Grade 8 Unit P.3 - Heat and Temperature
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- Charleen Baker
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2 Standards Know that temperature is a measure of how hot something is and the common unit of temperature is the degree Celsius. تعلم بأن درجة الحرارة تق س كم أن الجسم حارو بارد. وحدة الق اس الشابعة لدرجة الحرارة ه الدرجة ة الس ل زي Know that the amount of heat energy in an object depends on the mass of the object and what it is made of as well as how hot it is. تعلم بأن كم ة الطاقة الحرار ة ف جسم تعتمد على كتلة الجسم والمادة المصنوع منها وكذلك كم أن الجسم. حار Know that heat is transferred by conduction, convection and radiation, and cite everyday examples of each. تعلم بأن الحرارة تنتقل عن طر ق التوص ل الحمل واإلشعاع وتضرب أمثلة لكل منها من ح اتنا. ال وم ة Know that some materials are better conductors of heat than others; know the differences in the ability to conduct heat between solids, liquids and gases, and between metals and non-metals, and know some applications of these differences. تعلم أن بعض المواد توصل الحرارة أفضل من البعض األخر وتعلم الفرق نبانتقال الحرارة ف المواد الصلبة والسوابل Explain the cause of convection currents in air and water Show how convection currents in air cause weather features والغازات وكذلك الفرق ب ن الفلزات و االفلزات تفسر سبب حدوث ت ارات الحمل ف الهواء. والماء توضح ك ف أن ت ارات الحمل ف الهواء تسبب مظاهر. الطقس Know that the nature of a surface influences how well it absorbs and radiates heat. تعلم أن طب عة السطح تحدد ك ف س متص السطح أو عكس. الحرارة Know that heat can be radiated through a vacuum and that this is how the heat from the Sun reaches the Earth. تعلم بان الحرارة مكن أن تت شع عبر الفراغ وان هذه ه طر قة وصول حرارة الشمس. لألرض - 2 -
3 The objectives: 1- Know that temperature is a measure of how hot something is. 2- Know the common unit of temperature. 3- Know the factors that amount of heat energy depend on. How are temperature and heat energy different? Key words Heat Joule Temperature Factor Thermometer الطبقت الحزار ت الجول / وحذة ق بص الطبقت درجت الحزارة عواهل التزهوهتز/أداة ق بص الحزارة - 3 -
4 What happens when we mix hot and cold? How much heat is needed? Grade 8 Unit P.3 - Heat and Temperature How are temperature and heat energy different? We have all noticed that when you heat something up, its temperature rises. Often we think that heat and temperature are the same thing. Heat and temperature are related to each other, but are different concepts. ك ف تختلف درجة الحرارة والطاقة الحرار ة الحظنا جم عا انه عند تسخ ن ش ء ترتفع درجة حرارته. كث را ا ما نعتقد أن الحرارة ودرجة الحرارة ه الش ء نفسه. ترتبط الحرارة ودرجة الحرارة ببعضها البعض ولكن هما مفهومان مختلفان. Heat can increase or decrease the temperature. If we add heat, the temperature will become higher. If we remove heat the temperature will become lower. Temperature is not energy, but heat is energy. مكن للطاقة الحرار ة أن تسبب ز ادة أو نقصان ف درجة الحرارة. إذا أضفنا الحرارة وسوف تصبح درجة الحرارة أعلى من ذلك. إذا أزلنا الحرارة سوف تنخفض درجات الحرارة.. درجة الحرارة ل ست طاقة ولكن الحرارة ه طاقة - 4 -
