EARTHWATCH 2014 CLIMATE CHANGE AT THE ARCTIC S EDGE

Transcription

1 EARTHWATCH 2014 CLIMATE CHANGE AT THE ARCTIC S EDGE

2 DEAR EARTHWATCHER, Welcome to the Climate Change at the Arctic s Edge expedition, a multidisciplinary research effort initiated in Results from research on these sites will be used to meet the long-term objective of quantifying environmental responses associated with climate change in the subarctic region of Canada. We direct our efforts at benchmarking current conditions in order to evaluate predicted future changes. The studies are labor intensive, and Earthwatch teams provide the people-power that makes it possible to collect large amounts of data in relatively small windows of time. The outside work can be physically demanding, and volunteers have to be able to deal with the weather that comes with this environment. In what we prefer to call the thaw season (summer), it can be cold and wet with plenty of bugs. In the winter, it can be extremely cold as a result of sub-zero temperatures and wind-chill. Regardless of the conditions, we do our work and put up with the good, the bad, and the ugly weather, knowing that the Churchill Northern Studies Centre (CNSC) will offer comfort, food, and shelter at the end of the day. Between the long days of data collection and lab work, we make time for team members to take in some of the local attractions. It has been our pleasure to work with Earthwatch volunteers, and their contributions have significantly and positively affected this research project. We also treasure the interactions, the camaraderie, and the opportunity to learn from the dedicated people who selflessly contribute to this project. Yours Sincerely, LeeAnn Fishback Steve Mamet CONNECT WITH OTHER EARTHWATCHERS! FIND US ON FACEBOOK AT FACEBOOK.COM/ EARTHWATCH OR ON AND ON YOUTUBE AT YOUTUBE.COM/ EARTHWATCHINSTITUTE

3 TABLE OF CONTENTS GENERAL INFORMATION... 2 EXPEDITION PACKING CHECKLIST... 4 THE RESEARCH... 6 DESTINATION... 8 DAILY LIFE IN THE FIELD ACCOMMODATIONS AND FOOD TRAVEL TIPS...14 PROJECT CONDITIONS SAFETY...20 PROJECT STAFF...22 RECOMMENDED READING...23 PARTICIPANT RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES POLAR BEAR ACKNOWLEGEMENT FORM...28 COMMUNICATIONS...29 Images Jo-Anne Croft, Earthwatch, Joe Green, Brigitt Hausammann, Chris Parkinson, Bill Power, Oleg Strizhak, Matti Urlass, Billy Euell 1

4 GENERAL INFORMATION CLIMATE CHANGE AT THE ARCTIC S EDGE EARTHWATCH SCIENTISTS LeeAnn Fishback, Ph.D., Steve Mamet, Ph.D., RESEARCH SITE Churchill, Manitoba, Canada EXPEDITION DATES Team 1 (SUMMER): June 10 June 20, 2014 Team 2 Durfee (SUMMER): June 29 July 9, 2014 Team 3 Teach (SUMMER): July 10 July 20, 2014 Team 4 TEEN* (SUMMER): July 22 Aug. 1, 2014 Complete travel information is not available in this version of the briefing. Please contact Earthwatch with any questions. Team 5 (SUMMER): Aug. 5 Aug. 15, 2013 Team 7 ALCOA (FALL): Sept. 14 Sept. 20, 2014 Team 8 (FALL): Sept. 23 Oct. 3, 2014 Team 9 (WINTER): Feb. 10 Feb. 20, 2015 *Earthwatch Teen Teams are open to 15- to 18-year-olds (18-year-olds may participate if they finished their last year of high school in the previous school year). Participants on this team will receive a separate expedition briefing. 15-, 16-, and 17-year-olds may also participate on standard teams if accompanied by a parent or guardian. See Volunteers Under 18 Years of Age (pg. 15) for traveling advice for minors. 2

5 TRIP PLANNER TO DO IMMEDIATELY q Make sure you understand and agree to Earthwatch policies and participant responsibilities. 90 DAYS PRIOR TO EXPEDITION Complete and return your volunteer forms. Below are the specific forms required for this expedition: q Earthwatch Participation Form for Adults q Travel Form q Read the Polar Bear Form on pg. 28. For adult volunteers (age 18+) it is provided in this briefing for your information only; you will be given a copy to sign when you arrive in the field. Minors (under the age of 18) must have the form signed by your parent or guardian and submit the signed forms to Earthwatch prior to travel. To complete forms, login at earthwatch.org. NOTE: If you have signed up for an expedition within 90 days of the start date, you must return your fully completed volunteer forms as soon as possible. q Pay any outstanding balance on your expedition. q Book travel arrangements q If you plan to purchase additional travel insurance, note that some policies require purchase when your expedition is booked (see the Insurance section, pg. 21, for more information). q If traveling internationally, make sure your passport is current and obtain a visa for your destination country, if necessary (see the Passports and Visas section, pg. 15, for more details). q Make sure you have all the necessary vaccinations for your project site (see the Health Information section, pg. 20). q Bring your level of fitness up to the standards required (see the Project Conditions section, pg. 16). 60 DAYS PRIOR TO EXPEDITION q Review the packing list (pg. 4) to make sure you have all the clothing, personal supplies, and equipment needed. 30 DAYS PRIOR TO EXPEDITION q Leave the Earthwatch 24-hour helpline number with a friend or relative (see pg. 29). q Leave copies of your passport, visa, and airline tickets with a friend or relative. q Confirm your travel arrangements. Read this expedition briefing thoroughly. It provides the most accurate information available at the time of your Earthwatch scientist s project planning, and will likely answer any questions you have about the project. However, please also keep in mind that research requires improvisation, and you may need to be flexible. Research plans evolve in response to new findings, as well as to unpredictable factors such as weather, equipment failure, and travel challenges. To enjoy your expedition to the fullest, remember to expect the unexpected, be tolerant of repetitive tasks, and try to find humor in difficult situations. If there are any major changes in the research plan or field logistics, Earthwatch will make every effort to keep you well informed before you go into the field. 3

6 EXPEDITION PACKING CHECKLIST REQUIRED ITEMS: ALL TEAMS GENERAL q This expedition briefing q Photocopies of your passport, flight itinerary, and credit cards in case the originals are lost or stolen; the copies should be packed separately from the original documents q Passport and/or visa (if necessary) q Certification of vaccination (if necessary) q Documentation for travel by minors (if necessary) (see Volunteers Under 18 Years of Age in the Travel Tips section, pg. 15) CLOTHING/FOOTWEAR FOR LEISURE q Clothing to wear indoors q Footwear (e.g., sneakers/trainers or slippers) for use indoors q One set of clothing to keep clean for recreational time and end of expedition q Earthwatch T-shirt FIELD SUPPLIES q Medium-sized daypack q One-liter water bottle (insulated bottles are required for winter team) q Sunglasses BEDDING AND BATHING NOTE: Bedding and towels will be provided. PERSONAL SUPPLIES q Personal toiletries (biodegradable soaps and shampoos are encouraged) q Antibacterial wipes or lotion (good for cleaning hands while in the field) q Personal first aid kit (e.g., anti-diarrhea pills, antiseptic, itch-relief, pain reliever, bandages, blister covers, etc.) and personal medications q Sunscreen lotion with SPF 30 or higher q Calamine lotion and antihistamines if you suspect you will react to insect bites. MISCELLANEOUS q Spending money REQUIRED ITEMS: SUMMER AND FALL TEAMS ONLY CLOTHING/FOOTWEAR FOR FIELDWORK NOTE: Lighter colors, especially yellow, gold, and white, are the best to keep insects away; the worst colors for attracting insects are black and navy blue. Lighter colors may need to be washed more often, but it s worth it. q Rubber boots (the taller the better) q Sturdy walking shoes (cross-trainers will do) q Full rain suit (top and bottom) q Hat for sun protection q Cotton work gloves or light leather ones (neoprene can be good in cold and wet weather, and mittens or insulated gloves come in handy during cooler weather in any season) q Three or four different layers of clothing to deal with the range of temperatures q Bug jacket and/or head cover (such as the fine-screened types or the ones you put repellent on) FIELD SUPPLIES q Insect repellent (the two kinds that work best are those with high DEET content, such as Deep Woods Off and Repex, and some strong brands with citronella, though it usually dries the skin) REQUIRED ITEMS: WINTER TEAM ONLY CLOTHING/FOOTWEAR FOR FIELDWORK NOTE: Arrangements can been made for you to rent severe-weather outer clothing (parka, pants, and boots) for approximately $500 CAD. Please notify CNSC staff if you would like to reserve a set. CNSC Staff can also provide advice on layers below (please research@ churchillscience.ca). q Thermal long underwear bottoms and long-sleeved top (synthetic or wool first layer) q Heavier synthetic, fleece or wool thermal bottoms and top (second layer) 4

