TABLE OF CONTENTS...1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...7

Transcription

1 June 2008 Pr epar ed By : Land Pl anni ng & Desi gnassoci at es VHB Whi t esel lgr oup Ri vanna Ar chaeol ogy

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3 Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS...1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...7 INTRODUCTION...9 TRAILS VISION...9 WHAT IS A TRAIL?...10 PLAN DEVELOPMENT...11 PLAN DEVELOPMENT PROCESS...11 COMMUNITY INPUT...12 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES...15 OWNERSHIP...15 MANAGEMENT AND MAINTENANCE...15 EASEMENTS...16 FUNDING...16 COMMUNITY IMPACT...17 COMMUNITY IMPACT...17 Community Impact: Possibilities in Health, Education, and Economic Well-being...17 Expected Effects Upon Towns and Counties in the Region...17 TRAIL USERS AND NEEDS ASSESSMENT...21 WALKING/HIKING...21 BICYCLING...22 EQUESTRIANS...22 PLANNING RESOURCES...25 PREVIOUS PLANNING EFFORTS...25 EXISTING AND FUTURE TRAILS...25 VIRGINIA OUTDOORS PLAN...26 RECREATION AREAS...27 HISTORIC RESOURCES...27 MUNICIPAL ATTRACTIONS...28 LAND OWNERSHIP AND USE...28 Land Uses Along the Trail Corridor...28 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS...29 Floodplain...29 Wetlands...29 Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 1

4 Wildlife and Plants...30 INVENTORY AND ANALYSIS...31 INTRODUCTION...31 EXISTING CONDITIONS DEFINITIONS...32 PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES...34 MASTER PLAN GUIDELINES AND RECOMMENDATIONS...39 DESIGN GUIDELINES...41 TRAIL TYPES...42 ACCESSIBILITY...42 ALIGNMENT...43 Trail Dimensions...43 Trail Clear Zones...43 Horizontal Alignment- Curve of Trail...44 Vertical Alignment Grade of Trail...44 MATERIALS...44 Trail Sub-Base...45 Trail Surface...45 Aggregates...45 Asphalt...45 Concrete...45 Accent Materials...45 GRADING...46 STABILIZATION...47 ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCE PROTECTION...47 TRAIL INFRASTRUCTURE...48 Pedestrian Bridges...48 Culverts...49 Trail Underpasses...50 On-Road Bike Facilities...50 Railroad Crossings For Bicycle Facilities...51 At-Grade Trail Crossings...51 Signage...52 Trail Site Furniture...52 Trailheads and Pocket Parks...53 CRIME PREVENTION AND LIABILITY MANAGEMENT...54 Liability...54 Security...55 TRAIL RIGHT-OF-WAY ACQUISITION AND NEGOTIATION...56 Trail Right-of-Way...56 Acquisition of Trail Right-of-Way...57 DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS...61 REGION 1 LAWRENCEVILLE TO SOUTH HILL...61 REGION 2 SOUTH HILL TO CLARKSVILLE...63 REGION 3 CLARKSVILLE TO BOYD S STORE/ALTON...65 REGION 4 SUTHERLIN TO SOUTH BOSTON...66 REGION 5 SOUTH BOSTON TO RANDOLPH...67 REGION 6 RANDOLPH TO DRAKES BRANCH TO KEYSVILLE...68 REGION 7 KEYSVILLE TO MEHERRIN...69 REGION 8 MEHERRIN TO ALBERTA...70 REGION 9 ALBERTA TO VIRGINIA BEACH PIPELINE...71 Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 2

5 GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS...72 PHASING AND IMPLEMENTATION...73 POTENTIAL PHASING...73 Phase I Demonstration Projects...76 IMPLEMENTATION...77 Planning and Implementation Process...77 LONG-TERM TRAIL RESPONSIBILITIES...78 Management and Maintenance...78 Management Options...78 Trail Maintenance Activities and Scheduling for Tobacco Heritage Trail...79 Trail Maintenance Activities...79 Trail Maintenance Activity Schedule...80 FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES...80 Federal Sources...80 State Sources...82 Private Sector...83 TECHNICAL RESOURCES...85 CONTACTS FOR TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE...85 SUPPORT RESOURCE DOCUMENTS...86 APPENDIX A...87 HISTORIC RESOURCES INVENTORY...87 APPENDIX B...89 COST ESTIMATES FOR TOBACCO HERITAGE TRAIL...89 APPENDIX C...91 MAPS, GRAPHICS, AND ILLUSTRATIONS...91 APPENDIX D...93 TOBACCO HERITAGE TRAIL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT STUDY...93 Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 3

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7 Acknowledgements The following individuals, municipalities, counties, agencies, and organizations provided essential assistance and guidance for this project. Their efforts have served to further the goals of the overall master plan and ultimately, the quality of the Tobacco Heritage Trail project. Roanoke River Rails-to-Trails Town of Alberta Melissa Parrish Town of Boydton Col. (Ret.) Jimmy Walters Town of Brodnax Eugene A. Pierce County of Brunswick Charlotte T. Woolridge Town of Chase City Joseph Epps County of Charlotte P.K. Pettus Town of Clarksville Melinda Moran County of Dinwiddie Mark Bassett Town of Drakes Branch Roscoe Eubanks County of Halifax Brad Ballou Town of Halifax Carl Espy Town of La Crosse Sandra Tanner Town of Lawrenceville C.J. Dean County of Lunenburg Beverly Hawthorne County of Mecklenburg Fred Forberg Town of South Boston Marcus Hargrave Town of South Hill Woodrow Kidd Southside Planning and Development Commission Sappony Tribe Friends of the Tobacco Heritage Trail Funding Agencies Virginia Tobacco Indemnification and Community Revitalization Commission Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation United States Department of Agriculture (Rural Development) United States Department of Transportation (TEA-21) Tobacco Heritage Trail Website Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 5

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9 Executive Summary Trail advocates have envisioned a corridor connecting Southern Virginia counties via abandoned railroad right-of-way for a number of years. Their vision was one of a continuous route able to accommodate walkers, runners, bicyclists, and equestrians throughout the region. The Tobacco Heritage Trail pilot project a portion or Phase 1 of the Tobacco Heritage Trail is scheduled to be completed in This document focuses on the larger Tobacco Heritage Trail corridor, and examines the potential for creating a regional trail network encompassing over 160 miles of abandoned railroad right-of-way linked with more than 110 miles of on-road trail, new trail, and active rail right-of-way. The Tobacco Heritage Trail Master Plan will act as a guide for municipalities and trail advocacy groups interested in constructing the trail within their individual jurisdictions. The Tobacco Heritage Trail will connect existing trail segments and create new trail within five counties: Brunswick, Mecklenburg, Halifax, Charlotte, and Lunenburg Counties, with a potential spur trail connection to Dinwiddie County. Public involvement has been a critical part of the master planning process and master plan development. A working group was organized with regular meetings during the planning and design process; the group consisted primarily of members of Roanoke River Rails-to-Trails. Three public meetings were held in November of 2007 to disseminate the master planning process and garner public feedback. These meetings were held first in Brunswick County in the Town of Alberta, second in Mecklenburg County near the Town of Boydton, and third in Halifax County in the Town of South Boston. The Tobacco Heritage Trail Master Plan provides guidance related to preferred trail corridor alignments, alternate alignments, spur trail connections, and proposed features along the trail. Included within the master plan report are potential locations for trailheads, train depot rehabilitation projects, and similar trail support amenities. The plan and associated cost estimates are intended to be used as a planning tool to guide future decision-making efforts. It should be noted that the cost estimates presented in this plan are planning level preliminary estimates in 2008 dollars; phases built beyond 2008 are subject to cost escalation. Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 7

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11 Introduction Trails Vision The vision for the Tobacco Heritage Trail is one of a connected ribbon of non-vehicular pedestrian transportation that will link towns, counties, natural resources, and cultural destinations all without the need for an automobile. The following statements reinforce the vision for the trail: The trail should be a community trail system that must always consider and care for the private and public properties that it parallels or crosses, including homes, businesses, farms, and neighborhoods. The trail should enhance the lives of people who live in and visit the region. The trail should be a recreational outlet for hiking, walking, jogging, biking, and horseback riding. The trail should be an accessible off the road means for people to travel between neighborhoods, downtown areas, recreational areas, and educational sites. The trail should improve access to downtown businesses and create an enhanced tourist profile. The trail should enable educational opportunities to learn more about regional cultural and natural heritage. The trail should work in concert with natural resources conservation efforts to act as a continued safeguard for regional watersheds and wildlife. The trail should afford the opportunity to exercise civic pride by creating a multi-jurisdictional natural and cultural highlight. It should be a trail system to leave for future generations of Virginians. Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 9

12 What is a Trail? To understand the Tobacco Heritage Trail, we must first understand what constitutes a trail. The word trail is often used to describe a linear corridor of open space that is used or designated for recreational use and transportation. A trail often includes a form of developed trail or path. Trails are often located within existing human-made or natural linear corridors such as rivers, streams, lake edges, canals, valleys, ridges, utility easements, railroad lines, and roads. Trails are also called greenways, multi-modal transportation corridors, or non-motorized access routes. Trails accommodate non-vehicular modes of transportation in a community setting and provide an alternative to traveling by traditional methods such as cars. Trails may accommodate a variety of non-vehicular modes of transportation such as walking, bicycling, horseback riding, rollerblading, and seasonal cross-country skiing. A trail system may include a mix of users. Portions of a trail may be used primarily by pedestrians, while others may make provisions for pedestrians, bicyclists, and equestrian users. The appropriate mix of users will be important to the success of a trail. As trail use increases, it is often desirable to separate distinct user groups by increasing the width of trail surfaces, by applying pavement markings, or by constructing a separate trail for equestrian use. By comprehensively planning a trail system, a community can accomplish multiple goals by combining opportunities for economic development, transportation, education, conservation and recreation. Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 10

13 Plan Development Plan Purpose The purpose of the Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan is to provide a document that will guide the future development and detailed planning for all segments of the trail. The master plan outlines recommendations for improvements to existing trails, identifies new trail routes, and recommends trail amenities. The Tobacco Heritage Trail Master Plan has been prepared with direct input from Roanoke River Rails-to-Trails, the Southside Planning District Commission (SSPDC), local municipalities, property owners, and interested members of the public. Although not all trail sections will be exactly the same, this Master Plan provides a template of design criteria that will promote the development of an accessible, well-connected trail system. Coordination This master plan is the result of public and private partnerships and is funded with a grant from the Tobacco Commission Grant Program. Guidance and overall assistance was provided by Roanoke River Rails-to-Trails (RRRT), the Town of Lawrenceville, and the SSPDC. Each contributing member and organization provided direction, advice, and enthusiastic support in this master planning effort. Property owners and the general public have also provided input and into the master plan and their ideas are contained within. Plan Development Process The planning process for this master plan was developed to allow input and involvement from municipalities, organizations, property owners and the general public. The process involved three phases of Inventory, Analysis, and Recommendations. A core working group of individuals was organized to serve as the representation for the community. This working group also provided guidance and review assistance required to complete this document. The working group consisted of members of RRRT and SSPDC. A Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 11

14 series of meetings, including multiple site reconnaissance tours, were held to gather input from the working group. Community Input Three public meetings were held in November 2007 to involve property owners and the general public in the planning process and to collect comments and concerns. The meetings introduced the project and the concept of a trail and presented potential trail improvements to existing trail sections, new trail routes, and potential improvements along the length of the trail. The first meeting was held in Brunswick County in the Town of Alberta, the second in Mecklenburg County near the Town of Boydton and the third meeting in Halifax County in the Town of South Boston. The public asked several questions during the course of the meetings, that included a variety of topics. The primary topics were as follows: Privacy issues - Will trail users access my land? Crime issues - Will crime and drug usage increase on the trail? - Who will patrol the trail? Maintenance - Who is responsible for maintaining each section of trail? Financial Concerns - Will my taxes go up? - Will I have to pay for maintenance of the trail? Ownership issues - How much trail does RRRT currently own? - Can I purchase the right-of-way from the railroad? - Who will actually own the right-of-way once RRRT purchases it from the railroad? - Does RRRT need my permission to purchase rightof-way that is adjacent to my land? Liability - Who is responsible for physical injuries and property damage resulting from trail usage? - Who is liable for issues that occur if a trail user is on my land and not the trail? Expediting the Trail Process - How can we build the trail in my community? - How can we get it completed faster? Purchasing Process - Where is the funding coming from to buy the rightof-way? - Are there cash matches needed from municipalities? - How are title issues addressed? Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 12