5 Why things cool down or warm up? Grade 8 Unit P.3 - Heat and Temperature A hot drink cools down until it is the same temperature as the room. A cold drink warms up until it is the same temperature as the room. لماذا تبرد االش اء أو تسخن برد المشروب الساخن حتى صبح ب نفس درجة حرارة الغرفة. دفا المشروب ال بارد صبح ب نفس درجة حرارة الغرفة. Hot drink Cold drink As hot drinks cools down, it is losing energy. Energy escapes from hot objects, and spreads into colder ones. When energy moves from a hotter place to a colder place, we say that heat energy is flowing. Heat energy always flows from a hotter place to colder one. بوصفها المشروبات الس اخنة تبرد فانها تفقد الطاقة. ت هرب الطاقة من األجسام الساخنة وت نتشر ف االجسام االكثر برودة. عندما تنتقل الطاقة من مكان أكثر سخونة إلى مكان أكثر برودة نقول أن الطاقة الحرار ة تتدفق. ت دفق الطاقة الحرار ة دابما من المكان األكثر سخونة الى االكثر برودة. In the winter, we need more food than in the summer. Our body works hard to stay at 37 0 c, but on a cold day, energy escapes from our body more quickly
6 ف فصل الشتاء نحن بحاجة الى مز د من المواد الغذاب ة من جاهدة للبقاء ف درجة 37.ولكن ف وم بارد ت هرب الطاقة الص ف. ألن أجسامنا تعمل من الجسم بسرعة أكثر. Thermometer Temperature is measured by a device called thermometer. The temperature should always be stated with its unit, C. The normal temperature of human body is 37 C. Thermometer should be washed before and after use, preferably with an antiseptic solution. تم ق اس درجة الحرارة بواسطة جهاز سمى مق اس الحرارة ( ترمومتر (. و نبغ دابما ا أن تتذكر أن درجة الحرارة وحدتهاه الدرجة المبو ة. درجة الحرارة العاد ة لجسم اإلنسان هى 37 درجة مبو ة. جب غسل م زان الحرارة قبل وبعد االستخدام و فضل بمحلول مطهر.. Two things can have the same temperature but contain different amount of heat energy. Let s look at two examples to explain this. 1. Two beakers of water at 50 o C are at the same temperature, but if one is twice as big as the other, it will contain twice as much heat energy (A and B). 2. A breaker with hot liquid in it will contain more heat energy than one with cooler liquid of the same volume (A and B). مكن لش بان ان كون لهما نفس درجة الحرارة ولكنهما يحتوي ان على كم ة مختلفة من الطاقة الحرار ة. دعونا ننظر إلى المثال ن ل نفهم هذا. درجة الحرارة ولكن إذا كان أحدهما ضعف 1. كو بن من الماء عند 50 درجة مبو ة لهم نفس حجم اآلخر, فانه متلك ضعف الطاقة الحرار ة
7 سابل. ساخن سوف يحتوي على طاقة حرار ة أكثر الذي حتوي من We can think of temperature as: 2. الكوب الذي حتوي سابل بارد ب نفس الحجم The average amount of energy per particle درجت الحزارة: متوسط كم ة الطاقة لكل الجس مات. And it is measured by Celsius. وتمبط بىحذة انذسجت ان ئى ت انغ ه ض And heat energy as: The total amount of energy of all particles in the material. الطاقة الحرار ة: اجمال الطاقة لجم ع الجز بات ف المادة. And it is measured by Joule. وتمبط بىحذة ل بط انطبلت الجول So far we have only looked at different temperatures and the heat energy in different amounts of water. How much the temperature of a material is changed by heat energy depends on two things: what the material is How much of it there is. If an electric heater puts 4200 J of energy in 100g of water it will warm it up by 10C. It will take 8400 J of energy to warm 200g of water by 10 C. Twice as much water needs as much energy of raise its temperature by the same amount
