T. S. Dye & Colleagues, Archaeologists, Inc.

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1 T. S. Dye & Colleagues, Archaeologists, Inc. 735 Bishop St., Suite 315, Honolulu, Hawai i Historic Properties Assessment for the Proposed Nextel Partners Waimano Home Road Cell Site (#HI194P), Joy Lutheran Church, 784 Kamehameha Highway, Pearl City, Ewa, O ahu Island TMK:(1) :028 por. Thomas S. Dye, Ph.D. Elaine H. R. Jourdane August 15, 2007 Applicant: Hawaii Environmental Consultants, LLC (HEC). Applicant s Consultant: T. S. Dye & Colleagues, Archaeologists, Inc. Location: Joy Lutheran Church, 784 Kamehameha Highway, Pearl City, O ahu, Hawaii. Tax map key: (1) :028 por. Request: The Proposed Nextel Partners Waimano Home Road Cell Site (#HI194P). Direct Effect: No historic properties in area of potential effect (APE) for direct effects. Visual Effect: No effect on historic properties in area of potential effect for visual effects. 1 Introduction At the request of Hawaii Environmental Consultants, LLC, T. S. Dye & Colleagues, Archaeologists, Inc. conducted an historic properties assessment of a parcel at the Joy Lutheran Church in Pearl City, O ahu for a new Nextel Partners cellular site. The primary focus of the project was on the discovery and appropriate treatment of historic properties within the area of potential effect. The goals of the investigation were to determine whether the installation of antennas and construction of an equipment facility will have direct or visual effects on historic properties. Prepared for Hawaii Environmental Consultants, 3019 Vista Place, Honolulu, HI

2 INTRODUCTION Project Area Nextel Partners, Inc. proposes to install a new 80 ft. high antenna pole and equipment compound within the parking lot of the Joy of Christ Lutheran Church in Pearl City, O ahu (fig. 1). The antenna pole, disguised as a palm tree, will include twelve, 6 ft. high panel antennas mounted at the top of the pole. In addition, a ft. prefabricated equipment shelter will be installed on a 300 ft.2 concrete slab at grade 20 ft. north of the antenna pole. A 6 ft. high chain link fence will enclose the pole and equipment compound. The finished height of the antenna light pole will be 80 ft. above ground surface. The 730 ft.2 lease parcel is located in the eastern portion of the ac. parcel owned by the Joy of Christ Lutheran Church and identified as TMK:(1)9 7 02:028. OAHU Haleiwa Wahiawa Kailua Honolulu Site 0 1,000 2,000 4,000 Feet USGS 7.5 Minute Topographic Map, Waipahu, Hawaii, 1998 Title: Figure Location Map 1 Location: Nextel Waimano Home Cell Site (#HI 194P) 784 Kamehameha Highway TMK [1] : Parcel 028 Pearl City, Oahu, Hawaii Client: Nextel Partners Inc. (NPI) Project#: HEC # 0717 Figure 1. Nextel Partners Waimano Home project location at Pearl City, O ahu on a portion of the 1998 Waipahu quadrangle. Map courtesy of HEC. The proposed Nextel Partners antenna and equipment shelter will be installed in an open grassed area between two parking lots in the eastern portion of the church property (figs. 2 and 3). The existing church and preschool are located west of the project site.

3 1.2 Background Research 3 Ground disturbance will include installation of the antenna pole, equipment cabinets and utility conduits. Figure 2. Google Earth image of Nextel Partners Waimano Home project location at Joy of Christ Lutheran Church. According to the FCC Nationwide Programmatic Agreement, the APE for direct effects on historic properties includes the area of potential ground disturbance during the installation of the tower, equipment shelter and utilities. The APE for visual effects on historic properties for a tower 200 ft. or less is the area within ca. 0.5 mi. of the tower. 1.2 Background Research This assessment includes the review of historic documents, maps and archaeological reports on file at the State Historic Preservation Division library, the Hawaii State Library and the State Bureau of Conveyances. No field inspection of the proposed site was conducted by T. S. Dye & Colleagues, Archaeologists, Inc Natural Setting The Nextel Partners project site lies at an elevation of ft. above sea level. The soils underlying the area are classified as Molokai silty clay loam, 7 to 15 percent slopes, and consist of well-drained soils on uplands formed by weathering of basic igneous rock. This