7 q Heavier long-sleeved shirt, preferably wool, down, synthetic insulation or fleece preferably with a hood (third top layer) q Windproof insulated trousers or a bib-type snowsuit (third bottom layer) q Windproof jacket or anorak large enough to fit over outer layers (could be softshell), except your parka (fourth top layer) q Insulated parka of down, synthetic or other warm material (fifth top layer) q Stout, warm boots with good soles, rated to at least -40 C (-40 F), that are loose-fitted for winter, preferably with removable liners for dryinglight liner gloves (fleece is best) q Thermal mittens with windproof mitten covers or q Large insulative mitts that will fit easily on the light liner gloves q Neck gaitor or warmer q Hat (fur, wool, or fleece) and q Facemask or balaclava with eye and mouth openings (you ll be more prone to frostbite if you wear an openfaced mask) q Thick, wooly outer socks (at least two pairs) q Multiple pairs of lighter inner thermal socks FIELD SUPPLIES q Ski goggles q Heat pads (hand/foot warmers), such as HotShots (available in the CNSC giftshop) q Cushion for traveling in the qamutiks (sleds) optional PERSONAL SUPPLIES q If you choose to sleep in an igloo, you will need a sleeping bag of at least 1.8 kilograms (4 pounds) or 15 centimeters (6 inches) of loft, rated to at least -35 C (-31 F), and an insulated (closed cell) mat to place under your sleeping bag (CNSC has some of these supplies on hand; us at research@churchillscience.ca) q Hand moisturizer OPTIONAL ITEMS: ALL TEAMS q Flashlight or headlamp with extra batteries and extra bulb q Earplugs (you ll be sharing a room with up to three other people)binoculars q Field guides q Flash drive (with at least 10 GB of space) for sharing digital photographs at the end of the expedition q Books, games, journal, art supplies, etc. for free time q A ceramic mug from your hometown to donate to the CNSC mug collection NOTE: Required and optional items lists are accurate to the best of Earthwatch s knowledge at the time of publication. 5

8 THE RESEARCH CLIMATE CHANGE AT THE ARCTIC S EDGE THE STORY At the Arctic s edge we can measure the evidence of global warming: shrinking areas of polar sea ice, retreating glaciers, and less extensive winter snowpack that also melts earlier. Biological evidence of warming is also mounting. For example, more trees have begun to grow at the northern treeline and different plant communities are appearing. Northern ecosystems are changing. Over the next few decades, scientists expect to observe the greatest effects of global warming at high latitudes. Estimates of the amount of warming go as high as 6 C (42.8 F) annual mean daily average temperature, and Churchill, on Canada s Hudson Bay, has warmed approximately 2 C (35.6 F) since record-keeping began in the 1880s. On a global scale, the position of the circumboreal treeline is determined by temperature. However, local treeline positions are modified by frost damage, winter desiccation, and a host of other factors. It is necessary to assess the effects of sitespecific variables, which could confound the influence of increasing temperatures. Permafrost ground that remains below freezing for more than a year holds crucial clues to what global warming might entail. It underlies 24% of the surface of the earth, including vast areas of Russia, Canada, China, and Alaska. An estimated 50% of the world s terrestrial carbon is locked up in permafrost. Permafrost in the northern hemisphere is warming, and the zone of permafrost is predicted to shift northward. As the permafrost thaws, its vast stores of organic carbon compounds begin to decompose, producing carbon dioxide and methane. The release of these greenhouse gases into the atmosphere will amplify the global warming effect in a positive feedback loop. In addition, as a result of permafrost degradation, upland landscapes will subside to form wetlands, and some wetlands could drain to form new uplands. These processes will affect much of the landscape in the Hudson Bay Lowland, which is dominated by wetland ecosystems. Millions of waterfowl and other migratory wetland bird species will also be affected by these changes. RESEARCH AIMS At the Churchill Northern Studies Centre (CNSC), our main research goal has been to establish an environmental monitoring program to collect baseline quantitative data on climate-related changes in northern ecosystems. You help obtain large numbers of samples over a short time period and are vital to the success of the monitoring program. People depend on the health and integrity of the natural world for food, income, and other resources, so collecting such data is vitally important. Locally, many of the residents of Churchill, our nearest neighbors, depend on ecotourism for their livelihood, and our research can inform better policy for preserving the ecosystem that supports them in addition to its global resonance. 6

9 This project focuses on two of the global-warming-related changes scientists have observed: the shift of the treeline to the north and wetland dynamics. We have established 11 long-term environmental monitoring sites along a line extending from the boreal forest into the Arctic tundra to measure a set of key ecosystem components. These include components of the environment like snow conditions, ground temperature, depth of thawing, soil carbon as well the biological components of the ecosystem like trees, shrubs and small mammals. At our monitoring sites, automated microclimate stations which monitor the state of the permafrost and active layer operate year round. We also monitor permafrost and the active layer as part of our field work, through repeated probing and coring. We sample and analyze the snowpack in mid-winter. And in the lab, we analyze soil samples to determine organic matter content, moisture, texture, ph, conductivity, and macronutrient contents. Monitoring the treeline by recording the presence of seedlings, saplings, and trees is the second big component of this project. We focus on the treeline because minor changes in the environment can have big ecological impacts on it. For example, warmer growing seasons can lead to more viable tree seeds and higher germination success, which means that more trees grow further into the tundra thus changing where the treeline lies. Within the forest-tundra zone, buds and leaves are exposed to colder temperatures and higher amounts of wind-blown snow abrasion. Wind-blown snow can thin or remove the waxy cuticle covering needles resulting in excessive water loss and needle mortality, which can reduce the plants photosynthetic capability during the following growing season. Furthermore, insufficient maturation of the cuticle in the summer can lead to excessive winter moisture loss. Depending on the intensity, duration and variability, cold and windy conditions impair vital functions and can set the distributional limits of plant species, though conflicting results from other studies warrant further research. The research also focuses on isolated wetlands bodies of water that have highly variable biological and hydrological characteristics and make up about 40% of the landscape of the Hudson Bay Lowlands (HBL). Because of the temporary character of some of these wetlands, the aquatic organisms differ from those of larger and deeper permanent bodies of water. One important difference is that they usually lack predators such as larger fish and invertebrates, which are a significant predatory component in aquatic systems. As a result, many organisms have developed specific life histories to take advantage of the characteristics of the wetland, and as the climate changes, so too does the character and species habitat within these wetlands. HOW YOU WILL HELP You ll get the chance to help with both field and lab research. The amount of time you will spend at each will vary with the season; however, you should expect to spend about 50% of your time at the research sites and the remainder in the lab. You will help set up and monitor equipment and collect data on features of the snowpack, permafrost, and soil; the occurrence of vascular plants, lichens, and mosses; plant phenology (the timing of seasonal events such as flowering, first leaves, etc.); annual growth rings of trees; and the numbers of mammals and birds. SUMMER AND FALL STUDIES (TEAMS 1 AND 8) These teams will focus on the physical and biological characteristics of the environment. You ll study 1) sexual reproduction and survivorship of treeline trees and 2) winter injury of evergreen needles. In addition to ongoing monitoring of natural seedling establishment and survival in the field, seeding experiments will be implemented as part of the Global Treeline Range Expansion Experiment (G-TREE). G-TREE is a globally distributed collaborative project aimed at testing the generality of mechanisms driving boundaries of tree distribution at the treeline (treelineresearch.com/). Soil sampling, permafrost coring, thaw depth measurements and vegetation sampling could be on the task list of a given team. Equipment for air and ground temperature measurements will be maintained, and cover values for shrubs and trees will be estimated. The depth of thaw will be probed and the standard soil characteristics, including organic matter, moisture content, and ph will be determined. The teams could also be involved in sampling the total above-ground biomass from plots within each site. SUMMER AND FALL STUDIES (TEAMS 2-5 AND 7) These teams will focus on the diverse wetland environments that make up 40% of the land cover in this region. You ll don waist-high neoprene waders to collect data on species and water quality from shallow tundra ponds and wetlands. Outdoor activities will depend on weather conditions; fall is a time of rapid change on the tundra. The project will provide the neoprene waders and gloves for the duration of the project. WINTER STUDIES (TEAM 9) Assignments for the winter team will include snowpack descriptions, snow sampling, and lab processing of samples. Outdoor activities will depend on light and weather conditions; winter can be extremely physically demanding. CNSC can rent gear to volunteers, including parkas, pants, mitts and boots, but volunteers will be required to bring their own liner gloves and headgear. Trips in the qamutiks (sleds pulled behind snowmobiles) can be rough, cold, and uncomfortable but the winter landscape will leave you breathless. 7