8 : درجة الحرارة ف ال تغ ر معدل عتمد بتغ ر لالجسام الطاقة الحرار ة أمر ن على ما ه المواد)نوعها ) كم الكم ة الموجودة منها. اذا قام السخان الكهرباب باعطاء 4200 جول من الطاقة الحرار ة ل 100 جرام من الماء فان حرارة الماء ترتفع بمعدل 10 درجات س ل ز ة.ب نما ستحتاج 8400 جول من الطاقة لرفع درجة حرارة 200 جرام من الماء بمعدل 10 درجات س ل ز ة.اي عند مضاعفة كم ة الماء سنحتاج لضعف الكم ة من الطاقة لرفع درجة الحرارة بنفس المقدار. *1kg of water needs 4200j of energy to raise its temperature by 1 o C. 1 ك لوجزام هن الوبء حتبج الى 4200 جول هن الطبقت لزفع درجت الحزارة درجت واحذة ط لظش ت. How much energy is needed to increase the temperature of 1kg of water by 5 o C? هب كو ت الطبقت الالسهت ارفع درجت حزارة 1 ك لوجزام هن الوبء 5 درجبث ط ل ش ت If you use aluminum instead of water it will need a different amount of energy to warm it by 1 o C. إرا اعتخذيت األن ىو بذل ي ان بء عىف تحتبج انى يمذاسيختهف ي انطبلت نشفع انحشاسة دسجت واحذة. *1kg of aluminum needs 880J of energy to raise its temperature by 1 o C. حتبج ك لوجزام واحذ هن االلوهن وم إلى 880 جول طبقت لزفع الحزارة درجت واحذة
9 Figure 1 Compare between heat and temperature قارن ب ن الطاقة الحرار ة و درجة الحرارة Heat energy Temperature Definition التعر ف How to measure it? ك ف ة الق اس Unit الوحدة The factors affecting the amount of heat energy are: العوامل الت تؤثر على كم ة الطاقة الحرار ة
10 The objectives: 1- Know that heat energy is transferred by conduction, convection and radiation and cite everyday examples of each. 2- Know that some materials are better conductors of heat than others. 3- Know the differences in the ability to conduct heat between solids, liquids and gases and between metals and nonmetals. 4- Know some applications of these differences. Conduction Key words التوص ل Convection Radiation Conductor Insulator الحول او النقل الحزاري االشعبع هوصل عبسل There are three ways in which heat can be transferred. Here is a "model" to help us see the difference between the three ways. Three ways of getting a book to the back of the class. هناك ثالث طرق مكن من خاللها نقل الحرارة. هنا "نموذج" لمساعدتنا على معرفة الفرق ب ن الطرق الثالث. ثالث طرق الجزء الخلف من غرفة الصف إلى الكتاب ل نقل
11 Figure2 1- Conduction: a book can be passed from person to person just as heat is transferred from atom to atom. 2- Convection: a person can walk to the back of the class carrying the book. This is the way hot air moves in convection, taking the energy with it. 3- Radiation: a book can be thrown to the back of the class rather like the way energy is radiated from a hot object. 1- التوص ل : مكن تمر ر كتاب من شخص آلخر -- مثلما تنتقل الحرارة من ذرة إلى أخرى الحمل الحراري : مكن للشخص المش الى الجزء الخلف من الصف وحمل الكتاب. هذه ه الطر قة تحرك الهواء الساخن ف الحمل مع أخذ الطاقة معها اإلشعاع : مكن رمى الكتاب إلى الجزء الخلف من الصف أشبه بان تشع الطاقة من االجسام الساخنة
12 Figure 3 ك ب ظهش انشكم اعال و بعذ يشوس 5 انى 10 دلبئك عتكى انغبق ان عذ ت عبخ ت ببنكبيم ال انطبلت انحشاس ت ا تمهت ببنتىص م. ** The heat energy is conducted from the hot end to the cold end. It is transferred from atom to atom. At the hot end the atoms are vibrating a lot, this vibration is gradually passed along to the other atoms as they bump into each other. **تنتقل الطاقة الحرار ة من ال نها ة الساخنة إلى ال نها ة الباردة. وه تنتقل من ذرة إلى أخرى. ف ال نها ة ة الساخن الذرات تهتز كث را ا تم تمر ر هذه االهتزازات أنها تصطدم بعضها البعض. إلى تدر ج ا ا الذرات أخرى إذ