4 4 1 INTRODUCTION 12!-0 Double Swing Gate Grassy Area 3-Ton Condensing Unit on Concrete Pad Nextel Equipment Shelter Generator Receptacle 6!-0 High Chainlink Fence with Green Privacy Slats 4!-0 Main Gate Subject Property Concrete Retaining Wall Asphalt Parking Lot Asphalt Parking Lot 6 Concrete Curb 6!-0 High Chainlink Fence with Green Privacy Slats 4!-0 Main Gate Nextel Antenna Cables in Rigid PVC Conduit below Grade Nextel Antenna Boom C/W (4) 6!-0 Panel Antennas Utility H-Frame 80!-0 Monopalm Nextel Service Meter & Circuit Breaker N Hawaiian Telcom Equipment Subject Property Feet Title: Site Map Location: Nextel Waimano Home Cell Site (#HI 194P) 784 Kamehameha Highway TMK [1] : Parcel 028 Pearl City, Oahu, Hawaii Client: Nextel Partners Inc. (NPI) Project#: HEC # 0717 Figure 2 Figure 3. Nextel Partners Waimano Home project site plan at Joy of Christ Lutheran Church, courtesy of HEC. type of soil is used for sugarcane and pineapple as well as for pasture, wildlife habitat, and home sites [5]. The project site receives an average rainfall of in. annually [6] Historic Land Use ahupua a The project is located within the traditional ahupua a of Waimano in the Ewa district of O ahu. Waimano, translated by Pukui et al. [18] as many waters, is one of the many ahupua a that extended from the Ko olau mountains to the shores surrounding Pearl Harbor. Handy and Handy [9] describe Waimano stream as one of several streams that irrigated taro lands in the area. Ewa s widely dispersed taro plantations were irrigated by a number of streams flowing down deep valleys on the southwest slope of the Ko olau range. These were Halawa Stream and its tributaries, Kamanaki, Kalauao, Waimalu, Waimano, Manana, Waiawa...[9:470] Archibald Campbell was given farm land in Waimano and describes the setting in In the month of November, the king was pleased to grant me about sixty acres of land, situated upon the Wymummee or Pearl-water, an inlet of the

5 1.2 Background Research 5 sea about twelve miles to the west of Hanaroora...We passed by foot-paths winding through an extensive and fertile plain, the whole of which is in the highest state of cultivation. Every stream was carefully embanked, to supply water for the taro beds. Where there was no water, the land was under crops of yams and sweet potatoes...my farm, called Wymannoo, was upon the east side of the river, four or five miles from its mouth. Fifteen people with their families resided upon it, who cultivated the ground as my servants...[20:16]. During the māhele, ten Land Commission awards were granted in Waimano. Nine were located near the shore below the 100 ft. elevation and the tenth, an award of kula lands mauka of the near shore taro lands, at about 100 ft. to 400 ft. elevation, at Kukona, was awarded to John Stevenson [4; 13:7]. No Land Commission award was found for the proposed project site. Between 1850 and 1900 sugar cane was being cultivated in Waimano and by 1940 all accessible ridge top plateaus up to 1,000 ft. elevation, from Hālawa to Waiawa and Waimano streams were cultivated [4]. The Oahu Railway and Land Company (OR&L), railroad crossed through Waimano as it linked Honolulu with the Ewa Plain and beyond. The railway served the sugar plantations as well as carrying passengers and freight. Based on information gathered by HEC the recent land history records trace ownership of the proposed project site when it was a portion of a 1, ac. Royal Patent Grant No deeded to Joseph Raymond and Lowis Bernard by Kamehameha IV in In 1889, the land was deeded to the Oahu Railway and Land Company which ran the railway operation until it closed in The larger parcel was subdivided and the current parcel identified as TMK: :028 was created by In 1957, Grace K. Kuwamoto and the Land Exchange, Ltd. purchased the parcel, then sold it to the Evangelical Lutheran Church in The parcel was deeded to the Gloria Dei Lutheran Church in July 1967 and in 1992 the owner s name was changed to the Joy of Christ Lutheran Church, the current owner. māhele kula mauka Archaeological Background There are no known archaeological surveys conducted for this parcel. However, several archaeological investigations have been conducted within the general area. Only one site was recorded in Waimano ahupua a by McAllister [15] during his 1930 s site survey of O ahu. Loko Weloko fishpond, site , was described as oval shaped with walls on three sides and was located on the Honolulu side of Pearl City Peninsula. Another fishpond, Loko Kukona, site , was located by McAllister in Waiau but may have actually been along the shore of Waimano. The pond had once covered 27 ac. but there was very little left at the time of McAllister s visit. Two other fishponds were recorded by McAllister [15] on the Pearl City Peninsula south of the Nextel Partners Inc. project site. Loko Weloko (listed in Waimano ahupua a), State site , was located on the Honolulu side of the peninsula. Loko Pā au au, State site , was located on the west side of the peninsula. These fishponds were investigated by Athens [2] during his study of fishponds surrounding Pearl Harbor. Loko Weloko investigations found fishpond deposits dating between ad However, no fishpond deposits were found at Loko Pā au au.