10 YOUR DESTINATION ABOUT CHURCHILL, MANITOBA In many ways, Churchill is a place like no other you can visit. For one thing, it s in a region of immense plant and animal diversity, at the crossroads of subarctic and boreal (woodland) habitats. It is on the seacoast within the Hudson Bay Lowlands, the largest contiguous wetland in North America and the second largest wetland in the world. The area is at the southern limit of the continuous permafrost zone, and much of the peat (partially decayed vegetation matter) is frozen and cannot decompose. The deposits of frozen peat can be 1,350 years old and more than two meters in depth. Many different biomes (communities of plants and animals) can be found here, including forest, forest-tundra, tundra, wetland, peatland, estuarine, and marine. This makes for a complex mix of species. Churchill s most famous animal inhabitants are its some 57,000 beluga whales and almost 1,000 polar bears: the town advertises itself as both the beluga whale and the polar bear capital of the world. Grizzly and black bears also make their homes in the area, along with caribou and moose. Churchill has been ranked as one of the top 10 bird-watching spots in the world. The avian diversity is partly supported by the high populations of mosquitoes and black flies that are prey for these birds (and irritants for researchers). 8

11 Churchill has lots of interesting history to share with visitors. It has served as a meeting place for many groups of people in the past, including those from three aboriginal nations: the Inuit from the north, the Dené from the west, and the Cree from the south and east. There is also a long history of trade, military activity, and scientific research in Churchill that stretches back 300 years. Churchill has long been a popular winter spot for astronomical observation, and it is one of the best sites in the world for viewing the northern lights. Today, visitors can see a number of archeological and historic sites in the area. The Eskimo Museum has one of the world s largest collections of Inuit artifacts and carvings. Even though Churchill is a small town, there s plenty to do. You ll take time out to catch sunsets, check out unusual birds, caribou, and other wildlife, enjoy the flowers, and generally soak up as much of the local environment as time possible. 9

12 DAILY LIFE IN THE FIELD PLANS AND POLICIES While you ll spend most of your time on research tasks, you ll always have the chance to ask questions, enjoy the scenery, and take in the majesty of the northern treeline. In this pristine environment, there are endless opportunities to view little-seen wildlife and plants. CNSC was established over 38 years ago to facilitate research, and you will have the opportunity to interact with many other scientists conducting research in the area. It is not uncommon for volunteers to sit at a cafeteria table with scientists and have a conversation directly with them about their studies. These researchers are also likely to give informal lectures during which in-depth discussions can carry on for hours. You will be in the midst of an intellectual environment unique to a center like CNSC. You ll get plenty of learning opportunities on this expedition: you may hear talks on local permafrost landforms, the ecology of polar bears, whales, species migration, wetland diversity, the significance of the project to the community, and climate change monitoring in general. Depending your team s particular tasks, you ll also hear practical talks on snow pit measurements, plant species identification, community structure, sampling techniques, and monitoring and census techniques. You will also learn about the concepts behind tree coring and dendrochronology (dating by analysis of the pattern of tree growth rings), and the use of various kinds of equipment. RECREATIONAL TIME: Usually, on the fifth or sixth day of the expedition, the team will have a recreational day (the exact day will depend on weather and research activities). The summer teams will have the opportunity to visit the town of Churchill, where you can participate in a number of organized activities, including whale watching (approx. $100CAD, depending on the boat and number of people); a tour of Fort Prince of Wales, a national historic site (approx. $80CAD, including the boat trip across the Churchill River); river kayaking ($150 CAD); browsing through the Eskimo Museum ($10CAD donation); a regional natural history tour (approx. $80CAD); or simply souvenir shopping. The winter team will also have the opportunity to visit the town of Churchill and participate in an authentic dog-sledding adventure tour (approx. $100 CAD). All activities are seasonal and weather dependent. ADDITIONAL POLICIES The Churchill region is polar bear country, and significant safety issues exist whenever we are out of doors. The CNSC is 23 kilometers (14 miles) east of the town of Churchill, and consequently, volunteers must be accompanied by a CNSC staff member or the Earthwatch scientist, who will carry bear deterrents, before being allowed to go out of doors during free time. When you arrive on site you will sign the Churchill Northern Studies Centre s Polar Bear Information Acknowledgement Form (see pg. 28 of this briefing). CNSC is a non-smoking facility. 10

13 ITINERARY AND DAILY SCHEDULE Weather and research needs can lead to changes in the daily schedule. We appreciate your cooperation and understanding. DAY 1 Introduction and orientation, getting off to a gradual start to enable volunteers to recover from travel. A meeting will be conducted to outline the objectives and methods of the team and guidelines for safety, and to provide a preliminary schedule. After this, the team will normally take a brief walk to become familiar with the site and test outdoor gear. DAY 2 Demonstrations of equipment and training. If this is completed in the morning, the team will practice field methods in the afternoon. DAYS 3 10 Each day will begin with a briefing to outline the day s activities. At least half of each day will be spent at the research sites collecting data, while the remainder of the day will be used for sample processing and data entry. Depending on the tasks, we might make an evening trip to catch the sunset or take other excursions. There will normally be an evening briefing to review the day s activities followed by a lecture or lab or data entry work. A TYPICAL DAY IN THE FIELD Time Activity 6:45 a.m. Morning briefing, review of assignment progress, new assignments outlined 7:00 a.m. Breakfast and clean-up 8:00 a.m. Prepare for daily field program 8:30 a.m. Depart for field 12:00 noon Lunch at CNSC 1:0 p.m. Depart for field 2:30 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. Return from field, begin laboratory work, data entry, etc. 5:30 p.m. Dinner and clean-up 7:00 p.m. Lab work, data entry, etc., optional field or lab/recreational activities/lectures 9:00 p.m. Relax, read, socialize, go to bed, etc. NOTE: Morning and afternoon or evening schedules may be reversed, depending on weather and project needs. DAY 11 Travel day On the last evening, we ll have a wrap-up seminar with an overview of the data, comments, recommendations, and discussion about the significance of your contributions to the overall research picture. EARTHWATCH RECREATIONAL TIME POLICY Project staff will generally accompany participants from the rendezvous to the end of the expedition. For recreational days, when no research activities are scheduled, Earthwatch scientists will offer either a team activity or a range of recreational activities that comply with Earthwatch standards. Participants may also remain at project accommodations. Those who pursue other options must sign a release form. If there is a period of time during a regular research day when no research activities are scheduled, adult participants may leave the project site on their own; they will have to sign out first. Unless contacted for help, project staff will not search for a participant unless he or she fails to appear the following morning or for the next scheduled research activity. Earthwatch will assess the general risks of adult participants leaving the project site, but cannot guarantee participant safety or an awareness of all issues. In some cases, due to local conditions, adult participants may have to stay at the project site during recreational time, a requirement that will be clearly communicated on site. 11