15 In all three meetings, the audience expressed their concerns, asked questions, and offered both opposition and support of the trail. The primary concerns involved questions of liability, maintenance, and financial responsibility on the part of adjacent landowners. Those people who strongly supported the trail posed questions meant to determine how the trail could be constructed more quickly in their localities and what they could do to expedite the trail construction process. In conclusion, the community meetings were a success because they opened up the discussion regarding the Tobacco Heritage Trail and gave the public a forum to express their concerns and ask questions, as well as offer support. One of the recommendations of the master plan is to continue communications with the public, and landowners along the trail route in particular. Public meetings, news items, community forums, letters, and other methods of communication are of utmost importance in allowing the public to be a part of the trail planning process. Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 13

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17 Goals and Objectives The following goals and objectives are intended to promote active involvement of each interested community as they work toward achieving an integrated trail system. Ownership Goal: To develop a trail ownership structure that is comprehensive. Objectives: Explore, together with Roanoke River Rails-to-Trails (RRRT) and the Southside Planning District Commission (SSPDC), the primary ownership of the Tobacco Heritage Trail within each region, including the holding of easements and liability. Encourage adoption of the Tobacco Heritage Trail Master Plan as part of each jurisdiction s Comprehensive Plan or other planning documents. Management and Maintenance Goal: To develop policies for centralized and shared trail management and maintenance in order to ensure consistent accessibility and extend the life of the trail. Objectives: Discuss with each municipality the option of providing or assisting with regular trail maintenance and upkeep. Discuss with each municipality the option of including volunteer involvement in trail maintenance and improvement such as trash pickup and tree planting, with venues such as annual Tobacco Heritage Trail Community Cleanup Days or pre-existing Adopt-A- Stream or Adopt-A-Trail programs. Coordinate town, city, county, and volunteers providing management and maintenance services. Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 15

18 Easements Goal: To work with private and public property owners to gain trust and understanding with the goal of negotiating legal access for trail users. Objectives: Develop a combination of easements, access agreements, and use agreements with property owners to allow access to parcels or portions of parcels as part of Tobacco Heritage. Explore the potential of acquiring land through voluntary donation by property owners. Always respect the interests and wishes of property owners. Funding Goal: To fund trail design and construction through a public/private partnership model. Objectives: Identify and acquire primary funding for the trail through Federal, State, and private sector grants and to encourage private donations with a trail fundraising program. Negotiate with the each municipality to provide funding for local match requirements for trail construction grants (typical match requirements vary from 20% to 50% of the grant award amount). Use in-kind contributions, such as volunteer labor, staff time, donated planting and construction materials, wherever possible for local grant match requirements. Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 16

19 Community Impact Understanding the needs of trail users is an important first-step before trail master planning begins. Trail user needs will determine the criteria and parameters to consider during the planning and design of the Tobacco Heritage Trail. The Tobacco Heritage Trail will support a variety of multi-modal users, including commuters who prefer to walk or bike to work or other destinations. Community Impact Community Impact: Possibilities in Health, Education, and Economic Well-being Discussed below are the expected effects of the Tobacco Heritage Trail upon two general levels of community: The towns and counties Landowners directly adjacent to the trail corridor Expected Effects Upon Towns and Counties in the Region Monetary Support: Planning and organizational costs for the Tobacco Heritage Trail have so far been secured from public funding sources and grants an approach that will continue to be maintained after the trail is operating. Outdoor Enjoyment: The experience of other communities shows that trails are used by a broad spectrum of people. Environment: The Tobacco Heritage Trail will be good for both watershed (erosion and flood control, bank stabilization) and wildlife (creating and safeguarding habitat and improved opportunities for observing wildlife). By promoting alternative transportation and thus reducing the number of cars in use, and concurrently by encouraging planting of trees, the Tobacco Heritage Trail will also improve air quality. Revenue: Trails have been shown to improve property values of adjacent lands and stimulate tourism and are frequently cited as Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 17

20 promoting local economies. Additionally, the Tobacco Heritage Trail will improve access to existing businesses and cultural sites, improve the overall image of the region, and encourage the proliferation of niche businesses in towns and along the corridor. A large population of retirees are increasingly looking for places to travel and recreate. Birding trails and historic-theme-related trails have become increasingly popular in recent years. An increased interest in local history, flora, and fauna has created a market for related amenities and attractions. Communities that provide such amenities and market them to tourists will find increased visitorship and revenues. The cost of trail development can provide larger return benefits, such as increased sales revenue and property values. An economic impact study completed for the Tobacco Heritage Trail in 2006 found that construction activity related to trail installation was likely to bring roughly $15.6 million into the regional economy and create 178 jobs over the estimated 4 years it would take to complete the trail. A conservative scenario for tourism revenue shows that the trail might attract 197,000 visitors a year, resulting in spending of $3.5 million in the region. Refer to Appendix D for the complete study prepared by Chmura Economics & Analytics. In comparison, an economic impact study completed for the Virginia Creeper Trail found that visitors spent $2.5 million annually at businesses located near the trail corridor. A typical non-local singleday visitor spent an average of $30.90, while a typical non-local overnight visitor spent an average of $ Visitors spend their money at bicycle shops, restaurants, convenience stores, hotels, and inns, and other businesses that offer rest and recreation-related items. Discussions with business people and community residents will help to foster an understanding of how the Tobacco Heritage Trail might benefit the local economy. Trails enhance the local economy through: Educational Opportunities: The Tobacco Heritage Trail will serve as a living classroom for area schools, colleges and universities, and provide an example of community development. Users will be able to learn about natural and cultural resources. Civic Pride: Through service and recreation opportunities, the Tobacco Heritage Trail will bring people together, encouraging community building and melding of cultures and generations. The trail offers the opportunities for Town/County cooperation and continued collaboration with private property owners. Legal Liability: If the Tobacco Heritage Trail is added to existing park properties, little change to liability coverage will be required, and it may provide statutory protections for which property owners Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 18

21 are not currently eligible. Specific legal liability will be determined as each section of trail is developed with detail plans. Transportation: The Tobacco Heritage Trail will provide pedestrian and bike routes free from vehicular traffic. The Tobacco Heritage Trail connects transportation modes that enhance the regions longterm transportation goals. Public Health: The benefits of regular exercise are well documented, and the Tobacco Heritage Trail s multi-use trail will provide excellent and free opportunities for exercise. Expected Effects Upon Directly-Affected Landowners Increased Property Values: Data from other trails indicates that landowners property values typically increase. Tobacco Heritage Trail will likely be a marketable amenity for realtors, developers, and economic development personnel. No Tax Liability: Depending on the portion of their properties allocated as trail easement or transferred as fee simple property, landowners could be eligible to receive tax benefits. No Reduction in Privacy: Landowner privacy will be addressed in the detailed planning process. Past experience indicates that, when trails are cooperatively planned with landowners, privacy can be maintained. Liability: Legal mechanisms can limit and indemnify liability of landowners when they grant easements for public trail use. Maintenance and liability concerns often reside with the holder of the easement. Transportation and Accessibility: Children and residents adjacent to Tobacco Heritage Trail will have access to biking and walking with limited vehicular conflicts. Landowners will have direct access to the trail. Accessibility to Land: With proper planning, the Tobacco Heritage Trail will not create an obstruction for landowners accessing their property for agricultural, maintenance, and other routine needs. No Cost to Landowners: Because the trail will be financed through a combination of public and private funds, there will be no cost to landowners. Building Families and Neighborhoods: The trail will provide accessible facilities and opportunities for people to gather, commute, and recreate together an essential ingredient for maintaining strong ties in families and neighborhoods. Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 19

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23 Trail Users and Needs Assessment In order to complete the master plan, the types of trail users who would most likely utilize the Tobacco Heritage Trail were identified. The following text lists these typical users and describes their specific needs. For future planning efforts to be effective, each community must consider who will likely use the trail in their vicinity. Only then can decisions be made about trail surface types, widths, and other design choices. Walking/Hiking Considerations for each group in this category are listed below. Pedestrians: Generally, the largest user group of trails. Pedestrians walk the trails in pairs in most instances, therefore, the width should accommodate a pair, as well as two pairs passing in opposite directions. Pedestrians With Strollers: Typically the slowest moving user on a trail. A smooth, hard, and clean surface works best with strollers. Occasional rest areas and wider paths also accommodate this group. Pedestrians With Leashed Dogs: When designing for this group, the following rules should be followed: All dogs should be leashed appropriately so that the dog does not block more than one-half of the trail with the leash at its longest length. All dogs should walk on the edge of the trail. Owners should clean up after their dogs. Owners should know how their dogs interact with horses and cattle that are pastured along sections of the trail. Hikers: Hikers tend to like a more challenging trail than standard pedestrians. They prefer trails with soft, natural surfaces in more secluded locations. Tobacco Heritage Trail planners should expect hikers in portions of the trail that provide this environment, particularly along portions of the trail that are publicly owned yet not yet developed. Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 21

24 Handicapped Users: This group consists of people with many forms of handicaps (e.g. persons bound to wheelchairs, persons with vision and hearing impairments, and persons with mental disabilities). When designing a trail, the Federal law call the Americans with Disabilities Act should be respected. The 1991 edition of the ADA Handbook states that all new design, construction and renovation projects will be readily accessible to users with disabilities, except where an entity can demonstrate that it is structurally impractical, excessively difficult or expensive to meet the requirements. By designing the Tobacco Heritage Trail to meet or exceed ADA standards, the trail will directly benefit more than half of the users. Portions of the Tobacco Heritage Trail may not be accessible for all handicapped users, but all who wish to partake in trail activities should be accommodated whenever possible. Bicycling It is anticipated that bicyclists will be the second major user of the Tobacco Heritage Trail system, given the increased popularity of bicycling, including commuting by bicycle. The following are subgroups of this category and require and understanding of different needs when planning for this trail. Experienced Cyclists: Prefer roads to off-street trails. Should not be discouraged from using roads rather than trails. They are usually interested in off-street trails if they are designed for higher speeds. Commuter Cyclists: Prefer to use their bicycle in place of their automobile for daily travel and will use the fastest route whether on or off the road. Amateur Cyclists: Will travel at a leisure but steady pace with the other groups on trails to avoid vehicular traffic and conflict. Family Cyclists: Prefer off the road trails that are easy to negotiate, slower paced, and completely separate from vehicles. Youth Cyclists: This group is under the age of 13 and is preferred to use off the road trails. This group benefits from trails that are routed under and over busy roads to avoid vehicle conflicts, and also routes that provide direct connections to parks and schools. Equestrians The Tobacco Heritage Trail will be able to accommodate equestrian use. Equestrians are more likely to use trail sections in proximity to parking areas that accommodate horse trailers. Potential trail sections Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 22

25 suitable for equestrian use are discussed in further detail in the Recommendations section of this report. Equestrian users prefer a separate, soft-surfaced trail. Features necessary for equestrians include: Horse trailer parking and access Higher railings on bridges Tie-ups and water troughs at the rest areas Signs and trail markings specifically to alert the equestrian users at crossings Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 23

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27 Planning Resources Previous Planning Efforts The Tobacco Heritage Trail Master Plan uses the resources of previous planning efforts in the State and region. These include: GIS data and aerial photography received from the Southside Planning District Commission (SSPDC) Previous Tobacco Heritage Trail routing studies undertaken by the SSPDC TEA-21 grant proposals previously submitted for various trail alignments; such as South Boston The VDOT Virginia Bicycle Facility Resource Guide The VDOT Road and Design Manual Appendix A, Section A-5 Bicycle Facility Guidelines Existing and Future Trails While the vast majority of the proposed Tobacco Heritage Trail route is abandoned and undeveloped, portions of what will become the trail or links to the trail have been completed. In addition, other trails in the form of pedestrian, driving, and bike routes exist nearby. These completed sections include the following: Unimproved 4-mile section of trail from Brodnax to La Crosse Unimproved Richmond & Danville Trail near South Boston Staunton River State Park Staunton River Battlefield State Park Links to the Tobacco Heritage Trail Clarkton River Bridge trail segment in Halifax County Richmond & Danville Rail Trail Occoneechee State Park Trail Other completed trails include: Wildlife and Birding Trail Piedmont Loops Civil Rights in Education Trail (Driving Tour) Civil War Trails Wilson-Kautz Trail Green s Crossing U.S. Bicycle Route 1 Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 25