6 6 1 INTRODUCTION makai Archaeological investigations within Waimano since McAllister s survey of O ahu have been limited. In 1978, Griffin and Yent [7] conducted an archaeological survey within Waimano gulch as part of a feasibility study for use of the valley as a State Park. The survey focused on the valley floor along both sides of the stream. Several agricultural terraces, a series of stone mounds and a terrace platform were found on the level flood plain. The survey also documented the remains of a historic ditch and tunnel used in the early 1900s for water transport. The site complex is ca. 2.3 mi. northeast of the project site. Because this was a feasibilty study, the site locations were not plotted accurately and no additional work was conducted at these sites. In 1979, Griffin and Yent [8] conducted another survey of Waimano valley, makai of their earlier work. They recorded the remains of a railroad trestle and railroad tracks, site , that crossed over Waimano Stream. They believed the railway system was owned by Oahu Sugar Company. In 1985, archaeological reconnaissance survey and subsurface testing was conducted at the Hale Mōhalu parcel located on the makai side of Kamehameha Highway, ca. 0.2 mi from the proposed Nextel Partners site. Test excavations were placed within areas that corresponded with former Land Commission awards, however only the remains of dormitory foundations from the military use of the area in the 1940s were found [21]. In 1989, Jensen [11] conducted an archaeological inventory survey of a ca. 20 ac. parcel for the Waimano Home Department of Health Facility located more than 2 mi. northeast of the project site. Only historic period features associated with an abandoned slaughter house and dairy operation were found. Folk [4] conducted an archaeological reconnaissance survey of the grounds of the existing Waimano Training School and Hospital grounds in The survey extended between the 425 1,000 ft. elevation on the plateau and did not include the gulches along the sides. No traditional Hawaiian archaeological sites were located. However, two historic-era features, a dressed stone irrigation ditch and a cemetery, were noted above the school grounds. No site numbers were assigned to these features. Several other archaeological investigations have been conducted in nearby areas. In 1980, Connolly [3] conducted a reconnaissance survey of a ac. parcel for the Mānana Kai Neighborhood Park located on the mauka side of Kamehameha Highway, ca. 0.2 mi. northwest of the proposed Nextel Partners cell site. The results showed that the entire parcel had been modified by modern development and was used by the US Navy to store large boulders. Kaschko [12] documented the remains of a historic cemetery located ca. 0.1 mi. southeast of the project site, across Kamehameha Highway, in In 1993, Henry et al. [10] conducted subsurface inventory survey in a ca. 23 ac. parcel ca. 0.5 mi. southwest of the proposed Nextel Partners Inc. cell site. No archaeological sites were found, however, possible pondfield deposits were identified under modern fill layers. Results of the survey indicated that the typical wetland profile of the area was disturbed by modern fill deposits including a modern trash dump and chemical leaching. In 1994, Anderson and Schilz [1], conducted archaeological monitoring near the tip of Pearl City Peninsula, ca. 1.5 mi. south of the proposed Nextel Partners cell site. No cultural remains were found. In 1995, McGerty and Spear [16] conducted an archaeological assessment of a ac. parcel located more than 6.5 mi. northwest of the proposed project site. No historic properties were found in these parcels, which were extensively used historically for rice and sugar cane cultivation as well as by the military.