14 ACCOMMODATIONS AND FOOD ABOUT YOUR HOME IN THE FIELD SLEEPING You ll stay in dormitory rooms that house up to four people in bunk beds. Normally, rooms will be single gender. Depending on the bookings, it might be possible to arrange for single accommodations contact your Earthwatch representative about this option. IGLOOS (TEAM 9 ONLY): The optional activity of building igloos requires cutting, lifting, and placing 20- to 30-kilogram (45- to 65-pound) blocks of snow that should not be dropped, and at 70 x 50 x 15 centimeters (28 x 20 x 6 inches), each block can be awkward to maneuver. This task requires a lot of energy. Fortunately, there are usually enough people participating to share the heavier tasks. BATHROOMS The CNSC water is trucked to the facility, so we practice watersaving measures. There is running water throughout the facility, which includes low-flow showers and flush toilets, as well as composting toilets in the dorm area. You can do laundry for a fee of $6 per load. ELECTRICITY The CNSC has reliable electricity (outlet types A or B, 110 volts, 60 hertz). You should bring along any necessary converters and adapters. 12

15 INTERNET There is wireless Internet throughout CNSC, as well as a limited number of hard-wire connection site available at no additional charge. There are a number of desktop computers in the quiet lounge. FACILITIES AND AMENITIES CNSC has a library and reading room, a fully staffed cafeteria, a northern lights observation dome, movie-watching room, three classrooms, a herbarium, a research library, a computer room with Internet connection, a gift shop, a number of public telephones, and vending machines. In the office, there is access to fax and photocopy services. Mail is delivered to the post office daily. In the laboratory wing there are benches, drying ovens, and a variety other equipment. There is a workout room with a stationary bicycle, cross trainer, and weights. DISTANCE TO FIELD SITE All research sites are within 40 minutes of the CNSC. Transport is by van or SUV, except in winter, when volunteers are transported in qamutiks (sleds pulled behind snowmobiles). SERVICES AND RESTAURANTS IN WALKING DISTANCE CNSC is not within walking distance of the town of Churchill. FOOD The kitchen is run by accredited cooks who prepare all the meals. Food is served cafeteria style, and the dining area is shared by all users of CNSC. Volunteers will assist with aftermeal clean-up. Meals are varied and usually include a choice of salads, desserts, and a vegetarian dish. We also have fresh bread and evening snacks. Special dietary requests can generally be accommodated with prior notification. Following are examples of the foods you may find in the field. Variety depends on availability, and this list only gives a general idea of food types. Please be flexible. BREAKFAST: Eggs, bacon, toast, porridge, pancakes, French toast, sausages, fresh/dried fruit, yogurt, muffins, cold cereals, toast LUNCH: Soup, sandwiches, macaroni and cheese, grilled cheese sandwiches, burgers, French fries, fruit DINNER: Meatloaf, spaghetti, roast beef, turkey, lasagna, fish, potatoes, pork chops, pizza, chicken, salads, Jello, cake, pie, fresh fruit, cooked vegetables, stew SNACKS: Leftovers, fruit, popcorn available through vending machines BEVERAGES: Juice, milk, coffee, tea, hot chocolate, water, soda available for sale WATER: All water is drinkable. Cold, fresh water is available for free in the cafeteria at all times (you can also buy bottled water at CNSC). SPECIAL DIETARY REQUIREMENTS Please alert Earthwatch to any special dietary requirements (e.g., vegetarian or vegan diets, diabetes, lactose intolerance, nut or other serious food allergies) as soon as possible, and note them in the space provided on your volunteer forms. Accommodating special diets is not guaranteed and can be very difficult due to availability of food, location of field sites, and other local conditions. 13

16 TRAVEL TIPS SUGGESTIONS FOR THE ROAD LUGGAGE LOST AND DELAYED LUGGAGE: If your luggage goes astray, please tell the airline to deliver luggage to Calm Air airlines in Winnipeg and have them deliver it to: Churchill Northern Studies Centre, 1 Launch Road, Churchill Manitoba, Canada. TEL: +1 (204) GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS: Do not bring more luggage than you can carry and handle on your own. If traveling by air and checking your luggage, we advise you to pack an extra set of field clothing and personal essentials in your carry-on bag in case your luggage is lost or delayed. Many airlines have strict baggage policies. Please check with your airline(s) on baggage weight limits, liquid restrictions, fees for checked baggage, etc. The flight from Winnipeg to Churchill has a restriction of two checked bags (maximum weight of any bag is 23 kilograms/ 50 pounds) plus two carry-on bags (combined weight of 10 kilograms/23 pounds). The combined weight allowance, including carry-on luggage, is 32 kilograms/70 pounds. You can pay for additional bags, but they might end up on another flight and therefore run an increased risk of delay or getting lost. If you check more than one bag, you must identify one bag as priority to ensure that critical items are in this bag. TRANSFERRING LUGGAGE: If you will be taking an international flight that has one or more connections within the country of your destination, you must collect any checked bags at the airport where you first arrive in the destination country. After proceeding through customs, you will have to recheck your luggage before flying on to your final destination. MONEY MATTERS LOCAL CURRENCY: Canadian dollar (CAD) PERSONAL FUNDS: Businesses and the CNSC accept Visa and MasterCard credit cards and traveler s checks. U.S. currency is accepted at most businesses in Churchill, but other currencies should be exchanged at the Winnipeg Airport or at a bank. You are advised to carry about $200CAD. Virtually all rail, bus, and airport terminals (except in Churchill) have ATMs that dispense Canadian dollars. There is an ATM in Churchill that will be accessible on the day the team goes into town, but there is not one at CNSC. At Immigration upon entering Canada, you may be asked to prove that you have enough funds to support yourself during your visit. Be sure to have this project briefing with you to show that the program you are joining covers your food and accommodations for your entire stay at CNSC. YOUR DESTINATION LANGUAGE: The two official languages of Canada are English and French, although the degree of fluency in each varies depending on the province. Manitoba is primarily English speaking. TIME ZONE: Central Time Zone: GMT/UTC -6 (-5 Daylight Savings Time). For time worldwide with GMT/UTC, see worldtimeserver.com. TELEPHONE DIALING CODES: When calling Canada from another country, dial the country s international dialing code, followed by (1) and the number. When calling within Canada, you must still dial the country code (1) before dialing the number. When calling another country from Canada, dial (011), followed by the other country s country code and the number. NOTE: check with your cell phone provider to obtain any carrier-specific dialing codes you may need; many providers have dialing procedures that may differ in whole or in part from these directions. For additional information, see kropla.com/dialcode.htm. Most cellphones will not work in Churchill, and there is no cellphone coverage at the CNSC. 14

