HYDRO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF WHITE MOUNTAIN KARSTIC WATER AT KOILIARIS RIVER CZO
|
|
- Emerald Robbins
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Proceedings of the 13 th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Athens, Greece, 5-7 September 2013 HYDRO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF WHITE MOUNTAIN KARSTIC WATER AT KOILIARIS RIVER CZO D. MORAETIS 1, G. GIANNAKIS 1, D. EFSTATHIOU 1, N.P. NIKOLAIDIS 1, P. VAN GAANS 2, M. VERCHEUL 2, M. ADRIANAKI 3 and S. BERNASCONI 3 1 Technical University Crete, Department of Environmental Engineering, Chania, Greece PC , 2 Deltares, Subsurface and Groundwater Systems, 3508 AL Utrecht, Netherlands, 3 Geological Institute ETH, Zurich, Switzerland moraetis@mred.tuc.gr EXTENDED ABSTRACT The objective of the present study is the hydro-chemical characterization of White Mountain karstic water at Koiliaris River Critical Zone Observatory (CZO) and the identification of the factors influencing its quality. Sampling was designed as to identify the chemical characteristics of karstic water and the impacts of highland degraded soils by livestock on water quality. The analysis was comprised of monthly measurement of several chemical species for the last three years obtained from wells and springs at Koiliaris CZO. The chemical species analyzed included anions (NO 3-, SO 4 2-, Cl -, etc.) and cations (K +, Na +, Ca 2+, Mg 2+, Si 4+, Sr 2+, Ti 2+ etc.). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used for the categorization of water bodies according to their chemistry. The PCA analysis revealed two main groups of water samples with different chemical signatures, one within the alluvial aquifer having high content of chemical species and the second, the karstic water with low concentration for all chemical species. The high concentrations of anions like NO 3 - and Cl - in the first group (shallow wells), reflect water infiltration through degraded soils, whereas the low concentration of chemical species in the second group (karstic water) reflects the low reactivity of hard limestone. Significant temporal changes of the karstic water chemistry were observed at Stylos spring between January and March. The conductivity measurements showed in total four periods of differentiation with order of increasing values from April-June, November-December, July-October and January-February. The temporal variation was related to both micro-climatic, tectonic factors and anthropogenic impact. The April-June period corresponded to snow melt at higher elevation (>1200 m) where the tectonic relief is in maximum and vertical sinkholes in dolomites-limestones drain the area. The November-December period corresponded to rain from both higher and lower elevation in the karst (lack of snow cover in higher elevation). These periods showed lower electrical conductivity and corresponded to fresh water intrusion with low chemical load (Ca 2+, Mg 2+, etc.). The July-October period exhibited higher electrical conductivity compared to November-December period with relatively constant concentration of solutes which corresponds to deeper karstic water with low flow. The last period January-March showed a strong increase in all solutes (high electrical conductivity) at the Stylos spring which is related either to the wash out of dry period depositions in soils at higher elevation and/or the contribution of soil percolation from lower elevation. Thus, the water quality in the major karstic spring showed significant chemical changes during January-March and that is related to soil infiltration input either from lower (agricultural areas) or higher elevation (pasture lands). Keywords: Hydrochemistry, karstic water, karstic springs 1. INTRODUCTION Karstic water usually moves through a system of variable diameter sinkholes and conduits. The karstification of each part of the karstic system influences the discharge rate of the system and the water/rock/soil reactivity time which influences the chemical
2 composition of the water. The degree of karstification has been related to intergranular porosity within the matrix rock (kind of texture), fractures along joints, faults and bedding planes (White, 1999). The identification of the processes (hydrological and hydrochemical) within a karst system is a difficult task, which requires use of tracers, instrumentation deployment in springs and sinkholes, hydrochemistry etc. Hydrochemistry has been used as a tool for the characterization of temporal and spatial variability of the karstic water. The use of natural conservative tracers like Cl has been considered for the identification of soil infiltrates (Aquilina et al. 2006). Bulk chemical analysis of karstic water with statistical processing has been given successful interpretation of the origin of the karstic water (Bicalho et al. 2012). The present study seeks to identify the basic factors influencing the chemical signature of White Mountains Karstic water at Koiliaris River CZO using 3 years monitoring of hydrological and chemical status. Koiliaris CZO has been heavily instrumented and undergoes systematic monitoring. Detail hydrological studies of the site have been published previously (Nikolaidis et al., 2013, Kourgialas et al., 2010, 2011, Moraetis et al., 2010). The geological and geomorphological characteristics are comprised of a series of nappes which create a pile of successive limestone and dolomites, up to an elevation of 1500 m. Above the 1500 m elevation, autochthonous dolomites and limestones are outcropping. 2. SITE DESCRIPTION The Koiliaris River is situated 25 km east from the city of Chania. There are 17 communities in the catchment, 8 of which are at low altitude, 7 are at high altitude and 2 are at medium altitude. The climate is characterized by a separation of seasons. Summer usually is hot/dry and winter is cold/wet. The mean annual rainfall in the northern part of the catchment is 705 mm ( mm). The highest catchment s slope is 43% at the White Mountains (Lefka Ori), while gentle slopes (4.8%) are present at the end of the valley and the estuary of Koiliaris river. The highest altitude is 2041 m. The total watershed area is 130 km 2 and the total length of the hydrographic system is 36 km. The Keramianos stream (Figure 1-No 1) is the main temporary stream which joins two other smaller streams, the Milavlakas (Figure 1-No 2) stream and the Mantamas stream (Figure 1-No 3). Koiliaris river has permanent flow due to the constant supply from Stylos spring and it is extended from the confluence of the 3 ephemeral rivers towards the sea. The geology of the Koiliaris River Basin (Figure 1) consists of Plattenkalk (authocthonous nappe) which is comprised mainly by black dolomites, marbles, limestone and recrystallized limestone with cherts; Trypali nappe which is comprised of recrystallized limestones with cherts and intercalations of marls; Tripolis nappe (allocthonous nappe) comprised of unbedded karstified limestones; Western Crete metamorphic rocks with phyllites and quartzites; Neogene formations with marls; Neogene formations with marly limestones; and quaternary alluvial deposits (Papanikolaou 2010). The results presented in this study correspond to monthly grab samples from 2010 up to February ICP- MS (ICP-MS-Agilent 7500-CX) was used for analysis of major cations and trace elements, where capillary electrophoresis (CE G1601BA, Agilent Technologies) for the anions and an N/C analyzer (multi N/C analyzer 2100S, Analytik Jena) was used for total nitrogen determination. 3. RESULTS 3.1 Aquifers characterization at Koiliaris watershed Table 1 presents the average chemical and physical parameter values for all sampling points and rainfall event (November 2012). The wells and springs in shallow aquifers like those in Kampi well, Xaritakis well, Katoxori spring and Keramianos ephemeral river have higher nutrient content (N-NO 3-, TKN, B 3+, Cl - ) on average compared to the other water
3 bodies originated mainly from the karstic area. The same grouping is observed in Figure 2, where all parameters have been fed into principal component analysis. The water samples from the shallow aquifers have higher load of chemical species and this is related to higher load of nutrients from agriculture activities and the higher reactivity of brittle thin limestone like those in alluvial formations. A Figure 1. Geological setting of the western Crete, Koiliaris watershed (thick black line) and extended watershed (thin black line) are shown. Sites of water samples are also shown. A1 line corresponds to the cross section in Figure 5 and the numbers 1-7 corresponds to the rock beds shown in Figure 5. Figure 2. The first two principal components. The PCA was conducted with the use of the average values presented in Table 1.