7 7 In 2004, archaeological monitoring of portions of the Waiau Fuel Pipeline corridor was conducted by Rasmussen and Tomonari-Tuggle [19]. Archaeological monitoring was conducted in areas around historically known fishponds, however subsurface deposits consisted of fill materials often containing modern historic trash and marsh sediments. No fishpond deposits or other significant cultural deposits were found. The Pearl Harbor Naval Base (site ) is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is also a National Historic Landmark. A fundamental quality that defines the Pearl Harbor Naval Base as a National Historic Landmark is its historic function as a naval base to support the U.S. Fleet, and its role in the expansion of the United States as a Pacific power. The boundaries of the Landmark include those water and land areas historically associated with that function. The proposed project site is located within 0.5 mi. of the boundary of the Landmark. There are no other historic properties sites listed on the National Register of Historic Places within the area of potential effect for the undertaking. 2 Results T. S. Dye & Colleagues, Archaeologists, Inc. did not conduct a field inspection of the project site. However, information about the project site and photographs provided by Hawaii Environmental Consultants were reviewed. It is clear that no historic properties are located on the surface of the proposed project site which is situated on a grassed landscaped area between two parking lots used by the church and school. According to the available tax records, the church structure was built in 1960 (figs. 4 and 5). Figure 4. Nextel Partners Pearl City District Park Site, looking northwest. Photograph courtesy of HEC.

8 8 GLOSSARY Figure 5. Nextel Partners Pearl City District Park Site, looking northwest. Photograph courtesy of HEC. 3 Discussion and Conclusions A review of the archaeological literature, historic maps, and information provided by HEC, shows that the project site is located in an area that has been extensively modified during construction of the existing church, school buildings and parking structures. No surface historic properties exist within the area of potential effect for the proposed Nextel Partners cellular site and no subsurface deposits are likely to be found because of past land alteration. Therefore the construction of the facility will have no direct effect on historic properties. One historic property listed on the National Register of Historic Places is located within 0.5 mi. of the proposed Nextel Partners Inc. cellular site. Construction of the cell site will have no adverse effects on the qualities that make the Pearl Harbor Naval Base significant. Thus, construction of the proposed cell site will have no effect on historic properties in the area of potential visual effects. Glossary Entries for Hawaiian words are excerpted or paraphrased, where possible, from the Hawaiian Dictionary [17], or from Lucas [14]. ahupua a Traditional Hawaiian land division usually extending from the uplands to the sea. kula Plain, field, open country, pasture. Land with no water rights. māhele Land division of makai Seaward. mauka Inland, upland, toward the mountain.