28 Virginia Tech is creating a statewide GIS database of existing and planned bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure, such as bike lanes and hiking and equestrian trails. This effort is being undertaken by the University s Center for Geospatial Information Technology (CGIT), will be available to trail planners and designers, and will eventually become a web-based application accessible to the public. The East Coast Greenway program has plans to use 55 miles of the Tobacco Heritage Trail, from Lawrenceville to Clarksville, in their effort to create a single trail system from Maine to Florida. The East Coast Greenway Alliance is a national non-profit membership organization whose goal is to create an urban, multi-modal alternative to the Appalachian Trail. More information can be found on their website at East Coast Greenway Within Project Study Area The Virginia Department of Transportation also has a web page dedicated to biking and walking in Virginia. The page contains maps of existing and proposed bike routes in Virginia and bikeway planning documents. This information is located at The primary Virginia bike route that affects the Tobacco Heritage Trail region is the U.S. Bicycle Route 1, which goes through Lunenburg and Mecklenburg Counties. Virginia Outdoors Plan The Virginia Outdoors Plan 2007 (VOP) outlines recreation demand for each Planning District in Virginia and makes recommendations for improvements in these regions. It is prepared by the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation. The publication is updated every few years. The Tobacco Heritage Trail lies within the Southside Region 13 and Commonwealth Regional Council 14. The VOP recommends that each locality develop a trail and greenway plan as part of its comprehensive plan. This plan should make an effort to link existing and proposed trails and greenways into a regional greenways network connecting existing and proposed recreational, cultural, water, business and other resources the community deems desirable. It also recommends that localities determine appropriate roads for bicycle routes. The Tobacco Heritage Trail Master Plan addresses these issues. Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 26

29 Recreation Areas Numerous recreation areas are located near the planned route of the trail. While not all of these areas are directly linked to the trail, in the future, spur routes may well carry trail users to many of these locations. The following are some of the more prominent recreation areas near the trail. Kerr Reservoir Lake Gaston Staunton, Dan, Banister, Nottoway, and Meherrin Rivers Staunton River Battlefield State Park Staunton River State Park Dick Cross (Elm Hill) Wildlife Management Area Occoneechee State Park Difficult Creek State Natural Area Preserve Ward Burton Wildlife Foundation Preserve Great Creek Reservoir and Great Creek Reservoir County Park Other municipal parks Scenic Resources The Tobacco Heritage Trail offers a variety of scenic opportunities along its length. Notable views along the trail include: Views to all water resources, such as Kerr Reservoir and the Meherrin, Dan, and Staunton Rivers, and wetlands located along the route. Views from elevated position, such as from the historic railroad bridges and the Staunton River Battlefield bridge. Views along scenic roads and by-ways, including Route 715 over Iron Bridge in Brunswick County and Route 360 and 659 in Halifax County. Route 47, which passes through Drakes Branch, is an official Virginia Scenic Byway. Historic Resources The Tobacco Heritage Trail route contains numerous historic resources. These resources represent the themes of tobacco production, railroads, African-American history, military history, and American Indian history, as well as several others. A full description and discussion of historic resources along the trail route is included in Appendix A of this report. Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 27

30 Municipal Attractions The proposed route of the Tobacco Heritage Trail is dotted with historic towns that offer opportunities for shopping, eating, or simply resting along the way. Each town has its own unique character, many associated with the railroad and tobacco production. Their history is still evident in the layout of the town and architectural styles, as well the presence of several extant train depots. Land Ownership and Use Land Uses Along the Trail Corridor There are many land uses along the trail corridor within a town or county. Examples include residential, commercial, agricultural, and industrial land uses. Each use differs in compatibility with mixed-use trails. Various land uses should be assessed when planning the route of a trail. The nature of property ownership and the desires of the landowner should both be considered when addressing the usage of property for trail implementation Much of the Tobacco Heritage Trail runs through agricultural lands. The trail also abuts residential properties, particularly when it enters town limits. In limited circumstances, it abuts commercial and industrial uses; again this juxtaposition typically occurs when the trail enters town limits or developed areas. There are pros and cons associated with locating trails through or along certain properties, for both the property owner and the trail user. For example, residential property owners may enjoy access to the trail from their home but often express concern over proximity of trails for safety reasons. Ideally, the property should be large enough to allow for a planted buffer between a yard and trail if desired, or in some cases, fencing. But if the property is small, the trail may pass close to a house or building. Commercial land can also have compatibility issues as well. Some commercial businesses welcome a trail and the benefits to their customers and employees. Yet if the property is fully developed, it may be difficult to provide space for a trail that is separate from a building and customer parking. When proposing trails through industrial property, adequate space for a trail may be available but conditions may not be ideal for trail Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 28

31 use. Some industrial areas require screening and physical separation through the installation of vegetation or fencing. Recreational uses are typically a compatible land use with trail systems. These include parks, ball fields, and golf courses and they often offer support services for trail users such as public restrooms, water fountains, telephones, and parking. Proper trail planning near existing or proposed recreational facilities should involve adequate separation of space between active recreation areas including baseball fields, soccer fields, and golf courses and the trail corridor. Agricultural land uses are also encountered along the trail. Most of this land is in the form of crop land primarily for tobacco production although some is dedicated to livestock grazing. Solutions to concerns regarding conflicts with agricultural and trail uses might include gate access control with self closing gates, overall trail control to separate trail users from cattle, signage, enforcement, vehicle parking, and access points in relation to tractor access. Vacant properties and open spaces have potential to contribute to the entirety of a trail system project. These areas could be considered for additional park space, tot lots, trailheads, and parking areas. Natural Resources and Environmental Aspects Floodplain These sections of trails, which will be located adjacent to waterways such as rivers and creeks, will require additional maintenance after periods of heavy rain and flooding. Sections that are prone to flooding may need special attention, such as asphalt pavement instead of crushed stone and warning signage when flooding is expected. Wetlands Wetlands are sensitive ecological environments that are invaluable to our environment. They are protected under Federal and State laws, and must be evaluated if any type of construction is projected to take place in or near their boundaries. If trail planners suspect that trail construction may affect wetlands, they should contact their regional Army Corps of Engineers Office and the Virginia Marine Resources Commission to determine how to proceed. If the wetlands will be affected, permits will likely be required. Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 29

32 Upland Sandpiper Loggerhead Shrike Wildlife and Plants Tobacco Heritage Trail planners must be cognizant of threatened and endangered plant and animal species that may be affected by trail construction. These same species can also benefit the project by highlighted to trail users the diversity of wild life within the region. A select list of the threatened and endangered plants and animals found in the region are listed below. For a full list, visit the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries at and the Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services at Upland Sandpiper Bartramia longicauda Loggerhead Shrike Lanius ludovicianus Henslow s Sparrow Ammodramus henslowii Yellow-bellied Sapsucker Sphyrapicus varius Black-throated Green Warbler Dendroica virens Bachman's Sparrow Aimophila aestivalis Roanoke Logperch Percina rex Virginia Pigtoe Lexingtonia subplana Bridle Shiner Notropis bifrenatus Henslow s Sparrow Black-throated Green Warbler Roanoke Logperch Yellow-bellied Sapsucker Bachman s Sparrow Bridle Shiner Pigtoe Mussel Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 30

33 Inventory and Analysis Introduction The Tobacco Heritage Trail Inventory and Analysis included two specific tasks: the examination of current physical condition of the proposed trail corridors and analysis of determination of what these conditions meant to trail planning efforts in terms of cost and construction feasibility. Guidelines, recommendations, and cost information that address issues uncovered by the inventory and analysis are found later in this report. To aid in the understanding of current trail conditions, an existing condition level system was developed. The existing trail level conditions are described in detail within this chapter. The existing trail level conditions allow the application of general improvement costs for each trail section. Refer to the appendix for estimated trail construction cost and refer to the Overall Master Plan Existing Trail Conditions Map for an overview of trail conditions. To further provide an aid to inventory and analysis, the Tobacco Heritage Trail corridor has been divided into nine planning regions: Region 1- Lawrenceville to South Hill Region 2- South Hill to Clarksville Region 3- Clarksville to Boyd s Store/Alton Region 4-Sutherlin to South Boston Region 5- South Boston to Randolph Region 6- Randolph to Drakes Branch to Keysville Region 7- Keysville to Meherrin Region 8- Meherrin to Alberta Region 9- Alberta to Virginia Beach Pipeline Methodology The inventory and analysis was accomplished using a combination of map overlays, site reconnaissance, and discussions with property owners, trail users, and working group committee members. Mapping overlays utilized several sources of information including high-resolution year-2000 aerial photography and GIS data layers. Mapping was provided by the SSPDC. Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 31

34 The working group helped to identify specific issues along the proposed trail route, such as missing bridges or unknown trail conditions. Existing Conditions Definitions In order to quantify the existing condition of the trail, findings from the site reconnaissance were reviewed and sections of trail with similar characteristics were grouped together to help create a trail region. The existing condition levels for various trail types and crossings are described in detail below. Trail Within Abandoned Rail Rights-of-Way Level 1 Trail Level 2 Trail Level 1 Level 1 trail is in the best physical condition relative to other trail sections. The corridor is generally clear of vegetative cover and the trail is passable on foot and by motor vehicle. In certain cases, the original railroad ballast stone is visible or the ballast stone has been covered with a new stone surface. Level 2 Level 2 trail is generally clear of large woody vegetation, but may contain low vegetative growth. This trail section is passable on foot, but traveling by motor vehicle may be difficult. Typically, none of the original railroad ballast remains or is covered with sediment and growth. Level 3 Level 3 trail contains a high quantity of vegetation that includes woody plantings, such as tree saplings, and understory growth. This trail is difficult to maneuver on foot, and is not passable with vehicles. The surface is dirt-covered with the original railroad ballast missing or buried below the surface. Level 3 Trail Level 4 Trail Level 4 Level 4 trail is difficult to recognize as a trail. Portions of the trail may have been subsumed into roads built atop the right-of-way after the alignment was abandoned or become completely overgrown with vegetation. In some cases, ballast may still exist if ground-level investigations were to occur. Level 4 trail also includes planned trail sections not located within abandoned railroad corridor, such as a new trail route through Staunton River State Park. The cost for rehabilitating existing Level 4 trail and building new trail is comparable. Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 32

35 Trail Within Active Rail Rights-of-Way Level 2 Rail Level 3 Rail Level 2 Active rail corridors that may be wide enough to accommodate both active rail lines and multi-use trail with an acceptable distance between the two uses, assuming a physical barrier will constructed between the uses. Ultimately, the appropriate distance will need to be determined by further research into Virginia standards for rail/trail separation. Level 3 Active rail corridors that require modifications to allow multi-use trail and active rail line to share the same corridor, assuming again a physical barrier will constructed between the uses. Mitigation efforts may include walls, fences, or acquisition of easements to effectively widen the corridor. Again, additional research will need to be done during detailed design efforts to determine acceptable separation standards. On-Road Trail Routes More Feasible Road Less Feasible Road More Feasible On-road routes that are considered more feasible are able to provide for a trail adjacent to the road pavement or, at a minimum, an onroad bike lane. These routes generally contain generous shoulders, wider rights-of-way that might eventually support a road-side bike route, gentler curves that allow for greater sight distance, and are generally wider in width. Less Feasible On-road routes that are considered less feasible have the opposite characteristics: minimal or no shoulders, narrow rights-of-way, sharp horizontal curves and steep vertical curves, and narrow pavement widths. These routes, however, could be classified as more feasible if road improvements were to occur in the future. Trail Crossings Intact Water Crossing Missing Crossing Intact A trail crossing is considered intact if it still permits pedestrian traffic to continue over a ravine, waterway, or beneath a road in a safe and unimpeded manner. An example would be an existing railroad trestle bridge still exists over a waterway. Not Intact A trail crossing is not considered intact if it cannot carry pedestrian traffic across a ravine, waterway, or beneath a road. Examples of crossings that are no longer intact include missing railroad bridges or highway underpasses that have been filled in. Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 33