17 PASSPORTS AND VISAS WILL YOU NEED A PASSPORT? International travelers will require a valid passport, possibly one that is valid for at least six months after the date of entry into the country you are visiting. WILL YOU NEED A VISA? Citizens of the U.S., EU, Australia, Canada, and Japan DO NOT need tourist visas for entry. Citizens of other countries should check with their travel agent or a visa agency for specific visa and entry requirements. ELECTRONIC SYSTEM FOR TRAVEL AUTHORIZATION (ESTA) If you are traveling from outside the U.S. and have a stopover in the U.S., you are required to register through the ESTA program. ESTA is used to screen short-term visitors who are citizens of the 36 countries eligible for the U.S. Visa Waiver Program (VWP). For a list of those countries, see travel. state.gov/visa/temp/without/without_1990.html#countries. Visitors are required to complete ESTA at least three days before traveling to the U.S. Once approved, the authorization is valid for up to two years if the individual s passport does not expire in the meantime. Submit applications through the ESTA website: esta.cbp.dhs.gov/esta/. As of publication, ESTA costs approximately US$ Citizens of countries covered by the VWP traveling to the U.S. for tourism or business for 90 days or less do not need to obtain a visa provided they have a valid passport (for exceptions see the VWP Quick Reference Guide: travel.state. gov/pdf/vwp-quickreferenceguide.pdf). INFORMATION FOR VOLUNTEERS REQUIRING VISAS ONLY TYPE OF VISA TO GET: Tourist The purpose of your visit is for vacation, holiday or travel. Immigration officials do not always understand the concept of a working vacation, or even volunteering. Words such as working, volunteering, research or scientific expedition can raise questions about the country s foreign labor laws or official scientific research permits and credentials to which you won t be able to respond on your own. All required research permits for the project are in place and have been approved by the proper authorities. WHERE TO GET A VISA: Contact the nearest Canadian embassy or consulate to find out how to apply. PLEASE NOTE that this process can take weeks or even months. We strongly recommend using a visa agency, which can both expedite and simplify the process. SUGGESTED AGENCIES IN THE U.S.: Travisa; ; travisa.com IN EUROPE: CIBT, Inc. (UK); info@uk.cibt.com; uk.cibt.com IN AUSTRALIA: Ask your travel agency if it can send your visa application on your behalf. REQUIRED INFORMATION: You will need to send your passport (valid for at least six months beyond your stay), a visa application and immigration form, two to four passportsize photos, and payment to the embassy or visa agency (if applicable). Please be sure that your passport is valid for at least six months beyond your stay. CONTACT INFORMATION: You may be required to list the following contact information on your visa application and immigration form: Complete travel information is not available in this version of the briefing. Please contact Earthwatch with any questions. COST OF A VISA: Generally between US$40 and $100, but varies from country to country and can cost up to US$180. A visa agency will charge an additional fee. VOLUNTEERS UNDER 18 YEARS OF AGE In an effort to prevent international child abduction, many governments have procedures at entry and exit points to protect minors. Thus, if a minor will be traveling with only one guardian or alone, he or she may need a notarized letter from all legal guardians stating that the minor may travel unaccompanied or in the presence of a single guardian. If necessary, this letter must give an explanation for why only one parent or someone other than a parent is signing the letter. For example, if one parent is deceased, only one parent has legal guardianship, or someone other than the parents are legal guardians, the letter should state that. Airlines may also have documentation requirements for unaccompanied minors, e.g., a birth certificate or a notarized letter like the one described above. IMPORTANT: Requirements of specific countries and airlines vary and change frequently. You must keep informed of the requirements on your own to avoid problems at immigration. If the minor is refused entry into a country or onto a flight because of lack of documentation, there is nothing Earthwatch can do to help. 15

18 PROJECT CONDITIONS THE FIELD ENVIRONMENT GENERAL CONDITIONS The information that follows is as accurate as possible, but please keep in mind that conditions may change. The majority of the sites are gravel, peat over sand, or peat over permafrost. In general, the area ranges from flat to hummocky. The wetlands have standing surface water for the most part, and some have mucky bottom sediments. On average, temperatures at Churchill over the summer period range from -6 to 30 C (20 F to 85 F). There is very little humidity, except during periods of fog when the wind comes off the Bay, and the rainfall during the summer is usually around 2.5 inches (5 cm) per month. Spring begins in June with the end of snowfall and melt, while late August is the beginning of autumn and brings cooler temperatures. The average temperature, however, is often misleading since it can feel like autumn in the morning and the height of summer in the afternoon following a shift in the wind. The winter (when Team 9 will be in the field) is long and dominated by extremely cold arctic air masses, often with strong winds. In mid-winter, temperature becomes irrelevant (it s usually just -40 C/-40 F) and wind chill values are used. In February the wind chill often exceeds -45 C (-50 F) and exposed skin will freeze in seconds. The upside is that at this time of year there are no insect pests, and the long nights provide an amazing opportunity to view the northern lights. SUMMER AND FALL CONDITIONS HUMIDITY: Little (except during fog), very dry in February SUMMER TEMPERATURE RANGE: -5 C/23 F to 28 C/82 F WINTER TEMPERATURE RANGE: -55 C/-67 F to 15 C/5 F ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS All participants must be able, independently or with the assistance of a companion, to: q Follow verbal and/or visual instructions. q Wear all protective equipment recommended or required by industry standards; especially important for the winter team. If you bring gear that the staff feels is inappropriate, you may have to rent gear at your own expense. Please read the section for winter team in the Expedition Packing Checklist (pg. 4). q Enjoy being outdoors all day in all types of weather, in the potential presence of wild animals and insects. q Tolerate temperatures as high as 28 C (82 F) and as low as -55 C (-67 F) in winter. q Carry personal daily supplies, such as lunch, water, and some small field equipment, of up to nine kilograms (20 pounds). q Get low enough to undertake ground-level activities such as soil sampling, permafrost coring, frost probing, vegetation sampling, and small mammal live-trapping, up to 12 hours per day. q Traverse varying terrain from level hard surfaces to undulating, hummocky ground. Total time hiking is up to four hours per day. q Promptly alert project staff about any injuries or discomfort (bruising, difficulty breathing, etc.) as soon as it occurs. q WINTER TEAM ONLY: Travel in a seated, upright position within a qamutik sled during transit, which can sometimes be bumpy. This can be uncomfortable for individuals with back problems. q WINTER TEAM ONLY: Maintain a high enough calorie intake to keep up with the increased energy demands of working in frigid temperatures and deep snow. ALTITUDE: 0 to 39 m/130 ft above sea level RAINFALL: 0-6 cm/0-2.5 in per month 16

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20 POTENTIAL HAZARDS Hazard Type Transportation Walking/Hiking/ Climbing Terrain Wildlife Climate/Weather Insects Distance from Medical Care Associated Risks and Precautions Volunteers will be transported between Churchill and CNSC via vehicles owned and maintained by the center. The road is gravel and its condition varies depending on the weather. In winter (Team 9), white-outs and icy roads make driving conditions more difficult. The winter team will be transported into the field on qamutiks (sleds pulled behind snowmobiles). There are no safety belts on these sleds. The snow is quite hard, and the qamutiks offer no cushioning. You may wish to bring your own padding for travel while in the qamutiks (see the section for winter team in the Expedition Packing Checklist, pg. 4). All drivers hold licenses required by the Canadian government and vehicles meet provincial safety standards with the addition of shortwave radios to talk to the base. Hiking along the trails to the research sites varies from instable ground with tall shrubs, to open hard ground. Trail sections can also be very wet with deep holes (at times the depth exceeds the height of volunteers rubber boots). Teams working in wetlands will be wading in standing water that may be up to 75 cm in depth using neoprene waders. All volunteers will be hiking in the field, and there is risk of strains, sprains, and breaks due to falls. Trails are well marked and the volunteers will be traveling as a group, but the footing can be slippery, especially with frost or light snow or rain. You must have rubber boots due to sections of wetlands at several sites and the tall shrubs that can restrict movement at some sites. The Churchill region has a large concentration of polar bears. Consequently, the teams will have to be near a vehicle equipped with a radio and armed with suitable deterrents at all times. Project staff will have a number of polar bear deterrents, ranging from noise-makers to firearms. CNSC has thorough safety standards in place for the use and management of firearms. For safety considerations, it will not be possible to avoid being in the presence of firearms. Volunteers will not handle or use the firearms. The Earthwatch scientist and other field staff (NOT volunteers) will carry deterrents. During winter (Teams 9), there is risk of hypothermia, frost nip, frost bite, extreme chapping and cracking of lips and hands, and other cold-related injuries, as well as cold-caused damage to personal gear. The risk of cold-related injury is increased in those with heart and lung disease and any other conditions that reduce or impair circulation to the skin and extremities. Certain medications can exacerbate risks of cold-related injury. In all seasons, the sun can be quite intense. Even on an overcast day, you are at risk of sunburn; bring plenty of good-quality sun block and lip sun and wind block. Also, the environment is dry year round, so drink plenty of water to avoid dehydration Mosquito and black fly populations can be very dense in summer and fall. There is no evidence of West Nile virus in the Churchill region, although it is present in southern Manitoba. Take precautions to prevent mosquito bites by using insect repellent and wearing long-sleeved shirts or bug jackets and head nets while in the field. Black flies bite and inject an anti-coagulant and are generally very irritating. If you suspect you might have an allergic reaction to their bites, bring an antihistamine. The nearest hospital is 23 kilometers (15 miles) away from the project site, and it may take up to an hour to arrange transport and reach the hospital. If you have a chronic condition which could require immediate medical care (e.g., heart conditions, kidney problems, severe asthma, etc.), or if you are pregnant, please discuss your participation on this expedition with your physician. 18