9 BIBLIOGRAPHY 9 Bibliography [1] Anderson, L. and A. J. Schilz (1994, December). Pre-final Report, Archaeological Monitoring at the Site of Project R26 92, Replace Sewage Ejector Station 11, Pearl City Peninsula, O ahu, Hawai i. Prepared for Department of the Navy, Pacific Division, Naval Facilties Engineering Command. Honolulu: Ogden Environmental and Energy Services Co., Inc. [2] Athens, J. S. (Ed.) (2000, July). Ancient Hawaiian Fishponds of Pearl Harbor: Archaeological Studies on U.S. Navy Lands, Hawai i. Prepared for State Historic Preservation Division, Department of Land and Natural Resources. Honolulu: International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc. [3] Connolly, R. D. (1980, September). Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey at the Mānana Kai Neighborhood Park Site (TMK: :40), Pearl City, Island of O ahu. Prepared for City and County of Honolulu, Department of Parks and Recreation. Honolulu: Archaeological Research Associates. [4] Folk, W. H. (1990, June). Archaeological Reconnaissance of the Waimano Training School and Hospital, Waimano, Ewa, O ahu. Prepared for KRP Information Services and AM Partners. Kailua, HI: Cultural Surveys Hawaii. [5] Foote, D. E., E. L. Hill, S. Nakamura, and F. Stephens (1972). Soil Survey of the Islands of Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Molokai, and Lanai, State of Hawaii. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service in cooperation with the University of Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station. [6] Giambelluca, T. W. and T. A. Schroeder (1998). Climate. In S. P. Juvik and J. O. Juvik (Eds.), Atlas of Hawai i (Third ed.)., pp Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. [7] Griffin, A. and M. Yent (1978, February). Results and Recommendations on the Archaeological Survey at Waimano Valley State Park. Honolulu: Hawai i State Parks Division. [8] Griffin, A. and M. Yent (1979, April). Results and Recommendation on a Walk Through Reconnaissance Conducted at Waimano Valley. Prepared for State Parks. Hawai i State Parks Division. [9] Handy, E. S. C. and E. G. Handy (1972). Native Planters in Old Hawaii: Their Life, Lore, and Environment. Number 233 in B. P. Bishop Museum Bulletin. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press. With the collaboration of Mary Kawena Pukui. [10] Henry, J. D., S. T. Goodfellow, and P. H. Rosendahl (1993, September). Archaeological Inventory Survey, Waiawa Floodplain Feasibility Study Project Area, Land of Mānana, Ewa District, Island of O ahu. Prepared for Helber, Hastert & and Fee. Hilo, HI: Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc. [11] Jensen, P. M. (1989, April). Archaeological Inventory Survey, Waimano Home Department of Health Facility, Land of Waimano, Ewa District Island of Oahu. Prepared for Wilson Okamoto & Associates. Hilo, HI: Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc.

10 10 BIBLIOGRAPHY [12] Kaschko, M. W. (1990, October 22). Results of archaeological subsurface survey parcel located in Pearl City (TMK:9 7 19:10). Letter to Judy Gouveia and Harry Frickelton in State Historic Preservation Division Libary, Kapolei, HI. [13] Land Board ( ). Award books. Archives of Hawaii. [14] Lucas, P. F. N. (1995). A Dictionary of Hawaiian Legal Land-Terms. Honolulu: Native Hawaiian Legal Corporation and University of Hawai i Committeee for the Preservation and Study of Hawaiian Language, Art and Culture. [15] McAllister, J. G. (1933). Archaeology of Oahu. Number 104 in B. P. Bishop Museum Bulletin. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press. [16] McGerty, L. and R. L. Spear (1995, July). An Archaeological Assessemnt of the Mānana and Pearl City Junction Sites, Mānana and Waiawa Ahupua a, Ewa District, O ahu Island, Hawai i. Prepared for City and County of Honolulu Department of Housing and Community Development. Honolulu: Scientific Consulting Services. [17] Pukui, M. K. and S. H. Elbert (1971). Hawaiian Dictionary (Third ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. [18] Pukui, M. K., S. H. Elbert, and E. T. Mookini (1974). Place Names of Hawaii. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. [19] Rasmussen, C. M. and M. J. Tomonari-Tuggle (2006, January). Archaeological Monitoring of Waiau Fuel Pipeline, Ewa District, Island of O ahu. Prepared for Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. Honolulu: International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc. [20] Sterling, E. P. and C. C. Summers (1978). Sites of Oahu. Honolulu: Departments of Anthropology and Education, B. P. Bishop Museum. [21] Yent, M. (1985, May). Archaeological Reconnaissance and Testing at Hale Mohalu, Waimano, Ewa District, Oahu. Honolulu: State of Hawaii, Division of State Parks, Outdoor Recreation and Historic Sites.