36 Unknown Crossings identified as unknown have not been observed and confirmed as part of this master plan and will require additional field survey and research. Physical Attributes The information below describes existing conditions along the length of Tobacco Heritage Trail. Refer to the Overall Master Plan Existing Trail Conditions Map for an illustration of these concepts. Region 1 - Lawrenceville Region 2 - Antlers Region 2 - Clarksville Bridge Region 1 - Lawrenceville to South Hill The majority of the trail in Region 1 is Level 1 or Level 2 condition. Much of the corridor is clear and maintained as an active trail route. The Level 2 portions require some vegetation clearing and new trail surface. Portions of Region 1 trail are in a Level 3 condition and are impassable by vehicles and difficult to navigate on foot, due to dense vegetative growth. All wooden railroad bridges within this region that previously carried trains are no longer intact. The large-span bridge over the Meherrin River is also missing. The on-road portions of the trail in this region fall within the More Feasible category. The most difficult on-road issue to address is determining an effective location to cross I-85. Options for crossing I-85 were discussed in the Phase 1 Master Plan Report prepared for this project. In the future, Thompson Street may be connected to Alpine Street north of South Hill. This connection, while not providing an immediate solution to the crossing issue, will provide additional options for a resolution. The Southeast High Speed Rail line is slated to run through La Crosse on the former north-south rail alignment at some point in the future. Trail crossings and pedestrian links to a potential rail station should be anticipated. In addition, the East Coast Greenway plans to use this portion of the Tobacco Heritage Trail to complete their Maine-to-Florida trail. The greatest cost factors for trail improvements within Region 1 are the replacement cost for the missing bridges and constructing an I-85 crossing. Additional costs may include improving trail crossings over the high speed rail line and constructing extra trail footage to link the trail with potential high speed rail stations. Region 2 - South Hill to Clarksville The majority of Region 2 is in Level 1 condition. This is likely due to continued use by local hunters and outdoorspeople. The corridors are passable, therefore requiring less cost and effort to construct a consistent trail. Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 34

37 The East Coast Greenway project plans on using this section of the Tobacco Heritage Trail in order to complete their Maine-to-Florida trail. The greatest cost factors within Region 2 are the replacement cost for the missing bridges and providing a viable trail connection over the existing Route 58 bridge into the Town of Clarksville. Region 3 - Virgilina Region 3 - Turbeville Rd. Region 3 - Clarksville to Boyd s Store/Alton Although a large portion of Region 3 falls within the Level 1 classification, a majority of the abandoned right-of-way is considered Level 4. This is due to the fact the right-of-way west of Virgilina is difficult to discern. Site reconnaissance indicated that a majority of the railroad right-of-way within this area could not be identified. Reusing the rail alignment may have reduced easement acquisition, engineering, and construction costs. An additional issue is routing an on-road route west of Clarksville. The identified on-road route between Alton and Paces was designated in the field after attempting to link the northern and southern portions of the trail corridor. This on-road route is considered More Feasible. The greatest cost factors within Region 3 will involve improving Level 4 trail that can be reclaimed, and identifying and reconstructing trail routes for those portions of the existing alignment that are no longer discernable. Easement acquisition may also add to the costs for this region. Region 4 - Sutherlin to South Boston The entire length of the abandoned railroad right-of-way for Region 4 is in Level 1 condition, while the auxiliary on-road route is primarily considered More Feasible. The rail right-of-way presents a clear corridor with minimal vegetative growth on the trail surface. Region 4 - Berry Hill Region 5 - Scottsburg Region 5 - South Boston to Randolph Region 5 is divided into two sections. The primary trail follows an active rail route for most of its length. From South Boston to approximately Route 360, the route can be classified as Level 2 Active Rail. From Route 360 north to the Staunton River, the route can be classified as Level 3 Active Rail. The secondary section of the Tobacco Heritage Trail is planned to run along the western edge of the Staunton River and northern edge of the Dan River, east of South Boston. This trail section is considered Level 4, as it will be located within a new corridor, require survey, and require detailed design prior to construction. Trail managers and consultants must coordinate with the Army Corps of Engineers when designing this portion of trail, given its proximity to these waterways. Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 35

38 The greatest costs for Region 5 will include constructing a trail within the active rail corridor and constructing new trail along the Staunton River. Region 6 - Drakes Branch Region 6 - Rt. 637 Region 6 - Randolph to Drakes Branch to Keysville Region 6 from Randolph to Keysville is entirely on-road. The railroad right-of-way within this region, although considered Level 1 condition, is privately owned and is not currently considered an option for trail use. Within the Town of Drakes Branch, however, the road shoulder and adjacent land within the road right-of-way is available for either bike lane or separated trail use. Route 637 from Randolph to Drakes Branch is considered Less Feasible because of its narrow and winding characteristics. Route 59 from Drakes Branch to Keysville is considered More Feasible. When actual route selection takes place between Drakes Branch and Keysville, other roads to the north of the proposed route may prove more feasible and should be considered before final decisions are made. Because Rt. 47, which passes through Drakes Branch, is a Virginia Scenic Byway, connections between the on-road portions of the Tobacco Heritage Trail and Rt. 47 would serve trail users very well. Trail planners should contact the Virginia Scenic Byway via Wade Chenault of VDOT at , or Lynn Crump of the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation at The greatest cost factor in this region involves improving the Less Feasible road sections in order to support on-road trail users. Region 7 - Keysville Region 8 - Alberta Region 7 - Keysville to Meherrin The Region 7 trail route from Keysville to Meherrin is another active rail section. It can be classified as Level 3 Active Rail, due to the narrow rail corridor. Prior to completion of the active rail trail in this region, an alternative on-road route may need to be demarcated in order to effectively connect Keysville and Meherrin. This temporary on-road route should be planned according to standards set for permanent onroad routes. Region 7 costs may include acquiring easements to effectively widen the rail corridor or constructing higher or wider barriers, given that the trail could be closer to the active rail line. Region 8 - Meherrin to Alberta The majority of the Region 8 trail route between Meherrin and Alberta is divided between Level 1 and Level 2 classifications. The trail is not visible near Dundas, resulting in a Level 4 classification for this section. East of Dundas to Alberta, the corridor is in primarily in Level 1 condition. Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 36

39 The greatest cost factor for Region 8 will be improving the Level 4 section at Dundas, or locating new trail alignment if this section can not be improved. Region 9 - Evans Creek Rd. Trail section Region 9 - VA Beach Pipeline Region 9 Alberta to Virginia Beach Pipeline The Region 9 trail is a mix of levels that deteriorate as the route heads eastward toward the Virginia Beach Pipeline. The future Southeast High Speed Rail line is planned to utilize the former northsouth rail corridor through Alberta. From Alberta to west of Adsit, the trail is classified as Level 2. The major issues within this section are the elevated grade adjacent to the right-of-way, which may require a guardrail or fence system. From Adsit eastward to the Virginia Beach Pipeline, the trail is difficult to identify. Portions of the trail have been subsumed by the road alignment while sections are difficult to discern. Sections of the trail along this length exist, but the cost and effort to connect the missing sections are what elicit the Level 4 classification. The greatest cost factor for Region 9 will be improving the Level 4 trail to be consistent with new trail, or identifying different routes if the existing alignment can no longer be used. Additional costs may include creating or improving trail crossings over the Southeast High Speed Rail line when it is constructed. Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 37

40 Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 38

41 Master Plan Guidelines and Recommendations The following information comprises the design guidelines and specific recommendations for alignments, infrastructure, and amenity development. These recommendations are the direct result of the planning process involving workshops with the working group committee, field reconnaissance, design analysis, and public meetings and input. The resulting recommendations and plans include locations for trail, trail types, trailheads, at-grade crossings, bridges, underpasses, and other trail infrastructure. The recommendations are intended to serve as a tool to inform future detailed trail planning, detailed trail construction documents, and the construction of individual phases of the Tobacco Heritage Trail. Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 39

42 Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 40

43 Design Guidelines Based on the Trail Users and Needs Assessment findings discussed earlier in this report, the trail will accommodate pedestrians, bicyclists, equestrian users and will be considered a non-motorized, multi-use trail. The guidelines provided in this section are meant to offer assistance to municipalities and trail advocacy groups interested in constructing a section of the Tobacco Heritage Trail, or who have begun construction and are seeking further assistance on how to appropriately construct the trail. The guidelines are not hard and fast rules, but should be used as a pattern book of sorts to ensure that the trail is planned for and installed properly, and that no one section of the Tobacco Heritage Trail is greatly different in design and appearance than the others. No specific recommendations are made here, as the guidelines apply equally to all sections of the trail. The trail standards and guidelines offered below are based on design standards established by the Federal Government and national trail organizations. The trail design standards information can be obtained from the following documents: The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Official (AASHTO), provides specific guidelines for the design of bicycle trails. The Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) provides guidelines for signage and pavement markings specifically for on and off road bikeways. Americans with Disability Act (ADA) provides guidelines for accessibility. USDA Forest Service Outdoor Recreation Accessibility Guidelines. Trails for the 21 st Century, published by the Rails-to-Trails conservancy, provides general guidelines for the planning and implementation of multiuse trails. The VDOT Virginia Bicycle Facility Resource Guide The VDOT Road and Design Manual Appendix A, Section A-5 Bicycle Facility Guidelines Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 41

44 Trail Types The completed Tobacco Heritage Trail will be include four distinct trail types. The first is an off-road trail that utilizes abandoned railroad rights-of-way; this comprises the primary trail type for this project. The second type is off-road trail that utilizes active railroad rights-of-way. Third is off-road trail that is new construction. Lastly is on-road trail that utilizes existing road shoulders or that locates trail parallel to the road. Although on-road trail may simply be accomplished by using the existing road shoulder, the preferred approach it to separate the trail from the road with a physical barrier. It is important to note that bicyclists using the on-road trails sections should not be directed to use the vehicular lanes. On-road trail sections identified in the master plans should at a minimum provide a paved shoulder for users and preferably provide a separation from the vehicular traffic. Accessibility Design of trails must consider use by people with varied physical abilities. The Americans with Disabilities Act 1994 (ADA) requires employers, building owners, and municipalities to provide accessible facilities to disabled persons. The USDA Forest Service has also developed a design guide for Accessible Outdoor Recreation. These guidelines and others establish criteria for minimum and maximum dimensions, slopes on paths and ramps, and for the design of other amenities. More information on these guidelines can be found at: Americans with Disabilities Act Website USDA Forest Service Outdoor Recreation Accessibility Guidelines United States Access Board Since accessibility guidelines address the issue of appropriate slope of trail surface, slope requirements are listed below. Other issues of accessibility include obstacles protruding into the trail corridor, transitions between surface materials, and appropriate surface materials. Slopes for wheelchair accessibility: 0-5% preferred, 8% maximum (for distances under 30 ). Slopes for pedestrians: 0-5% preferred, there is no maximum slope. Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 42