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22 SAFETY HEALTH INFORMATION PROJECT VACCINATIONS REQUIRED: If traveling from countries or region where yellow fever is endemic, you must have a certificate of vaccination. ROUTINE IMMUNIZATIONS All volunteers should have the following up-to-date immunizations: DPT (diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus), polio, MMR (measles, mumps, rubella), and varicella (if you have not already had chicken pox). Please be sure your tetanus shot is current. Medical decisions are the responsibility of each volunteer and his or her doctor, and the following are recommendations only. Earthwatch can only provide details regarding suggested vaccinations, and we are not a medical organization. ADVICE REGARDING DISEASES Traveler s diarrhea affects many international travelers. Please see the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (cdc.gov) or the World Health Organization (who.int/) websites for more information on this condition and how to avoid it. A note on vaccinations and treatment: WEST NILE VIRUS: West Nile is a mosquito-transmitted virus. Several cases of West Nile virus are reported each year from southern Manitoba; however, as of the printing of this expedition briefing, no cases have been reported in northern Manitoba, where the Churchill teams take place. EMERGENCIES IN THE FIELD Field staff members carry handheld radios to communicate with CNSC, from where someone would call the hospital for guidance in an emergency. There is always a vehicle available in the field, and a number of first aid kits are maintained at CNSC. Anyone with a medical emergency will be evacuated directly to the hospital in Churchill. If the situation is severe, a helicopter can be used to transport the injured person. In the event of a dangerous encounter with a polar bear, the animal will be deterred using standard procedures, and the team will leave the area and report the incident to CNSC. PHYSICIAN, NURSE, OR EMT ON STAFF: Project staff members are not medical professionals. STAFF CERTIFIED IN SAFETY TRAINING LEEANN FISHBACK: Wilderness First Aid, CPR (Level C) STEVE MAMET: Wilderness First Aid, Standard First Aid with CPR (Level A), NEAREST HEALTH CARE Churchill Regional Health Authority Churchill, Manitoba R0B 0E0 TEL: +1 (204) km/15 mi away, 40 minutes by vehicle 20

23 INSURANCE Travel insurance is included in the contribution you pay to Earthwatch. The insurance covers your travel medical risks, including medical expenses and emergency medical evacuation, while you are traveling. It also provides trip cancellation insurance and baggage and personal money insurance. It does not provide personal liability insurance. Earthwatch s insurance is applicable during travel to and from the expedition site and the duration of the expedition, but does not apply to detours for personal vacations made on the same trip. This insurance policy is secondary to your existing health insurance policy. For more information, please see earthwatch.org/expeditions/ travel-insurance. Refer any queries regarding Earthwatch s travel policy to our insurance liaison at +1 (978) or insurance@earthwatch.org. If you booked through Earthwatch Australia, please contact them at +61 (0) or earth@earthwatch.org.au for any queries. EMERGENCY MEDICAL AND EVACUATION ASSISTANCE For emergency assistance in the field, please contact Earthwatch s 24-hour emergency hotline number highlighted in the box. You may also contact our assistance provider, Healix International, at the number highlighted in the event of a medical or evacuation emergency or for routine medical and travel advice, such as advice on visas and vaccine requirements. EARTHWATCH S 24-HOUR EMERGENCY HOTLINE (OUTSIDE AUSTRALIA) Call Earthwatch s 24-hour on-call duty officer in the U.S.: +1 (978) (800) (toll-free for calls placed from within the U.S.) HEALIX INTERNATIONAL: (collect calls and reverse charges accepted) U.S. TOLL FREE: U.K. FREE PHONE: earthwatch@healix.com EARTHWATCH S 24-HOUR EMERGENCY HOTLINE (WITHIN AUSTRALIA): After business hours, leave a message with our live answering service. State that you have an emergency and give the name of your expedition, your name, the location from which you are calling, and if possible, a phone number where you can be reached. An Earthwatch staff person will respond to your call within one hour. 21

24 PROJECT STAFF YOUR RESOURCES IN THE FIELD LEEANN FISHBACK, B.SC., M.SC., PH.D. (Western) is an environmental geochemist focusing on freshwater lake and pond water chemistry in arctic and subarctic regions. She lives in Churchill, Manitoba full time as a northern field research scientist. Her passion for the north has grown over the past 20 years, and she enjoys living in the remote areas of the country. LeeAnn has been the scientific coordinator at CNSC for the last twelve years. She is also an adjunct professor in the Department of Geography at the University of Winnipeg in Manitoba, where she teaches and supervises students. She enjoys the rigors of winter, including snowmobile rides, snowshoeing, and curling up with a good book on a blizzard day. Schedule: Teams 2-5 and STEVE MAMET PH.D. (Alberta) is currently a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Saskatchewan in Saskatoon. Steve specializes in the expansion of treeline in a number of subarctic and alpine environments in northern Canada, and has worked with Earthwatch projects in Churchill throughout the duration of studies over the last 10 years. Schedule: Teams 1,6 and 7-9 Several students and interns working at CNSC will also support the fieldwork component of these Earthwatch teams. All students and interns will be introduced on site. NOTE: Staff schedules are subject to change. 22

25 RECOMMENDED READING YOUR RESOURCES AT HOME RESOURCES BOOKS Mcghee, R. Ancient people of the Artic. Vancouver: UBC Press, Stirling, I. Polar Bears: The Natural History of a Threatened Species. Markham, ON: Fitzhenry and Whiteside, Brandson, L.E. Churchill, Hudson Bay: A Guide to Natural and Cultural History. Churchill: The Eskimo Museum, Anything by author Barry Lopez. McGoogan, K. Ancient Mariner. Toronto: Harper Collins Publishers Ltd., ARTICLES Huntington, H., G. Weller, E. Bush, T.V. Callaghan, V. Kattsov, and M. Nuttall. Chapter 1: An Introduction to the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment. In Arris, L. (ed.), Arctic Climate Impact Assessment: Scientific Report, Fairbanks: ACIA Secretariat and Cooperative Institute for Arctic Research. Available at: acia.uaf.edu/pdfs/acia_ Science_Chapters_Final/ACIA_Ch01_Final.pdf. Overpeck, J.T., K. Hughen, D. Hardy, R. Bradley, R. Case, M. Douglas, B. Finney, K. Gajeswski, G. Jacoby, A. Jennings, S. Lamoureux, A. Lasca, G. MacDonald, J. Moore, M. Retelle, S. Smith, A. Wolfe, and G. Zielinski. Arctic environmental change of the last four centuries. Science 278 (1997): FIELD GUIDES Jehl, J.R. Birdlife of the Churchill Region: Status, History, Biology. Victoria, B.C.: Trafford Publishing, Johnson, K.L. Wildflowers of Churchill and the Hudson Bay Region. Winnipeg: Manitoba Museum of Man and Nature, PROJECT-RELATED WEBSITES CNSC: churchillscience.ca TUNDRA WETLAND ECOLOGY BLOG: tundrawetland.blogspot.com/ CLIMATE SCIENCE: realclimate.org PROJECT FIELD REPORT Each Earthwatch-supported project submits a report on past research and results. The most recent field report for this project is available online at earthwatch.org/ FieldReportpdf/Kershaw_FieldReport2009.pdf. NOTE that reports are not available for all projects. EARTHWATCH SOCIAL MEDIA FACEBOOK: facebook.com/earthwatch YOUTUBE: youtube.com/earthwatchinstitute TWITTER: twitter.com/earthwatch_org 23