4 PCA analysis provided a) clustering of the samples into two distinct groups, b) first three PCA describe 80% of the chemical variability, and c) the major chemical and physical factors influencing water quality. Thus, PCA1 showed that ph and dissolved oxygen (DO) distinguish the karstic water from different origin water (karstic water has negative values for PCA1). PCA2 showed positive values for water bodies which have high values for nutrients like (N-NO 3-, PO 4 2-, TKN, N-NH 4),mainly katoxori spring in alluvial deposits, Keramianos ephemeral river in alluvial deposits and Anavreti karstic perched spring. The fact that Anavreti spring was among that group suggests a mixing of karstic water and alluvial water. Finally the PCA3 (not depicted in Figure 1) showed high correlation of Mn, Si, Mg, K, Ti related to Kampi well. Kampi well is situated in alluvial deposits originated from the weathered products of metamorphic schists. Zourbos karstic spring has been affected from sea water,depicted by high concentrations of Mg 2+, Na +,Cl - etc. 3.2 Temporal variability in karstic water chemistry The temporal variability of chemical species in the karstic system of Stylos spring showed rapid response to different water inflows from different areas of the karst. The White Mountains (Lefka Ori) karstic system comprises a fast and a slow responding reservoir as it has been already described through hydrological modeling (Moraetis et al., 2010, Kourgialas et al., 2010, Nikolaidis et al., 2013). The juxtaposition of the geological setting and the modeling results, reveal that the fast responding reservoir is the lower black dolomitic bed in the autochthonous Mani unit which has at least 300m thickness. The exploration by different speleological teams showed the development of deep karstic systems which originated mainly in areas with the lowermost black karstified dolomite (Figure 3). Figure 3. The lowermost black dolomitic bed of the autochthonous nappe in White Mountains (Lefka Ori) in Crete (Photo from the report of Catamaran Speleology group 2008). The temporal distribution of the chemical and physical parameters at Stylos spring is presented in Figure 4. There are two periods with clear changes in the sum of chemical species corresponding to February-March (black arrows), whereas after this period all chemical species showed a period of decreased concentration (bllue arrows). The first period coincided with the wet period which is distributed as rain in elevation lower than
5 m and as snow in higher elevation. The second period coincided with minimum rainfall ( and mainly of snowmelt. The third and fourth period represent the dry period (red arrows) and the first rainfalls (yellow arrows). The sum of the chemical species followed the conductivity variability. The chloride concentration showed characteristic peaks during the wet period, whereas for the other periods is relatively constant. The silicon and magnesium concentration showed peaks during wet period and reduced concentration during snowmelt. During dry period the magnesium and silicon concentration showed a recovery in the concentration values. The DO showed lower values during the wet period and higher during snowmelt and the dry period. Figure 5 depicts a synthetic diagram of the hydrological conditions during a period of a year according to the observations in water quality and the geological setting as it is presented in Figure 1. The lower most geological bed, the black dolomites, are the most karstified and exhibit a system of chaotic shafts and sinkholes which have direct response to the Stylos spring (Figure 3 and Figure 5). Thus, first rainfalls during September, October and November may have direct response in the Stylos spring when the rainfall is distributed both in low and high elevation (Figure 5a, Figure 4-yellow arrows). 14 Cl*10 mmole/l Sum mmole/l Ca*2 mmole/l DO mg/l Mg*10 mmole/l Cond/100 (μs/cm) Si*200 (mmole/l) Feb May Aug Nov Feb May Aug Nov Feb May-12 9-Aug-12 7-Nov-12 5-Feb-13 6-May-13 Figure 4. Sum of chemical species, electrical conductivity (Cond), dissolved oxygen (DO), chloride, calcium, magnesium and silicon concentration at Stylos spring. The same is observed in the slightly increase in chloride concentration during October 2012 which is related to intense rainfall in high elevation and wash out of chloride from the limited soil cover and rocks and slight decrease of electrical conductivity due to overall decrease of the other chemical species like Ca 2+, Si 4+, Mg 2+ as a consequence of fresh water intrusion from higher elevation with limited soil cover in the black dolomitic bed. During the wet period, the conditions are freezing in high elevation and snow cover spreads above 1500 m whereas below 1500 m there is intense rainfall which ranges from mm. Thus the pile of nappes in lower elevation like the autochthonous dolomites and marbles, the recrystallized limestones with silex and the allochthonous Trypali units, supply water in the karstic system (Figure 5b).The water quality corresponds mainly to soil infiltration. The soil development below 1000 m is orders of magnitude more abundant compared to higher elevation. The peaks in electrical conductivity and the chloride content are clearly identified during December, February
6 and March 2011 and 2012 and are related to soil infiltrates which gradually reach the deeper karstic layers. The dissolved oxygen has slightly lower values during the wet months and that is related to water move through less oxygenated environment like this in small conduits and limestone matrix. On the contrary, the more oxygenated water moves through the lower most dolomitic bed within large karstic pipe system (Figure 5c). The snow melt period is characterized by dilution effects during April, May and June with decrease in all parameters apart from dissolved oxygen (Figure 4-blue arrows). Finally the dry period showed that most chemical species recover in concentration with increase in silicon and magnesium whereas calcium is rather steady (Figure 4-red arrows). The dry period is characterized with the water move in the lower most nappe (black dolomitic bed) which has more time to react with the aquifer due to lower water pressure since most of the winter water has been drained and probably some residual flow from the pile of nappes from lower elevation which has also more time to react due to lower dip of the rock beds.. 4. Conclusions The spatial variability of Koiliaris CZO hydro-chemistry shows influence of the agriculture activities in shallow aquifers, whereas karstic water is mainly of lower chemical load. During the wet period there is an intrusion of soil infiltrates in the karstic system which increases the concentration of several cations and anions. The fast and slow response of the karstic system as presented by Moraetis et al. (2010), has been clearly defined from hydrochemical observations as follows: a) Fast response of the lowermost karstic system, the black dolomitic bed in snowmelt conditions (April-June) and rainfall in high elevation during first flush events (October-November) b) Medium to slow response of the pile of the limestone nappes in low elevation which is supplied mainly by soil percolation of precipitation. c) Slow response of the lowermost black dolomitic bed in low flow conditions due to low water supply, lower dip of the limestone beds and probably the residual water which runs through the pile of nappes from lower elevation compared to the outcrops in higher elevation of the black dolomites. REFERENCES 1. Aquilina L., Labouche B., Dörfliger N. (2006), Water storage and transfer in the epikarst of karstic systems during high flow periods, Journal of Hydrology 327, Bicalho C.C., Batiot-Guilhe C., Seidel J.L, Van Exter S., Jourde H., (2012) Geochemical evidence of water source characterization and hydrodynamic responses in a karst aquifer, Journal of Hydrology, Catamaran speleology group report (2008), L expédition spéléologique «LEVKA 2008» est organisée par le Groupe Spéléologique CATAMARAN de Montbéliard affilié à la Fédération Française de Spéléologie du 15/07 au 15/08 sur l île de Crête (In France). 4. Kourgialas, N.N., Karatzas, G.P., Nikolaidis, N.P., (2010), An integrated framework for the hydrologic simulation of a complex geomorphological river basin. Journal of Hydrology, 381, Kourgialas, N.N., Karatzas, G.P., Nikolaidis, N.P., (2010), An integrated framework for the hydrologic simulation of a complex geomorphological river basin. J. Hydrol. 381, Moraetis, D., Efstathiou, D., Stamati, F., Tzoraki, O., Nikolaidis, N.P., Schnoor, J.L., Vozinakis, K., (2010), High frequency monitoring for the identification of hydrological and biochemical processes in a Mediterranean river basin. Journal of Hydrology, 389, Nikolaidis N.P., Bouraoui B., Bidoglio G., (2013), Hydrological and geochemical modelling of a karstic Mediterranean watershed. Journal of Hydrology, 477, Papanikolaou D, Vassilakis E, (2010) Thrust faults and extensional detachment faults in Cretan tectono-stratigraphy: Implications for Middle Miocene extension. Tectonophysics, 488:
7 9. White, W.B., Conceptual models for karstic aquifers. In:Palmer, A.N., Palmer, M.V., Sasowsky, I.D. ŽEds.., Karst Modeling. Karst Waters Institute Special Publication, vol. 5 Acknowledgements The extensive sampling and analyses obtained in this study was financially supported from the European Commission FP 7 Collaborative Project Soil Transformations in European Catchments (SoilTrEC) (Grant Agreement no ).
8 Table 1. Average values for the physical and chemical parameters in spring, river and well water at Koiliaris River CZO, (the first parenthesis indicates the number of samples and the second the sample code in Figure 1). Gournes (karstic (4) (G5) Stylos (karstic (24) (S1) Armeni (karstic (24) (S3) Zourbos (salted karstic (24) (S4) Gauging station (river) (24) (R1) Anavreti (karstic (3) (S5) Kampi well (alluvial) (24) (G3) Xaritakis (Neogene rocks) (24) (G2) Katoxori spring (alluvial) (24) (S2) Keramianos ephemeral river (7) (R2) Rain Temp. (Celcius) * ph DO (ppm) * E.C. (μs/cm) N-NO3 (ppm) N-NH4 (ppm) P-PO4 (ppm) Cl - (ppm) TKN (ppm) SO4 2- (ppm) Na (ppm) Mg (ppm) Si (ppm) K (ppm) Ca (ppm) Ti (ppb) Mn (ppb) Fe (ppb) Sr (ppb) Ba (ppb) B (ppb) : Not detected, *: Not measured
9 Figure 5. Diagram of the White Mountains (Lefka Ori) cross section with the hydrological conditions during a) first rainfalls (September-November) b) wet period (December, January, February, mid March) c) Snowmelt period (April, May, June) d) summer dry period. Double blue arrows show fast response in the karstic spring
Blocking Sea Intrusion in Brackish Karstic Springs
European Water 1/2: 17-23, 3. 3 E.W. Publications Blocking Sea Intrusion in Brackish Karstic Springs The Case of Almiros Spring at Heraklion Crete, Greece A. Maramathas, Z. Maroulis, D. Marinos-Kouris
More informationSimulation of the flow in the Koiliaris River basin (Greece) using a combination of GIS, the HSPF model and a Karstic Snow melt model
iemss 2008: International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software Integrating Sciences and Information Technology for Environmental Assessment and Decision Making 4 th Biennial Meeting of iemss,
More informationWater resource situation of the Republic of Djibouti
Water resource situation of the Republic of Djibouti Omar ASSOWE DABAR Integrating Groundwater Management within River Basins 15-17 January 2019 Nairobi, Kenya Regional Training Workshop on Introduction
More informationSeasonal Variability of the Groundwater Regime for Several Aquifers in Bulgaria Tatiana Orehova 1
Seasonal Variability of the Groundwater Regime for Several Aquifers in Bulgaria Tatiana Orehova 1 The purpose of the paper is to analyse the seasonal variability of the groundwater regime for several aquifers
More informationHydrological study for the operation of Aposelemis reservoir Extended abstract
Hydrological study for the operation of Aposelemis Extended abstract Scope and contents of the study The scope of the study was the analytic and systematic approach of the Aposelemis operation, based on
More informationProcedia Earth and Planetary Science 13 ( 2015 ) th Applied Isotope Geochemistry Conference, AIG-11 BRGM
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 13 ( 2015 ) 256 260 11th Applied Isotope Geochemistry Conference, AIG-11 BRGM Investigating the Origin and Interaction
More informationPaso Robles Groundwater Basin: Effects of Geothermal Waters on Water Quality and Availability
Paso Robles Groundwater Basin: Effects of Geothermal Waters on Water Quality and Availability Jim Rytuba and Daniel Goldstein U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA Paso Robles Intake from Lake Nacimiento
More informationJ.M. Marques a, C. Matos b, P.M. Carreira c and M.O. Neves a
GEOCHEMICAL AND ISOTOPIC TOOLS TO ASSESS CALDAS DA RAINHA THERMOMINERAL WATER SYSTEM ASCRIBED TO A KARST/FISSURED-POROUS ENVIRONMENT (PORTUGAL): A REVIEW J.M. Marques a, C. Matos b, P.M. Carreira c and
More informationDETECTION OF WATER LEAKS IN FOUM EL-GHERZA DAM (ALGERIA)
Ninth International Water Technology Conference, IWTC9 2005, Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt 581 DETECTION OF WATER LEAKS IN FOUM EL-GHERZA DAM (ALGERIA) N. Hocini and A.S. Moulla Applied Hydrology and Sedimentology
More informationThe Timok River Basin in Serbia
The Timok River Basin in Serbia UNECE Workshop on Integrated Transboundary Water Resources Management in SEE, Sarajevo, 18-20 May, 2009 Dragana Ninković, Dipl.-Ing. Dušan Dobričić, Dipl.-Ing. Content 1.
More informationCau River. Map of River. Table of Basic Data. Vietnam 5
Cau River Map of River Table of Basic Data Name: Cau River Location: Thai Nguyen, Province, Viet Nam Area: 6,030 km 2 Origin: Mt. Phia Deng 1,527 m Outlet: Pha Lai Note: * Indicates missing data in some
More informationDIDYMO SURVEY, LOWER FRYINGPAN RIVER, BASALT, COLORADO 2015
DIDYMO SURVEY, LOWER FRYINGPAN RIVER, BASALT, COLORADO 2015 Second Annual Report PREPARED FOR: ROARING FORK CONSERVANCY PREPARED BY: COLORADO MOUNTAIN COLLEGE NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM TIMBERLINE
More informationStatistical Evaluation of BMP Effectiveness in Reducing Fecal Coliform Impairment in Mermentau River Basin
Statistical Evaluation of BMP Effectiveness in Reducing Fecal Coliform Impairment in Mermentau River Basin Z.-Q. Deng 1 and H. Chowdhary 2 1 Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
More information3.0 OVERVIEW OF HUECO BOLSON
3.0 OVERVIEW OF HUECO BOLSON The Hueco Bolson covers about 2,500 square miles, or 1.6 million acres in New Mexico, Texas, and Chihuahua (Figure 3-1). In Texas, the Hueco overlies portions of El Paso and
More informationGlacial lakes as sentinels of climate change in Central Himalaya, Nepal
Glacial lakes as sentinels of climate change in Central Himalaya, Nepal Sudeep Thakuri 1,2,3, Franco Salerno 1,3, Claudio Smiraglia 2,3, Carlo D Agata 2,3, Gaetano Viviano 1,3, Emanuela C. Manfredi 1,3,
More informationManaging water supply resources in karstic environment (temperate climate)
UNESCO WORKSHOP Integrated Urban Water Management in TC Temperate Climates Belgrade 15-16 May 2006 Managing water supply resources in karstic environment (temperate climate) E. Rozos, D. Koutsoyiannis
More informationHEATHROW COMMUNITY NOISE FORUM. Sunninghill flight path analysis report February 2016
HEATHROW COMMUNITY NOISE FORUM Sunninghill flight path analysis report February 2016 1 Contents 1. Executive summary 2. Introduction 3. Evolution of traffic from 2005 to 2015 4. Easterly departures 5.
More informationLand-Use and Water Quality Across the Cape Fear River Basin, NC: from 2001 to Jennifer Braswell Alford, PhD
Land-Use and Water Quality Across the Cape Fear River Basin, NC: Exploring Spatial and Temporal Relationships from 2001 to 2006 Jennifer Braswell Alford, PhD Introduction There are over 3.6 million miles
More informationEcohydrology of karst poljes and their vulnerability
Ecohydrology of karst poljes and their vulnerability Prof. emeritus O. Bonacci Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Geodesy, Split University, 21000 Split, Matice hrvatske 15, Croatia E-mail:
More informationHEATHROW COMMUNITY NOISE FORUM
HEATHROW COMMUNITY NOISE FORUM 3Villages flight path analysis report January 216 1 Contents 1. Executive summary 2. Introduction 3. Evolution of traffic from 25 to 215 4. Easterly departures 5. Westerly
More informationEL PASO S DESALINATION EFFORTS
El Paso s Desalination Efforts WATER DESALINATION AND REUSE STRATEGIES FOR NEW MEXICO SEPTEMBER NEW MEXICO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH INSTITUTE 2004 Bill Hutchison has more than 20 years of experience as
More informationEnvironmental Impact Assessment in Chile, its application in the case of glaciers. Carlos Salazar Hydro21 Consultores Ltda.
Environmental Impact Assessment in Chile, its application in the case of glaciers Carlos Salazar Hydro21 Consultores Ltda. carlos.salazar@hydro21.cl Introduction Changes in the environmental law in Chile
More informationCommunity resources management implications of HKH hydrological response to climate variability
Community resources management implications of HKH hydrological response to climate variability -- presented by N. Forsythe on behalf of: H.J. Fowler, C.G. Kilsby, S. Blenkinsop, G.M. O Donnell (Newcastle
More informationFLOODS IN FRANCE Is there a change?
Local and regional estimation of extreme hydrological events Lyon 2003 FLOODS IN FRANCE Is there a change? Hélène NIEL & Laurie GIRAUD Objective To answer questions raised by society and the scientific
More informationSeasonal changes in macroinvertebrate communities in agricultural catchments: natural variation or anthropogenic impact? Stephen Davis (UCD/Teagasc)
Seasonal changes in macroinvertebrate communities in agricultural catchments: natural variation or anthropogenic impact? Stephen Davis (UCD/Teagasc) Mary Kelly-Quinn (UCD), Edel Hannigan (UCD), Mairead
More informationTHE IMPLEMENTATION OF EWFD/WFD IN THE REGION OF VOJVODINA WITHIN JOINT SLOVAK-SERBIA SERBIA PROJECTS
Towards Integrated River Basin Management The 55 th Anniversary of the Founding of the Water Research Institute THE IMPLEMENTATION OF EWFD/WFD IN THE REGION OF VOJVODINA WITHIN JOINT SLOVAK-SERBIA SERBIA
More informationMANAGING FRESHWATER INFLOWS TO ESTUARIES
MANAGING FRESHWATER INFLOWS TO ESTUARIES Yuna River Hydrologic Characterization A. Warner Warner, A. (2005). Yuna River Hydrologic Characterization. University Park, Pennsylvania: The Nature Conservancy.
More informationARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OF THE UNDERGROUND KARSTIC AQUIFER OF FARSALA AREA (THESSALY, CENTRAL GREECE) 1
ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OF THE UNDERGROUND KARSTIC AQUIFER OF FARSALA AREA (THESSALY, CENTRAL GREECE) 1 MARIOLAKOS, I. 2, FOUNTOULIS, I., SPYRIDONOS, E., MARIOLAKOS, D., ANDREADAKIS, EM. ABSTRACT The area
More informationCITY OF LYNDEN STORMWATER MANAGEMENT PROGRAM REPORT MARCH 1, 2016
CITY OF LYNDEN STORMWATER MANAGEMENT PROGRAM 2015 WATER QUALITY MONITORING REPORT CITY OF LYNDEN 300 4 TH STREET LYNDEN, WASHINGTON 98264 PHONE (360) 354-3446 MARCH 1, 2016 This document serves as an attachment
More informationJeneberang River. Serial No. : Indonesia-10 Location: South Sulawesi Area: 727 km 2 Origin: Mt. Bawakaraeng (2,833 MSL) Outlet: Makassar Strait
Jeneberang River Map of River Table of Basic Data Name: Jeneberang River Serial No. : Indonesia-10 Location: South Sulawesi S 5 10' 00" - 5 26' 00" E 119 23' 50" - 119 56' 10" Area: 727 km 2 Origin: Mt.
More informationGeoscape Toronto The Oak Ridges Moraine Activity 2 - Page 1 of 10 Information Bulletin
About 13,000 years ago as the Laurentide Ice Sheet melted, glacial meltwater accumulated between the ice sheet and the Niagara Escarpment. This formed a lake basin into which gravel and sand were deposited.
More informationHydrology Input for West Souris River IWMP
Hydrology Input for West Souris River IWMP Prepared by: Mark Lee Manitoba Water Stewardship 1 1 1 Overall view of: drainage area watershed characteristics gauging stations meteorological stations Runoff
More informationObservation of cryosphere
Observation of cryosphere By Sagar Ratna Bajracharya (email: sagar.bajracharya@icimod.org) Samjwal Ratna Bajracharya Arun Bhakta Shrestha International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development Kathmandu,
More informationNORTH CASCADE SLACIER CLIMATE PROJECT Director: Dr. Mauri S. Pelto Department of Environmental Science Nichols College, Dudley MA 01571
NORTH CASCADE SLACIER CLIMATE PROJECT Director: Dr. Mauri S. Pelto Department of Environmental Science Nichols College, Dudley MA 01571 INTRODUCTION The North Cascade Glacier-Climate Project was founded
More informationSUPPORT TO WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN THE DRINA RIVER BASIN DRAFT ROOF REPORT INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL APPROACH
SUPPORT TO WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN THE DRINA RIVER BASIN DRAFT ROOF REPORT INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL APPROACH Nadja Zeleznik, REC Public Concultation Beograd, Serbia, 4 July 2017 1 1. Introduction
More informationGeochemistry of Surface Water and Groundwater on the Campus of The Ohio State University. Senior Thesis
Geochemistry of Surface Water and Groundwater on the Campus of The Ohio State University Senior Thesis Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science Degree, with Research
More informationCoverage of Mangrove Ecosystem along Three Coastal Zones of Puerto Rico using IKONOS Sensor
Coverage of Mangrove Ecosystem along Three Coastal Zones of Puerto Rico using IKONOS Sensor Jennifer Toledo Rivera Geology Department, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Campus P.O. Box 9017 Mayagüez,
More informationCrete Study Site Description
Crete Study Site Description 1. Location Crete (the largest island of Greece) is located in the south part of Greece covering an area of 8.335 km 2 or 6.3% of the Greek territory, including the surrounding
More informationOrigin and Extraction of Andean Salars
Think Simulation! Adventures in Electrolytes Origin and Extraction of Andean Salars Lithium and Boron Recovery from Salt brines and Salt flats in Chile and Bolivia http://tunari.tripod.com/landscapes.html
More informationPaul Griffiths 544 Springbok Road Campbell River British Columbia CANADA V9W 8A2
Paul Griffiths 544 Springbok Road Campbell River British Columbia CANADA V9W 8A2 Phone: 250-923-1311 Fax: 250-923-6211 Email: pgriff@island.net BC Ministry of Environment Environmental Assessment Office
More informationEstuaries of South America
Gerardo M.E. Perillo Maria Cintia Piccolo Mario Pino-Quivira (Eds.) Estuaries of South America Their Geomorphology and Dynamics With 102 Figures and 20 Tables Springer 1 What Do We Know About the Geomorphology
More informationMARINA BOLADO PENAGOS A METHODOLOGY TO ASSESS THE ROLE OF THE RIVER DISCHARGES TO THE GULF OF CADIZ ON THE NUTRIENT SUPPLY TO THE ALBORAN SEA
MARINA BOLADO PENAGOS A METHODOLOGY TO ASSESS THE ROLE OF THE RIVER DISCHARGES TO THE GULF OF CADIZ ON THE NUTRIENT SUPPLY TO THE ALBORAN SEA INTRODUCTION General MEGAN Project Case Study Guadalquivir
More informationGRANDE News Letter Volume1, No.3, December 2012
GRANDE News Letter Volume1, No.3, December 2012 Building a water management system in La Paz, Bolivia Climate change is a phenomenon that affects the entire world, but its impact on people differs depending
More informationProject: Profiling Float Observations in the Aegean Sea
Project: Profiling Float Observations in the Aegean Sea Cruise I CRUISE REPORT 1. Introduction and objectives The Profiling Float Observations in the Aegean Sea - Cruise I experiment is a joint effort
More informationExtraordinary summer flood in a karst area: case study in Croatia
The Extremes ofthe Extremes: Exlraordinan' Floods (Proceedings ol'a symposium held at Reykjavik. Iceland. July 2000). IAHS Publ. no. 271. 2002. 133 Extraordinary summer flood in a karst area: case study
More informationTypical avalanche problems
Typical avalanche problems The European Avalanche Warning Services (EAWS) describes five typical avalanche problems or situations as they occur in avalanche terrain. The Utah Avalanche Center (UAC) has
More informationHOW TO IMPROVE HIGH-FREQUENCY BUS SERVICE RELIABILITY THROUGH SCHEDULING
HOW TO IMPROVE HIGH-FREQUENCY BUS SERVICE RELIABILITY THROUGH SCHEDULING Ms. Grace Fattouche Abstract This paper outlines a scheduling process for improving high-frequency bus service reliability based
More informationWater resources cycle in karst (feasibility studies and engineering design; case studies)
Water resources cycle in karst (feasibility studies and engineering design; case studies) Prof. emeritus Ognjen Bonacci Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Geodesy, Split University E-mail:
More informationAQUIFER VULNERABILITY MAPPING IN KARSTIC TERRAIN ANTAMINA MINE, PERU
AQUIFER VULNERABILITY MAPPING IN KARSTIC TERRAIN ANTAMINA MINE, PERU David Evans, Ground Water International, Lima, Peru. Henri Letient, Compañia Minera Antamina, Lima, Peru Tom Aley, Ozark Underground
More informationTectonic Lakes-Climatic and Anthropogenic Impacts
European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2011 Vienna Austria 03-08 April 2011 Session: Lakes and Inland Seas Tectonic Lakes-Climatic and Anthropogenic Impacts Cvetanka Popovska University of Ss Cyril
More informationFifty-Year Record of Glacier Change Reveals Shifting Climate in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska, USA
Fact Sheet 2009 3046 >> Pubs Warehouse > FS 2009 3046 USGS Home Contact USGS Search USGS Fifty-Year Record of Glacier Change Reveals Shifting Climate in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska, USA Fifty years
More informationClimate change impacts on stand production and survival, and adaptation strategies to build resilience
Climate change impacts on stand production and survival, and adaptation strategies to build resilience Jody Bruce, Michael Battaglia and Libby Pinkard July 14 CSIRO LAND AND WATER Potential impact Exposure
More informationAquatic insect surveys at Mount Magazine State Park and Hobbs State Park Conservation Area with implementation of an educational component
Aquatic insect surveys at Mount Magazine State Park and Hobbs State Park Conservation Area with implementation of an educational component Arkansas is home to a relatively large number of endemic invertebrates
More informationAbstract. 1 Introduction
Transactions on Ecology and the Environment vol 4, 997 WIT Press, www.witpress.com, ISSN 74-54 Environmental impact on the surface sediments of the bay and the gulf of Thessaloniki (Greece) according to
More informationPERFORMANCE MEASURE INFORMATION SHEET #16
PERFORMANCE MEASURE INFORMATION SHEET #16 ARROW LAKES RESERVOIR: RECREATION Objective / Location Recreation/Arrow Lakes Reservoir Performance Measure Access Days Units Description MSIC 1) # Access Days
More informationSTUDY OF ALAQI SECONDARY CHANNEL IN LAKE NASSER
ABSTRACT STUDY OF ALAQI SECONDARY CHANNEL IN LAKE NASSER GamalSallam 1, Mohamed Ihab 2, and Waleed Emary 3 Associate Professor, National Water Research Center, Email: gasallam@yahoo.com Civil Engineer,
More informationMark West Creek Flow Study Report
Mark West Creek Flow Study Report Biology and Geology of Mark West Creek The headwaters of Mark West Creek are located in the Mayacamas Mountain range, which border Napa and Sonoma County, where it then
More informationThe impact of climate change on glaciers and glacial runoff in Iceland
The impact of climate change on glaciers and glacial runoff in Iceland Bergur Einarsson 1, Tómas Jóhannesson 1, Guðfinna Aðalgeirsdóttir 2, Helgi Björnsson 2, Philippe Crochet 1, Sverrir Guðmundsson 2,
More informationStatistical Evaluation of Seasonal Effects to Income, Sales and Work- Ocupation of Farmers, the Apples Case in Prizren and Korça Regions
Abstract Statistical Evaluation of Seasonal Effects to Income, Sales and Work- Ocupation of Farmers, the Apples Case in Prizren and Korça Regions PhD. Eriona Deda Faculty of Economics and Agribusiness,
More informationClimate Change Impact on Water Resources of Pakistan
Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) Climate Change Impact on Water Resources of Pakistan Glacier Monitoring & Research Centre Muhammad Arshad Pervez Project Director (GMRC) Outline of
More informationInsights in the water-energy-food nexus in the Nile Basin with the new Eastern Nile Water Simulation Model
Insights in the water-energy-food nexus in the Nile Basin with the new Eastern Nile Water Simulation Model Wil N.M. van der Krogt, Henk J.M. Ogink For International Conference Sustainability in the WaterEnergy-Food
More informationThirteenth International Water Technology Conference, IWTC , Hurghada, Egypt 1249
Thirteenth International Water Technology Conference, IWTC 13 2009, Hurghada, Egypt 1249 EVALUATION OF LOCAL SCOUR AROUND BRIDGE PIERS (RIVER NILE BRIDGES AS CASE STUDY) Sherine Ismail Assoc. Prof., Survey
More information"ST. KLIMENT OHRIDSKI FACULTY OF GEOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY
SOFIA UNIVERSITY "ST. KLIMENT OHRIDSKI FACULTY OF GEOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY APPLICATION OF THE MODEL "DRIVING FORCES PRESSURE STATE - RESPONSE FOR ASSESSMENT OF FLOOD RISK RADOSTINA BORISOVA DOCHEVA Bachelor
More informationORTHOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT OF HYDROLOGICAL RUNOFF BASINS OF THE PREFECTURE OF DRAMA (CURRENT SITUATION PROTECTIVE ACTIONS PERSPECTIVES)
ORTHOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT OF HYDROLOGICAL RUNOFF BASINS OF THE PREFECTURE OF DRAMA (CURRENT SITUATION PROTECTIVE ACTIONS PERSPECTIVES) This paper presents the torrential environment of the torrents of the
More informationSOME NEW STUDIES IN BINH CHAU GEOTHERMAL AREA, SOUTH VIETNAM
SOME NEW STUDIES IN BINH CHAU GEOTHERMAL AREA, SOUTH VIETNAM Nguyen Hong BANG and Nguyen Thac CUONG Division for Water Resources Planning and Investigation for the South of Vietnam 59 Street 2, Binh An
More informationRainfall influence upon nutrient inputs to Caribbean coastal systems. Tim Carruthers
Rainfall influence upon nutrient inputs to Caribbean coastal systems Tim Carruthers Outline Thalassia as an indicator for the Caribbean Use of δ 15 N Nutrient sources to a dry Caribbean Lagoon, Yucatan
More informationHYDRAULIC DESIGN OF THE TOURISTIC BERTHING IN ASWAN CITY
HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF THE TOURISTIC BERTHING IN ASWAN CITY Dr. Hossam El-Sersawy Researcher, Nile Research Institute (NRI), National Water Research Center (NWRC), Egypt E-mail: h_sersawy@hotmail.com Dr.
More informationIntermediate report. Letter of agreement FAO - GCB/RAB/013/ITA
Treated waste water for sustainable production of valuable biomass, soil and water quality improvement and combating desertification in Algeria and Tunisia Letter of agreement FAO - GCB/RAB/013/ITA Intermediate
More informationInvestigation of River Stage Simulation Before and After Bengoh Dam Construction: Case Study of Sarawak River Basin Malaysia
International Journal of Science and Engineering Investigations vol. 4, issue 42, July 2015 ISSN: 2251-8843 Investigation of River Stage Simulation Before and After Bengoh Dam Construction: Case Study
More informationTHE DISEQUILBRIUM OF NORTH CASCADE, WASHINGTON GLACIERS
THE DISEQUILBRIUM OF NORTH CASCADE, WASHINGTON GLACIERS CIRMOUNT 2006, Mount Hood, OR Mauri S. Pelto, North Cascade Glacier Climate Project, Nichols College Dudley, MA 01571 peltoms@nichols.edu NORTH CASCADE
More information4. Hydrology of the Olentangy River Watershed
4. Hydrology of the Olentangy River Watershed The Hydrologic Cycle Water on Planet Earth is dynamic constantly being recycled from the land to the atmosphere to the ocean. Rivers and streams are just a
More informationLong Pond Study
Bridgewater State University Virtual Commons - Bridgewater State University Watershed Access Lab Projects Watershed Access Lab 2001 Long Pond Study 2000-2001 Recommended Citation Apponequet Regional High
More informationLAST TIME (Happy 300 th Birthday Ben Franklin!)
LAST TIME (Happy 300 th Birthday Ben Franklin!) Latin American Diversity: Introduction Physical Geography of Mexico, Caribbean, and Central America: 1. Mexican drylands 2. Mesoamerican Highlands 3. Coastal
More informationBenton County Karstic Mapping Project. Barbara France, Dustin Kochen, Tiffany Clark, John Maloney Paul Lowery's Environmental Geology
Benton County Karstic Mapping Project Barbara France, Dustin Kochen, Tiffany Clark, John Maloney Paul Lowery's Environmental Geology Intro Karst refers to an area of bedrock that is very susceptible to
More informationTerrestrial Protected Area Nomination: Central Mangrove Wetland South-West, Grand Cayman
Terrestrial Protected Area Nomination: Central Mangrove Wetland South-West, Grand Cayman The attached nomination, proposing that a parcel of land in the Central Mangrove Wetland be made a Protected Area
More informationGLACIER STUDIES OF THE McCALL GLACIER, ALASKA
GLACIER STUDIES OF THE McCALL GLACIER, ALASKA T John E. Sater* HE McCall Glacier is a long thin body of ice shaped roughly like a crescent. Its overall length is approximately 8 km. and its average width
More informationGREEK ARGO PROGRAMME PRESENT STATUS AND FUTURE PLANS. G. Korres and D. Kassis HCMR March, 2015
GREEK ARGO PROGRAMME PRESENT STATUS AND FUTURE PLANS G. Korres and D. Kassis HCMR March, 2015 1. Background and organization of GREEK ARGO activities Greece has established national contribution to the
More informationBacterial Quality of Crystalline Rock and Glacial Aquifers in New England
Bacterial Quality of Crystalline Rock and Glacial Aquifers in New England By Sarah Flanagan and Charles Culbertson, U.S. Geological Survey 2012 New Hampshire Water and Watershed Conference Plymouth State
More informationGLOFs from moraine-dammed lakes: their causes and mechanisms V. Vilímek, A. Emmer
GLOFs from moraine-dammed lakes: their causes and mechanisms V. Vilímek, A. Emmer Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic vilimek@natur.cuni.cz
More informationPlatte West Well Field A Protective Modeling Approach
Platte West Well Field A Protective Modeling Approach Presented to: 2007 Eastern South Dakota Water Conference / 52 nd Annual Midwest Ground Water Conference June 25, 2007 Presented by: Luca DeAngelis,
More informationUC Berkeley Working Papers
UC Berkeley Working Papers Title The Value Of Runway Time Slots For Airlines Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/69t9v6qb Authors Cao, Jia-ming Kanafani, Adib Publication Date 1997-05-01 escholarship.org
More informationThe search results explanations of hydrological data
Introduction The search results explanations of hydrological data Depending on the parameter, the instrumental measuring or visual observation method is used for the hydrological observations. Instrumentally
More informationLinking soils, hydrology, forest structure & productivity in. Michael S. Ross and Jay P. Sah. Everglades tree islands
Linking soils, hydrology, forest structure & productivity in g Michael S. Ross and Jay P. Sah Everglades tree islands Tree Island restoration Stti Setting the objective Achieving the objective Extent Condition
More informationPublic Works Research Institute
Public Works Research Institute INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON WATER HAZARD AND RISK MANAGEMENT SOME EXPERIENCES OF FLOOD MANAGEMENT IN ARGENTINA VÍCTOR POCHAT National Director for Water Policies,Coordination
More informationHYDROLOGY OF GLACIAL LAKES, FORT SISSETON AREA
PROC. S.D. ACAD. SCI., VOL. 77 (1998) 59 HYDROLOGY OF GLACIAL LAKES, FORT SISSETON AREA Perry H. Rahn Department of Geology & Geological Engineering South Dakota School of Mines and Technology Rapid City,
More informationOutline. The main objectives. The main objectives. Distribution of stable isotopes in the Sava River in Serbia
Distribution of stable isotopes in the Sava River in Serbia N. MILJEVIĆ 1, D. GOLOBOČANIN 1, M. NADEŽDI DIĆ, N. OGRINC 3 1 Vinča a Institute of Nuclear Sciences, POB 5, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia Republic
More informationAdaptation in the Everest Region
Adaptation in the Everest Region Bhawani S. Dongol Program Officer-Freshwater Program WWF- The Global Conservation Organization bhawani.dongol@wwfnepal.org 26 March 2010 Himalayan water towers The Himalayan
More informationGEOSPATIAL ANALYSIS OF GLACIAL HAZARDS PRONE AREAS OF SHIGAR AND SHAYOK BASINS OF PAKISTAN. By Syed Naseem Abbas Gilany
GEOSPATIAL ANALYSIS OF GLACIAL HAZARDS PRONE AREAS OF SHIGAR AND SHAYOK BASINS OF PAKISTAN By Syed Naseem Abbas Gilany PRESENTATION OUTLINE Introduction Problem Statement / Rationale Objectives Material
More information3. BOREHOLES. Franko GEOTHERMAL ENERGY EXPLORATION IN SLOVAKIA. Ondrej Franko. Institute of Geology, Bratislava
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY EXPLORATION IN SLOVAKIA Ondrej Dionyz Institute of Geology, Bratislava Key words: geothermal boreholes, debit, temperature, T.D.S., heat power Abstract. Distribution of boreholes after
More informationShrubs and alpine meadows represent the only vegetation cover.
Saldur river General description The study area is the upper Saldur basin (Eastern Italian Alps), whose elevations range from 2150 m a.s.l. (location of the main monitoring site, LSG) and 3738 m a.s.l.
More informationThe Isonzo/Soca river basin
Geneva September 8 th 2014 The Isonzo/Soca river basin Status and perspective on the possible Alpine river basin to be assessed The Alpine Convention Water management, risk management and adaptation to
More informationKASTANOZEMS (KS) Definition of Kastanozems
KASTANOZEMS (KS) The Reference Soil Group of the Kastanozems accommodates the zonal soils of the short grass steppe belt, south of the Eurasian tall grass steppe belt with Chernozems. Kastanozems have
More informationAEX METAL MADENCİLİK A.Ş.
AEX METAL MADENCİLİK A.Ş. 1 2 SUMMARY AEX aims to explore new economic mineral deposits in the ALANYA MASSIF Mining Zone with modern research technique methods. Numerous geological, petrographic, mineralogical
More informationDUSAN SRDOC, NADA HORVATINCIC, and BOGOMIL OBELIC. Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Zagreb,
[Radiocarbon, Vol 25, No. 2, 1983,P 421-427] RADIOCARBON DATING OF TUFA IN PALEOCLIMATIC STUDIES DUSAN SRDOC, NADA HORVATINCIC, and BOGOMIL OBELIC Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Yugoslavia, PO Box
More informationThe Role of Glaciers in the Hydrologic Regime of the Nepal Himalaya. Donald Alford Richard Armstrong NSIDC Adina Racoviteanu NSIDC
The Role of Glaciers in the Hydrologic Regime of the Nepal Himalaya Donald Alford Richard Armstrong NSIDC Adina Racoviteanu NSIDC Outline of the talk Study area and data bases Area altitude distributed
More informationHow to develop resilient infrastructure (Global SDG9)
How to develop resilient infrastructure (Global SDG9) 16-17 November 2017, Ljubljana, Slovenia Development of resilient rail infrastructure, practices in the Republic of Macedonia Darko Miceski Viktorija
More informationReport from the SMHI monitoring cruise with R/V Aranda
Martin Hansson Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute Oceanographic Laboratory 2016-10-17 Dnr: S/Gbg-2016-121 Report from the SMHI monitoring cruise with R/V Aranda Survey period: 2016-10-10
More informationActual Climatic Conditions in ERB. Online Resource 1 corresponding to:
Actual Climatic Conditions in ERB. Online Resource 1 corresponding to: Article Title: Climatic Trends and Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture in an Arid Andean Valley. Journal Name: CLIMATIC CHANGE
More informationProtection and Sustainable Use of the Dinaric Karst Transboundary Aquifer System
Protection and Sustainable Use of the Dinaric Karst Transboundary Aquifer System Second Workshop "River Basin Commissions and Other Joint Bodies for Transboundary Water Cooperation: Technical Aspects "
More informationIntegrated remote and in situ analysis of a playa lake groundwater system in northern Chile. Katherine H. Markovich The University of Texas at Austin
Integrated remote and in situ analysis of a playa lake groundwater system in northern Chile Katherine H. Markovich The University of Texas at Austin Hydrogeology of Arid Environments March 15 th, 2012
More information