13 Conduction: Is transfer of heat energy from a place with high temperature to another with lower temperature through direct contact. التوص ل : هو نقل الطاقة الحرار ة من مكان ذو ارتفاع ف درجة الحرارة إلى آخر منخفض ف درجة الحرارة من خالل االتصال المباشر. Experiment: Set up the test tube as show at the picture and aim a gentle Bunsen flame just below the surface of water until boils at the tip, without hearting your hand. Is the cube of ice melt? Is water a good conductor or poor conductor? تجربة : قم بإنشاء أنبوب االختبار كما ظهر ف الصورة وجه لهب بنزن فقط تحت سطح الماء حتى غل على الحافة دون ا ذاء دك. هل ذوب مكعب هل الماء موصل الثلج ج د أو موصل ردئ للحرارة Figure
14 عتبر الماء كما باق السوابل موصل ردئ للحرارة بح ث من الممكن أن نجد ماء متجمد وأسفله ماء غل على مسافة سنت مترات قل لة. تعتبر الغازات موصالت أسوأ من السوابل للحرارة وه ف الواقع تعتبر مواد عازلة. **In solids the closeness of the particles enables the vibrations caused by heat energy, to move quickly. So the conduction happens in solids. ف المواد الصلبة اقتراب الجس مات سمح لالهتزازات الناتجة عن الطاقة الحرار ة التحرك بسرعة. وبهذه الطر قة حدث التوص ل ف المواد الصلبة. على Insulator: Is a material that only allows heat energy to move slowly through it المواد العازلة:ه الحرار ة للطاقة تسمح الت المواد ببطء بالتحرك من خاللها. Conductor: Is a material that allows heat to move through it fairly easily المواد الموصلة : ه المواد الت تسمح بانتقال الحرارة من خاللها بشكل سهل إلى حد ما
15 Figure 5 تصنع اوان المطبخ الج دة من المواد الموصلة والعازلة معا.تصنع القاعدة والجوانب من المعادن ج دة التوص ل للحرارة حتى تنقل الحرارة بسهولة من اللهب الى الطعام. ب نما تصنع المقابض من المواد العازلة حتى التصبح ساخنة جدا و صعبة الحمل. - The air trapped in and between our clothes and blankets keeps us warm. الهواء المحبوس ب ن بالدفا. مالبسنا والبطان ات ساعد ف بقابنا نشعر - In the same way, the air trapped in fur and feather keeps animals warm. Birds fluff up their feathers in winter to trap more air. بنفس الطر ق ة الهواء المحبوس ف الفراء والر ش تبق الح وانات دافبة. تنفخ الط ور ر شها ف الشتاء حتى تحصل على دفئ اكثر. - A refrigerator has insulation material round it to keep it cold. The insulation reduces the amount of heat conducted to the inside from the warmer room. تح ط المواد العازلة بالثالجة لتبق ها باردة. قلل العزل من كم ة الحرارة الت تصل الى الثالجة من الغرفة ذات الحرارة األكثر دفبا ا
16 Figure 6 Figure7 تغتخذو األن بف انضجبج ت نعضل األعطح ال هب تحتىي عهى انكث ش ي انهىاء. تغتخذو ان ىافز ان ضدوجت نعضل ان بصل بطش مت افضم ال هب تحجض انهىاء ب هب
17 Lab Report Research question: How does heat energy transfer in solid? Materials: iron ruler, paraffin wax, iron nails, Bunsen burner. Procedure: 1. Fix some drawing pins using wax. 2. Hold one end using holder and heat the other end. ك ف ت نتقل الطاقة الحرار ة الصلبة المواد ف المواد مسطرة من الحد د شمع الباراف ن الحد د مسام ر موقد بنزن. : الطر قة : الشمع. دباب س بعض ثبت الرسم باستخدام.1 االخر. الدباب س احد نها ة امسك حامل باستخدام و سخن الطرف.2 Observation: 1. Which pin will fall first? اي انذببب ظ غمظ اوال 2. Which pin will fall the last one? اي انذببب ظ غمظ االخ ش
18 االستنتاج Conclusion: Heat transfers in solid by. Conduction: Experiment 2: 1. Get three rods of different materials (Copper, iron, glass). 2. Fix a small nail at one end of each rod. 3. Heat the other end. : تجربة 2 قضبان ثالثة اجلب من مواد مختلفة )النحاس والحد د والزجاج(...1 قض ب. ثبت مسمار صغ ر نها ة ف واحدة من كل.2 3.سخن الطرف اآلخر. Observation: Which nail drops first? اي المسام ر سقط اوال
19 How many minutes does it take for the 1 st and the 2 nd nail to drop? كم دق قة يستغرق المسمار األول و الثان للسقوط Conclusion: 1. and are good conductors of heat, while is bad conductor of heat. 2. Thermal Conductors: المواد الموصلة للحرارة : 3. Thermal Insulators: الغ ر المواد الموصلة للحرارة
20 Experiment 3 Hold a match about 1 cm from a flame. Observation: Will the match burn? Conclusion: Air is a good and a bad of heat. Give Reasons: Woolen clothes are insulators. حوال 1 لهب. تجربة 3 امسك بعود الثقاب على مسافة من سم المالحظة : هل شتعل عود الثقاب االستنتاج : ماذا تستنتج من التجربة. علل : المالبس الصوف ة تعتبر من العوازل
21 Work sheet Classify the following into thermal conductors and thermal insulators: موصالت الى التال ة المواد ص فن للحرارة وعوازل للحرارة Wood, iron, plastic spoon, woolen clothes, copper, cooking pan, handle of cooking pan, glass, aluminum. من البالست ك المالبس الصوف ة النحاس اناء الطبخ مقبض اناء الطبخ الخشب الحد د ملعقة الزجاج األلومن وم. Thermal Conductors Thermal Insulators
22 The objectives: 1- Explain the cause of convection currents in air and water. 2- Show how convection currents in air cause weather features. Key words Convection current الحمل الحراري ت ار breezes نس م - After several minutes all the liquid / gas in the container have been warmed, i.e. heat has been transferred to all parts. - This circular movement of fluid is called convection current. - Convection can't take place in a solid. The particles of a solid are unable to move position. بعد عدة دقابق / وا األجزاء. السابل كل الغاز ف االناء س صبح ساحنا إلى جم ع أي الحرارة نقل تم تسمى الحركة الدائر ة للسوائل و الغازات بت ار الحمل الحراري ال مكن الحركة. حدث ان الحراري للحمل ف الحالة الصلبة. جز بات الن المواد الصلبة غ ر قادرة على
23 Convection is: The movement of the liquid and gases due to the heat. انح م الحراري هو : حركة المواد السابلة والغازات بسبب الحرارة. Grade 8 Unit P.3 - Heat and Temperature عنذهب ظخن الظبئل او الغبس فإنه توذد و تقل كثبفته و زتفع العلى حبهال هعه الطبقت الشائذة. تن اطتبذال الظوائل و الغبساث الذافئت ببخرر ببردة حتى تن تظخ ننب ا يب ا
24 Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 نتبش ذ انثالحت ببنكبيم جب وضع وحذة انتبش ذ ف االعهى نتغخ انفش ببنكبيم جب وضع وحذة انتغخ ف االعفم تى مم انبشودة ف انثالجت وانحشاسة ف انفش ببعتخذاو طش مت انح م انحشاسي
25 Convection also causes breezes on the coast on warm days. During the day the land is heated by the sun more quickly than the sea. This happens because the heat capacity of the water is larger than the heat capacity of the land. Convection causes the air above the land to rise. Cold air blows in form the sea to replace the air that has risen, causing an Figure 4 onshore breeze. At night this reversed the land cools more quickly than the sea and convection currents create an offshore breeze. تسبب الحمل ف الحراري م النس على الساحل ف األ ام الحارة. أثناء الشمس بسرعة أكبر من البحر. حدث هذا ألن السعة الحرار ة لألرض. و حل الحمل هواء جد د من بسرعة أكبر الحراري محل تسبب ف الهواء الذي الم اه متسببة ف فوق الهواء ارتفاع ارتفع مما ي تسبب ت ارات هواب ة أو نس م للم اه النهار تسخن من أكبر ال ابسة مسببا ا الضربات ف نس م الل ل البر.أثن اء السعة الجو ة من األرض الحرار ةي الباردة. ت برد األرض البحر
26 ا. Grade 8 Unit P.3 - Heat and Temperature Experiment 1: 1. Fill a beaker with water and add some saw dust. 2. Heat the beaker until boiling. 3. Observe the movement of the saw dust. : تجربة 1 بعض أضف و ماء كوب مأل نشارة الخشب حتى الدورق سخن الغل ان. حركة راقب 3. نشارة الخشب. Observation: المالحظات Conclusion: االستنتاج a. When water molecules is heated, their temperature, they, their density so the hot water molecules and the cold molecules. b. Heat transfer in liquid by. Experiment 2:
27 ا. 1. Cut a paper on a spiral form and hang it. 2. Put a candle under the spiral paper. Observation: Grade 8 Unit P.3 - Heat and Temperature : تجربة 2 قطع ورقة على شكل حلزون الورقة وقم بت عيلقها. Conclusion: الحلزون ة ضع شمعة تحت a. When air molecules is heated, their temperature, they, their density so the hot air molecules and the cold molecules. b. Heat transfer in air by. Define: Convection Draw the direction of the air movement near the beach during the day حركة اتجاه ارسم الهواء بالقرب من الشاطا أثناء النهار sea Land Draw the direction of the air movement near the beach during the night
28 ا رسم اتجاه حركة الهواء بالقرب من الشاطا أثناء الل ل
29 The objectives: 1- Know that heat can be radiated through a vacuum and that this is how the heat from the Sun reaches the Earth. 2- Know that the nature of a surface influences how well is absorbs and radiates heat. absorb radiate vacuum متص شع الفضاء / الفراغ ال ال ال تحتوي الوظبفت الفبصلت ب ن االرض و الشوض على اي جش ئبث ولذلك ال تنتقل الحزارة هن الشوض الى االرض ال ببلتوص ل وال ببلحول الحزاري. تنتقل االحزارة هن الشوض الى االرض ببالشعبع
30 Experiment (1): Get two cans of equal size, one that is polished and shiny on the outside and one that is black and dull. Each one should have lid. Put a thermometer in each and pour in equal amounts of hot water. Let them cool, side by side. Stir the water and take their temperatures every minute. - Which can cools down more quickly? - Which can is losing energy more quickly? تجربة )1( : احصل على عبوت ن متساو ت ن ف الحجم واحده تكون ذات سطح مصقول المع من الخارج وواحده ذات سطح اسود ومعتم. و جب ان كون على كل واحده غطاء. ضع م زان حرارة ف كل علبة وصب كم ات متساو ة من الماء الساخن. دعهم بردوا جنبا إلى جنب. حرك الماء وقم بق اس درجة حرارتهم كل دق قة. -- ا هم برد بسرعة أكبر -- ا هم فقد الطاقة بسرعة أكبر A dull black surface loses energy more quickly- it is a good radiator. Figure 2 A bright shiny surface is a poor radiator. االسطح المعتمة السوداء فقد الطاقة بسرعة أكبر فهو ماده تطلق اشعاع بشكل ج د بعكس المواد. الفاتحة الالمعة
31 Experiment (2): Use the same two cans as in experiment (1), but this time pour in equal amount of cold water. Place the two cans in full sunlight or place them equal distance from an electrical fire. Stir and take the temperatures every minute. - Which can heats up more quickly? Figure 3 - Which can is absorbing energy more quickly? تجربة )2( : استخدام نفس العبوت ن كما هو الحال ف التجربة )1( ولكن هذه المرة باستخدام كم ة متساو ة من الماء البارد. ضع العل بت ن ف ضوء الشمس أو ضعها على مسافة متساو ة من النار.حرك وقم بق اس درجات الحرارة كل دق قة. -- اي العلب مكن أن سخن بسرعة أكبر -- اي العلب مكن أن متص المز د من الطاقة بسرعة A dull black surface is a good absorber of radiation (as well a good radiator). It takes in and gives out a lot of radiation. A bright shiny surface is a poor absorber of radiation, it reflects the radiation away. االسطح المعتمة السوداء ج دة المتصاص اإلشعاع )وكذلك ج دة ف اطالق الطاقة باالشعاع(. االسطح الفاتحة اللون و الالمعة التمتص الحرارة ولكنها تعكسها بع دا. - In the same way, petrol storage tanks (and sometimes Factory roofs) are sprayed with silver paint to reflect the sun's rays. Figure
32 - A fire fighting suit is bright and shiny so that it does not take in a lot of energy and burn the fire fighter. -In hot countries, people wear bright white clothes and paint there houses white to reduce absorption of energy from the sun. وبنفس الطر قة تم رش ل تعكس أشعة الشمس. البنز ن خزانات )واسقف المص انع ف بعض األح ان( فض بطالء بح ث وبراقة فاتحة أنها ال تأخذ الكث ر من الطاقة حتى ال تسبب -- تكون مالبس مكافحة الحرابق إصابة رجال اإلطفاء بالحروق. ف البلدان الحارة رتدي الناس امتصاص الطاقة من الشمس. المالبس ال ب ضاء ال ناصعة وتطلى المنازل باللون للحد من األب ض
33 Experiment 1: Put your hand under electric bulb. Observation: What do you feel? Analysis: Does the heat transfer to your hand by conduction? Why? Does the heat transfer to your hand by convection? Why? Conclusion: Heat transfer in gases and vacuum by. Radiation: تجربة : 1 ضع دك تحت لمبة كهرباب ة. المالحظة : ما هو شعورك التحل ل : هل ق انتلت الحرارة إلى دك عن طر ق التوص ل لماذا
34 هل ق انتلت الحرارة إلى دك بالحمل الحراري لماذا هل ق انتلت الحرارة إلى دك باالشعاع لماذا Heat transfer from the earth to the sun by radiation. Explain why heat does not transfer by conduction, or by convection. نقل الحرارة من األرض إلى الشمس ب اإلشعاع. اشرح لماذا ال تم نقل الحرارة عن طر ق التوص ل أو عن طر ق الحمل الحراري. Complete the following sentences: 1. A dull black surface is a good of radiation and a radiator. 2. A surface is a poor absorber of radiation and a poor. Q1: Which of the following is an example of heat transfer by radiation? 1- Water moving in a pot of boiling water 2- The warmth you feel sitting near a fire 3- Warm air rising from hot pavement 4- The warmth you feel holding a cup of hot cocoa أي مما ل مثال على نقل الحرارة عن طر ق -- 1 نقل الم اه ف وعاء من الماء المغل اإلشعاع -- 2 إن كنت تشعر بالدفءعندما تجلس قرب النار
35 ارتفاع الهواء الدافا الرص ف من الساخن -- 3 الساخن. كنت تشعر إن بالدفء عند امساكك ب كوب الكاكاو من -- 4 Q2: Write the scientific term: is the energy that moves from one object to another is a material that allows heat to move through it easily. : اكتب المصطلح العلم آخر. كابن إلى من الت تنتقل الطاقة ه الحرارة بانتقال تسمح الت المواد ه من خاللها بسهولة Q3: What are the three types of energy transfer? الطاقة ل نقل ال ثالثة الطرق ه ما الحرار ة Q4: Write the suitable term of transferring heat under each picture: اكتب طر قة نقل الحرارة تحت كل صورة من الصور اآلت ة: Explain the following observations:
36 a. Metal kettles and pans usually have plastic or wooden handles Grade 8 Unit P.3 - Heat and Temperature الغال ات المعدن ة والمقال عادة ما ت كون مقابضها من البالست ك أو الخشب. b. Windows in air-conditioned buildings often consist of two layers of glass with an air space in between them. النوافذ ف المبان مك فة الهواء تتكون غالبا ا من طبقت ن من الزجاج فصلهما حاجز هواب. c. In some windows in modern buildings, the glass is coated with a very thin transparent layer of metal. ف بعض النوافذ ف المبان الحد ثة غطى الزجاج بطبقة شفافة رق قة من المعدن. d. Car radiators are always painted matt black. دابما ا ما تغطى مشعات الحرارة للس ارات بطبقة سوداء. اللون. e. Hot water heaters are usually surrounded by a layer of polyurethane foam. عادة ما حاط سخانات الم اه بطبقة من الفل ن األب ض..f. Why does conduction occur more easily in solids and liquids than in gases? فسر سهولة عمل ة التوص ل ف المواد الصلبة والسابلة عن. الغاز ة
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