26 PARTICIPANT RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES Conversely, an Earthwatch scientist may give written permission to use data and images for academic or profitable activity. Please be sure to ask what is acceptable to the Earthwatch scientist. Fellows or scholarship recipients are sometimes required to submit a written report reflecting what they have learned on a project, sometimes as a step toward developing a curriculum. Earthwatch scientists have the right but not the obligation to review and edit materials involving information gathered on one of their expeditions. This document contains important information concerning Earthwatch Institute policies and participant rights and responsibilities for inclusion in an Earthwatch expedition. Please read this document thoroughly and sign the Liability Release section of your Earthwatch Participation Form to indicate that you understand and accept the risks inherent to your expedition and the policies, rights, and responsibilities enumerated in this document. You will not be permitted to participate in an expedition until Earthwatch has received the signed release form. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS It is permissible to share photos, videos, and stories of your expedition with family, friends, local media, and in a public forum. Sharing your new perspectives and experiences is welcomed and encouraged. However, please recognize that all information, data, and images shared or gathered in the course of your expedition s field work become the intellectual property of the Earthwatch scientist. Co-opting or plagiarism of data, images, or information gathered during an expedition for use in a scientific thesis, master s, or PhD work, or for profit or for the academic or business use of a third party without the permission of the Earthwatch scientist is strictly prohibited. Please be aware that data gathered during the interviewing of local people become the intellectual property of the Earthwatch scientist. Earthwatch scientists have the right to place additional restrictions on your ability to share data or certain research-related images. DISCRIMINATION Earthwatch does not discriminate on the basis of race, religion, ethnicity, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, or any other reason prohibited by applicable law and respects participants right to privacy. However, you must be aware that local laws in countries in which Earthwatch operates may not be antidiscriminatory and that the possibility exists that local residents may not have an awareness of preferred practice regarding discrimination. Discrimination on the basis of race, religion, ethnicity, national origin, gender, or sexual orientation will not be tolerated on Earthwatch teams. Disruptive behavior or verbal, physical, or any other type of abuse or harassment will also not be tolerated. Violation of Earthwatch s nondiscrimination policy is grounds for expulsion from the program without a refund. INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS Earthwatch scientists, their staff, their colleagues, and their associates are prohibited from becoming romantically involved with participants during the entire duration of the period that the team is in the field. Romantic relationships that may otherwise seem permissible may eventually create an unpleasant or unproductive work environment and are therefore prohibited for the duration of an Earthwatch project. SEXUAL HARASSMENT Please recognize that the relationship that exists between Earthwatch scientists and staff and participants is analogous to the student-teacher relationship. Therefore, please be aware of the following policies. 24

27 Sexual harassment of participants by the Earthwatch scientist or Earthwatch staff is prohibited. Likewise, sexual harassment of other participants, Earthwatch field staff, or local people by participants is also prohibited. Sexual harassment infringes on an individual s right to an environment free from unsolicited and unwelcome sexual overtones of conduct either verbal or physical. Sexual harassment does not mean occasional compliments of a socially acceptable nature. Sexual harassment refers to conduct which is offensive, which harms morale, or which interferes with the effectiveness of Earthwatch expedition teams; such conduct is prohibited. Lewd or vulgar remarks, suggestive comments, displaying derogatory posters, cartoons, or drawings, pressure for dates or sexual favors, and unacceptable physical contact or exposure are examples of what can constitute harassment. No one should be touched in areas that would be covered by a bathing suit. It is important to realize that what may not be offensive to you may be offensive to participants, the local population, or Earthwatch field staff. Any individual who feels subjected to sexual harassment or has any knowledge of such behavior should report it at once to the Earthwatch scientist, Field Team Leader, or other Earthwatch staff member. The Earthwatch scientist or Field Team Leader will notify Earthwatch when an accusation of sexual harassment or abuse is made or when such conduct is witnessed. All reports of sexual harassment will be handled with discretion and will be promptly and thoroughly investigated. Any participant who is found to have engaged in conduct constituting sexual harassment will be removed from the expedition at his or her own expense. If a minor is involved in allegations of sexual harassment, his or her parents or guardians will be contacted. DRUGS Laws on drug use in most countries are severe and may impose lengthy prison terms or the death penalty. The manufacture, possession, use, purchase, or sale of illegal drugs or other illegal substances while on an Earthwatch expedition is strictly prohibited. Prescription drugs may only be purchased and used by the individual indicated on the prescription in keeping with their intended use guidelines. ALCOHOL Local statutes, customs, practices, ordinances, and regulations with regard to the use, possession, sale, or purchase of alcohol are applicable to all participants and project staff on Earthwatch expeditions. Participants and project staff on Earthwatch expeditions must comply with the law of the country in which a project is located regarding the minimum age required to consume alcohol. In addition, restriction on the use, possession, sale, or purchase of alcohol may be set by the Earthwatch scientist. Any restrictions on the consumption of alcohol should be clearly outlined by the project staff in the on-site briefing to participants at the start of the project and in the expedition briefing. 25

28 Consumption or possession of alcohol or smoking is not permitted on any Earthwatch Teen Team, regardless of local law. Excessive consumption of alcohol by staff or participants is not acceptable on any Earthwatch project. Intoxication can jeopardize personal safety, in addition to the safety of the team. It can also cause delay and hinder response in the event of a crisis or emergency situation. Earthwatch staff and the Earthwatch scientist have the discretion to remove individuals from the project who consume alcohol in a time and manner that endanger the safety and/or productivity of the expedition. MINORS Earthwatch considers participants less than eighteen (18) years of age to be minors. Minors are not permitted to participate on any of Earthwatch s standard teams unless accompanied by a parent or legal guardian, in which case the minimum age is fifteen (15). Guardians accompanying minors on standard teams must be 21 years of age or over. Minors on standard teams do not receive additional guidance or supervision from Earthwatch beyond what is offered to the adult participants. The total number of minors on standard teams may be limited on a project by project basis; this will be noted in the expedition briefing. A maximum of two minors may accompany each parent or guardian on a standard or Family Team. Earthwatch has developed teams specifically for 15-, 16- and 17-year-olds ( Teen Teams ) as well as teams specifically for families ( Family Teams ) with children as young as 10 years. These teams focus on the same research activities and have the same expectations as our regular teams, but with more facilitation and support. Exceptions for some projects may be made at the discretion of Earthwatch and the Earthwatch scientist. Due to a more in-depth screening process for certain programs that select candidates based on school year rather than age, there may be 18-year-olds fielding on the same team as 15-, 16- and 17-yearolds. Please be aware that some Earthwatch projects do not allow participation by minors in any circumstance. PARTICIPANTS AND DRIVING Participants are not allowed to drive project vehicles (including motorcycles or all terrain vehicles) or aircraft during an expedition. In select circumstances, participants may be able to drive boats under the direct supervision by project staff. These circumstances are predetermined by project staff in collaboration with Earthwatch. Participants must respect the restrictions for boat driving in place for each project. If a project environment is such that participants can drive their own vehicles to the rendezvous, those who have driven themselves to the project may not drive their own vehicles to, from, or for project activities, including the transport of project equipment after arriving at the site. 26

