recorded the highest amount of bribes per 1 km, representing CFA 34,749 whilst the least bribes per 1 km were observed in Ghana at the equivalent of CFA 2,146. CFA 13,183 is paid in Mali, whilst recorded CFA 9,668 and Senegal FCA 5,322. The following are the amount paid illegally per corridor on an average trip: CFA 185,843 for millet/sorghum corridor, CFA 131, for livestock, CFA 89,583 for onion, CFA 27,135 for Maize and CFA 32,864 for rice. Road Governance Initiative July 1 st September 3 th

18 Figure 18: Density of bribery observed by country and by uniformed service Bribes per 1 km (USD) - Third Quarter Others Benin Ghana Mali Senegal received the highest bribe per trip with an amount of CFA 214,18 followed by the with CFA 118,737, then comes the with CFA 17,555 and others services with CFA 26,115. Figure 19: Trend in bribes per 1 km by corridor Bribes per 1 km (USD) 1 Rice Onion Livestock Millet- Sorghum Maize Q4-9 Q1-1 Q2-1 Q3-1 Q4-1 Q1-11 Q2-11 Q3-11 The trend of average bribes paid per trip by corridor between first and second quarter, and between second and third quarter follows: January-March 211 April-June 211 July-September 211 Onion FCFA 18,67 FCFA 91,34 (-19%) FCFA 89,583 (- 2%) Livestock FCFA 123,83 FCFA 13,194 (+5%) FCFA 131, (+1%) Maize FCFA 57,125 FCFA 31,121 (- 84%) FCFA 27,135 (- 13 %) Rice FCFA 36,56 FCFA 19,625 (-84 %) FCFA 32,864 (+ 67 %) Millet/sorghum FCFA 29,981 FCFA 261,559 (+ 2%) FCFA 185,844 (- 29 %) Road Governance Initiative July 1 st September 3 th

19 III. Delays 17 th Road Governance report This quarter control time has seen a reduction at all level of the corridors with the exception of millet/sorghum corridor that increased by approximately 12% and especially onion with an increment of 218%. The evolution of these delays during the first three quarters of 211 is serrated. Figure 2: Delays observed per trip, by corridor and sub-corridor Delays per trip (min) - Third Quarter 211 Onion Livestock Maize Rice Millet- Sorghum Senegal Mali Ghana Benin Control time per trip is 2.6 minutes per 1 km for livestock, 6.5 minutes for maize, 16.3 minutes for millet/sorghum corridor, 11 minutes for onion, and 15.8 minutes for rice. Figure 21: Trend in delays per 1 km by corridor Delays per 1 km (min) Onion Livestock Millet- Sorghum Maize Rice Q4-9 Q1-1 Q2-1 Q3-1 Q4-1 Q1-11 Q2-11 Q3-11 The table below shows the serrated trend for the first three quarters of 211. January-March 211 April-June 211 July-September 211 Livestock Maize Onion Rice Millet/sorghum Road Governance Initiative July 1 st September 3 th

20 Conclusion The communication and advocacy strategies embraced by the USAID ATP and E-ATP projects are bearing fruit on all indicators: delays have fallen significantly and the decline has been sustained; bribery and the number of checkpoints still remain almost unchanged. These strategies are implemented with truck drivers and traders. Their participation in advocacy events has made them understand more and more the importance of professionalism and of a permanent dialogue with the uniformed services. Road Governance Initiative July 1 st September 3 th

21 ANNEX 2: Source Data, July 1 21 to September Corridor / Country Quarter Number of trips Distance in km Average number of controls per trip by service Average bribes in F CFA per trip by service Others Total Ratio per 1 km Q , 45, 1, - 65, 16, Q , 42,154 9, ,615 16, Q ,427 43,427 16, ,387 2, Others Total Ratio per 1 km Delays per trip (min) Total Ratio per 1 km Ghana Kantchari-Accra Benin Fada - Parakou Ghana Techiman-Kantchari Mali Bobo-Dioulasso - Koutiala Mali Senegal Koutiala-Dakar Q ,738 14, ,583 2, Q ,217 15, ,724 2, Q ,63 21, ,665 4, Q , ,738 14, ,583 2, Q , ,217 57,33 9, ,34 6, Q , ,56 64,469 16,573 1, ,51 9, Q ,85 2,5 5,8 3, 2,15 13, Q ,143 6,827 5,61 3,61 22,92 14, Q ,78 6,427 5,24 2,976 21,27 14, Q , 35, 35, 1,85 11,85 34, Q ,122 35,714 35,714 1,551 18,12 33, Q ,49 35, 35, 18,39 115,439 36, Q ,85 37,5 4,8 13,85 131, 27, Q ,265 42,541 4,776 13,612 13,194 27, Q ,829 41,427 4,24 21, ,646 29, Q ,733 1, ,85 1, Q ,842 3, ,418 1, Q ,851 4,95-11,821 21,576 4, Q ,5 13,1 4, ,5 4, Q ,563 13,688 4,63 2,391 22,73 4, Q ,174 36,739 9,587 13,348 66,848 13, Q ,233 14,864 4,7 1,338 27,135 2, Q ,44 16,75 4,63 2,94 31,121 3, Q ,69 36,485 7, ,125 5, Q ,727 1,136 1,727-13,591 7, Q , 4,5 1,25-6,75 3, Q ,49 12, 3,864-19,273 19, Q ,438 1,375 1,63-12,875 13, Q ,136 22,136 5,591-32,864 12, Q ,438 14,875 2,313-19,625 7, Q , ,62 63,4 35,66 9,28 149,6 12, Q , ,568 92,123 56,364 19,3 219,355 18, Q ,16 17, 1,84 1,28 36,244 5, Q ,99 17,318 16,386 1,591 42,25 6, Q , ,78 8,4 46,464 1,56 185,844 9, Q , ,477 19,441 72,75 2, ,559 14, Note: Currency used is CFA Franc. For the third quarter 211, exchange rates were 33 CFA for 1 GH, for the second quarter 211, 32 CFA for 1 GH, and for the third quarter 21, 354 CFA for 1 GH. Road Governance Initiative July 1 st September 3 th 211 2

22 NOTES Road Governance Initiative July 1 st September 3 th

23 Road Governance Initiative July 1 st September 3 th

24 Road Governance Initiative July 1 st September 3 th