45 Slopes for bicyclists: 0-3% preferred, 8% maximum. Slopes for equestrians, 10% maximum. Because the Tobacco Heritage Trail is planned primarily along the route of abandoned railroad right-of-way, and trains typically require gentle grades to operate, it is not expected that slope issues will be significant factor for the Tobacco Heritage Trail corridor. Slopes for trail within road rights-of-way and trail in new overland routes will be of greater concern in the detailed planning process. Alignment The AASHTO Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities sets standards for vertical and horizontal alignment, trail width, and trail clear zones for multi-use trail facilities. These standards are incorporated into the Tobacco Heritage Trail. Refer to Appendix C for illustrations of the concepts presented below. Trail Dimensions Trail width can vary depending on the type of trail user. A singleuse walking trail could be 5 feet or 8 feet wide. It is recommended that all sections of off-road Tobacco Heritage Trail be a minimum of 10 feet in width. A 12-foot-wide trail width is recommended in higher traffic areas if space is available. A 14-foot-wide trail width is preferred where use is expected to be of high volume. For bike lanes integrated into existing roadways, the bike lane should be no less than 4 feet in width. In other words, there should be an extra 4 feet of asphalt extended from the existing edge of pavement. Where on-street parking, curbs, gutters, and other obstacles exist, the minimum bike lane width will vary. The AASHTO Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities should be consulted. AASHTO Standard Cross Section for Two-Way Shared Use Path Trail Clear Zones Vertical and horizontal clear zones for trails are required above the trail surface and along the edges of the trail. A clear zone ensures that trail users will have additional room to use the trail without being affected by fixed objects or structures, such as overhanging tree limbs or signs. It is recommended that all sections of off-road Tobacco Heritage Trail provide a minimum 2-foot clear zone on each side of trail, although 3 feet is more desirable. Vertical clearance is also required to prevent trail users from hitting overhanging objects such as tree limbs or signs. In certain situations this will require tree pruning and ensuring overhead wires and structures, such as bridges, meet the minimum clearances allow safe trail use. Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 43

46 The type of trail user sometimes determines the vertical clearing, particularly equestrian trail users. It is recommended that all sections of off-road Tobacco Heritage Trail provide a minimum 10-foot vertical clear zone for pedestrians and bicyclists, and a 12-foot vertical clear zone where equestrian use will be prevalent. Furthermore, it is important to note that trail grant programs often require minimum trail design standards before funding is allotted. All federal and state trail design and construction grants for multiuse trail systems follow AASHTO trail standards and require a minimum 10-foot trail width with a minimum 2-foot clear zone on each side of the tail. Horizontal Alignment- Curve of Trail Horizontal alignment is characterized as how the trail curves from side to side along the ground. When a trail curves to the left or right, this is considered its horizontal alignment. The horizontal alignment will change in order to avoid problem situations, create interest, and to minimize construction costs. Horizontal alignment design will most affect bicyclists, who tend to ride at greater speeds and need more response time to adjust to curves. According to the AASHTO Guide, a minimum curve radius for a bike traveling at 12 mph is 36 feet, while a minimum radius for a bike traveling at 30 mph is 225 feet. Vertical Alignment Grade of Trail Vertical alignment is characterized as how the trail travels up and down slopes. When a trail travels up a hill or down a ravine, this is considered its vertical alignment. The vertical alignment will change in order to minimize construction costs, impacts, and accommodate changes in design speed. AASHTO sets criteria for minimum vertical curve lengths required for changes in slope and design speed. Materials Many materials are available for the construction of trails. These include concrete, unit paving, asphalt, and aggregates such as crushed gravel and cinders. Equestrian trails are preferred to be soft materials such as earth, grass, loose gravel or mulch. Each material has its own appropriate use depending on the application. While much of the Tobacco Heritage Trail surface is proposed to be crushed stone, there are several locations that a hard-surfaced trail, such as asphalt concrete or paving is preferable. These locations may include trail sections within Town limits, where higher trail traffic is anticipated, on steeper slopes where aggregate surfacing may erode or wash-out, or flood-prone areas where flood waters may wash away loose trail surface material. Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 44

47 Trail Sub-Base The sub-base is composed of large aggregates placed over compacted fill dirt or undisturbed earth. Sub-bases are designed to provide support for the trail and will vary in materials and thickness depending on soil conditions. Depending upon their physical condition, the trail sections for Tobacco Heritage Trail within abandoned rail rights-of-way will benefit from the existing railroad ballast stone. If the ballast is still present, it will provide a solid foundation for the finished trail. Trail Surface Aggregate Trail Surface Asphalt Trail Surface ( / Dan Burden) Concrete Trail Surface ( / Dan Burden) Aggregates Aggregates consist of crushed gravel, cinders or gravel fines spread over a compacted base material. This trail surface application is generally the least expensive to install and can have a natural appearance. However, aggregates wear easily and are more prone to washouts, flood damage, even minor flood damage, and weed growth. The top surface will need to be repaired and replaced more frequently than asphalt or concrete surfaces. Asphalt Asphalt consists of small aggregates mixed with tar that is placed and rolled over a compacted sub-base. This application is generally moderate in installation and maintenance cost. Asphalt is relatively easy to install and can provide a smooth continuous surface with the added benefit of allowing additional trail users, such as roller-blades, skateboards, and thin-wheeled bicycles. However, asphalt is prone to heaving, root damage, the asphalt surfaces can be hot, can soften, and can be prone to major flood damage. Asphalt trail surfaces should be protected in floodway areas where higher flood velocities can potentially undercut the asphalt surface. Concrete Concrete consists of a reinforced slab formed and poured over a compact sub-base. Concrete is the most expensive surface to install and replace. Maintenance costs are generally low and the life of this surface is higher than asphalt or aggregates. This material can also be used in a variety of situations with variations in color, scoring and pattern. Concrete is the most durable surface in floodway areas where high velocities can be anticipated. Concrete is non resilient, requires properly placed control joints and can crack and heave at joints if not properly installed, thereby causing tripping hazards. Accent Materials Additional materials may be utilized within the trail corridor for aesthetic purposes or to delineate one piece of trail from another. Unit pavers which include clay brick and concrete pavers make excellent transition materials. For instance, when designing a Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 45

48 connection between a parking lot and the trail, unit pavers make an attractive, durable surface. When funding allows, shorter and more urban sections of trail can consist wholly of unit pavers. Municipalities interested in using unit pavers should consider using locally-available pavers, such as Lawrenceville Brick, to save on shipping costs and reduce pollution from long-range freight. Salvaged railroad ties can also be recycled for other uses. Grading The construction of large portions of Tobacco Heritage Trail will utilize the abandoned railroad rights-of-way, thereby minimizing the necessity for extensive grading. New sections of trail or trail categorized as Level 4 will require grading to ensure that water flows off the trail and that the trail slopes are accessible for people of all physical abilities. Grading is done by both removing (or cutting) and adding (or filling) soil. Standard engineering practices for earthwork and erosion control need to be followed to ensure that proper drainage, slopes, stabilization, and erosion control is provided for the trail. The following items should be considered when preparing grading plans for trails: Cut and fill should be balanced along individual segments of the trail to avoid costly charges associated with hauling soil away or bringing soil to the site. For new trail and trail that requires extensive repair, soil conditions should be evaluated to ensure that it is of suitable composition to support the trail. Soils that are excessively wet or clayey may need to be removed or supplemented to ensure that the trail does not sink, shift, or flood. Surface drainage must be carefully considered so that water always drains off the trail and so existing drainage patterns are not impacted. Impacts on existing vegetation should be limited by avoiding grading within the drip line of trees where possible. Erosion and sediment control measures should be implemented according to local and state standards. Trail routes should be altered within the right-of-way when necessary in order to reduce overall earthwork volumes. The Virginia Department of Transportation and the Virginia Erosion and Sediment Control Manual provide specific methods and guidelines for grading and erosion and sediment control. Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 46

49 Stabilization There are several locations where the trail will be close to streams, creeks, and other waterways. When the trail is close to a water body, it may be necessary to use an armoring structure to protect the edge of the trail and trail clear zone. It is desirable to use natural materials whenever possible in order to maintain a stable stream edge. The following methods are appropriate for Tobacco Heritage Trail: Free-span Pedestrian Bridge ( / Reed Huegerich) Use of large boulders to protect the toe of the embankment. Use of fibrous, deep-rooted plantings to re-vegetate exposed soil embankments. Benching of the embankment in conjunction with armoring and plantings. Use of large riprap or gabion rock structures to armor the embankment in conjunction with toe protection and plantings. Use of erosion control fabrics to retain soil on embankments. Environmental Resource Protection Environmental resources along the Tobacco Heritage Trail corridor include habitat for flora and fauna such as fields, woods, wetlands, marshlands, and the riparian environment. These areas are often located within the floodplains and floodways of creeks and rivers. The quality of habitats depends on the overall health of the ecosystem and the types of species it supports. The quality of the habitat provides a gauge for how sensitively development of trails should proceed. An environmental inventory should be performed for each corridor section before final design plans begin. The floodplain is also an environmental resource in that it can absorb volumes of water created by storm events thus reducing flooding in downstream areas. It will be desirable to maintain the maximum distance possible between environmental resources and the trail in order to limit damage from trail users. In many cases, the floodplain will be the only available land to develop a trail. Under these circumstances, the trail should be sited sensitively to minimize environmental impacts. The following guidelines should be followed when designing the trail: Avoid areas known to contain endangered plant and animal species. Avoid highly sensitive habitats such as wetlands, marshlands, riparian thickets, woodlands, and riverbanks. Avoid development of trails directly adjacent to banks of rivers and streams. Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 47

50 Avoid development of trail infrastructure within the floodway. Avoid large quantities of fill material in floodplains and floodways. Create opportunities for habitat restoration and creation where degraded habitats or no habitats exist. Create biological buffer zones between resources and the trail construction. Buffer zones should increase in depth as the sensitivity of the resources increases. Provide the maximum distance possible, given easement and space restraints, between streams, rivers and the trail. Trail Infrastructure Pedestrian Bridges Pedestrian bridge repairs and modifications to existing bridges and new pedestrians bridges are a large component of the Tobacco Heritage Trail. Pedestrian bridges are required to cross ravines or low areas that cannot be filled, waterways, and certain transportation corridors such as highways and rail lines. Pedestrian bridges provide uninterrupted travel along a trail corridor and in many instances also offer scenic views. They can often minimize impacts to environmental resources. Free-span Pedestrian Bridge Free-span Pedestrian Bridge Consider using salvaged bridges from other locations to save costs. Bridge salvage locations must be accessible to roads to allow cost-effective transportation and installation at the new trail location. Old road bridges that have been decommissioned can easily be recycled for pedestrian use. Locate bridges at the shortest crossing distance to reduce span lengths. Locate bridges above the 100-year floodplain where feasible. If placed below the 100-year floodplain and within the floodway, a flood study must be performed and flood-proof design must be employed for the bridge. When crossing wetlands or state waters, provide all applicable permits. This may include a joint permit with Virginia Marine Resources Commission, with review and approval from the Department of Environmental Quality, the Department of Game and Inland Fisheries, the Army Corps of Engineers, and local government. Provide a pedestrian bridge that is rated to carry maintenance and emergency vehicles of a specific class as well as the trail users. If a pedestrian bridge cannot be provided to support vehicle use, this should be understood at the beginning of the trail planning process and posted at the bridge. For new pedestrian bridges, maintain the trail surface width over the pedestrian bridge and included a 2-foot clear zone on each Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 48

51 side of the trail. For 10-foot-wide trails, this would effectively mean that a 14-foot-wide clear width will be required on the pedestrian bridge. If an existing bridge is modified to accommodate trail users but cannot provide a minimum 14-foot clear width, design exemption documentation and approval may be required. This exemption and approval is required only if Federal or State money is being utilized for the modifications. Provide appropriate guardrail heights for all trail users. All bridges for the Tobacco Heritage Trail will provide a minimum 42-inch-high guardrail. Guardrail standards for bridges with mounted equestrians users are higher than standard bike and pedestrian trail users. Guardrails for mounted equestrian users may often exceed 7 feet in height, depending on the jurisdiction in which the bridge is erected. If a pedestrian bridge guardrail is not designed to accommodated mounted equestrian trail users, dismount signs at bridge ends must be provided. Provide appropriate guardrail spacing meeting state and federal standards. Typically spacing of guardrail members must not exceed 4 inches in width. Provide rub rails at handle-bar height for bicyclists. Provide approach railings for bridges to protect users from steep approach grades at the bridge end abutments. Provide access control with signage, bollards, or other measures that do not impede the flow of trail traffic. Consider using free-span bridges that require no vertical supports between the end abutments. Free-span bridges will reduce impact on water systems and, in some cases, can avoid the necessity for complex permits and environmental reviews. Trail Over a Culvert Culverts Small ravines, drainage swales, and small creeks encountered along the length of Tobacco Heritage Trail can often be crossed through the use of a culvert. In some cases, the existing culverts are still in place and can be utilized. Culverts consist of a concrete or metal pipe placed along the existing waterway and then covered with soil or aggregate. The purpose is to carry the trail over an existing water feature without affecting the feature. Culverts often have flared end sections and stone riprap at the end of the pipe sections to prevent erosion. The following items should be considered when designing or rehabilitating and existing culvert crossing: Perform drainage calculations in order to determine flow volume and velocity, thus allowing for the correct pipe size and fill materials. Select culvert locations carefully to ensure that the change in water flow does not adversely impact nearby natural drainage ways. Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 49

52 Avoid placing culverts in drainage channels with high volumes and velocities of water. National and state regulations may be must be confirmed prior to installation. Provide protection at the outfall of the culvert to prevent erosion. Provide appropriate soil or aggregate cover over pipes. Provide pedestrian railings where new slopes along the edge of the trail are steeper than 50 percent, or the difference in elevation is greater than 24 inches. Trail Developed Beneath Highway Overpass Trail Underpasses High volume roads, active railroads, and existing bridges can create barriers along a trail corridor. It may be desirable to locate the trail under these barriers, especially if at-grade crossings are not achievable. In certain situations, existing bridges and large drainage culverts may be utilized. It may also be feasible to tunnel under an existing barrier and install a box culvert structure; however, this is an expensive alternative that should only be examined when other connections are not feasible. The following items should be considered when designing an underpass: Consult a qualified structural or civil engineer to assist in designing any new underpasses or tunnels. Provide the proper vertical clearance; 9 feet is recommended for pedestrians while 10 feet is required for small maintenance vehicles. Provide adequate trail width. Underpass widths are comparable to minimum standards for pedestrians bridges and should be at least 14 feet wide. The trail should not be narrowed unless absolutely necessary and may require additional design exemptions and approvals. Provide adequate lighting in long underpass situations where natural lighting is not effective. Ensure the underpass trail will not flood during storm events. If flooding is expected, a monitoring system along with signage and gates may be necessary. On-Road Bike Facilities Appendix A Section A-5 Bicycle Facility Guidelines of the VDOT Road Design Manual provides standards for planning and designing on-road bike facilities. The following items were taken directly from the manual and should be applied to all THT on-road bike facilities. On-Road Bike Lane ( / Dan Burden) Design all on-road bike facilities using the full text of the VDOT Road Design Manual, the AASHTO Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities, The Manual For Uniform Traffic Control Devices, the Federal Highway Administration Report Selecting Roadway design Treatments to Accommodate Bicycles, and the Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 50

53 AASHTO Typical Bike Lane Dimensions Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines, along with any other pertinent guidance. Design rural and some urban sections of highway with scattered development for advanced bicyclists (VDOT Group A). In developed areas near parks, schools, recreation areas, etc., design facilities for basic and children bicyclists. Separate paths are recommended in areas where bicyclists are expected to be children, pre-teen, or casual recreation riders. Follow AASHTO guidance to determine whether the bike facility should be a Shared Roadway, Signed Shared Roadway, Bike Lane, or Shared Use Path. Work with VDOT staff to determine the appropriate facility for the intended roadway. Follow the VDOT/AASHTO Guidelines found in the Road Design Manual for bicycle facility features such as bike lane widths; incorporating vehicle turning lanes; sight distances; intersection crossings; drainage features such as grates and inlets; and railroad crossings. Understand that not all on-road bike facilities will fall under the same design category and that each planned section of on-road bike route for Tobacco Heritage Trail should be considered on a case-by-case basis in order to select the most appropriate facility. Railroad Crossings For Bicycle Facilities In some instances along the route of the trail, active railroad tracks will have to be crossed. The AASHTO Guide for the Development of crossings. Railroad-highway grade crossings should ideally be at a right angle to the rails. If the crossing is less than 45 degrees, an additional paved shoulder of sufficient width should be provided to permit the bicycle to cross at a safer angle. Utilize flangeway fillers where additional shoulders are not possible and where train speeds are low. Ensure that the roadway approach is at the same elevation as the rails. Install warning signs and pavement markings in accordance with MUTCD standards. AASHTO Preferred Railroad- Highway Crossing At-Grade Trail Crossings At-grade trail crossings are required when The Tobacco Heritage Trail crosses an existing street, railroad, or similar transportation facility. This occurs in many locations and are more frequent within town limits. At-grade crossings create an interruption in the Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 51

54 continuity of the trail and present a conflict between trail users and vehicles. It is necessary to provide appropriate measures to alert both trail users and motorists to the presence of trail crossing. It is also important to determine which user has the right-of-way. The following items must be considered when developing an at grade trail crossing: The trail should intersect as close to perpendicular as possible to the conflicting road or facility. The trail should be separated from the road until they intersect. The trail must provide proper sight distance and stopping distances for motorist and trail users at trail crossings. The Tobacco Heritage Trail follows the AASHTO Guide for Development of Bicycle Facilities standards. Consider retrofitting existing low volume bridges or building grade-separated overpasses on bridges where high traffic volumes and multiple lanes must be crossed. Always utilize existing intersections where possible. Signaled intersections are preferred at high traffic intersections. Provide appropriate signalization, signage, and pavement markings. The Tobacco Heritage Trail follows the Manual for Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD). Provide bollards to restrict vehicle access on to the trail. Do not allow right on red turns at crossings. Provide appropriate handicapped ramps and features meeting state and federal ADA guidelines. Signage Signage is required in many forms and locations along the Tobacco Heritage Trail to instruct trail users of trail rules, provide information and directions, and warn of potential hazards. Sign categories include: regulatory signs, warning signs, directional signs, and informational signs. Refer to Appendix C for typical signage developed for Tobacco Heritage Trail. Trail Entrance With Pavement Markings and Signage Ensure that standard signage and logos for Tobacco Heritage Trail are utilized for all new sections to be associated with THT. Refer to the Appendices in this report for signage illustrations Follow MUTCD standards for warning and regulatory signs. Locate signs outside of trail clear zones. Install signs at the proper heights, understanding that 5-feet-high is recommended by the AASHTO Guide. Use durable, vandal-resistant materials that are easy to maintain and replace. Trail Site Furniture Site furniture for Tobacco Heritage Trail will be provided at trail rest areas, neighborhood access areas, trailheads, and parks. The types of furnishings may include benches, trash receptacles, bike racks, Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 52

55 drinking fountains, bollards, picnic shelters, picnic tables, lights, and fitness and play equipment. Low-maintenance, vandal-resistant furniture recommendations are included in Appendix C of this report. If selecting furniture other than the recommended types within this report, provide styles consistent among different types in specific areas. For example, furniture at trailheads may be of a consistent style and quality while furnishings along the trail may be of a different style. Consider themes related to the culture and history for distinct areas along the trail. Ensure that site furnishings associated with the Tobacco Heritage Trail are consistent for any new section of trail added to the system. Anchor all furniture to protect from theft and flooding. Locate furniture in accessible and visible areas. Provide shade for seating elements, particularly benches of metal construction. Ensure that equestrian site furnishings are included where applicable. These furnishings might include hitching posts, water troughs, and mounting blocks. Trailheads and Pocket Parks Tobacco Heritage Trail trailheads are recommended at locations considered primary access points. These access points could include a park, school, community center, historic train depot, or any other location that can provide adequate parking and access following CPTED (Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design) standards. See page 54 of this report for additional CPTED information. Conceptual Trailhead Design Locate trailheads where vehicular and pedestrian access is convenient. Design and locate trailheads to maintain visibility and passive surveillance from roads and adjacent properties. Create a simple and straightforward design that is easy for vehicles and trail users to identify and navigate. Target trailhead locations in gently sloped and cleared areas to reduce construction costs. Avoid locating trailheads in areas prone to flooding. Develop trailheads in conjunction with other amenities such as pocket parks, regional parks, or cultural centers. Potential trailhead locations are described in the next section of this report as part of the Design Recommendations. Trailheads should include appropriate infrastructure and amenities to accommodate the level of trail use expected. Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 53

56 A typical trailhead should accommodate cars with provisions for handicapped parking. Consider equestrian trail users in trailhead design where applicable and plan for loading/unloading areas and trailer parking. Provide necessary signage: regulatory, warning, directional, informational, and interpretive signage. Provide site furnishings, including bike racks, benches, trash receptacles and equestrian hitching posts and water troughs. Consider installing shelters or covered areas. Provide restroom facilities and drinking fountains if the trailhead conditions supports this and utilities are available. In cases where no water or sewer lines or septic systems are available, utilize waterless or composting toilets. Contact representatives from Romtec Pre-Engineered Buildings at or Clivus Multrum at www. clivusmultrum.com for more information. Consider installing site lighting that is dark-sky compliant. Provide emergency telephones if the trailhead is located in a more isolated area. Crime Prevention and Liability Management Liability The Tobacco Heritage Trail should be planned and designed with the health, safety, and welfare of the public in mind. While all construction undertakings must entertain and mitigate aspects of liability, the benefits of building and using the trail far outweigh potential liability risks. The Rails-to-Trails Conservancy offers guidance on trail-related liability issues through their publication Rail-Trails and Liability: A Primer on Trail-Related Liability Issues & Risk Management Techniques. Virginia has both a State Tort Claims Act and a Recreational Use Statute that protects public and private entities from liability claims related to recreational uses on lands that they own, are adjacent to, or have given easements for. The Recreational Use Statute protects landowners who allow the public to use their land for recreational purposes, as long as the landowner does not charge a fee for access to their property. Private landowners who have land adjacent to a trail are also protected by trespassing laws. For both public and private parties, insurance policies can provide added protection. Trail owners and managers are generally protected from liability as long as trails are designed and managed according to generallyaccepted guidelines. Coupling this with a sound management policy that involves regular inspection of the trail and thorough documentation of those inspections and any resulting actions should provide a sound defense if an accident occurs. Permanent and as- Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 54

57 needed warning signs provide trail users with the information they need to act responsibly and safely. The following issues must be considered when developing a detailed design for any section of The Tobacco Heritage Trail: Consult with a qualified design professional who understands trail design standards and regulations. Follow nationally-accepted trail design standards and regulation as well as follow local codes and ordinances. This is a necessity when constructing a trail using state and federal funding. During trail design and development, perform the following tasks: o Develop a list of potential hazards o Design and locate a trail such that dangerous locations are avoided o Develop a list of permitted trail uses and the risks associated with each o o Identify applicable laws Design and construct the trail in accordance with recognized guidelines Always consider liability for adjacent private property owners and private property owners that provide easements, and include these landholders in the discussion and decision making process. Upon opening the trail, conduct regular inspections, document the results of these inspections along with any actions taken, and maintain a plan for handling medical emergencies. Develop a well-staffed and well-funded maintenance program. The maintenance program should identify responsible organizations, specific maintenance tasks, and schedules. Post clear and concise warnings, hazards, and trail use regulations to eliminate misunderstandings. Restrict use of areas under construction or repair. Establish specific hours of operation for the trail. Security The Tobacco Heritage Trail can reduce crime by creating more activity and surveillance of forgotten or out-of-the-way places such as abandoned rail rights-of-way. The presence of regular trail users coupled with security measures often discourages inappropriate activity. The following items must be considered when developing The Tobacco Heritage Trail: Develop and provide a security plan with a structure for law enforcement and emergency medical services. The plan should identify agencies providing staff, hours of service, emergency response times and emergence response procedures. Provide clear and concise trail regulation signs. Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 55

58 Provide adequate lighting in high use areas anticipated to support night time activity. If night time activity will not be allowed, adequate signage and gates should be provided. Provide emergency call boxes in isolated areas. Provide multiple access points to aid in an emergency response situation. Provide clear lines of sight to and from the trail and to areas adjacent to the trail. Follow guidelines established for reducing crime in designed spaces. The national program Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) offers training and design guidelines for trail design. Contact the Virginia Crime Prevention Association for more information. It is desirable to consider using trail designers with CPTED training and experience. Increase trail usership by encouraging use during all days of the week. Trail Right-of-Way Acquisition and Negotiation Trail Right-of-Way The Tobacco Heritage Trail right-of-way can be considered in two ways: the right to pass over land and the path or area on which such passage is made. Right-of-way for the THT that utilizes abandoned railroad right-of-way is typically 100 feet wide. With the development of new trail rights-of-ways and to minimize impacts, the corridor can be confined to an edge of a property or located between two parcels of land. In certain locations within the THT corridor, the existing abandoned railroad right-of-way no longer exists, was sold to private landowners, was demolished for development, or was absorbed into a road. To construct a trail in these situations, a unique and cooperative right-of-way agreement must be put in place. Easements may need to be obtained from property owners in order to allow the construction of the trail within the former railroad right-of-way, or to provide an alternate route around the former right-of-way. If an offroad trail easement cannot be provided, an alternate solution might include a cooperative agreement with VDOT to provide a on-road trail, in the form of bike lanes or a parallel trail within the road rightof-way. In areas of transition or at trail intersections, it is often desirable to obtain larger portions of trail right-of-way to allow for trailhead construction. The following information provides strategies for negotiating and obtaining a trail right-of-way. Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 56

59 Acquisition of Trail Right-of-Way Trail right-of-way acquisition is the process through a negotiated legal access agreement is created for private properties desired for trail development. Before property acquisition is made, impacted properties must be identified. For the Tobacco Heritage Trail, property owners were identified along the full length of the corridor. Further research can be performed to identify conditions of deeds or easements that may be attached to ownership properties. Additionally, it is recommended that trail developers obtain assistance from an attorney experienced with right-of-way acquisition and knowledgeable of local real estate law. In order to boost public support, clarify the intentions of the THT. To further ease trail right-of-way concerns, trail managers should personally meet with landowners whose property will be affected by land acquisitions. This is best done prior to placing advertisements or announcements in local media, so that landowners are not caught offguard. As the detailed trail planning and design process continues, it will be important to continue to meet with each individual landowner. In accordance with state law, a trail cannot cross private property without the consent and agreement with the property owner. The THT is truly a community project, separate from roads development, industrial and commercial development and utility construction, and it is important to maintain the lines of communication with the public. Landowners should be made fully aware of the potential for increased property values and the benefit of direct access to recreation activities. An attorney or tax professional may further assist by explaining the potential tax benefits for property owners and the necessity of assessing properties at fair market value. It is also useful to determine the method of acquisition that is the most mutually beneficial for the trail developer and the landowner. The boundary of the property defined for the trail may include only land necessary for the trail but may also include additional property for the development of a trailhead area. The boundaries necessary for trail installation may be in part determined by the existing land use, topography, and overall quantity of land desired. Methods of land acquisition vary from temporary trail easements to land purchase. The following land acquisition strategies are listed below: Donation of land for trail is the most ideal scenario and the landowner may be eligible to receive an tax credit for this charitable gift. Land Dedication for trail is usually associated with the subdivision of property planned for development. The land developer dedicates certain portions of property for trail use. Within the State of Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 57

60 Virginia, certain localities mandate this action in order to comply with zoning ordinances. This zoning approach ensures future green spaces and future opportunities for trail connections. Lease or License for trail will convey almost all rights, control, and liability from the landowner to the trail developer. Ideally, a lease will be enacted for a minimum of 99 years. Upon its termination, the lease may be renewed or the land may be purchased or donated. The owner is compensated for the terms of the lease. Revocable Permits, Access, or Use Agreements for trail are similar to a lease, however, the landowner may revoke access if the terms of the agreement are not being met. Breach of terms may include improper trail maintenance, damage of property, unauthorized activities or vandalism. Termination may also occur due to land use changes or the sale of the land. Easements for trail may be donated, sold, or traded. This legallybinding agreement grants right of public access, with the landowner maintaining ownership of land. If this agreement is granted in perpetuity, the easement is attached to the title of the land. Tax incentives may be provided to encourage easements. Easements are ideal for properties that include a floodplain, or similar land not suitable for development. The property owner can often receive tax benefits from temporary and permanent trail easements. Existing utility corridors provide opportunities for trail easements. Utility companies often allow easements and leases of the land for trail use with a cooperative agreement or understanding of trail infrastructure maintenance. The use of utility easement and the development of trail access agreements will need to be developed on a case-by-case basis. Existing sewer easements also provide great opportunities for trail locations. Sewer easements are generally located in gradually sloping ground, adjacent to natural water courses and are usually wide enough to allow for trail development. In locations where the proposed trail alignment follows a river or stream and is located directly adjacent the water course, the preferred trail easement boundary is form the trail to the water line. This will ensure protection and preservation of the land, thereby increasing the environmental quality of the trail, and can also remove responsibility for the landowner of land that may be unusable. Purchase of a Title for trail is another means of land acquisition for trail construction. A fee-simple purchase requires review of the land are necessary for the trail for its fair market value. A bargain trail right-of-way sale is when a property owner agrees to sell land for less than full value in exchange for tax credits. The purchase of a title can include the entire property or a portion of the property. Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 58

61 Rail Banking for trail is a method land acquisition for trails in locations railroad lines are abandoned or soon to be abandoned. Rail banking is a process where rail corridors, bridges and trestles can be secured for use in the trail system. Generally the railroad authority will request compensation for land and the option to restore the railroad right-of-way back to rail use in the future if conditions are warranted. After an equitable agreement is reached with the property owner to acquire land for the trail, transfer documents (titles, easements) are created in compliance with the format and procedures of the local courts. Legal documents requiring signatures are filed with the court for recording in deed books. The ultimate task of trail planners for THT is to acquire title, leases, easements, and access agreements to parcels or portions of parcels for the trail in order to make a complete linkage. Trail planners must identify land parcels necessary for the trail construction, discuss with the property owner acquisition options, negotiate an equitable agreement for the trail land, prepare the necessary documentation and ensure the documents are recorded legally. Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 59

62 Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 60

63 Design Recommendations This section of the report offers specific recommendations for trail planning within the Tobacco Heritage Trail corridor. The design recommendations are derived from field investigation, collaboration with the public at community meetings, and are built from the foundation of trail standards outlined in the design guidelines above. The recommendations are listed by each Tobacco Heritage Trail region, set forth earlier in this report. The design recommendations are provided in conjunction with the Tobacco Heritage Trail Master Plan maps and are reflected in the cost estimate found in the Appendices. The design recommendations provide strategies and solutions for trail implementation and will guide continued Tobacco Heritage Trail planning efforts in the future. Region 1 Lawrenceville to South Hill The detailed planning and design for the Region 1 trail is well underway. The Phase I Tobacco Heritage Trail is within Region 1 and construction of Phase I will occur in These are highlights from the Phase I planning efforts. For more information on Phase I see the THT Phase I Master Plan maps located in the Appendices of this report, or the full report on-line at Trail Carter Street Intersection with Tobacco Heritage Trail Trailheads should be constructed to serve Lawrenceville and La Crosse (refer to Phase 1 Master Plan). Smaller trailheads should be planned at Charlie Hope, Brodnax Main Street Station, and Regional Airport Road (planned for construction in 2008). Provide improved trail crossings at all at-grade road intersections by installing striping, signage, bollards, and post-and-rail vehicle control. Implement a road-crossing strategy for carrying the trail over I-85 at South Hill (refer to the Phase 1 Master Plan). Follow the progress of the Thompson Road/Alpine Road connection to see how it might benefit the trail crossing. Create pedestrian connections between the Tobacco Heritage Trail and future Southeast High Speed Rail line that will run through La Crosse. A station for the high speed rail may be located in La Crosse, making the Town a key intersection Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 61

64 of multi-modal transportation. Also consider the need for appropriate crossings, as the trail will need to cross east-west over the north-south high speed rail line. Engage in easement discussions with property owners near Great Creek Reservoir in order to begin routing the spur trail to the reservoir. Determine whether clearing for the section of trail between the end of Trail 2A and Charlie Hope will be done in-house or by a contractor. In-house work could be considered by the Town of Lawrenceville or volunteer agencies. Work with the Town of Brodnax and VDOT to determine how the on-road sections of trail through the Town might be accomplished, in terms of standard designs, funding, and timeframe. Determine if funding and maintenance activities for this section of trail can be shared with the East Coast Greenway Alliance, since this group will be utilizing this portion of THT to complete their Maine-to-Florida link. Wooden Trestle Bridge Located West of Lawrenceville Bridges Rehabilitate the three existing wooden bridges in Lawrenceville (refer to Phase 1 Master Plan). Engage a qualified civil engineer to assess the type of bridges that might be used to replace the missing smaller crossings. The engineer should provide field assessments, drawings, reports, and cost estimates. Contact a civil engineer and bridge manufacturer, using information provided in this report, to proceed in constructing a bridge over the Meherrin River. Consider both freespan or cable-stay bridges that do not re-use the existing piers, and multi-span bridges that are attached to the piers. Weigh options such as cost, access needed to construct each type of bridge, warranty, and aesthetics. Provide access to the Meherrin River on the river s eastern side only. Missing Trestle Bridge Near Charlie Hope Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 62

65 Region 2 South Hill to Clarksville Large portions of Region 2 trail follow abandoned railroad right-ofway already purchased by RRRT. Numerous water crossings including Kerr Reservoir and filled-in road underpasses will make this region one of the more expensive to construct. Downtown Boydton Locate a trailhead in Boydton, based on its fairly central location within the region and well-developed downtown. Consider placing a trailhead at the West South Hill Elementary YMCA property, provided an agreement with the school district and YMCA can be reached. Work with Virginia Dept. of Conservation and Recreation to create a trailhead at Occoneechee State Park. Locate smaller trailheads at the Baskerville Depot, Antlers Depot and Union Level. These trailheads can be less formal in design than in Boydton, given its rural surroundings. Safety precautions, signage, and vehicle barriers, however, should continue to be part of the design. Rehabilitate existing train depots at Baskerville and Antlers. Work with the owners of these buildings to form purchasing or maintenance agreements that might benefit the owner and trail managers. Beyond their historic value, these depots might be used as trail visitor s centers, museums, or Tobacco Heritage Trail administrative offices. Provide improved trail crossings at all at-grade road intersections by installing striping, signage, bollards, and post-and-rail vehicle control. Engage a qualified civil engineer to determine a course of action for the Route 58 underpasses that are completely or partially filled in. Consider options such as tunneling under the road, constructing a pedestrian bridge over the road, and diverting the trail parallel to the road until an at-grade crossing is available. o Preliminary assumptions for the Antlers Rt. 58 underpass show that two barrels under Rt. 58 will have trail culverts installed below in an estimated of fill. The culverts will be 60 feet long galvanized steel plate arches 14.5 feet wide and 13.5 feet high. o Preliminary assumptions for the Boydton Rt. 58 underpass show that one barrel under Rt. 58 will have a trail culvert installed below in an estimated of fill. The culvert will be a 100 feet long galvanized steel plate arch 14.5 feet wide and 13.5 feet high. Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 63

66 Granite Piers Near Long Branch Creek Investigate the original purpose and potential future use of the granite piers located at the Long Branch Creek crossing east of Antlers. Depending on their historic significance, the piers might remain in place as interpretive elements, the structures that were built atop them might be reconstructed, or the piers might get salvaged as part of a sign structure. Ensure attractive and environmentally sensitive wetlands and water resources are preserved in the vicinity of Union Level. Consider meeting with staff at the Mecklenburg Correctional Center to determine if there are any conflicts or extra precautions necessary by having the trail run near the facility. Provide connections to Occoneechee State Park via spur trails. Connections will have to be made via on-road trail; pavement striping, pedestrian crossing signals, and other crossing devices may be necessary to provide a safe route to the park. One option is to utilize roads running through the new Virginia Lakeside Commerce park located off of Rt. 58 and east of Occoneechee State Park. Also, if possible, trail managers could try to obtain easements or purchase land upon which to build the spur trails. Determine if funding and maintenance activities for this section of trail can be shared with the East Coast Greenway Alliance, since this group will be utilizing this portion of THT to complete their Maine-to-Florida link. U.S. Bicycle Route 1 Through Study Area Create links to the U.S. Bicycle Route 1, which runs along Route 1 west of South Hill. Bridges Missing Bridge Over Kerr Reservoir Engage a qualified civil engineer to assess the type of bridges that might be used to replace the missing smaller crossings. The engineer should provide field assessments, drawings, reports, and cost estimates. Replace two missing Kerr Reservoir bridges at Rudd Branch and Butcher Creek. Consider reusing any concrete piers that are still intact, if this is feasible. Work with VDOT to ensure that sufficient pavement striping, signage, and other warning devices are installed on the approach to the Clarksville bridge over Kerr Reservoir. Consider the following options for crossing Kerr Reservoir to Clarksville via the existing Route 58 bridge. Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 64

67 Existing Rt. 58 Bridge Over Kerr Reservoir to Clarksville o o o o o Option 1 Install cantilevered trail/pedestrian walk off the north side of the existing bridge. Refer to Appendix C for a photo-simulation of how this option might look. The cantilever would be supported from beneath the bridge off a framed systems attached to the existing piers. Option 2 Reconstruct and replace the entire roadway bridge making sure that the new bridge has additional width for a pedestrian trail. Given the age of this bridge (1951), this may be the most economical solution. Option 3 - Adjust the vehicular lane configuration to provide additional sidewalk width on north side of bridge and eliminate the sidewalk on south side of bridge. Option 4 - Provide a pedestrian ferry crossing from the east side of Kerr Reservoir to the proposed gateway park or turning basin within Clarksville. This could be in the form of a publicly- or privatelyrun shuttle boat. Option 5 Construct a free-standing parallel trail bridge adjacent to the existing vehicular bridge. This may bring up numerous permitting issues, although would be less expensive than the cantilevered walk. Region 3 Clarksville to Boyd s Store/Alton The Region 3 trail Clarksville to Boyd s Store is one of the most rural sections of Tobacco Heritage Trail. While this situation will provide scenic views and peaceful travel, it will also require additional maintenance and management. Virgilina Depot Locate a trailhead in Virgilina, based on its fairly central location within the region and well-developed downtown. The trailhead may be developed in conjunction with rehabilitating the local train depot. Coordinate with depot owners to determine if a sale, easement, or other arrangements would be possible. Provide additional informal trailheads wherever frequent trail access is expected. This may involve simple parking areas at places such as Christie and Averett. Provide a connection to the Sappony Center in Christie. Providing a direct link as well as a historic link to the Sappony people is an important part of the Region 3, as well as the complete Tobacco Heritage Trail Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 65

68 Turbeville/Melon Rd. Consider creating an on-road trail connection between Alton and Paces. While not originally identified as part of the Tobacco Heritage Trail, field survey undertaken during this master plan process found that integrating an on-road route via Turbeville/Melon Road would further enhance the loop-like trail network. Investigate at-grade crossings where Turbeville/Melon Road intersects Route 58. Signals, pavement markings, and signage may be required. An alternative would be to construct a pedestrian bridge over Route 58. Begin investigating easement acquisition and alternate trail routes for the section of abandoned rail right-of-way between Virgilina and Boyd s Store. This section of trail is difficult to discern in various locations. If off-road trail easements and alternatives cannot be obtained, work with VDOT to determine how to integrate an on-road bike lane or parallel trail into the existing road. Bridges Engage a qualified civil engineer to assess the type of bridges that might be used to replace the missing smaller crossings. The engineer should provide field assessments, drawings, reports, and cost estimates. Engage a qualified civil engineer to determine the appropriate type of bridges to span larger crossings such as Hyco Creek, west of Mayo. Region 4 Sutherlin to South Boston The Region 4 trail from Sutherlin to South Boston contains two trail routes: one off-road abandoned right-of-way and one on-road route. RRRT owns the majority of the abandoned right-of-way, although one privately-owned parcel remains near News Ferry, thus interrupting the connection to South Boston. Cotton Mill Park Conceptual Plan Locate a trailhead in South Boston, at the future Cotton Mill Park. Another trailhead could be located in Sutherlin, which would mark the western gateway to the Tobacco Heritage Trail. Locate a smaller trailhead in Paces, based on its placement near the intersections of Melon Road, the abandoned rail right-of-way, and Stebbins Road. Undertake easement research or determine alternatives for bypassing privately-owned property along this route. Connections between the abandoned rail right-of-way and Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 66

69 Abandoned Right-of-Way Adjacent to Berry Hill Plantation on-road routes may need to be implemented to create a continuous trail between Sutherlin and South Boston. o Create an on-road connection between Stebbins Road and the abandoned right-of-way (if necessary due to property ownership constraints) via New Ferry Trail. Provide a trail spur connection to Cotton Mill Park in South Boston. Provide a spur connection to the Dan River in various locations. These connections could lead to small picnic areas, river overlooks, and/or interpretive signage. Work with Berry Hill Plantation to formalize the trail connection between their property and the abandoned rail right-of-way to the south. Consider joint marketing efforts that would benefit both the Berry Hill operation and the trail, and perhaps divide the cost of trail maps and brochures. Work with the Towns of South Boston and Halifax to create in-town, on-road bike lane spurs that would benefit both trail users and local businesses. Refer to the Halifax County Bike Routes and Multi-Use Trails map prepared by the Southside Planning and Development Commission to coordinate Halifax County-planned trails with those proposed for Tobacco Heritage Trail. Bridges Engage a qualified civil engineer to assess the type of bridges that might be used to replace the missing smaller crossings. The engineer should provide field assessments, drawings, reports, and cost estimates. Region 5 South Boston to Randolph Region 5 also contains two separate routes: one trail route that follows the active rail line, and a new trail that would skirt the Dan and Staunton Rivers. Town of Scottsburg Active Rail Line Locate a trailhead in Scottsburg, because of its relatively larger size compared to the other towns along the route. Engage a qualified landscape architect, transportation engineer, and/or a bike/pedestrian planner to further investigate methods of providing a multi-use trail next to an active rail line. The following are options that have been used in previous trail planning efforts: Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 67

70 o o Aesthetically-pleasing chain-link fence (typically vinyl-coated black or green with or without privacy slats) Adequate horizontal separation where the corridor is wide enough. This method should be supplemented with a low, attractive fence and barrier plantings. Active Rail Trail Example ( Stuart McDonald) Work in concert with the operators of the active rail line to coordinate new trail construction with rail line improvements. Ensure that planning efforts take into consideration bridge and road crossings. Existing at-grade crossings and railroad bridges may be wide enough to carry train traffic, but may be too narrow to carry a trail, as well. Parallel trail bridges or widened road crossings may be necessary. Dan and Staunton River Trails Provide a connection to Staunton River Battlefield State Park. The Tobacco Heritage Trail could utilize the existing abandoned railroad right-of-way within the park that is currently developed as a trail. The historic pedestrian bridge currently within the park could carry the trail over the Staunton River. Staunton River Battlefield State Park Bridge Region 6 Randolph to Drakes Branch to Keysville The Region 6 trail will provide a connection between Randolph and Keysville, solely as an on-road trail. Presently no abandoned rightof-way is owned by RRRT within this region. Drakes Branch Shelter and Possible Trailhead Location Locate a trailhead in Drakes Branch, based on its location near the center of the region. The pre-existing picnic shelter facilities in town could easily be converted into a trailhead. Locate a trail connection within Drakes Branch to connect to the downtown and park. Continue to discuss with landowners within Region 6 the potential of an off-road trail and continue to provide information highlighting the benefits of offering an off-road in the community. Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 68

71 Determine road right-of-way widths to assess whether a trail parallel to the road is feasible, given the amount of space available between the edge of pavement and private property boundaries. Coordinate with VDOT to determine the best placement and design of bike lanes or parallel trails. Bridges Possible On-Road Route Through Drakes Branch Engage a qualified civil engineer to assess the type of bridges that might be used to replace the missing smaller crossings. The engineer should provide field assessments, drawings, reports, and cost estimates. Undertake field work to determine if any bridges are missing from the abandoned right-of-way, if it becomes available for conversion into trail. Assess on-road existing bridges for their ability to carry both the road and a bike lane or parallel trail. In certain cases, bridges or crossings may need to be widened or modified. Region 7 Keysville to Meherrin Region 7 is intended to carry only active rail trail. Presently, no abandoned right-of-way is owned by RRRT within this region.. Building in the Town of Meherrin Locate a trailhead in Meherrin, based on its location at the end of the relatively short region, and the beginning of the next. Rehabilitate the Keysville Depot. Coordinate with the Friends of the Keysville Depot to synchronize trail planning and marketing efforts with the depot rehabilitation and crossmarket or gain additional grant funding. Engage a qualified landscape architect, transportation engineer, and/or a bike/pedestrian planner to further investigate methods of providing a multi-use trail next to an active rail line in accordance with State standards. The following are options that have been used in previous trail planning efforts: o Aesthetically-pleasing chain-link fence (typically vinyl-coated black or green with or without privacy slats) Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 69

72 o Adequate horizontal separation where the corridor is wide enough. This method should be supplemented with a low, attractive fence and barrier plantings. Keysville Depot Work in concert with the operators of the active rail line to coordinate new trail construction with rail line improvements. Ensure that planning efforts take into consideration bridge and road crossings. Existing at-grade crossings and railroad bridges may be wide enough to carry train traffic, but may be too narrow to carry a trail, as well. Parallel trail bridges or widened road crossings may be necessary. Coordinate with Prince Edward County on future trail planning to determine if any of Prince Edward County trails such as the High Bridge Trail could link to Tobacco Heritage Trail. Region 8 Meherrin to Alberta Region 8 will consist entirely of off-road trail located on abandoned right-of-way. While privately-owned parcels still remain in this region, RRRT has purchased much of the former Virginia Rail Line using grant funding. Locate a trailhead in Victoria. Victoria already contains a railroad park that could easily serve as a trailhead in its current state. Ensure that the trail makes a connection within Victoria to the Victoria Railroad Park. Victoria Railroad Park Begin investigating easement acquisition and alternate trail routes for the section of abandoned rail right-of-way in the vicinity of Nutbush. This section of trail is difficult to discern in several locations. If off-road trail easements and alternatives cannot be obtained, work with VDOT to determine how to integrate an on-road bike lane or parallel trail into the existing road. Create links to the U.S. Bicycle Route 1, which runs along Route 1 through Victoria. Bridges Engage a qualified civil engineer to assess the type of bridges that might be used to replace the missing smaller Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 70

73 crossings. The engineer should provide field assessments, drawings, reports, and cost estimates. Engage a qualified civil engineer to determine a course of action for the Route 1 underpass near Alberta that is partially filled in. Consider options such as tunneling under the road, constructing a pedestrian bridge over the road, and diverting the trail parallel to the road until an at-grade crossing is available. Region 9 Alberta to Virginia Beach Pipeline Alberta Streetscape Purdy Streetscape Proposed Southeast High Speed Rail Through Alberta (green line) The Region 9 trail from Alberta to the Virginia Beach Pipeline is primarily rural in nature and is comprised solely of abandoned rightof-way. RRRT owns much of the right-of-way in this region. Locate a trailhead in Alberta, given its placement at the intersection of the tobacco Heritage Trail and future Southeast High Speed Rail line. Locate a smaller trailhead in Smoky Ordinary. Smoky Ordinary already contains interpretive signage and is located approximately half-way between Alberta and Purdy. Purdy also has interpretive signs and is located at the far eastern edge of the Tobacco Heritage Trail. Consider extending the trail to Purdy. The Tobacco Heritage Trail currently ends at the intersection of the abandoned rail right-of-way and Virginia Beach Pipeline. Extending the trail further east would provide a nice setting for a trailhead and bring visitors and financial benefits to Purdy. Coordinate with recreation and trail planners in Greensville County to determine if any connections can be made to existing or future County trails or other amenities. Make accommodations for trail crossings where the tobacco Heritage Trail will pass over the future Southeast High Speed Rail line as it travels north-south through Alberta. Current initiatives may mean ensuring that enough right-ofway or easement land is acquired to ensure appropriate crossing design and setting funding aside for crossing improvements once the high speed rail line is constructed. Undertake easement research or determine alternatives for bypassing privately-owned property along this route. Connections between the abandoned rail right-of-way and on-road routes may need to be implemented to create a continuous trail between Dundas and Purdy. Tobacco Heritage Trail Overall Master Plan - 71