29 Participants who have driven themselves to the project may choose to utilize their own vehicles during recreational time, but project staff will brief them on any driving restrictions. All driving during recreational time is done at your own risk. Please be advised that the only exception to the above driving restrictions is emergency situations. Riding in other participants vehicles is not covered under the participants insurance policy for the expedition. Riding in another participant s vehicle is done at a participant s own risk. IN THE EVENT OF AN EMERGENCY In the event of emergencies, judgments must be made by Earthwatch field staff and participants. While Earthwatch makes an effort to ensure that qualified people make the most informed decisions possible, occasionally first aid may be administered and other immediate steps taken by expedition participants who are not licensed medical providers. Each Earthwatch expedition has safety protocols and emergency procedures in place. Earthwatch encourages team members (the field staff and participants) to exercise their best judgment with regard to their own safety and the safety of other team members. Other participants may perform Good Samaritan actions, or actions taken to assist fellow participants during emergency situations in the field. However, Earthwatch does not encourage or expect you to jeopardize your own safety or that of others in attempting to rescue or assist your fellow team members. RIGHT OF REFUSAL Earthwatch reserves the right to refuse an applicant s participation in an Earthwatch project at any time and to terminate any work being done by a participant and require the participant to vacate the project site if the Earthwatch scientist, Field Team Leader, or other Earthwatch staff member in his or her absolute discretion considers it appropriate. In this event, the participant (and his or her parents or guardians, if appropriate) will be responsible for arranging and paying for any accommodation, travel, or other arrangements which may be necessary following the termination of a participant s involvement in a project, for whatever reason, and will not be eligible for a refund. Earthwatch may not refuse an applicant s participation in a project for discriminatory reasons (race, religion, ethnicity, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, or any other reason prohibited by applicable law). However, an application may be denied in the interest of team compatibility or due to logistical limitations. Earthwatch will make reasonable efforts to accommodate participants with disabilities, and the organization endeavors to find appropriate expeditions for those participants who have physical limitations. Refusal of an applicant is an unusual event and is generally done either because of an applicant s failure to meet the essential eligibility requirements of a particular project or in the interest of team compatibility. In the event that an applicant is refused participation for health reasons, Earthwatch will refund in full any deposit or payment made toward the expedition. Earthwatch scientists have the right to refuse special requests, such as visits by media (film, photography, or print), special groups, or teams (students, donors, etc.), if they conflict with Earthwatch scientist schedules, safety, research objectives, or general performance of the team. Any participant found in violation of any of the policies described in this document ( Participant Rights and Responsibilities ) is subject to removal from the team at his or her own expense. By signing the Liability Release section of your Earthwatch Participation Form, you are indicating that you have read and understand the policies in this document. Removal of a participant from a team is at the discretion of the Earthwatch scientist, Field Team Leader, or other Earthwatch staff. In addition, Earthwatch will support the right of the Earthwatch scientist, Field Team Leader, or other Earthwatch staff to send a participant away from a project once in the field should his or her behavior compromise the safety, research objectives, or general performance of the team, or if the participant has violated a stated policy. In the event that a minor is dismissed from a project, Earthwatch will contact the participant s parents or guardians prior to his or her dismissal. Should a participant be removed from a team, he or she is responsible for any and all costs associated with departure from the team and will receive neither refund of the minimum contribution for the expedition nor any expenses incurred by participation on the expedition. (November 2012) 27

30 POLAR BEAR ACKNOWLEDGMENT FORM Welcome to the Churchill Northern Studies Centre (CNSC). The Centre is located in an area of high polar bear concentration along the Hudson Bay coast, where bears congregate in the fall, awaiting ice formation. You should expect and be prepared to encounter a polar bear at any time of the year. Polar bears are inquisitive and unpredictable animals, and not afraid of people, so it is unwise to put yourself in a situation where you might encounter a bear. In an effort to reduce human-bear contact, the Centre has bear safety protocols in place. Following are several precautionary measures to reduce your risk in polar bear country. You are asked to read the following information carefully and sign the waiver if you understand all statements. The CNSC will provide bear safety information for you to read. It is for your protection and benefit that you read it carefully. The CNSC will instruct you on bear safety precautions soon after your arrival. It is important that you notify a CNSC staff member prior to leaving the building for any reason. Smoking is not allowed inside the building. Individuals who choose to smoke can do so just outside the main entrance at their own risk. All outside doors must be kept closed at all times. Bear bars are on outside windows. These are for your protection, and we ask that you do not deface them. If polar bears are seen outside, do not leave the building and please notify a staff member immediately. There is to be no camping of any kind and hiking or walking will be dependent upon the season and previous polar bear sightings. Researchers are expected to participate in additional polar bear safety training and are required to coordinate their activities with CNSC science staff. Bear deterrents are available from the CNSC office. At the discretion of the staff, they may be available for personal use. It is unlawful to feed or harass polar bears. The placement of food with the purpose of attracting, feeding, or holding polar bears is strictly prohibited. It is not permitted to approach a polar bear or active polar bear den closer than 100 metres.i have read the above statements, and agree that the CNSC has provided me with proper information about polar bear safety. I am aware of the risk in visiting an area of high polar bear concentration and I agree that the CNSC is not responsible for any human-bear conflict. I absolve the CNSC from any and all liability should I have a polar bear encounter. I understand that if I do not follow the aforementioned instructions, or those given to me by CNSC staff members, I may be asked to leave immediately. I have read the above statements, and agree that the CNSC has provided me with proper information about polar bear safety. I am aware of the risk in visiting an area of high polar bear concentration and I agree that the CNSC is not responsible for any human-bear conflict. I absolve the CNSC from any and all liability should I have a polar bear encounter. I understand that if I do not follow the aforementioned instructions, or those given to me by CNSC staff members, I may be asked to leave immediately. Signature Date Print Name CNSC Staff Revised May

31 COMMUNICATIONS CONTACT INFORMATION EMERGENCY COMMUNICATIONS Members of the staff carry portable radios that connect to the base at CNSC. The field parties carry two-way radios for emergency communication, and all CNSC vehicles have a radio link to the base. The 24-hour contact number at Earthwatch in the U.S. is +1 (978) or +1 (800) (see box for calling instructions). PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS For personal communications, there are a number of public telephones, and CNSC is equipped with wireless Internet. Access to is available free of charge, though Internet service can be inaccessible at times. In the office, there is access to fax and photocopy services. Mail is delivered to the post office daily and usually takes approximately two to three days to anywhere within Canada. There is a cellular tower in the Churchill area, but mobile phones do not work well at the CNSC. The cellular carrier in the area is MTS Allstream, which is not compatible with all networks. There is a clear view of the sky, so a satellite phone will work if you choose to bring one. Personal communication with outsiders is not always possible while participating in an expedition. Earthwatch encourages volunteers to minimize outgoing calls and immerse themselves in the experience; likewise, family and friends should restrict calls to urgent messages only. EARTHWATCH S 24-HOUR EMERGENCY HOTLINE (OUTSIDE AUSTRALIA): Call Earthwatch s 24-hour on-call duty officer in the U.S.: +1 (978) (800) (toll-free for calls placed from within the U.S.) HEALIX INTERNATIONAL: (collect calls and reverse charges accepted) U.S. TOLL FREE: U.K. FREE PHONE: earthwatch@healix.com EARTHWATCH S 24-HOUR EMERGENCY HOTLINE (WITHIN AUSTRALIA): After business hours, leave a message with our live answering service. State that you have an emergency and give the name of your expedition, your name, the location from which you are calling, and if possible, a phone number where you can be reached. An Earthwatch staff person will respond to your call within one hour. VOLUNTEER CONTACT INFO ADDRESS: Churchill Northern Studies Centre P.O. Box 610 Churchill, MB R0B 0E0 Canada Mail will not be forwarded to participants after their expedition has ended. PHONE: + 1 (204) FAX: + 1 (204) cnsc@churchillscience.ca 29

32 NOTES 30

33 MESSAGE FROM EARTHWATCH DEAR EARTHWATCHER, Thank you for joining this expedition! We greatly appreciate your decision to contribute to hands-on environmental science and conservation. As an Earthwatch volunteer, you have the opportunity to create positive change. And while you re out in the field working toward that change, we are committed to caring for your safety. Although risk is an inherent part of the environments in which we work, we ve been providing volunteer field experiences with careful risk management and diligent planning for over 40 years. You re in good hands. We hope this expedition will inspire you to get more involved in conservation and sustainable development priorities not just out in the field, but also when you return home. We encourage you to share your experiences with others, and to transfer your skills and enthusiasm to environmental conservation efforts in your workplace, community, and home. If you have questions as you prepare for your expedition, contact your Earthwatch office. Thank you for your support, and enjoy your expedition! Sincerely, Larry Mason President and CEO

34 Earthwatch U.S. 114 Western Ave. Boston, MA United States earthwatch.org Phone: Toll-Free: Fax: Earthwatch Europe Mayfield House 256 Banbury Rd. Oxford, OX2 7DE United Kingdom earthwatch.org Phone: Fax: Earthwatch Australia 126 Bank St. South Melbourne, VIC 3205 Australia earthwatch.org Phone: Fax: Earthwatch Japan Food Science Bldg. 4F The University of Tokyo 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo , Japan earthwatch.org Phone: Fax: